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Sunderland City Centre Sunderland City GeoTrail.qxp_Layout 1 25/03/2015 18:01 Page 1 environment of the Magnesian Limestone area Limestone Magnesian the of environment copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence 100042893. Licence reserved. rights All 2014. copyright ©Dr Andy Lane Andy ©Dr Making a positive difference to the unique the to difference positive a Making Elizabeth Pickett. Illustrations © Elizabeth Pickett except as indicated. Maps © Crown Crown © Maps indicated. as except Pickett Elizabeth © Illustrations Pickett. Elizabeth Leaflet design & production © Marcus Byron. Information and advice from Andy lane and and lane Andy from advice and Information Byron. Marcus © production & design Leaflet ©Dr Andy Lane Andy ©Dr Sunderland Antiquarian Society for their help. their for Society Antiquarian Sunderland We would like to thank Sunderland City Council, Andy Lane and the the and Lane Andy Council, City Sunderland thank to like would We on Facebook and Twitter. and Facebook on Find out more at www.groundwork.org.uk/northeast or follow us us follow or www.groundwork.org.uk/northeast at more out Find Changing Places, Changing Lives – one green step at a time. time. a at step green one – Lives Changing Places, Changing GR: NZ407597 GR: This project has been coordinated by Groundwork NE & Cumbria; Cumbria; & NE Groundwork by coordinated been has project This Roker Cannonball concretions concretions Cannonball GR: NZ362574 GR: www.sunderland.gov.uk South Hylton South Council. To report any issues on this route please visit visit please route this on issues any report To Council. Claxheugh Rock, Rock, Claxheugh Much of the land along this route is owned by Sunderland City City Sunderland by owned is route this along land the of Much www.rocksofthenorth.co.uk Billingham 68 A by Dr Andy Lane. Find out more at at more out Find Lane. Andy Dr by Aycliffe Newton ’ ’ Sunderland of City the in exposed Geology Stones: Bedrock and Building Building and Bedrock ‘ book the in described are areas A19 Sedgefield Auckland Bishop Roker-Seaburn seafront and at South Hylton. These These Hylton. South at and seafront Roker-Seaburn elsewhere in the Sunderland area, including along the the along including area, Sunderland the in elsewhere HARTLEPOOL exposures and geological features to be seen seen be to features geological and exposures 5 A167 1 A1 There are many other interesting building stones, rock rock stones, building interesting other many are There A18 A690 (M) Peterlee Further afield... Further DURHAM 82 A1 le-Spring 4 Houghton- Seaham le-Street Chester- A19 Limestone Plateau Limestone A69 3 Area of Magnesian of Area Washington 0 Tel: 0191 553 2323 553 0191 Tel: ) (M 2 A1 A1231 SUNDERLAND seeitdoitsunderland.co.uk long-vanished worlds. worlds. long-vanished taking in Mowbray Park Mowbray in taking one of Sunderland’s many many Sunderland’s of one A short city stroll around Sunderland, Sunderland, around stroll city short A 1 garden gives a sense of of sense a gives garden UPON-TYNE NEWCASTLE- evolved back then, the the then, back evolved South Shields South the plants you see hadn’t hadn’t see you plants the 5 Coxhoe Rock in the city the in Rock the rainforest plants of the Winter Gardens. Although Although Gardens. Winter the of plants rainforest the 4 Nose’s Point, Seaham Point, Nose’s and ponder our tropical Carboniferous past amongst amongst past Carboniferous tropical our ponder and 3 Tunstall Hills Tunstall fascinating geological story in the ‘Lost Worlds’ gallery gallery Worlds’ ‘Lost the in story geological fascinating 2 Sunderland City Geotrail and Mowbray Park Sensory Trail Trail Sensory Park Mowbray and Geotrail City Sunderland the Museum. Discover more about Sunderland’s Sunderland’s about more Discover Museum. the 1 Marsden cliffs and Souter and cliffs Marsden When you finish the walk it’s well worth calling in at at in calling worth well it’s walk the finish you When geology of the Magnesian Limestone Plateau. Limestone Magnesian the of geology Sunderland Museum & Winter Gardens Winter & Museum Sunderland This walk is one of five we have produced which introduce the unique unique the introduce which produced have we five of one is walk This and celebrate their local area. local their celebrate and around Sunderland around Magnesian Limestone and to enable communities to learn about, enjoy enjoy about, learn to communities enable to and Limestone Magnesian people to conserve the landscape, wildlife and rich heritage of the the of heritage rich and wildlife landscape, the conserve to people More geology to see in and and in see to geology More 2 Walk Geotrail. Limestone Magnesian A The Limestone Landscapes Partnership is working with many different different many with working is Partnership Landscapes Limestone The A walk on the Magnesian Limestone Plateau A city built on geology This walk is one of five self-guided trails that help you number of hills in the area, including the Tunstall Hills 3 and to explore east Durham, South Tyneside and Sunderland Beacon Hill near Seaham. 