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Record of Tropical Rat Mite, Ornithonyssus Bacoti

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Record of Tropical Rat Mite, Ornithonyssus Bacoti J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 98–101 PJ Bhuyan and AJ Nath: Record of Tropical … Short Communication Record of Tropical Rat Mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) from Domestic and Peridomestic Rodents (Rattus rattus) in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India *Pranab Jyoti Bhuyan 1, Anjan Jyoti Nath 2 1National Centre for Disease Control, Coonoor-, Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India 2Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India (Received 23 Nov 2013; accepted 27 Sep 2014) Abstract Background: Tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti) is reported from many parts of the world and is considered important in transmitting rickettsial pathogens. There have been scanty reports on prevalence of this parasite from India. Following a recent report of O. bacoti infestation in a laboratory mice colony from Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, In- dia, attempts were made to detect the parasite in its natural reservoir, ie the domestic and peridomestic rats (Rattus rattus). Methods: The National Centre for Disease Control, Coonoor is involved in screening plague in domestic and peridomestic rats in Nilgiris and erstwhile plague endemic areas of Southern India. The parasite samples were identi- fied based on the morphological characteristics attributable to O. bacoti and as per description of published literature. Results: Seven mite samples identified as O. bacoti based on morphological characteristics were isolated inci- dentally from domestic and peridomestic rodents in and around the hilly districts of Nilgiris, Southern India, during the routine plague surveillance programme. The identification was based on the morphological characteristics at- tributable to O. bacoti observed under a low power microscope. Conclusion: In India, this is probably the first record of isolation of O. bacoti from domestic and peridomestic ro- dents. Prevalence of such parasite in domestic and peridomestic rats necessitates further investigation on monitoring and surveillance of rickettsial diseases in the locality, as these parasites are considered to be potential vector of transmitting rickettsial pathogens. Keywords: Ornithonyssus bacoti, India, Tropical rat mite Introduction Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst, 1931 (tropi- (rickettsial pox), Francisella pestis (plague), cal rat mite), an ectoparasite belongs to the Coxsackie virus, Francisella tularensis family Macronyssidae, is an obligate, blood- (tularemia), and Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas feeding parasite commonly associated with disease) and there is evidence that O. bacoti wild rat throughout the world. The mite is specimens are positive for Coxiella burnetii found mostly in tropical and moderate cli- (Q fever), hantavirus, Borrelia sp, Bartonella mate zone which causes rat mite dermatitis sp, and Rickettsia sp as reviewed by Watson in human (Beck and Fölster-Holst 2009). (2008). Although the status of rat mites as vectors in The definitive diagnosis of O. bacoti re- naturally occurring human infections has not quires the detection of the parasite which is been proven, yet there are considerable more likely to be found in the environment numbers of publications indicating that O. of its host (cages, litter, corner or cracks of bacoti experimentally transmits Rickettsia akari living area) than on host’s skin itself (Beck *Corresponding author: Dr Pranab Jyoti Bhuyan, 98 http://jad.tums.ac.ir E-mail: [email protected] Published Online: June 27, 2015 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 98–101 PJ Bhuyan and AJ Nath: Record of Tropical … and Fölster-Holst 2009). There has been rain fall of 1,200 mm, average daily temper- scanty report of this parasite from India. ature ranges between 5–28 oC. These pecu- However, the recent report by Nath et al. liar land configurations, prevailing climatic (2013) from Nilgiris in a breeding facility of conditions, abundance of varieties of rodents Swiss mice necessitated the search for the and ectoparasites harboring on such rodents parasite in its reservoir, i.e. the domestic and might attributes to the endemicity of various peri-domestic rats, which are under plague disease in such locality. Nilgiris District has surveillance activity of National Centre for long been recognized as a potential plague Disease Control, Coonoor, Nilgiris. endemic area which was attributed to the This study reveals the detection of O. existence of complex factors of climate and bacoti from domestic and peri-domestic rats a broad spectrum of rodent and flea fauna. in Nilgiris hills, Tamil Nadu during the routine surveillance of plague from rodents and is prob- Results ably the first of its kind in this