DOCSLIB.ORG

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E 774 HON

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E 774 HON E 774 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð Extensions of Remarks April 4, 1995 causing reproductive failure, birth defects, DIDATES.ÐWithin 18 months after the enact- Proudly surrender lunch developmental impairment, hormonal dis- ment of this section, the Administrator shall Kids of America ruption, behavioral disorders, immune sup- complete a report to Congress on nonpoint Nutrition's not for you pression, and cancer at low doses, and mix- sources and industrial discharges of Sacrifice for the rich few tures of these substances may cause these ef- organochlorine compounds and their byprod- When tummies hurt fects at even lower doses; ucts and metabolites into water. The report Go to bed (3) regulatory approaches that permit even shall include a listing of all types or cat- Be a soldier limited production and discharge of toxic egories of nonpoint sources and industrial And play dead substances that persist and/or bioaccumulate organochlorine discharges into water and The F22 then result in the accumulation of these sub- their byproducts and metabolites. The report Might rescue you stances in the environment and food chain shall also include a listing of the annual The Sea Wolf sub over time and subsequent damage to the quantities of each organochlorine compound Might bring hot grub health of humans and other species; discharged into water nationally and by per- (4) the most favored method of preventing mitted facility, together with a list of each Now hear this the continued contamination of the environ- permitted facility's location and quantities There is a fiscal crunch ment from persistent or bioaccumulative of combined organochlorine compound dis- This nation needs your lunch toxic substances is to phaseout their produc- charges into water. The report shall contain Pledge allegiance to the flag tion and/or use over time and replace these recommendations for achieving a zero dis- Mobilize your own brown bag substances or the processes that produce charge policy for important categories of The enemy deficit them, or both, with safer alternatives; organochlorine pollution sources. In order to Must be defeated (5) among the persistent and/or develop such recommendations, the Adminis- Nutrition suicide squads bioaccumulative toxic substances of greatest trator shall convene an advisory panel. The Are desperately needed concern are organochlorines discharged in advisory panel shall conduct public hearings Kids of America the production of pulp and paper as a result and solicit public and expert comment. The There is a fiscal crunch of the use of chlorine or any other panel shall consist of 15 members, including This great nation chlorinated oxidizing agents in the pulp and at least 1 independent expert in each of the Now needs your lunch. paper manufacturing process; fields of public health, occupational health, (6) the Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- technology change, toxics use reduction, and f ment between the United States and Canada ecology, 2 affected citizens, and technical concludes that ``the discharge of toxic sub- and policy experts from industry, labor, pub- TESTIMONY OF LIU XINHU stances in toxic amounts be prohibited and lic interest groups, and State environmental the discharge of any or all persistent toxic agencies. HON. FRANK R. WOLF substances be virtually eliminated''; and ``(d) DEFINITION.ÐFor the purposes of this OF VIRGINIA (7) in the Sixth Biennial Report on Great section, the term `zero discharge' means ab- Lakes Water Quality, the International solutely no output or release, including IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Joint Commission on Great Lakes Water nonpoint source output or release, into Tuesday, April 4, 1995 Quality concluded that ``the concepts of vir- water. The term `zero discharge' does not tual elimination and zero discharge are con- mean a less than detectable output or re- Mr. WOLF. Mr. Speaker, yesterday, I sub- sistent and a clear statement or direction to lease.''. mitted for the RECORD the testimony of three take to achieve the Agreement's purpose. f survivors of the Chinese laogai. The witnesses The overall strategy or aim regarding per- testified before the International Relations sistent toxic substances is virtual elimi- DON'T SWINDLE THE CHILDREN'S Subcommittee on International Operations and nation, and the tactic or method to be used LUNCHES AWAY to achieve the aim is through zero input or Human Rights on April 3. discharge of those substances created as a re- The stories are powerful accounts of brave sult of human activity. HON. MAJOR R. OWENS Chinese men and women who have suffered (b) ZERO DISCHARGE OF ORGANOCHLORINE OF NEW YORK tremendously because of their religion or polit- COMPOUNDS, BYPRODUCTS, OR METABOLITES.