DOCSLIB.ORG

Digestive System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Digestive System Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question #1: Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus I Esophagus Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Soft palate Hard palate Uvula Epiglottis A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question #2: Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus II Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea A. C. B. D. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 3: Salivary Glands Parotid gland Parotid duct Sublingual gland Submandibular gland A. C. B. D. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 4: Small Intestine Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Jejunum Ileum A. C. B. D. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 5: Large Intestine Cecum Ascending Colon Right (Hepatic) flexure Transverse colon Left (Splenic) flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 6: Frontal Stomach Cardiac part of stomach Gastric rugae Lesser curvature of stomach Pyloric part of stomach Greater curvature of stomach Duodenum Jejunum Pyloric Sphincter A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 7: Bile Ducts Gallbladder Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Accessory pancreatic duct Common bile duct Main pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla Major duodenal papilla A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 8: Anal Canal Anus Anal column Middle rectal fold Rectum Sigmoid colon Superior rectal fold Inferior rectal fold External anal sphincter A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 9: Liver and Gallbladder Falciform ligament Right lobe of liver Gallbladder Inferior vena cava Left lobe of liver Bare Area Round ligament of liver A. E. B. F. C. G. D. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 10: Liver (Inf) Bile duct Gallbladder Quadrate lobe of liver Portal vein Right lobe of liver Left lobe of liver Hepatic artery Caudate lobe of liver A. E. B. F. C. G. D. H. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 11: Digestive Process Ingestion Propulsion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Absorption Defecation is the introduction of food into the GI tract. is the moving of food along the GI tract with alternating muscle contractions. is the mixing and breaking down food into smaller fragments without disrupting chemical bonds. is the breaking down large food molecules to their building blocks by enzymes. is the transport of digested end products from the GI tract into the blood or lymph. is the elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus. Question # 12: Anatomy I mouth stomach small intestine pancreas The is the initial site for carbohydrate digestion. The is the initial site for protein digestion. The is the primary site for fat digestion. The has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 13: Anatomy II small intestine large intestine liver gallbladder The is the major site for nutrient absorption. The is the major site for water absorption. The is responsible for producing bile. The is the major storage site for bile. Question # 14: Digestion Amylase Pepsin Lipase Bile is responsible for initiating carbohydrate digestion. is responsible for initiating protein digestion. is responsible for the majority of fat digestion. acts as an emulsifying agent before fat digestion can begin. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved. Lab Exercises: Digestive System Question # 15: Digestive Tract mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa The layer of the digestive tract comes in direct contact with undigested food. The layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands. The layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis. The is the outer layer of the digestive tract. Copyright © 2011 A.D.A.M., Inc. All rights reserved..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Anatomy of the Rectum and Anal Canal
    BASIC SCIENCE identify the rectosigmoid junction with confidence at operation. The anatomy of the rectum The rectosigmoid junction usually lies approximately 6 cm below the level of the sacral promontory. Approached from the distal and anal canal end, however, as when performing a rigid or flexible sigmoid- oscopy, the rectosigmoid junction is seen to be 14e18 cm from Vishy Mahadevan the anal verge, and 18 cm is usually taken as the measurement for audit purposes. The rectum in the adult measures 10e14 cm in length. Abstract Diseases of the rectum and anal canal, both benign and malignant, Relationship of the peritoneum to the rectum account for a very large part of colorectal surgical practice in the UK. Unlike the transverse colon and sigmoid colon, the rectum lacks This article emphasizes the surgically-relevant aspects of the anatomy a mesentery (Figure 1). The posterior aspect of the rectum is thus of the rectum and anal canal. entirely free of a peritoneal covering. In this respect the rectum resembles the ascending and descending segments of the colon, Keywords Anal cushions; inferior hypogastric plexus; internal and and all of these segments may be therefore be spoken of as external anal sphincters; lymphatic drainage of rectum and anal canal; retroperitoneal. The precise relationship of the peritoneum to the mesorectum; perineum; rectal blood supply rectum is as follows: the upper third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on its anterior and lateral surfaces; the middle third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum only on its anterior 1 The rectum is the direct continuation of the sigmoid colon and surface while the lower third of the rectum is below the level of commences in front of the body of the third sacral vertebra.
