Evaluating the Outdoor Thermal Comfort Conditions in Urban Villages of Kuala Lumpur
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EVALUATING THE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN URBAN VILLAGES OF KUALA LUMPUR PEGAH MAROOFEE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University of Malaya 2018 EVALUATING THE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN URBAN VILLAGES OF KUALA LUMPUR PEGAH MAROOFEE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF (MASTERS of ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE) FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR University of Malaya 2018 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Pegah Maroofee Registration/Matric No: AGB140031 Name of Degree: Master of Art and Social Science Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): EVALUATING THE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN URBAN VILLAGES OF KUALA LUMPUR Field of Study: Urban Design and Sustainability I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorshipf Malaya have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge, nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and everyy right oin the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this work, I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. UniversitCandidate’s Signature Date: Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date: Name: Designation: ii EVALUATING THE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT CONDITIONS IN URBAN VILLAGES OF KUALA LUMPUR ABSTRACT Urban villages (kampungs) are distinctive products of rapid urbanization and massive rural to urban migration, located within cities and surrounded by high rise buildings. These urban villages have still kept their own design patterns and characteristics. Kuala Lumpur (KL) still has some traditional urban villages that have not been replaced by contemporary residential projects due to the rapid modernization and urban growth. Although thermal comfort of outdoor urban spaces is an influential factor in residential behavior, there is a limited number of studies that have been conducted especially in KL city. On the other hand, this is a significant factor in increasing the use of outdoor spaces and preserve traditional conditions. This study measures and reports a quantitative research of the field measurements and simulates the collected data from experimental study via the Rayman and ENVI-met softwares. The purpose of this simulation is to evaluate the outdoor thermal comfort in both shaded and unshaded areas in urban villages in hot and humid climate. Three different areas of KL city namely Kampung Baru, Kampung Melayu Kepong, and Kampung Sungai Penchala were chosen based on geographically location in regards with clarifying differences in the environment surrounding, identification of natural environments such as vegetation, material and surface, and the level of density. Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) indices were used to explore the functional spaces of the selected areas towards identifying the climatological condition in outdoor spaces and the significant environmental values to achieve a higher level of quality of life. The findings of field measurement results show that among the shaded areas, Kampung Melayu Kepong recorded the coolest weather at 11:00 am with 27.7oC while the warmest was the Kampung Baru at 16:00 pm with 34.9 oC; whereas, in unshaded areas Kampung Melayu Kepong with 30.5 oC and Kampung Sungai Penchala with 37 oC were coolest and warmest respectively. In terms of wind speed, Kampung Melayu Kepong recorded the fastest speed with 3.28 m/s blew from the southeast. Kampung Melayu Kepong and Kampung Sungai Penchala have the highest measured relative humidity of 78%, and coolest temperature of 27.7oC, and 26.2oC respectively. According to ENVI-met simulation in the shaded area, the coolest kampung was Kampung Melayu Kepong with 25.59 oC; whereas, the warmest was Kampung Baru with the highest recorded temperature of 34.8 oC. In addition, the highest temperature in the unshaded area measured was Kampung Baru with 35.38 oC, andUniversity the lowest temperature was in Kampung of Melayu Malaya Kepong recorded 30.12 oC. In summary, the results show that the higher relative humidity percentage decreases temperature. Moreover, this research proposes some effective technological and specialized suggestions on