DOCSLIB.ORG

The Discrimination of Cottonwood Clone? in a Mature Population Along the Oldman River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Discrimination of Cottonwood Clone? in a Mature Population Along the Oldman River THE DISCRIMINATION OF COTTONWOOD CLONE? IN A MATURE POPULATION ALONG THE OLDMAN RIVER. ALBERTA LORI A. COM (Bachelor of Science, University ot Lethbridge, 1993) A Thesis Submitted to the Council on Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA December, 1996 © Lori A. Gom, 1996 iii ABSTRACT: In the northwestern prairies, the cottonwoods Populus deltoides Bartr., P. balsamifera L., P. angustifolia James, and interspecific hybrids, form the foundation of the riparian forest ecosystem. The present project characterized the phenotype and phenology of each tree in a mature cottonwood grove (N=391) for the purposes of clone-delineation. In order of their utility, tree sex, general leaf-shape, six leaf dimensions, and phenology of flowering, leaf- flushing, senescence, and leaf-abscission were utilized. The population's 391 trunks represented only 115 individuals, 67 of which were clones which ranged from 2 to 58 trunks each. Thus, 88% of all trunks belonged to clones, and this high clonal content reflects the senior age of the population. Clone structure explained the population's apparent spatial-clumping, female- skewed sex ratio, differential spatial distributions of the sexes and species, and complexity in trunk-size classes. Trends suggest that P. balsamifera and P. angustifolia are more strongly clonal than P. deltoides, partially explaining their differences in environmental preferences. The observed extent of asexual regeneration has implications for riparian resource management and analyses of cottonwood reproductive ecology. Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: My sincerest gratitude goes to everyone who has assisted me in this accomplishment. I would especially like to thank Stew for providing me this opportunity, my committee for their expert guidance, and my family for always being there. I would also like to thank my: Field Crew: (who persevered through muck and high water) Jennifer Wilmes Jennifer Ferries Andrea Kalischuck Chris Taboulchanas Mom Gom Brad Gom Technical-Support Crew: (always willing to lend an ear or hand) John Mahoney Karen Zanewich David Pearce Joanne Golden John Bain Andy Hurly Miscellaneous-Support Crews: the U of L Biology Department (for tolerating leaves in the photocopier and mud in the hall) the Single-Scientisf s Club (you know who you are) the River God (for sparing my site) Sid the Cat (for being soft and furry) Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain V TABLE OF CONTENTS: TITLE PAGE i SIGNATURE PAGE ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION and LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.1 Introduction to Riparian Cottonwoods 1 1.1.1 Native species in Canada and Alberta 1 1.1.2 The hybrid swarm in southern Alberta 4 1.13 Importance of the cottonwood forest 5 1.1.4 Present condition 6 Declining forests 6 Causes of forest decline 6 Management strategies 7 1.2 Overview of related research 8 1.2.1 Cottonwood Reproduction 8 Reproductive strategies 8 Seedling-based reproduction in cottonwoods 11 Clone-based reproduction in cottonwoods 12 Sexual vs. asexual replenishment in cottonwood groves 17 Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain vi 1.2.2 Investigating ramet identity 18 Definition of terms 18 Clonal-connections and excavation studies 18 Methods for distinguishing clones from seedlings ... 20 -biochemical & genetic methods 20 -morphological & phenological methods 22 2.0 THE "PROBLEM" 26 2.1 Theoretical Framework of the Study 26 2.1.1 Is there evidence in mature cottonwood forests of asexual recruitment? 26 2.1.2 Delineating mature cottonwood clones using phenotype and proximity? 27 2.1.3 Trends in clonal nature and implications for cottonwood regeneration 27 2.2 Research Design 28 2.2.1 Study site selection 28 2.Z2 Census of phenotype 29 2.2.3 Analysis of similarity among siblings 34 2.2.4 Generating clone-groupings 35 3.0 METHODS 36 3.1 Study Site 36 3.2 Half-siblings 37 3.3 Data Collection 38 3.3.1 Physical observations 38 3.3.2 Morphological characteristics 38 3.3.3 Phenological characteristics 41 3.4 Treatment of the Data 43 Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain vii 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44 4.1 Characteristics of the Population 44 4.1.1 General description 44 Spatial distribution of trunks 44 Trunk circumferences 45 Beaver impacts 52 4.1.2 Directly clonally-conserved characters 57 Tree sex 57 Leaf-shape (species-category) 60 Leaf dimensions 68 Timing of flowering 74 Timing of leaf-flush 78 Timing of leaf-senescence 86 Timing of leaf-drop 92 Occurrence of branch sacrifice 97 4.13 Indirectly clonally-conserved characters 97 Closely spaced trunks 102 Trunk architecture 102 Abundance of mite-galls 106 4.2 Half-Sibling Characteristics Ill 43 Identifying Clones 117 43.1 Constructing groups based on character similarity .... 