Ð IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ical views. Today, I am submitting the testi- Title III of the Federal Water Pollution Con- mony of two more survivorsÐMr. Liu Xinhu, Tuesday, April 4, 1995 trol Act is amended by redesignating section who was imprisoned at the age of 13 because 519 as section 520 and by inserting the follow- Mr. OWENS. Mr. Speaker, the final word his father was a so-called counter- ing after section 518: has not yet been said about the Republican ``SEC. 519. DISCHARGE OF ORGANOCHLORINE revoluntionary and Palden Gyatso, a Tibetan COMPOUNDS, BYPRODUCTS, OR swindle of the children who receive free monk who spent 33 years in the laogai. I hope METABOLITES. lunches in the schools across our Nation. But my colleagues and the American people will ``(a) ZERO DISCHARGE.Ð(1) Effective 5 years the final, most authoritative figures have been be enlighted and moved by these stories. after the enactment of this section, each established by the Congressional Budget Of- Many people like Mr. Xinhu and Palden pulp and paper manufacturing facility shall fice. The very conservative but thorough CBO Gyatso are still suffering in China today. We achieve zero discharge into water of has estimated that the Republicans will cap- must not forget them. organochlorine compounds, byproducts, or ture slightly more than $2 billion from their metabolites formulated as a result of the use TESTIMONY OF LIU XINHU, LAOGAI SURVIVOR of chlorine or any other chlorinated oxidiz- block-granted School Lunch Program. This will My name is Liu Xinhu. ing agent in the pulp and paper manufactur- be $2 billion more to go into the tax cut for the Because my father was an official in the ing process. rich. This is a scenario filled with horror. It former government, the Communist Party, ``(2) Effective 5 years after enactment of conjures up the image of the poster where on the pretext that he would disrupt labor this section, all existing and new permits Uncle Sam is pointing his finger and saying to discipline, arrested and sent him to a ``reedu- under this Act for paper and pulp mills potential military recruits: ``I need you!'' While cation through labor'' (laojiao) prison camp which use chlorine or any other chlorinated the Republicans advocate a $50 billion in- in 1958. He was sent to the Baimaoling Farm oxidizing agent shall require compliance crease in the defense budget and turn their to serve his sentence. In 1973, having lost all with the zero discharge requirement set hope and deeply impoverished in the hell of forth in paragraph (1). backs on welfare for corporations and rich the hard labor farm, he committed suicide. ``(b) SAFE ALTERNATIVES ASSISTANCE.Ð farmers, they are saying to the children of I was born in 1945. When I was 13 years old Within one year after the enactment of this America: ``This nation needs your lunch.'' in 1958, because I was the eldest son in the section, the Administrator shall evaluate al- THE NATION NEEDS YOUR LUNCH family of a counter-revolutionary, the Com- ternatives to the use of organochlorines in Kids of America munist government found an excuse which the manufacturing of pulp and paper, and There is a fiscal crunch had absolutely no legal precedent, and sent shall publish a report on the transfer of tech- This great nation me to live at the same Laogai prison farm as nology in the pulp and paper industry from Now needs your lunch my father. In 1964, when I had just turned organochlorine to chlorine-free technology eighteen years old, the Communist govern- To set as a model for pollution prevention. Within ment sentenced me to two years reeducation The budget right 18 months after the enactment of this sec- through labor because of what they called Go hungry tion, the Agency shall begin providing tech- ``counter-revolutionary activities''. After For one night nical information and support to assist per- being released from the laojiao sentence at mit applicants in the use of alternatives to Don't eat the farm in 1966, I was ordered to continue organochlorine compounds in the production What we could save forced labor at the farm as a ``forced-job- of pulp and paper. Be brave placement'' (jiuye) worker. I was once again ``(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS ON Patriots stand out labeled a ``counter-revolutionary element'' ORGANOCHLORINE ZERO DISCHARGE CAN- Above the bunch in 1974 because of my ``political attitudes'', April 4, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð Extensions of Remarks E 775 and the controls over me at the Laogai pris- were also fettered with iron manacles while not yet experienced this.'' The name of this on farm were further strengthened. I was de- self-tightening handcuffs and thumb-cuffs prison guard is Sonam Tsering; he was still tained straight through until my release in were used to tie our hands and thumbs. The on duty when I escaped from Tibet. Such is 1983. During the twenty-five years I spent in sharp edges on those handcuffs often resulted the conduct of the police, who we are also the Laogai, I suffered innumerable beatings in prisoners hands getting cut completely told are humanitarians.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summary to the Conservative Party Human Rights Commission on the Situation in Tibet, March 2013 – March 2016
