PARTICIPATORY MAPPING and the USE of GIS for SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PLANNING in the HARDAP REGION, NAMIBIA by LISHO CHRISTOH MUNDI
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i PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AND THE USE OF GIS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE PLANNING IN THE HARDAP REGION, NAMIBIA by LISHO CHRISTOH MUNDIA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject GEOGRAPHY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. SIMPHIWE E MINI CO – SUPERVISOR: MR. AC VLOK August 2015 ii Declaration I, Lisho Christoh Mundia, hereby declare that the thesis, which I hereby submit for the degree of PhD (Geography) at the University of South Africa, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other institution. I declare that the thesis does not contain any written work presented by other persons whether written, pictures, graphs or data or any other information without acknowledging the source. I declare that where words from a written source have been used the words have been paraphrased and referenced and where exact words from a source have been used the words have been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. I declare that I have not copied and pasted any information from the Internet, without specifically acknowledging the source and have inserted appropriate references to these sources in the reference section of the thesis. I declare that during my study I adhered to the Research Ethics Policy of the University of South Africa, received ethics approval for the duration of my study prior to the commencement of data gathering, and have not acted outside the approval conditions. I declare that the content of my thesis has been submitted through an electronic plagiarism detection program before the final submission for examination. SIGNED DATE: 21 August 2015 iii Dedications I dedicate this work to My son — Lisho Mundia Junior My wife — Elma M. Tholiso-Mundia My mother — Ms. Brenda Kahimbi Lisho My father — Mr. Jones Mundia iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who contributed towards this research. Without their assistance it would have been difficult, if not impossible to fulfil the requirements for a PhD degree in this field: The Almighty God for the wisdom, strength and perseverance to complete this thesis. A special thank you to my wife, Elma Tholiso-Mundia, and my son, Lisho Mundia Junior, for their devoted support and encouraging attitude during my studies. My parents, Ms. Brenda Kahimbi Lisho and Mr. Jones Mundia. My promoters, Prof. Simphiwe E. Mini and Mr. Chris Vlok for showing confidence in me, their support, encouragement and guidance. The ministries, private owned organisations and individuals that has provided me with all different data and inputs which was used in this research. My undivided and faithful appreciation also goes to my friend, Faniel Maanda, who has always been a supportive friend in all my studies. A big thank you also goes to those that are reading and using this thesis in any way, thank you for your time and for reviewing my work. v Abstract Namibia, like most developing countries, lacks complete and comprehensive sustainable land use plans. This has a negative impact on a range of land use activities. Although Geographical Information System (GIS) is used as a planning tool in Namibia in an ad hoc manner, there is no broader comprehensive framework to guide applications of GIS as a planning tool specifically for land use planning (LUP). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how integration of participatory mapping and GIS can be used to enhance land use planning in the Hardap Region, Namibia. The study seeks to point out lack of local communities’ engagement in LUP process; lack of policy frameworks and guidelines for Integrated Land Use Planning (ILUP); and poor data management. The study adapted quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect relevant data and information related to LUP. Data collected using participatory approaches such as Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis were applied in an integrated manner in various contexts. FGDs were used to evaluate participants’ knowledge of LUP in the Hardap region. Besides participating in the FGDs, PRA and SWOT analysis, the participants also expressed opinions concerning desirable and undesired land uses in the region. Sketch and photo- mapping methods were found to be suitable approaches to capture local knowledge. GIS was found to be effective in integrating participatory maps produced by the local communities and existing spatial land use data. The results shows that local communities are eager to learn about participatory approaches and are willing to share their views and knowledge on land use in their respective areas. A user-friendly comprehensive georeferenced digital database was created for the Hardap region. This database is used for spatial data management, analyses, maintenance and production of maps. Maps of new development initiatives in the region were produced. The frameworks and guidelines suggested in this study has the potential to guide participatory techniques aided by GIS technology involving local communities in sustainable LUP processes in Namibia. The digital database incorporates experts’ knowledge on the users and implementation aspects, making it a LUP benchmark tool of Namibia. Key recommendations include incorporation of GIS technology in the ILUP, implementation of comprehensive participatory LUP, adoption of guidelines for future LUP, skills training and capacity development, and result-based monitoring. vi Key Terms Geography, participatory mapping, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), maps, mapping, land, Integrated Land Use Planning (ILUP), cartography, Land Use Planning (LUP), Sustainable Land Use Planning (SLUP), Namibia, Hardap region. vii Table of Content Declaration ................................................................................................................ ii Dedications .............................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements................................................................................................. iv Abstract ..................................................................................................................... v Key Terms ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures......................................................................................................... xii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... xvi Chapter 1: Background and Problem Statement............................................. 1 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of the Research .......................................................................... 2 1.3 The Research Problem................................................................................... 3 1.4 The Aim and Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 5 1.5 The Research Questions ................................................................................ 6 1.6 Research Design ............................................................................................ 6 1.7 The Study Area .............................................................................................. 7 1.7.1 The Shape of the Land in Namibia ............................................................................... 7 1.7.2 General Overview of the Hardap Region ..................................................................... 8 1.7.3 Population Dynamics ................................................................................................... 10 1.7.4 The Socio-Economic Environment ............................................................................. 11 1.7.5 Land Use and Tenure .................................................................................................. 14 1.7.6 Climate and Rainfall ..................................................................................................... 15 1.7.7 Topography, Geology and Mineralogy ....................................................................... 17 1.7.8 Landscapes, Soils and Vegetation ............................................................................. 19 1.7.9 Hydrology and Geohydrology...................................................................................... 20 1.8 Justification of the Study Area ...................................................................... 21 1.9 Organisation of the Study ............................................................................. 23 1.10 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework .................................................................. 27 viii 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Geography as a Field of Study ........................................................................ 27 2.3 The Context of Maps and Participatory Mapping............................................. 31 2.3.1 Cartography and Maps ...............................................................................................