the appropriate design to promote outdoor thermal comfort satisfaction, mitigation of heat in hot and humid context and having a better quality of life. Keywords: urban village, outdoor thermal comfort, ENVI-met, shaded/unshaded area iii ABSTRAK Kampung bandar adalah produk tersendiri hasil daripada perbandaran pesat dan penghijrahan luar bandar ke bandar, terletak di bandar-bandar dan dikelilingi oleh bangunan yang tinggi. Kampung bandar ini masih mengekalkan corak dan ciri reka bentuk mereka sendiri. Kuala Lumpur (KL) masih mempunyai beberapa kampung tradisional yang belum digantikan oleh projek kediaman kontemporari kerana pemodenan pesat dan pertumbuhan bandar. Walaupun keselesaan terma ruang luar bandar adalah faktor yang berpengaruh dalam tingkah laku penduduk, kajian yang telah dijalankan di kawasan ini, khususnya di bandaraya KL adalah terhad. Sungguh pun begitu, ia merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan penggunaan ruang luar dan mengekalkan keadaan tradisi. Kajian ini mengukur dan melaporkan penyelidikan kuantitatif dan pengukuran lapangan dan mensimulasikan data yang dikumpulkan dari kajian percubaan melalui perisian Rayman dan ENVI-met. Tujuan simulasi ini adalah untuk menilai keselesaan terma luaran di kedua-dua kawasan yang teduh dan tidak teduh di kampung- kampung bandar dalam iklim panas dan lembap. Tiga kawasan berbeza di KL iaitu Kampung Baru, Kampung Melayu Kepong, dan Kampung Sungai Penchala dipilih berdasarkan pelbagai pembolehubah seperti suhu, radiasi matahari, kelembapan relatif, kelajuan angin, arah angin dan faktor pandangan langit pada dua hari yang berlainan. Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) dan Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) digunakan untuk meneroka ruang fungsional kawasan-kawasan terpilih kearah mengenalpasti keadaan iklim di ruang luaran dan nilai-nilai alam sekitar yang penting untuk mencapai tahap kualiti kehidupan yang lebih tinggi. Penemuan hasil pengukuran lapangan menunjukkan bahawa di antara kawasan yang teduh, Kampung Melayu Kepong merekodkan cuaca paling dingin pada pukul 11:00 pagi dengan 27.7 darjah sementara yang paling panas adalah Kampung Baru pada jam 16:00 malam dengan 34.9 darjah; sementara di kawasan tidak teduh, di Kampung Melayu dengan 30.5 darjah dan Kampung Sungai Penchala dengan 37 darjah masing-masing paling sejuk dan paling hangat. Dari segi kelajuan angin, Kampung Melayu Kepong mencatat kelajuan terpantas dengan tiupan 3.28 m/s dari tenggara. Kampung Melayu Kepong dan Kampung Sungai Penchala mempunyai kelembapan relatif tertinggi 78%, dan suhu paling sejuk 27.7 darjah dan 26.2 darjah. Menurut simulasi ENVI-met untuk kawasan yang teduh, kampung paling dingin ialah Kampung Melayu Kepong dengan 25.59 darjah; sedangkan yang paling panas adalah Kampung Baru dengan suhu rekod tertinggi 34.8 darjah. Disamping itu, suhu tertinggi di kawasan tidak teduh yang diukur adalah Kampung Baru dengan 35.38 darjah,University dan suhu terendah di Kampung Melayu of Kepong Malaya yang mencatatkan 30.12 darjah. Ringkasnya, hasil menunjukkan bahawa peratusan kelembapan relatif yang lebih tinggi menurunkan suhu. Selain itu, penyelidikan ini mencadangkan beberapa petunjuk berteknologi dan khusus yang berkesan bagi reka bentuk yang sesuai untuk menggalakkan kepuasan keselesaan terma luaran, pengurangan haba dalam konteks iklim panas dan lembap dan mempunyai kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: kampung bandar, keselesaan terma luaran, ENVI-met, kawasan teduh /tak teduh iv To my beloved parents Who have always loved me unconditionally and whose good examples have taught me to work hard for the things that I aspire to achieve. To my lovely fiancé; Dr. Shin To Amiri Very special thanks for your practical and emotional support. University of Malaya v ACKNOWLEDGMENT In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with many people, researchers, academicians, and practitioners. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my main supervisor, Associate Prof. Dr. Norhaslina Hassan, for encouragement, guidance, critics, and friendship. Without her continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been the same as presented here. I owe a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Amirhosein Ghaffarian Hoseini, for his constant encouragements and his keen interest in my work at every stage of my research as my co- supervisor. His prompt inspirations, timely