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A Ground Penetrating Radar Reference Guide of Five Historic Sites

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A Ground Penetrating Radar Reference Guide of Five Historic Sites A GROUND PENETRATING RADAR REFERENCE GUIDE OF FIVE HISTORIC SITES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ART BY AMANDA BALOUGH MARK D. GROOVER, CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, IN May, 2018 Acknowledgements I would like to first thank my thesis committee chair, Dr. Mark Groover. Without his encouragement and guidance, this research project wouldn’t have come to fruition. I greatly appreciate Dr. Groover providing me the opportunity to learn how to operate, apply, and interpret the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey equipment and his guidance and mentoring during this process. I would next like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Cailîn Murray and Dr. Jarrod Burks, for their continued support and encouragement for this project. Dr. Murray provided an outside perspective and expertise that allowed this project to be interpreted and presented in a manner that a beginner to the survey method could use and apply the information. I want to thank Dr. Jarrod Burks for his time, dedication, and professional knowledge and guidance which greatly improved this project. I would like to thank Dr. Kevin Nolan for granting me the opportunity and base knowledge of GPR operation and interpretation. Without that basic knowledge and experience I would have never been able to complete this thesis project. I would also like to thank Dr. Nolan for supplying the equipment used to gather my thesis data. I would like to thank Robert Newport from the Indianapolis Knights of Columbus, Robert Good from the Delaware County Historical Society, Karen Vincent from the Minnetrista Historic Complex, and Donita Drake for granting me permission and the opportunity to survey their properties and allowing me to use their data in my thesis. I would like to thank the IndianaView Scholarship and the Ball State University (BSU) Anthropology Department for providing scholarships which funded my participation in the 2017 National Park Service (NPS) Geophysical Workshop held at the Pearidge National Battlefield. The workshop provided me with a greater exposure to other geophysical methods and granted me the opportunity to meet professionals in the field of geophysics. Finally, I would like to thank my family and cohort, who provided me the mental and physical support and encouragement to pursue and complete this thesis project. i Abstract In recent years, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become more widely used by archaeologists to map subsurface features at archaeological sites. The radar allows for quick survey of a landscape without disturbing subsurface features and helps preserve the archaeological record. The signal can be blocked or distributed based upon the soil composition, such as glacial till and soil saturation. There are very few reference texts to assist those learning how to identify GPR features at a variety of sites. To help fill in this gap in the Midwest, this thesis project proposes to create a catalog of GPR features from a variety of historic sites, which can be used as a reference guide for beginners studying GPR methods and GPR anomaly identification. As this research developed, this thesis project shifted from creating a catalog into creating a reference guide for future use. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ ix Chapter I: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Sections ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 5 Geophysical Methods ............................................................................................................................... 5 Electrical Resistivity ............................................................................................................................... 7 Electromagnetic Conductivity ............................................................................................................... 8 Magnetometry .................................................................................................................................... 11 Metal Detection .................................................................................................................................. 13 Ground Penetrating Radar .................................................................................................................. 13 Survey Design ...................................................................................................................................... 19 History ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 24 Modernization Theory ........................................................................................................................ 24 Landscape Theory ............................................................................................................................... 27 Settler Colonialism Theory .................................................................................................................. 28 Indiana’s Topographic History ................................................................................................................ 29 Bedrock ............................................................................................................................................... 29 Glaciation ............................................................................................................................................ 32 Soils ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 State Reported Surveys ........................................................................................................................... 40 Cemeteries .............................................................................................................................................. 45 Historic Domestic Sites ....................................................................................................................... 53 Specialty Sites and Modern Sites ........................................................................................................ 56 Review ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 63 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 63 Locality .................................................................................................................................................... 64 iii Survey Preparation ................................................................................................................................. 64 Grid Preparation ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Grid Setup ............................................................................................................................................... 66 Field Crew Responsibilities ..................................................................................................................... 66 Post Processing ....................................................................................................................................... 67 RADAN Processing Functions .............................................................................................................. 69 Data Analysis Methodology ................................................................................................................ 70 2017 NPS Geophysical Workshop ........................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: Results ......................................................................................................................................
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