    Free Tibet: Summary to the Conservative Party Human Rights Commission on the situation in Tibet, March 2013 – March 2016 About Free Tibet Free Tibet (www.freetibet.org) is a London-based international campaign organisation. Our vision is a free Tibet in which Tibetans are able to determine their own future and the human rights of all are respected. Free Tibet’s research partner, Tibet Watch (www.tibetwatch.org), promotes the human rights of the Tibetan people through monitoring, research and advocacy. It documents human rights abuse in Tibet using sources in Tibet, interviews with Tibetan refugees and monitoring of Chinese government websites and media. All of the information provided by Tibet Watch about events in Tibet is verified and corroborated as far as is possible within the limitations which apply in Tibet. The task of evaluating and analysing the human rights situation inside Tibet is extremely challenging. Since the Tibetan Uprising in 2008, independent international media, human rights NGOs, diplomats, government and parliamentary representatives and institutions of the United Nations have been given almost no access to Tibet by the Chinese government and no free access at all – the rare, officially sanctioned visits are tightly- controlled. Tibetan communication with the outside world is very closely monitored and Tibetans transmitting information about human rights abuses or concerns both within and outside Tibet face heavy penalties. China has also stemmed the flow of refugees escaping Tibet (from thousands to less than 100 last year), who were previously useful sources of detailed information. This report covers human rights concerns noted by Free Tibet between March 2013 and March 2016 within the entirety of Tibet, which has been under Chinese occupation since 1950.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tibetan Nonviolent Struggle: a Strategic and Historical Analysis
    ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES The Tibetan Nonviolent Struggle: A Strategic and Historical Analysis Tenzin Dorjee ICNC MONOGRAPH SERIES Cover photos: (l) John Ackerly, 1987, (r) Invisible Tibet Blog SERIES EDITOR: Maciej Bartkowski John Ackerly’s photo of the first major demonstration in Lhasa in 1987 CONTACT: [email protected] became an emblem for the Tibet movement. The monk Jampa Tenzin, who is being lifted by fellow protesters, had just rushed into a burning VOLUME EDITORS: Hardy Merriman, Amber French, police station to rescue Tibetan detainees. With his arms charred by the Cassandra Balfour flames, he falls in and out of consciousness even as he leads the crowd CONTACT: [email protected] in chanting pro-independence slogans. The photographer John Ackerly Other volumes in this series: became a Tibet advocate and eventually President of the International Campaign for Tibet (1999 to 2009). To read more about John Ackerly’s The Power of Staying Put: Nonviolent Resistance experience in Tibet, see his book co-authored by Blake Kerr, Sky Burial: against Armed Groups in Colombia, Juan Masullo An Eyewitness Account of China’s Brutal Crackdown in Tibet. (2015) Invisible Tibet Blog’s photo was taken during the 2008 Tibetan uprising, The Maldives Democracy Experience (2008-13): when Tibetans across the three historical provinces of Tibet rose up From Authoritarianism to Democracy and Back, to protest Chinese rule. The protests began on March 10, 2008, a few Velezinee Aishath (2015) months ahead of the Beijing Olympic Games, and quickly became the largest, most sustained nonviolent movement Tibet has witnessed. Published by the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict The designations used and material presented in this publication do P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
    Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 UPRISING in TIBET: CHRONOLOGY and ANALYSIS © 2008, Department of Information and International Relations, CTA First Edition, 1000 Copies ISBN: 978-93-80091-15-0
    2008 UPRISING IN TIBET CHRONOLOGY AND ANALYSIS CONTENTS (Full contents here) Foreword List of Abbreviations 2008 Tibet Uprising: A Chronology 2008 Tibet Uprising: An Analysis Introduction Facts and Figures State Response to the Protests Reaction of the International Community Reaction of the Chinese People Causes Behind 2008 Tibet Uprising: Flawed Tibet Policies? Political and Cultural Protests in Tibet: 1950-1996 Conclusion Appendices Maps Glossary of Counties in Tibet 2008 UPRISING IN TIBET CHRONOLOGY AND ANALYSIS UN, EU & Human Rights Desk Department of Information and International Relations Central Tibetan Administration Dharamsala - 176215, HP, INDIA 2010 2008 UPRISING IN TIBET: CHRONOLOGY AND ANALYSIS © 2008, Department of Information and International Relations, CTA First Edition, 1000 copies ISBN: 978-93-80091-15-0 Acknowledgements: Norzin Dolma Editorial Consultants Jane Perkins (Chronology section) JoAnn Dionne (Analysis section) Other Contributions (Chronology section) Gabrielle Lafitte, Rebecca Nowark, Kunsang Dorje, Tsomo, Dhela, Pela, Freeman, Josh, Jean Cover photo courtesy Agence France-Presse (AFP) Published by: UN, EU & Human Rights Desk Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR) Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) Gangchen Kyishong Dharamsala - 176215, HP, INDIA Phone: +91-1892-222457,222510 Fax: +91-1892-224957 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tibet.net; www.tibet.com Printed at: Narthang Press DIIR, CTA Gangchen Kyishong Dharamsala - 176215, HP, INDIA ... for those who lost their lives, for