117 43.2 Addressing the hypotheses 150 4.33 Description of putative clones and implications to population structure 151 4.4 Implications to Cottonwood Regeneration 181 5.0 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 186 5.1 Summary of conclusions for the hypotheses and queries . 186 5.2 Generalizations, Implications, Recommendations .... 187 LITERATURE CITED 190 Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain LIST OF TABLES: Table 1-1. Comparing sexual (seedling) versus asexual (clonal) reproductive strategies in cottonwoods 9 Table 1-2. Review of publications reporting cottonwood asexual reproduction 14-15 Table 1-3. Characteristics for the field identification of aspen clones (from Barnes 1969) 24 Table 1-4. Characteristics for the field identification of cottonwood clones 25 Table 4-1. Deciding spatial pattern of distribution based on nearest neighbor distances (according to Clark and Evans 1954) . 47 Table 4-2. X2 Test for significance of occurrence of beaver damage in nearest neighbors of beaver damaged trees 54 Table 4-3. F and t-Test for significant difference between mean C.B.H. of beaver-damaged versus undamaged trunks 55 Table 4-4. ANOVA to test significance of difference between the mean C.B.H. from trunks of the three categories of beaver-damage 56 Table 4-5. X2 Tests to decide the population's sex ratio 59 Table 4-6. ANOVA to test significance of difference between the mean C.B.H. of male versus female trunks 61 Table 4-7. F and t-Test for significance of difference between mean distance to the river of male versus female trunks .... 62 Table 4-8. X2 Tests for significance of the occurrence of matching leaf-shape in nearest neighbors 67 Table 4-9. Deciding, based on amount of variation, whether to average the leaf measurements from the three leaves of each tree before or after standardizing 70 Table 4-10. Numbers of trees occurring in each flowering-stage during each observation date for males versus females 76 Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain Table 4-11. X2 Tests for significance of difference between the flowering-stage distributions of males versus females during each observation date 77 Table 4-12. Numbers of trees occurring in each leaf-flushing stage during each observation date for males versus females . S3 Table 4-13. X2 Tests for significance of difference between the leaf-flushing stage distributions of males versus females during each observation date 84 Table 4-14. X2 Test for significance of difference between the occurrences of branch sacrifice in males versus females . 99 Table 4-15. X2 Test for significance of difference between the occurrences of branch sacrifice in the three species-categories 100 Table 4-16. X2 Test for significance of difference between the occurrences of branch sacrifice in the three trunk circumference categories 101 Table 4-17. Summary of the number of trunks belonging to each closely-spaced group 103 Table 4-18. Summary of occurrence of matched sex among the trunks in the closely-spaced groups 103 Table 4-19. Summary of occurrence of matched species-categories among the trunks in the closely-spaced groups 103 Table 4-20. X2 Test for significance of difference between the distributions of trunk architecture in the three species-categories ... 104 Table 4-21. ANOVA to test significance of difference between the means of trunk circumference in the three trunk architecture groups 105 Table 4-22. F and t-Test for significance of difference between the mean gall abundances of male versus female trunks ... 108 Table 4-23. ANOVA to test significance of difference between the means of gall abundance in trunks of the three trunk architecture groups 109 Lori A. Gom - Cottonwood Clones of the Oldman River Floodplain Table 4-24. Summary of groups generated by division according to sex and then leaf-shape category 118 Table 4-25. Characteristics of the hypothesized clone groupings made according to similarity in sex, leaf-shape, and phenology 123-130 Table 4-26. Summary of sex, species-type, and the distances between the ramets, for each hypothesized clone grouping .... 152 Table 4-27. Numbers of clones, ramets, and single trunks summarized according to sex and species-type 157 Table 4-28. F and t-Test for significance of difference in the mean number of ramets between male versus female clones . 158 Table 4-29. ANOVA to test significance of difference between the mean number of ramets per clone for the three species-categories 159 Table 4-30. X2 Test to determine if the ratio of clonal trunks to those occurring singly differs significantly between the sexes . 160 Table 4-31. X2 Test to determine if the ratio of clonal trunks to those occurring singly differs significantly between the species- categories 161 Table 4-32.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (The Genus Populus) Is Composed of 35 Species Which Contain the Aspens and Poplars