topography. All the seven mite samples in the present Materials and Methods study were identified as O. bacoti based on their morphological characteristics attributa- During the routine surveillance of plague ble to O. bacoti, such as elongated, oval and in and around Nilgiris District, the domestic hairy body, caudally tapered dorsal shield and peridomestic rats were collected by etc. (Engel et al. 1998, Watson 2008, Beck wonder trap (live trapping, multiple catch). and Fölster-Holst 2009). The gnathosoma The dead rodents were excluded from the has chelicera and pedipalp. Figure 1 depicts routine surveillance of plague as per stand- a female O. bacoti mite observed under 10x ard procedure. The rats were classified as objective of a light microscope (Nikon). All domestic and peridomestic are as per criteria the mite samples were recovered from the provided by Agarwala et al. (2005). The rats domestic and peridomestic Rattus rattus were euthanized following standard protocol (N=323). The parasite could not be found in and searched for ectoparasite by combing on the other rodent species, ie Bandicoota a white tray. bengalensis (N=78) collected from the same During January-August, 2013, our branch areas during the said collection period. of NCDC received 401 rats, out of which 323 belonged to Rattus rattus (based on morphology as per standard literature). The collected mite samples were preserved in 10 % formalin and later examined in the labor- atory and confirmed as O. bacoti according to entomology Walker key (Walker 1997). Nilgiris is a hilly district located in the Northwestern part of Tamil Nadu state bor- dering Kerala and Karnataka, Southern In- dia. It lies between the Latitude of 11˚10’ N and Longitude of 76˚5’ situated in altitude ranging from 900 to 2600 meters above M S L (Mean Sea Level) with 56.42 % forest Fig. 1. An adult female Ornithonyssus bacoti under cover. The Nilgiris district has an annual 10X objective 99 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: June 27, 2015 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 98–101 PJ Bhuyan and AJ Nath: Record of Tropical … Table 1. Some characteristic features that aid differentiation of Ornithonyssus bacoti from other confusing parasites viz. D. gallinae and O. sylviarum Morphological O. bacoti D. gallinae O. sylviarum features Hairiness Very hairy Few hair Few hair Dorsal plate Caudally pointed Caudally rounded Dorsal plate with dorsal plate dorsal plate a conical end. Anal plate Anal plate with Anal plate with Anal plate with cranial anus caudal anus caudal anus Discussion Ornithonyssus bacoti is prevalent world- threat of transmitting zoonotic diseases. wide except arctic and antarctic regions as a The tropical rat mite dermatitis in human parasite of wild, commensal and laboratory is a self-limiting disease but a condition for rodents or of humans (Engel et al. 1998, diagnostic dilemma which leads to underre- Abai et al. 2002, Sabol-Jones et al. 2005, porting of suspected number of unrecognized Beck and Fölster-Holst 2009, Radhar and infestation. Certain morphological structures Vazirianzadeh 2009). It is reported from In- (e.g. hairiness, caudally pointed scutum [dorsal dia as occupational disease in laboratory plate], typical form of the anal plate with a personnel and Veterinary students (Tika- cranial anus) allow for differentiation of the Ram et al. 1986) and recently, in laboratory tropical rat mite from other mite species like mice colony (Nath et al. 2013). Although R. red bird mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) and norvegicus and R. rattus are known to be the the Nordic bird mite (O. sylviarum) (Beck preferred hosts, infestation of 10 other ro- and Fölster-Holst 2009) which are enlisted dent species has been reported (Engel et al. in Table 1. 1998). However, they might infest a wide Recently, there was a report of an out- range of hosts, including domestic and wild break of O. bacoti infestation in the labora- animals and birds (Watson 2008) when the tory mice colony of from the Nilgiris District preferred hosts are not available. (Nath et al. 2013). Therefore it is obvious This parasite is more likely to be found in that the parasite is being harbored by some the environment of its host, viz., in the rodents. But, available literature suggests cages, in the litter, or in corners, or cracks of that there is no record of prevalence of O. the living area, than on the hosts’ skin itself bacoti in rodents in this particular geo- (Beck and Fölster-Holst 2009). This might graphical area. This report, probably, is the justify the very low record of its recovery first of its kind about the prevalence of this from the trapped animals in the present parasite from the domestic and peridomestic study. Just as most representatives of the rodents in this topography. Therefore, the Macronyssidae tropical rat mites are active epizootiology and the diseases transmitted at night and seek dark hiding
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