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Concerning Tibet
    THE CASE CONCERNING TIBET TIBET’S SOVEREIGNTY AND THE TIBETAN PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION by Tibet Justice Center (Andrew G. Dulaney and Dennis M. Cusack) and Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (Dr. Michael van Walt van Praag) for The Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre June 1, 1998 Update added by Tibet Justice Center February 13, 2013 09292\5RTP01!.DOC:269341 In 1994 and 1996, the Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre organized and held two conferences on Tibetan self-determination. Summaries of these proceedings are available from the TPPRC. The concrete action plan that emerged from the the 1996 conference included a recommendation to request that Dr. Michael van Walt van Praag, then General Secretary of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, assist in the preparation of a report on the legal aspects of the Tibetan people's right to self-determination. At Dr. van Walt's request, this report was prepared by Tibet Justice Center with Dr. van Walt. In February 2013, to mark the centenary of the 1913 Proclamation of Tibetan Independence, Tibet Justice Center prepared a short update to the original report, highlighting the 1913 Proclamation, and new evidence regarding Tibet’s sovereignty and the Tibetan people’s right to self-determination. 09292\5RTP01!.DOC:269341 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. UPDATE TO THE CASE CONCERNING TIBET: 1913 INDEPENDENCE PROCLAMATION CENTENARY AND NEW INFORMATION ……………………...1 A. The 1913 Proclamation……………………………………………………………1 B. New information since 1998……………………………………………………....2 1. Original Tibetan text of Tibet-Mongolia treaty discovered…………………….2 2. Tibetan Passport rediscovered………………………………………………….3 3. UK Government Changes Position on Tibet…………………………………...4 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet Contents
    Human Rights Action Plan – Tibet Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Section 1 – China’s obligations .............................................................................................. 4 Section 2 – China and the UN ............................................................................................... 6 Section 3 – Measuring Implementation ................................................................................ 13 Issue 1 Cultural Rights ............................................................................................................... 14 Table 1: Cultural Rights ............................................................................................. 16 Table 2. Language .................................................................................................... 18 Table 3. Religious Freedom ....................................................................................... 20 Issue 2 Human Rights Defenders ............................................................................................... 22 Table 4. Operational space for Human Rights Defenders .......................................... 24 Table 5. Criminalisation of Human Rights Defenders ................................................. 26 Table 6. Arbitrary Detention ...................................................................................... 28 Table 7. Freedom of Expression, Association and Assembly
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet: Past, Present and Future -The Question of Self-Determination for Tibet
    Háskólinn á Akureyri Félagsvísinda- og lagadeild Lögfræði Vor 2008 Tibet: Past, Present and Future -The question of self-determination for Tibet Sara Halldórsdóttir Lokaverkefni í Félagsvísinda- og lagadeild Háskólinn á Akureyri Félagsvísinda- og lagadeild Lögfræði Vor 2008 Tibet: Past, Present and Future -The question of self-determination for Tibet Sara Halldórsdóttir Lokaverkefni til 90 eininga B.A. prófs í Félagsvísinda- og lagadeild Leiðbeinandi: Margrét Heinreksdóttir Yfirlýsingar: Ég lýsi því hér með yfir að ég einn er höfundur þessa verkefnis og að það er ágóði eigin rannsókna. ______________________________________ Undirskrift Það staðfestist hér með að lokaverkefni þetta fullnægir að mínum dómi kröfum til B.A.