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the aspens and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus angustifolia-balsam, bitter cottonwood, black cottonwood, lanceleaf cottonwood, mountain cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood, narrow leaved poplar, Rydberg cottonwood, smoothbark cottonwood, willow cottonwood, willowleaf cottonwood Populus balsamifera-balm, balm of Gilead, balm of Gilead poplar, balm cottonwood, balsam, balsam cottonwood, balsam poplar, bam, black balsam poplar, black cottonwood, black poplar, California poplar, Canadian balsam poplar, Canadian poplar, cottonwax, hackmatack, hairy balm of Gilead, heartleaf balsam poplar, northern black cottonwood, Ontario poplar, tacamahac, tacamahac poplar, toughbark poplar, western balsam poplar Populus deltoides*-aspen cottonwood, big cottonwood, Carolina poplar, cotton tree, eastern cottonwood, eastern poplar, fremont cottonwood, great plains cottonwood, Missourian poplar, necklace poplar, northern fremont cottonwood, palmer cottonwood, plains cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood, river cottonwood, river poplar, southern cottonwood, Tennessee poplar, Texas cottonwood, valley cottonwood, Vermont poplar, Virginia poplar, water poplar, western cottonwood, whitewood, wislizenus cottonwood, yellow cottonwood Populus fremontii-Arizona cottonwood,
    [Show full text]
  • Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment / Edited by J.G
    Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment This volume is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Victor Steenackers. Vic, as he was known to his friends, was born in Weelde, Belgium, in 1928. His life was devoted to his family – his wife, Joanna, his 9 children and his 23 grandchildren. His career was devoted to the study and improve- ment of poplars, particularly through poplar breeding. As Director of the Poplar Research Institute at Geraardsbergen, Belgium, he pursued a lifelong scientific interest in poplars and encouraged others to share his passion. As a member of the Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission for many years, and as its Chair from 1988 to 2000, he was a much-loved mentor and powerful advocate, spreading scientific knowledge of poplars and willows worldwide throughout the many member countries of the IPC. This book is in many ways part of the legacy of Vic Steenackers, many of its contributing authors having learned from his guidance and dedication. Vic Steenackers passed away at Aalst, Belgium, in August 2010, but his work is carried on by others, including mem- bers of his family. Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment Edited by J.G. Isebrands Environmental Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, Wisconsin, USA and J. Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CABI CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • Fremontii, Populus Angustfolia, and Their Hybrids
    aCICNCC DIRECT. DIocnemlcal 8 systematics and ecoloav-, ELSEVIER Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33 (2005) 125-131 Foliar phenolic glycosides from Populus fremontii, Populus angustfolia, and their hybrids Brian ~ehill~.*,Allen claussb, Lindsay Wieczoreka, Thomas Whithamc, Richard Lindrotha aDepartment of Entomology. University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Road, Madison, WI 53706, USA b~epartmentof Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, I101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA CDepartmentof Biological Sciences & The Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA Received 28 February 2004; accepted 16 June 2004 Abstract Salicortin (1) and HCH-salicortin (2) were isolated and identified from the foliage of Populus fremontii and its F1 hybrids with Populus angust$olia. Salicortin, but not HCH-salicortin, also occurred in P. angustifolia and complex backcrosses to angustifolia. Concentrations ranged from 0 to 17.5% dry weight for salicortin and 0 to 5.9% dry weight for HCH-salicortin. HCH- salicortin may possess potent anti-herbivore activity as it contains two of the hydroxycyclo- hexen-on-oyl moieties known to confer such activity to salicortin. Further, this compound may be a useful chemotaxonomic character within the genus Populus, since it appears to occur in section Aigeiros but not in section Tacamahaca. O 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights resewed. Keywords: Populus fremontii; Populus angustifolia; Salicaceae; Ecological biochemistry; Salicortin; HCH- salicortin; Anti-herbivore compounds * Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, 572 Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA. Tel.: + 1 410 293 6637; fax: + 1 410 293 2218. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Rehill). 0305-1978/$ - see front matter O 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Barriers and Climate Influence Demographic History in Narrowleaf Cottonwoods
    Heredity (2015) 114, 387–396 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/15 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Geographical barriers and climate influence demographic history in narrowleaf cottonwoods LM Evans1,6, GJ Allan1, SP DiFazio2, GT Slavov3, JA Wilder1, KD Floate4, SB Rood5 and TG Whitham1 Studies of genetic variation can clarify the role of geography and spatio-temporal variation of climate in shaping demography, particularly in temperate zone tree species with large latitudinal ranges. Here, we examined genetic variation in narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, a dominant riparian tree. Using multi-locus surveys of polymorphism in 363 individuals across the species’ 1800 km latitudinal range, we found that, first, P. angustifolia has stronger neutral genetic structure than many forest trees (simple sequence repeat (SSR) FST = 0.21), with major genetic groups corresponding to large apparent geographical barriers to gene flow. Second, using SSRs and putatively neutral sequenced loci, coalescent simulations indicated that populations diverged before the last glacial maximum (LGM), suggesting the presence of population structure before the LGM. Third, the LGM and subsequent warming appear to have had different influences on each of these distinct populations, with effective population size reduction in the southern extent of the range but major expansion in the north. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that climate and geographic barriers have jointly affected the demographic history of P. angustifolia, and point the importance of both factors as being instrumental in shaping genetic variation and structure in widespread forest trees. Heredity (2015) 114, 387–396; doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.115; published online 14 January 2015 INTRODUCTION driver of evolution (Savolainen et al., 2007; Alberto et al.,2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Beavers, Bugs and Chemistry: a Mammalian Herbivore Changes Chemistry Composition and Arthropod Communities in Foundation Tree Species
    Article Beavers, Bugs and Chemistry: A Mammalian Herbivore Changes Chemistry Composition and Arthropod Communities in Foundation Tree Species Rachel M. Durben 1,2, Faith M. Walker 1,2,3, Liza Holeski 1,2,4, Arthur R. Keith 1,2, Zsuzsi Kovacs 1,2, Sarah R. Hurteau 5, Richard L. Lindroth 4 , Stephen M. Shuster 1,2 and Thomas G. Whitham 1,2,* 1 The Environmental Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; [email protected] (R.M.D.); [email protected] (F.M.W.); [email protected] (L.H.); [email protected] (A.R.K.); [email protected] (Z.K.); [email protected] (S.M.S.) 2 The Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA 3 School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA 4 Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; [email protected] 5 Geography and Environmental Studies Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Durben, R.M.; Walker, F.M.; Abstract: The North American beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) and cottonwoods (Populus spp.) are Holeski, L.; Keith, A.R.; Kovacs, Z.; foundation species, the interactions of which define a much larger community and affect a threatened Hurteau, S.R.; Lindroth, R.L.; riparian habitat type. Few studies have tested the effect of these interactions on plant chemistry Shuster, S.M.; Whitham, T.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Notes for Land Managers