    [Show full text]
  • Fecal Incontinence/Anal Incontinence
    Fecal Incontinence/Anal Incontinence What are Fecal incontinence/ Anal Incontinence? Fecal incontinence is inability to control solid or liquid stool. Anal incontinence is the inability to control gas and mucous in addition to the inability to control stool. The symptoms range from mild release of gas to a complete loss of control. It is a common problem affecting 1 out of 13 women under the age of 60 and 1 out of 7 women over the age of 60. Men can also be have this condition. Anal incontinence is a distressing condition that can interfere with the ability to work, do daily activities and enjoy social events. Even though anal incontinence is a common condition, people are uncomfortable discussing this problem with family, friends, or doctors. They often suffer in silence, not knowing that help is available. Normal anatomy The anal sphincters and puborectalis are the primary muscles responsible for continence. There are two sphincters: the internal anal sphincter, and the external anal sphincter. The internal sphincter is responsible for 85% of the resting muscle tone and is involuntary. This means, that you do not have control over this muscle. The external sphincter is responsible for 15% of your muscle tone and is voluntary, meaning you have control over it. Squeezing the puborectalis muscle and external anal sphincter together closes the anal canal. Squeezing these muscles can help prevent leakage. Puborectalis Muscle Internal Sphincter External Sphincter Michigan Bowel Control Program - 1 - Causes There are many causes of anal incontinence. They include: Injury or weakness of the sphincter muscles. Injury or weakening of one of both of the sphincter muscles is the most common cause of anal incontinence.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Major Duodenal Papilla Influences ERCP Outcomes
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Anatomy of Major Duodenal Papilla Influences ERCP Outcomes and Complication Rates: A Single Center Prospective Study Gheorghe G. Balan 1 , Mukul Arya 2, Adrian Catinean 3, Vasile Sandru 4,*, Mihaela Moscalu 1 , Gabriel Constantinescu 5, Anca Trifan 1 , Gabriela Stefanescu 1,* and Catalin Victor Sfarti 1 1 Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] (G.G.B.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (C.V.S.) 2 New York Presbitarian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, New York, NY 11215, USA; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania 5 Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.S.); [email protected] (G.S.) Received: 27 March 2020; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been one of the most intensely studied endoscopic procedures due to its overall high complication rates when compared to other digestive endoscopy procedures. The safety and outcome of such procedures have been linked to multiple procedure- or patient-related risk factors. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether the morphology of the major duodenal papilla influences the ERCP outcomes and complication rates. Methods: A total of 322 patients with a native papilla have been included in the study over an eight month period.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • 48 Anal Canal
    Anal Canal The rectum is a relatively straight continuation of the colon about 12 cm in length. Three internal transverse rectal valves (of Houston) occur in the distal rectum. Infoldings of the submucosa and the inner circular layer of the muscularis externa form these permanent sickle- shaped structures. The valves function in the separation of flatus from the developing fecal mass. The mucosa of the first part of the rectum is similar to that of the colon except that the intestinal glands are slightly longer and the lining epithelium is composed primarily of goblet cells. The distal 2 to 3 cm of the rectum forms the anal canal, which ends at the anus. Immediately proximal to the pectinate line, the intestinal glands become shorter and then disappear. At the pectinate line, the simple columnar intestinal epithelium makes an abrupt transition to noncornified stratified squamous epithelium. After a short transition, the noncornified stratified squamous epithelium becomes continuous with the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the skin at the level of the external anal sphincter. Beneath the epithelium of this region are simple tubular apocrine sweat glands, the circumanal glands. Proximal to the pectinate line, the mucosa of the anal canal forms large longitudinal folds called rectal columns (of Morgagni). The distal ends of the rectal columns are united by transverse mucosal folds, the anal valves. The recess above each valve forms a small anal sinus. It is at the level of the anal valves that the muscularis mucosae becomes discontinuous and then disappears. The submucosa of the anal canal contains numerous veins that form a large hemorrhoidal plexus.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress Report Anal Continence
    Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.12.10.844 on 1 October 1971. Downloaded from Gut, 1971, 12, 844-852 Progress report Anal continence Anal continence depends on an adaptable barrier formed at the ano-rectal junction and in the anal canal by a combination of forces. These are due in part to the configuration of the region and in part to the action of muscles. The forces are activated in response to sensory information obtained from the rectum and the anal canal. In order to understand some of the concepts of the mechanism of anal continence, some of the features of the anatomy and physiology of the region will be discussed. Anatomy (Fig. 1) The lumen of the rectum terminates at the pelvic floor and is continued, downwards and posteriorly, as the anal canal, passing through the levator ani muscle sheet and surrounded by the internal and external anal sphincters. The anal canal is 2.5 to 5 cm in length and 3 cm in diameter when distended. The axis of the rectum forms almost a right angle (average 820) with the axis of the anal canal. It has been established by radiological studies that the anal canal is an antero-posterior slit in the resting state.' The former concept of http://gut.bmj.com/ the anal canal being surrounded successively craniocaudally by the internal anal sphincter and then the external anal sphincter has been replaced by the knowledge that the two muscles overlap to a considerable extent with the external sphincter wrapped round the internal sphincter2'3.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders of the Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Pelvic Floor
    IFFGD International Foundation for PO Box 170864 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Milwaukee, WI 53217 www.iffgd.org Lower GI Motility (162) © Copyright 2001 by William E. Whitehead. Published here with permission. Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders of the Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Pelvic Floor By: William E. Whitehead, Ph.D. Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Each part of the gastrointestinal tract has a unique function to perform in digestion, and as a result each part has a distinct type of motility and sensation. When motility or sensations are not appropriate for performing this function, they cause symptoms . IFFGD PO Box 17086 kee, WI 53217 Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders of the Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Pelvic Floor By: William E. Whitehead, Ph.D., Director, Center for Functional GI and Motility Disorders; Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Normal Gastrointestinal Motility and Function Between meals, the intestine shows cycles of activity “Motility” is a term used to describe the contraction of the that repeat about every 90–120 minutes. These are easiest to muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Because the see at night when there is a longer period between meals, gastrointestinal tract is a circular tube, when these muscles because meals suppress these cycles. The cycle consists of a contract, they close off the tube or make the opening inside short period of no contractions (Phase I), followed by a long smaller – they squeeze.