- prófs í félagsvísinda- og lagadeild. ______________________________________ Undirskrift Abstract This thesis is about international law, particularly human rights that is a specific field within international law. This thesis addresses the right to self-determination and the case concerning Tibet. Tibetans claim that Tibet was a sovereign independent State prior to the Chinese occupation in 1950. This claim will be reviewed in a historical content and the author will find try to find an answer concerning the legality of the Chinese occupation. The development of the concept of self-determination will be discussed in a historical content. Today the worldview has changed due to the passing of time as well as the meaning behind the concept. The concept developed from being a political principal to becoming one of the fundamental human rights in international law. After the United Nation General Assembly adopted resolution nr. 2625 in 1970, the acceptance of the right to self-determination got broader and people under alien subjugation and exploitation, which is a violation of the principle of the UN Charter, constitute the right to self-determination.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinton Administration's Response to China's Human Rights Record: at the Half-Way Point, the Daniel C
    Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 2 9-1-1995 Clinton Administration's Response to China's Human Rights Record: At the Half-Way Point, The Daniel C. Turack Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Daniel C. Turack, Clinton Administration's Response to China's Human Rights Record: At the Half-Way Point, The, 3 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int'l L. 1 (1995). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil/vol3/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law by an authorized administrator of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TULSA JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 3, No. 1 Fall 1995 THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION'S RESPONSE TO CHINA'S HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD: AT THE HALF-WAY POINT Daniel C. Turack* I. INTRODUCTION In a recent book on cultural relativism and universal human rights, Jack Donnelly succinctly stated that: [I]t is often claimed that there are a variety of distinctive and defensible conceptions of human rights that merit our respect and toleration even if we disagree with them. One standard form of such arguments has been the claim that there are 'three worlds' of human rights. The 'Western' (First World) approach, it is asserted, emphasizes civil and political rights and the right to private proper- ty. The 'socialist' (Second World) approach emphasizes economic and social rights.
    [Show full text]
  • CHINA's UNLAWFUL CONTROL OVER TIBET: the TIBETAN PEOPLE's ENTITLEMENT to SELF-DETERMINATION
    CHINA'S UNLAWFUL CONTROL OVER TIBET: THE TIBETAN PEOPLE'S ENTITLEMENT To SELF-DETERMINATION I. INTRODUCTION Few people who travel to the Himalayas realize that hundreds of Tibetans have traveled over the area to flee Chinese-occupied Tibet.' As one twenty-one year old male from Chamdo remembered: It was very difficult crossing over the mountains. The snow was up to our waists, but I was so anxious to reach Nepal I kept walking, I didn't give up. We heard that refugees often die in the mountains because of the cold. We joined a guide with five children; one small boy almost died, we took turns carrying him. For three days I was snow blind and couldn't see anything. We know our Tibetan mountains, we know how to hide in them, but Nepal is unfamiliar to us; it is easy for the Nepalese to catch and arrest us. I didn't want to leave my country, but living in Tibet has become difficult. In India we will be protected by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Only then, will we be able to work for our country's independence.2 This Note will demonstrate that the Tibetan people are entitled to exercise their right to self-determination because the Chinese are attempting to destroy the Tibetan way of life by illegally controlling Tibet.3 This Note will also demonstrate that the Chinese do not have a valid claim to rule Tibet because the Seventeen Point Agreement, which the Chinese rely on, is void under international law.4 The Chinese assert that Tibet has been a part of China since the Thirteenth century.5 This is contrary to Tibet's claim that the Tibetan people were independent prior to China's invasion.6 Part I[ of this Note will discuss 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter II: Areas of Greatest Potential Convergence