4 A large variety of animals lived Around the streets of Sunderland, you can see examples and find out how the geology has influenced the area’s on and within the reef. Tiny fragments of shell and skeletal of local stone, stone from elsewhere in the UK and also natural habitats and the lives of local people. remains built up as lime-rich mud on the sea floor. It is this limy from other parts of the world. Like all rocks, these building stones can be categorised into one of three main groups: Together the walks offer a fascinating overview of the mud that eventually became limestone. In places fossilised shells sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. many processes that shaped the landscape you see today. can still be seen in the rock. Sedimentary rocks form at the Earth’s surface by the An introduction to the area’s geology accumulation of fragments eroded from pre-existing rocks or the The numbers in circles show which walk is best for Reef remains of organisms such as sea creatures and plants. These seeing a particular geological feature. Lagoon build up in layers and after millions of years eventually harden into rocks such as sandstone, limestone and coal. The local rocks 310 million years ago, in the Carboniferous Period, this area described opposite – like the Coal Measures was part of a large continent that lay across the equator. Low Zechstein Sea and the Magnesian Limestone – are lying tropical swamps covered the land. Dead trees and other sedimentary rocks. Sandstone and plants built up as a layer of peat, which was then buried under limestone can be seen in many layers of sand and mud. Eventually the peat hardened to form Sunderland buildings. Sandy river delta coal seams and the sand and mud became sandstone and in the Carboniferous Period shale. This sequence of rocks is known as the ‘Coal Measures’ and as well as its importance for coal ( 1 4 5 has been a valuable Above: The Zechstein Sea, source of building stone. 2 in which the Magnesian The roots of Durham’s coal Limestone was laid down. seams – a tropical swamp in Right: Unusual textures the Carboniferous Period formed in some of the Sandstone limestones. You’ll see this used Magma (this is from Burdon in many of the buildings and walls House, point g ) of Sunderland. This example is from the wall at point f © Elizabeth Pickett During periods of falling sea level, the hot arid climate Granite caused the sea water to evaporate, making it much saltier. (this is from the war memorial, point n ) © Elizabeth Pickett Salt minerals known as evaporites built up on the sea floor. Thick salt deposits still exist deep beneath the surface further south, but in this area they have dissolved, causing the rocks above them to collapse. 1 4 The word igneous comes from the Latin word for fire and describes rocks that form when molten rock (magma) cools About 300 million years ago the land moved slowly further This area continued to drift north for 250 million years until it and solidifies, either underground (eg granite) or at the north of the equator and the climate became hotter and reached where it is today. We do not have any record of the Earth’s surface (eg basalt). To a geologist, the term granite drier. This area became a barren desert covered by sand geology of the area during that time as any rocks formed have refers to a rock of a specific composition and grain size, but dunes. The remains of these dunes, the ‘Yellow Sands’, are been removed by the work of rivers and seas. Some of these to a stonemason or architect it is a broader term, used to quarried today for building sand. 5 ‘missing’ rocks have been quarried elsewhere and brought into describe a range of crystalline igneous rocks. The decorative the area for building stone. 2 A large part of the desert lay beneath sea level and around ‘granites’ used in Sunderland’s buildings have been imported 260 million years ago, in the Permian Period, water from Over the last 2.5 million years the climate alternated between from other parts of the UK and even abroad. the surrounding ocean flooded it to create a shallow inland colder periods (‘ice ages’) and warmer periods. At times, ice sea, known as the Zechstein Sea. Over the following sheets up to 1km thick covered County Durham and the This third rock type takes its name from the Greek for ‘change of several million years the sea level rose and fell several North Sea. The ice finally melted about 15,000 years ago.
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