    Cottonwood Ecology Group, Northern Arizona University Fall 2010 Volume 1, Issue 1 Research Notes for Land Managers Inside this issue: Editor’s Note Climate change and the future 1 The following data sets, Ogden Nature Center, Utah of cottonwood riparian areas in implications, and manage- Department of Natural Re- the Southwest ment recommendations are sources and the National Range location, isolation, and 4 based upon ongoing field Science Foundation to climatic stress impact genetic and common garden studies merge basic research and diversity with Fremont (Populus fre- restoration. This issue in- montii) and narrowleaf cludes brief reports on 10 Genetic diversity in cottonwood 5 (Populus angustifolia) cotton- major topics. We empha- and its implications for a diverse dependent community ranging wood throughout Arizona, size that many of these from microbes to vertebrates New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, findings are preliminary, Colorado, Montana and and many have not yet Diversity is more than meets the 7 Idaho. They involve ongo- gone through the formal eye ing collaborations between review process for publi- Interspecific indirect genetic 8 the Blue Ridge Forest Ser- cation, which can take ings listed as 1) Key Find- effects: the influence of tree genet- vice, AZ Game and Fish, years. These notes are ings, 2) Major Lines of Evi- ics reaches far into the surround- Natural Resources Conser- meant to inform manag- dence, 3) Major Conserva- ing community and ecosystem vation Service, Bar T Bar ers of our most current tion and Restoration Impli- Ranch, NAU grounds, research findings and cations, and 4) Practical Beavers drive biological diversity 10 Natural Channel Design, their management impli- Recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora-Lab-Manual.Pdf
    LabLab MManualanual ttoo tthehe Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros Flora of New Mexico Lab Manual to the Flora of New Mexico Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros University of New Mexico Herbarium Museum of Southwestern Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA 87131-0001 October 2009 Contents page Introduction VI Acknowledgments VI Seed Plant Phylogeny 1 Timeline for the Evolution of Seed Plants 2 Non-fl owering Seed Plants 3 Order Gnetales Ephedraceae 4 Order (ungrouped) The Conifers Cupressaceae 5 Pinaceae 8 Field Trips 13 Sandia Crest 14 Las Huertas Canyon 20 Sevilleta 24 West Mesa 30 Rio Grande Bosque 34 Flowering Seed Plants- The Monocots 40 Order Alistmatales Lemnaceae 41 Order Asparagales Iridaceae 42 Orchidaceae 43 Order Commelinales Commelinaceae 45 Order Liliales Liliaceae 46 Order Poales Cyperaceae 47 Juncaceae 49 Poaceae 50 Typhaceae 53 Flowering Seed Plants- The Eudicots 54 Order (ungrouped) Nymphaeaceae 55 Order Proteales Platanaceae 56 Order Ranunculales Berberidaceae 57 Papaveraceae 58 Ranunculaceae 59 III page Core Eudicots 61 Saxifragales Crassulaceae 62 Saxifragaceae 63 Rosids Order Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae 64 Rosid I Order Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 65 Order Fabales Fabaceae 66 Order Fagales Betulaceae 69 Fagaceae 70 Juglandaceae 71 Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 72 Linaceae 73 Salicaceae 74 Violaceae 75 Order Rosales Elaeagnaceae 76 Rosaceae 77 Ulmaceae 81 Rosid II Order Brassicales Brassicaceae 82 Capparaceae 84 Order Geraniales Geraniaceae 85 Order Malvales Malvaceae 86 Order Myrtales Onagraceae
    [Show full text]
  • Meadow Creek
    Meadow Creek Located in the Pinos Altos Range, Gila National Forest. Elevation 7200’. Habitats: Riparian; east facing mesic slopes; xeric western slopes; rock outcroppings. Directions: from Silver City take NM Hwy 15 north for 6 miles to Pinos Altos, continue N on NM Hwy 15 for 8.3 miles. The Meadow Creek turnoff (FS Rd 149) is to the right and then 3 miles on the dirt road to a suitable parking area. Travel time, one way from Silver City, approx. 40 minutes. * = Introduced BRYOPHYTES (Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts) PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES BARTRAMIACEAE Anacolia menziesii BRACHYTHECIACEAE Brachythecium salebrosum HYPNACEAE Platygyrium fuscoluteum LESKEACEAE Pseudoleskeella tectorum ACROCARPOUS MOSSES BRYACEAE Bryum lanatum – Silvery Bryum DICRANACEAE Dicranum rhabdocarpum DITRICHACEAE Ceratodon purpureus FUNARIACEAE Funaria hygrometrica var. hygrometrica MNIACEAE Plagiomnium cuspidatum 1 POTTIACEAE Syntrichia ruralis MONILOPHYTES (Ferns and Horsetails) DENNSTAEDTIACEAE – Bracken Fern Family Pteridium aquilinum – bracken fern EQUISETACEAE – Horsetail Family Equisetum laevigatum – horsetail or scouring rush ACROGYMNOSPERMS (formerly Gymnosperms) (Pine, Fir, Spruce, Juniper, Ephedra) CUPRESSACEAE – Juniper Family Juniperus deppeana – alligator juniper Juniperus scopulorum – Rocky Mountain juniper PINACEAE – Pine Family Pinus arizonica – Arizona pine Pinus edulis – piñon pine Pinus