    [Show full text]
  • Small & Large Intestine
    Small & Large Intestine Gastrointestinal block-Anatomy-Lecture 6,7 Editing file Objectives Color guide : Only in boys slides in Green Only in girls slides in Purple important in Red At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Notes in Grey ● List the different parts of small intestine. ● Describe the anatomy of duodenum, jejunum & ileum regarding: (the shape, length, site of beginning & termination, peritoneal covering, arterial supply & lymphatic drainage) ● Differentiate between each part of duodenum regarding the length, level & relations. ● Differentiate between the jejunum & ileum regarding the characteristic anatomical features of each of them. ● List the different parts of large intestine. ● List the characteristic features of colon. ● Describe the anatomy of different parts of large intestine regarding: (the surface anatomy, peritoneal covering, relations, arterial & nerve supply) Small intestine The small intestine divided into : Fixed Part (No Mesentery): Free (Movable) Part (With Parts Duodenum* Mesentery): Jejunum & Ileum Shape C-shaped loop coiled tube Length 10 inches 6 meters (20 feet) Transverse Colon separates the Beginning At pyloro-duodenal junction at duodeno-jejunal flexure stomach/liver from the jejunum/ileum Termination At duodeno-jejunal flexure at ileo-ceacal flexure Peritoneal Covering Retroperitoneal mesentery of small intestine Divisions 4 parts --------- Foregut (above bile duct opening in 2nd part )& Midgut Embryological origin Midgut (below bile duct opening in 2nd part) So 2nd part has double
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System
    Naziha Sultan Ahmed, BVMS, MSc Scientific degree (Assis. Prof.), Department of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-8277 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naziha_Ahmed Anatomy | Part 18| 2nd year 2019 Digestive System Fixation of the liver (Ligaments of the liver): 1-Lesser omentum: consist of two parts: a/Hepatogastric ligament: connect between hepatic porta and lesser curvature of the stomach . b/Hepatoduodenal ligament: connect between hepatic porta and the cranial part of the duodenum. 2-Coronary ligament: connect between the parietal (diaphragmatic ) surface of liver, with the diaphragm and the caudal vena cava. 3-Falciform ligament: connect between the notch of round ligament in the liver and the sternal part of the diaphragm. 4-Round ligament: the residue (remnants) of the umbilical vein of the fetus. 5-Hepatorenal ligament: connect between the right lobe of liver and the right kidney. 6-Right & left triangular ligaments: connect between the dorsal border of right and left lobes of the liver and the diaphragm . Both ligaments continue medially with the coronary ligament. CouAnatomy | Digestive system | Assis. Prof. Naziha Sultan Ahmed Page | 1 The pancreas: Pancreas has V-shape. It consists of base and two limbs (right & left limbs). *In horse: large pancreas body perforated by portal vein and long left limb, with short right limb (because of large size of cecum in horse ). The horse pancreas has two ducts: 1-Chief pancreatic duct: opens with bile duct at the major duodenal papilla. 2-Accessory pancreatic duct: opens at the minor duodenal papilla. *In dog: pancreas notched by the portal vein.
