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The ABC's of Traditional and Engineered Wood Products

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The ABC's of Traditional and Engineered Wood Products ood frame construction utiliz- accredited by the American Lumber Standards ing traditional and engineered Committee according to the Softwood Lumber Building wood products is the predomi- Standard PS20. nant method of building homes Structural lumber is either visually or mechani- Wand apartments in the United States. Increasingly, cally graded on the basis of its strength; each Blocks wood framing is also being used in commercial grade combination has an assigned design and industrial buildings due to its economy and value. Mechanically graded lumber is typically architectural flexibility. Wood frame buildings used for pre-engineered framing systems such updates and information are economical to build in a wide range of cli- as roof and floor trusses. General classifications on structural materials mate zones. Wood framing is readily available include: dimensional lumber (2x, 3x and 4x) and adaptable to traditional, contemporary and grades and timber grades or classifications known the most futuristic building styles. History has as “Dimension,” “Beams and Stringers,” “Posts demonstrated the inherent strength and durabil- and Timbers,” and “Decking,” with design values ity of wood frame buildings. The purpose of this assigned to each grade. Standard grades for each article is to summarize the various traditional product class should be specified after considering and engineered wood products that are avail- all grades appropriate for the intended use and able throughout North America, and to provide strength requirements. For structural applications, information on how designers can use wood prod- include the required reference design values along ucts to build structures that are both sustainable with the grade that represents those design values. and efficient. It should be noted that, although Also, specify desired moisture content (percent) the authors tried to provide practical informa- such as GREEN or DRY based on requirements tion regarding typical for the product, grade and intended use. structural sizes, design- ers should verify with The ABC’s of Traditional and local suppliers regard- Engineered Wood Products ing availability. Solid Sawn Lumber is a manufactured product derived from a log through sawing and By Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., S.E., surfacing. Structural and framing lumber is read- SECB and Lori Koch, E.I.T. ily available in rafters, joists and studs from 2x4 Lumber grade stamps. to 2x12 and sometimes 2x14 nominal. Heavy timbers for beams and columns of 4x, 6x, 8x and Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) is made up even up to 20x are available for Western species of wood laminations, or “lams,” that are bonded such as Douglas Fir. With Southern Pine, 2x size together with adhesives. The grain of all lamina- Michelle Kam-Biron, P.E., is typical and can be used to create built up beams tions runs parallel with the length of the member. S.E., SECB, is Director of the of 2 to 3 members for headers, and beams with Individual lams typically are 13/8 inches thick for national education program for 6x6 size for columns. Standard lengths are 8 to Southern Pine and 1½ inches thick for Western the American Wood Council, 20 feet in two-foot increments, although some species, although other thicknesses may also be which provides building industry suppliers may have longer lengths. used. Glulam is available in both stock and custom professionals with continuing Engineered designs that compute the required sizes. Stock beams are manufactured in commonly educational resources on ICC codes sizes of members are based on the standard dressed used dimensions and widths cut to length when and AWC standards. She is also sizes and not the nominal sizes. All solid sawn the beam is ordered from a distributor or dealer. President-Elect of the Structural lumber used for load-bearing purposes, including Typical stock beam widths used in residential Engineers Association of Southern end-jointed structural lumber, are identified by a construction include 31/8, 3½, 51/8, 5½ and 6¾ California. She can be reached at grade mark of a lumber grading/inspection agency inches. For non-residential applications, where [email protected]. Lori Koch, E.I.T., serves as a Project Engineer for the American Wood Council. Lori has presented on various topics ranging from use of general engineering properties of wood, Engineered Wood Products (EWPs), Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), and green building codes. She can be reached at [email protected]. Glulam beams used in roof system. Posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine www.STRUCTUREmag.org Unbalanced and balanced glulam layups. Example of glulam with camber. long spans, unusually heavy loads, or other Glulams need to be manufactured and to the long direction. LVLs are available in circumstances control design, custom mem- identified as required in ANSI/AITC A190.1 1¾-inch widths x 5½- to 24-inch