    The China Plan: A Transatlantic Blueprint for Strategic Competition Chapter II: Areas of Greatest Potential Convergence By Clementine G. Starling and Didi Kirsten Tatlow he areas of greatest potential transatlantic conver- gence deal primarily with values both in China and Section A: globally: China’s formidably poor human rights re- China’s Malign Governance and cord, global competition over the means of gover- Tnance, China’s coercive diplomatic practices, and China’s Human Rights Practices influence operations across the globe. This range of be- haviors is at work at home and around the world. A trans- 1. The Challenges atlantic strategy to deal with China should have these as key pillars, not only because a united response is critical to a) The governance debate calling out China and taking action, but also because they provide common ground for agreement among transatlan- One of the foremost challenges to the transatlantic com- tic allies. These issues go to the heart of what transatlantic munity is how to deal with China’s governance practices nations stand for. that differ so widely from those of the United States and Europe. China sees the world through an ideological lens, Across the board, the United States and European na- where autocracy is in competition with democracy. Its tions typically align their rhetoric and responses to China’s autocratic practices today look different than in previous human rights violations, tending to opt for multilateral decades. Instead of directly countering democracy, do- statements, legislation, or action, often through the use mestically, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has twisted of international fora like the United Nations (UN) and the democratic structures into tools of oppression and state European Union (EU).
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report China
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT CHINA 15 NOVEMBER 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE CHINA 15 NOVEMBER 2010 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN CHINA FROM 2 TO 15 NOVEMBER 2010 REPORTS ON CHINA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 2 AND 15 NOVEMBER 2010 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Map ................................................................................................ 1.04 Languages ................................................................................... 1.05 Population..................................................................................... 1.06 Naming conventions .................................................................. 1.07 Tibetan names........................................................................... 1.08 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 Poverty .......................................................................................... 2.03 Currency........................................................................................ 2.07 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 1949-1976: The Mao Zedong era................................................. 3.01 1978-1989: China under Deng Xiaoping..................................... 3.03 1990-2000: Post-Tiananmen Square..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tibetans in China: from Conflict to Protest Forthcoming Chapter in M Weiner (2021) Ed. Routledge Handbook on Race and Ethnicity
    Tibetans in China: From Conflict to Protest Forthcoming chapter in M Weiner (2021) ed. Routledge Handbook on Race and Ethnicity in Asia Ben Hillman Crawford School of Public Policy Australian National University Abstract Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and the invasion/liberation of Tibet by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in 1950-1, parts of the Tibetan population in China and abroad have conflicted with and protested against the Chinese state. Ethnic conflict and protest in Tibet have been driven by competing understandings of Tibet’s historical status and relationship with China. Tibet was incorporated into the Qing Empire (1641- 1911) in the 18th century but became a de facto independent state after the fall of the Qing in 1911. Central Tibet continued to enjoy de facto independence throughout the Chinese Republican era (1912-1949) even though Chinese successor states continued to claim sovereignty over Tibet. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which defeated the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) in a civil war (1945-49) in 1949 had the military strength to enforce the Chinese claim. Conflicts erupted in the 1950s over CCP policies in Tibetan areas, which culminated in an uprising and the Dalai Lama’s and Tibetan Government’s flight into exile in 1959. Limited conflict continued for some years following the uprising. But as the PRC has strengthened its grip over Tibetan areas, ethnic Tibetan grievances about Chinese rule and CCP policies in the region came to be expressed through public protest rather than through open conflict. * * * Although conflicts between various Tibetan and Chinese empires and kingdoms date back centuries (in 763 a Tibetan army captured the Tang capital of Chang’an), the modern conflict— i.e., between the now-exiled Tibetan Government and the PRC—began in the waning years of the Qing Empire (1644-1911) when the global order was on the brink of a major transformation.
    [Show full text]