    [Show full text]
  • Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and Main Principals Of
    Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and main principals of anatomical, pharmaceutical and clinical terminology (Student's book) Simferopol, 2017 Contents No. Topics Page 1. UNIT I. Latin language history. Phonetics. Alphabet. Vowels and consonants classification. Diphthongs. Digraphs. Letter combinations. 4-13 Syllable shortness and longitude. Stress rules. 2. UNIT II. Grammatical noun categories, declension characteristics, noun 14-25 dictionary forms, determination of the noun stems, nominative and genitive cases and their significance in terms formation. I-st noun declension. 3. UNIT III. Adjectives and its grammatical categories. Classes of adjectives. Adjective entries in dictionaries. Adjectives of the I-st group. Gender 26-36 endings, stem-determining. 4. UNIT IV. Adjectives of the 2-nd group. Morphological characteristics of two- and multi-word anatomical terms. Syntax of two- and multi-word 37-49 anatomical terms. Nouns of the 2nd declension 5. UNIT V. General characteristic of the nouns of the 3rd declension. Parisyllabic and imparisyllabic nouns. Types of stems of the nouns of the 50-58 3rd declension and their peculiarities. 3rd declension nouns in combination with agreed and non-agreed attributes 6. UNIT VI. Peculiarities of 3rd declension nouns of masculine, feminine and neuter genders. Muscle names referring to their functions. Exceptions to the 59-71 gender rule of 3rd declension nouns for all three genders 7. UNIT VII. 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension nouns in combination with II class adjectives. Present Participle and its declension. Anatomical terms 72-81 consisting of nouns and participles 8. UNIT VIII. Nouns of the 4th and 5th declensions and their combination with 82-89 adjectives 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System
    Digestive system Lips oral cavity tongue salivary glands pharynx esophagus peritoneum stomach m6-7 small intestine: cm25 DEODENUM: 2/5JEJUNUM: 3/5ILIUM: large intestine liver gall bladder pancreas :Duodenum Sup. Part Descending part Horizontal part Ascending part Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla : JEJUNUM / ILIUM From duodenojejunal curvature To Iliocecal Different jejunum & ilium 3Tenia coli: sigmoid 2 / rectum 0 Houstra / saccule Appendices epiploicae : No in Appendix / cecum / rectum Many in sigmoid DIFFERENT BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE large intestine 1.5m Cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal McBurneys point ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon :Rectum cm 12 Sacral flexure Puborectalis muscle Perineal flexure Rectum Ampulla : Anal canal cm 4 sup. = anal column / anal valve / anal sinus / pectinate line 2/3 Hiltons white line .inf 1/3 :Anal sphincter Internal sphincter External sphincter: deep / superficial / subcutaneous Liver: 1.5 kgr Located in Rt. & lf. Hypochondriac & epigastric region Surfaces: Sup. Anterior Surface: falciform ligament Inf. Surface: H shape fissure / porta hepatis / quadrate lobe / qudate lobe Post. Surface: bare area Rt. Surface: ribs 7-11 / Rt. lung Liver viewed from posterior Liver viewed from inferior Liver viewed from inferior Liver viewed from posterior :Liver vasculature 20%Hepatic artery 80%Portal vein Supra hepatic vein IVC :Nerve Sympathetic Parasympathetic From Vagus+ Phernic + celiac :Gall bladder Located in inf. Surface of liver cm7-10 Length: cm3-4 Wide: :Structure Fundus Body Infundibulum Neck Systic duct :Pancreas 2–L1 L cm15-20 Length: cm3Wide: cm2 Thickness: gram 90 :Structure Head :Uncinate process / sup. Mesenteric artery Neck: portal vein / sup.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Reflex Activity of the External Sphincter Ani in Spinal Man
    STUDIES OF THE REFLEX ACTIVITY OF THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER ANI IN SPINAL MAN By J. MELZAK, M.D. National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury and N. H. PORTER, F.R.C.S. Department of Surgery, Guy's Hospital, London INTRODUCTION IN normal man, the anus remains closed unless faeces or wind are to be evacuated. Anal closure is maintained by the tone of the anal sphincters. The importance of the internal and external anal sphincters in maintaining anal closure has for long been a controversial subject. Gowers (I877) made classical contributions to the understanding of visceral reflexes and sphincter activity. He postulated a complex lumbar reflex centre controlling the function of the rectum and anal sphincter. He demonstrated tonic contraction of the anal sphincter in paraplegic patients, pro­ vided the lumbar segments of the cord and the corresponding motor and sensory nerves were intact. Starling (I900) considered that both sphincters were tonically contracted. Frankl-Hochwart and Frohlich (I900) found that 60 per cent. of the tonic closure of the anus in dogs was due to the activity of the external sphincter. Matti (I 909, I9I 0) considered that both sphincters were tonically contracted in man and dogs. Denny-Brown and Robertson (I935) concluded from their studies that the postural tone of the internal anal sphincter was a local phenomenon and related to the peripheral nervous plexus. They also held the view that the external sphincter on the other hand was not tonically contracted. The external anal sphincter has repeatedly been the subject of electromyo­ graphic investigation. In I930, Beck, using steel needle electrodes and a string galvanometer, observed action potentials on contraction and relaxation of this muscle in a number of dogs and in one man.
    [Show full text]