depths and bers are typically specified. Common custom Structural Glued Laminated Timber and up to 60-foot lengths. Up to 4 LVLs may be shapes include straight beams, curved beams, ASTM D 3737. Glulam beams will have a connected together to create a larger beam pitched and curved beams, radial arches and trademark that signifies it was manufactured or header. tudor arches. Members can be manufactured in conformance with these provisions. The to any length, but transportation constraints trademark may also include: structural use, must be considered for longer members. mill number, structural grade designation, Glulam may be manufactured as unbalanced and appearance grade. or balanced layups. In unbalanced beams, the Prefabricated Wood I-Joists are “I” shaped quality of lumber used on the tension side of engineered wood structural members that the beam is higher than the lumber used on are prefabricated using sawn or structural Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) and Laminated the corresponding compression side, allow- composite lumber flanges and OSB or ply- Veneer Lumber (LVL). ing a more efficient use of timber resources. wood webs, bonded together with exterior Balanced members are symmetrical in lumber type adhesives. Typical I-joists for residen- PSL is manufactured from veneer clipped quality about the mid-height of the beam. tial use are available in 9½, 117/8, 14 and into long strands laid in a parallel formation Glulam is available in a range of different 16-inch depths. For I-joists over 22 inches and are typically used as beams, headers and appearances, but having the same structural in depth, the design should consider the pos- columns. PSLs are available in 3½- to 7-inch characteristics for given strength grades. sible requirement of sprinklers in concealed widths x 9¼- to 18-inch depths, and up to Glulam appearance classifications are: spaces. Most manufacturers supply I-joists to 60 foot lengths. Custom depths, achieved Framing, Industrial, Architectural (stock distributors in lengths up to 60 feet. These through secondary lamination, are avail- beams are often supplied with this appear- are frequently cut to lengths of 16 to 36 feet. able up to 54 inches. Similar to LVL, 2 to ance so they may be exposed to view in the Typical applications are as rafters or joists. 3 PSLs can be connected together to create finished structure) and Premium (available Similar to lumber, these framing members a larger beam. only as a custom order where finish appear- can be cut to any length on the jobsite to Single members or assemblies using struc- ance is of primary importance). meet various framing challenges. tural composite lumber (SCL) need to meet Camber is a curvature built into a fabri- Assemblies using prefabricated wood the provisions of ASTM D5456 Standard cated member which opposes the direction I-joists need to meet the provisions of ASTM Specification for Evaluation of Structural and magnitude of the calculated deflection D5055 Standard Specification for Establishing Composite Lumber Products and any addi- that occurs under gravity loads. The glulam and Monitoring Structural Capacities of tional requirements as set forth by governing industry recommends the camber for roof Prefabricated Wood I-Joists, the governing building codes. SCL needs to be identified beams be 1½ times the calculated dead load building code, and any additional require- with the manufacturer’s name and the quality deflection and for floor beams 1.0 times the ments as set forth in the manufacturer’s code assurance agency’s name. calculated dead load. Camber is specified as evaluation report. I-joists need to be identified Wood Structural Panels are wood-based either “inches of camber” or as a radius of with the manufacturer’s name and the quality panel products bonded with a waterproof curvature. Stock beams are typically supplied assurance agency’s name. adhesive. Included under this designation are with a relatively flat camber radius of 3500 Structural Composite Lumber is a family plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). feet or zero camber. of engineered wood products created by layer- Wall and roof sheathing are manufactured ing dried and graded wood veneers or strands in 3/8, 7/16, 15/32, ½, 19/32, 5/8, 23/32, and ¾-inch with moisture resistant adhesive into blocks thicknesses, and floor sheathing is typically of material known as billets, which are subse- 19/32, 5/8, 23/32, ¾, 1, and 11/8-inch thick. quently resawn into specified sizes. Common Plywood is a wood structural panel com- types of SCL include laminated veneer lumber prised of plies of wood veneer arranged in (LVL) and parallel strand lumber (PSL). cross-aligned layers and bonded with an LVL is produced by bonding thin wood adhesive that cures on application of heat Example of glulam grade stamp. veneers, with the grain of the veneers parallel and pressure. Most plywood manufacturers Posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine www.STRUCTUREmag.org Electronic version posted with permission by STRUCTURE® magazine October 2014 www.STRUCTUREmag.org produce 4- x 8-foot panels.
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