ponderosa – ponderosa pine Pinus reflexa – southwestern white pine Pseudotsuga menziesii – Douglas fir MONOCOTS AGAVACEAE Yucca baccata – banana yucca Echeandia flavescens Torrey’s crag-lily ALLIACEAE – Onion Family Allium sp. – wild onion COMMELINACEAE – Spiderwort Family Commelina dianthifolia – dayflower Tradescantia pinetorum – spiderwort CYPERACEAE – Sedge Family Carex geophila – mountain sedge IRIDACEAE – Iris Family Iris missouriensis – western blue flag, Rocky Mountain iris 2 JUNCACEAE – Rush Family Juncus sp. – nut rush ORCHIDACEAE – Orchid Family Corallorhiza wisteriana – spring coralroot orchid Malaxis soulei – Chihuahua adder’s mouth Platanthera sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraspecific and Interspecific Genetic and Phylogenetic Relationships In
    Theor Appl Genet (2005) 111: 1440–1456 DOI 10.1007/s00122-005-0076-2 ORIGINAL PAPER M. T. Cervera Æ V. Storme Æ A. Soto Æ B. Ivens M. Van Montagu Æ O. P. Rajora Æ W. Boerjan Intraspecific and interspecific genetic and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Populus based on AFLP markers Received: 11 March 2004 / Accepted: 24 June 2005 / Published online: 7 October 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Although Populus has become the model genus pattern consistent with their known evolutionary rela- for molecular genetics and genomics research on forest tionships. A close relationship between Populus deltoides trees, genetic and phylogenetic relationships within this of the Aigeiros section and species of the Tacamahaca genus have not yet been comprehensively studied at the section was observed and, with the exception of Populus molecular level. By using 151 AFLPÒ (AFLPÒ is a wilsonii, between the species of the Leucoides, Taca- registered trademark of Keygene) markers, 178 acces- mahaca, and Aigeiros sections. Populus nigra was clearly sions belonging to 25 poplar species and three inter- separated from its consectional P. deltoides, and should specific hybrids were analyzed, using three accessions be classified separately from P. deltoides. The AFLP belonging to two willow species as outgroups. The ge- profiles pointed out to the lack of divergence between netic and phylogenetic relationships were generally some species and revealed that some accessions corre- consistent with the known taxonomy, although notable sponded with interspecific hybrids. This molecular study exceptions were observed. A dendrogram as well as a provides useful information about genetic relationships single most parsimonious tree, ordered the Populus among several Populus species and, together with mor- sections from the oldest Leuce to the latest Aigeiros,a phological descriptions and crossability, it may help re- view and update systematic classification within the Populus genus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Obscure Events Contributing to the Evolution of an Incipient Sex Chromosome in Populus: a Retrospective Working Hypothesis
    Tree Genetics & Genomes (2012) 8:559–571 DOI 10.1007/s11295-012-0495-6 REVIEW The obscure events contributing to the evolution of an incipient sex chromosome in Populus: a retrospective working hypothesis Gerald A. Tuskan & Steve DiFazio & Patricia Faivre-Rampant & Muriel Gaudet & Antoine Harfouche & Véronique Jorge & Jessy L. Labbé & Priya Ranjan & Maurizio Sabatti & Gancho Slavov & Nathaniel Street & Timothy J. Tschaplinski & Tongming Yin Received: 10 May 2011 /Accepted: 8 February 2012 /Published online: 28 March 2012 # The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Genetic determination of gender is a fundamental gene composition in the peritelomeric region of the chro- developmental and evolutionary process in plants. Although mosome XIX, which has resulted in a distinctive genome it appears that dioecy in Populus is genetically controlled, structure and cluster of genes contributing to gender deter- the precise gender-determining systems remain unclear. The mination in Populus trichocarpa. Multiple lines of evidence recently released second draft assembly and annotated gene support this working hypothesis. First, the peritelomeric set of the Populus genome provided an opportunity to revisit region of the chromosome XIX contains significantly fewer this topic. We hypothesized that over evolutionary time, single nucleotide polymorphisms than the rest of Populus selective pressure has reformed the genome structure and genome and has a distinct evolutionary history. Second, the Communicated by A. Abbott A contribution to the Special Issue “The genomes of the giants: a walk through the forest of tree genomes” G. A. Tuskan (*) : J. L. Labbé : P. Ranjan : T. J. Tschaplinski M. Gaudet : A.
