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Impacts of Litopenaeus Vannamei on Aquaculture : International Case Study

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Impacts of Litopenaeus Vannamei on Aquaculture : International Case Study Impacts of Litopenaeus vannamei on Aquaculture : International Case Study September 2020 1 Impacts of Litopenaeus vannamei on Aquaculture International Case Study Authors : M. L. I. De Silva, M. A. S. Ranjula, M. Thanujaa Contributor : Amila P. Sumanapala An Initiative of The Pearl Protectors September 2020 2 The Pearl Protectors The pearl protectors is a volunteer-based and non- profit marine conservation organisation in Sri Lanka. Established in 2018, The Pearl Protectors seek to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment, reduce plastic pollution and promote sustainable practices through youth- engagement, volunteerism, awareness and advocacy. Projects undertaken by The Pearl Protectors over the years entail the launching of the ‘Pearl Protector Approved’ Accredited Standardisation Certificate to promote a plastic-free dining culture; the annual construction of a Christmas tree out of discarded plastic bottles to highlight single-use plastic pollution; school education programs; ecobrick workshops; coastal cleanups; and social media campaigns to inspire action towards protecting the marine environment. The purpose of this advocacy initiative in preparing case studies is to emphasize the impacts of prevailing aquaculture practices and to promote sustainable resource utilization. The authors and contributors of the case studies are volunteer researchers. [email protected] 656, Lake Road, Boralasgamuwa, Sri Lanka 3 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Historical Background of L. vannamei ................................................................................................ 10 Main producer countries ....................................................................................................................... 11 CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Mainland China and Taiwan ................................................................................................................ 12 India ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Indonesia .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Vietnam ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Thailand ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Philippines ............................................................................................................................................ 14 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................... 15 Immune System .................................................................................................................................... 16 Pathogens ............................................................................................................................................. 16 SPF Evaluation ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Stocking Densities ................................................................................................................................ 18 Environmental Stressors ....................................................................................................................... 18 Find Segue to Disease .......................................................................................................................... 18 White Spot Syndrome .......................................................................................................................... 19 Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) ................................................ 20 Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease/ Early Mortality Syndrome ............................................... 21 Hepatopancreatic Microsporidiosis (HPM) ......................................................................................... 21 Impact of L. vannamei shrimps to the environment ................................................................................ 23 Introduction to environmental impacts ................................................................................................ 23 Exotic organisms .................................................................................................................................. 24 Status of escape .................................................................................................................................... 25 Establishment of a natural population .................................................................................................. 26 White leg shrimps’ competition with native shrimp species ................................................................ 27 Results from laboratory experiments ................................................................................................... 27 4 Impact of Inland L. vannamei culture .................................................................................................. 29 Precautions before introduction of non-native species ........................................................................ 30 Destruction of mangrove due to shrimp farming ................................................................................. 30 Sustainability of L. vannamei culturing in freshwater ......................................................................... 32 Socio-economic aspects in L. vannamei culture ...................................................................................... 33 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 36 References ............................................................................................................................................... 38 5 ABBREVIATIONS BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BP Baculovirus Penaeii DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DOF Department of Fisheries EHP Enterocytozoon Hepatopenaei FAO Food and Agriculture Organization HP Hepatopancreas IAS Invasive Alien Species IHHNV Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus IMNV Infectious Myonecrosis Virus ISSG Invasive Special Specialist Group IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LOVV Lymphoid Organ Vacuolization Virus PL Post Larvae REO Reo-Like Viruses SPF Specific Pathogen Free SPR Specific Pathogen Free TEM Transmission Electron Microscopic TSV Taura Syndrome Virus USA United States of America WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus 6 ABSTRACT Aquaculture is the aquatic equivalent of agriculture or farming on land. According to the FAO, aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Currently worldwide more than 220 species of finfish and shell fish are farmed in aquaculture. From the cultured species marine shrimps dominates the crustacean aquaculture where Farming locally available shrimp species from wild captured post larvae was the most common method followed. With the development of modern aquaculture techniques shrimp farming subjected to a vast array of changes and introduction developed species across the world was evident. As a result, shrimp species native to the West, L. vannamei was introduced to many countries despite its natural range. With the growth of huge aquaculture trend towards this introduced species around the world it is a timely need to assess the impact of this species in global scale. This report documents the overall impact of L. vannamei on aquaculture, assessed using published and credible sources addressing the overall biology of the species to total pay-off it has resulted with the massive movement as “most widely cultured alien crustacean in the world”. 7 INTRODUCTION Aquaculture The current global population of 7.7 billion people is estimated to grow to 9.7 billion in 2050 (World Population Prospects, 2019). Food industries look towards Aquaculture for its consistent and reliable contributions to meet the increasing protein demands to feed the growing population (Gentry et al., 2017). Considered as one the of the rapidly developing primary production sector around the world, Aquaculture is an agroecosystem that thrives in coastal, marine and estuarine seascapes (Alleway, 2019). The industry largely involves the farming of aquatic organisms with interventions in the rearing process to enhance the production for commercial, public and
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