    [Show full text]
  • I INDIVIDUALISTIC and PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON
    INDIVIDUALISTIC AND PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON PLANT COMMUNITY PATTERNS Jeffrey E. Ott A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Robert K. Peet Peter S. White Todd J. Vision Aaron Moody Paul S. Manos i ©2010 Jeffrey E. Ott ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jeffrey E. Ott Individualistic and Phylogenetic Perspectives on Plant Community Patterns (Under the direction of Robert K. Peet) Plant communities have traditionally been viewed as spatially discrete units structured by dominant species, and methods for characterizing community patterns have reflected this perspective. In this dissertation, I adopt an an alternative, individualistic community characterization approach that does not assume discreteness or dominant species importance a priori (Chapter 2). This approach was used to characterize plant community patterns and their relationship with environmental variables at Zion National Park, Utah, providing details and insights that were missed or obscure in previous vegetation characterizations of the area. I also examined community patterns at Zion National Park from a phylogenetic perspective (Chapter 3), under the assumption that species sharing common ancestry should be ecologically similar and hence be co-distributed in predictable ways. I predicted that related species would be aggregated into similar habitats because of phylogenetically-conserved niche affinities, yet segregated into different plots because of competitive interactions. However, I also suspected that these patterns would vary between different lineages and at different levels of the phylogenetic hierarchy (phylogenetic scales). I examined aggregation and segregation in relation to null models for each pair of species within genera and each sister pair of a genus-level vascular plant iii supertree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flora of Harding County: a Century of Botany in Northwestern South Dakota, Usa
    Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 93 (2014) 101 THE FLORA OF HARDING COUNTY: A CENTURY OF BOTANY IN NORTHWESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA, USA Mark Gabel1*, B. E. Nelson2, Daryl Mergen3, Kurt Hansen4 and Grace Kostel1 1Biology Department, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799 2Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 3Mergen Ecological Delineations, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO 80905 4USDA Forest Service, Sioux Ranger District, Camp Crook, SD 57724 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT We report the current knowledge of the vascular plant flora of Harding County, South Dakota, which includes 724 species. Introduced species have increased from five percent of the flora to 13% over the last century. Relatively small changes have occurred in plant species duration, species habit or major groups over 100 years. Mean coefficients of conservatism varied from 4.3 to 6.2 in eight areas across the county, with the lowest values in riparian areas and highest values in pine-dominated buttes. Keywords floristics, grassland, Northern Great Plains, South Dakota, vegetation INTRODUCTION This report documents vascular plant species from Harding County, South Dakota, from historical and recent plant collections. Literature describing the flora of Harding County is lacking. The most notable publication is by Visher (1914) who completed a species list for the county. Visher’s publication was based upon collections made by him in 1910-1912, and collections made by Rowley in 1909, Fromme in 1910, and Over in 1911. Heidel and Dueholm (1995) reported on “sensitive” species in Custer National Forest in Carter County, Montana, and Harding County.
    [Show full text]