(2010) 'Diverse Engagement

DIVERSE ENGAGEMENT: DRAWING IN THE MARGINS

Editors: Matthew French, Simon Jackson, Elina Jokisuu

DIVERSE ENGAGEMENT: DRAWING IN THE MARGINS

Proceedings of the University of Cambridge Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference June 2010, Cambridge, United Kingdom

EDITED BY

MATTHEW FRENCH Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, UK

SIMON JACKSON English Faculty, University of Cambridge, UK

ELINA JOKISUU Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK

Graduate Development Programme

Published by the Graduate Development Programme, University of Cambridge 25 Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1QA, United Kingdom

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

First Edition (CD): ISBN: 978-0-9566139-0-5

Second, revised edition (Online, D-Space, University of Cambridge Library): ISBN: 978-0-9566139-1-2

Diverse Engagement: Drawing in the Margins was organized by a committee of five Cambridge University graduate students, in alphabetical order: Matthew French, Simon Jackson, Elina Jokisuu, Rachelle Larocque and Jie Pan with support from the Graduate Development Programme.

CONTENTS

Foreword 7-8

Papers

CEREMONY : A CASE STUDY IN LITERARY ANTHROPOLOGY 9-15 Aniballi, Francesca

REDUCING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CROWDING: BLURRING THE LINES BETWEEN HEALTHCARE, ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 16-24 Beniuk, Kathleen

THE THEOLOGY OF SPATIAL EQUALITY AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION 25-35 Brown, Kevin J.

ENGAGING WITH DIVERSE APPROACHES TO HUMAN SKELETAL ADAPTATION: CLIMATE, ACTIVITY, AND INTEGRATION 36-44 Davies, Thomas

HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND LEONTES? : COGNITION AND CHARACTERISATION IN THE WINTER’S TALE 45-50 Firestone, Emma

MENTAL HEALTH COURTS 51-59 Frailing, Kelly

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF KEY ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE THAT AFFECT THE METHODS AND THEORIES USED IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 60-65 Gordon, Helen

APOLLO’S AMOURS: TILL DEATH DO US PART? 66-71 Haughton, Ann

THE DUAL TRAJECTORIES OF CHRONIC PAIN AND FALLING IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTS – TRANSGRESSING CONCEPTUAL AND PARADIGMIC BOUNDARIES 72-77 Irwin, Pamela

CONSEQUENCE OF PRECIPITATION ON PATHOGENS, MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY AND DISEASE OUTBREAKS 78-82 Islam, Tanvir

A NEW “ORIENTALISM”: THE QUEER “OTHER” ON THE FINAL FRONTIER 83-91 Jewell, Teresa

THE TIMES THEY ARE NOT A CHANGING: NEOLIBERAL INTERPELLATION, REVISITING THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL 92-102 Leyva, Rodolfo

UNDERSTANDING THE USER: THE MARGINALIZED OPEN SOURCE CONTRIBUTOR 103-112 MacAulay, Mekki

ELASTIC HOLOGRAMS 113-117 Martínez-Hurtado, Juan Leonardo

THE SUBTEXT OF NEW HUMAN RIGHT CLAIMS: A Socio-Legal Journey Into the “Right to Truth” 118-127 Naftali, Patricia

A CASE FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES: IN PRAISE OF THE POLYFOCAL LENS 128-136 Neelin, Lyndal

MEN DOING ‘WOMEN’S WORK’: MALE DOMESTIC WORKERS IN NIGERIA 137-144 Nesbitt-Ahmed, Zahrah

THE PHYSICAL SPACE OF A PROBATION OFFICE: CONTROL, RISK AND PUNISHMENT 145-153 Phillips, Jake

MUSINGS ON MATHS AND MUSIC – THE COMPLEX PATTERNS WE SIMPLY DON’T HEAR 154-159 Phillips, Michelle

LANGUAGE ARTS AND VISUAL ARTS: BRIDGING THE GAP WITH VISUAL LITERACY 160-168 Read, Catherine

INGREDIENTS OF IDENTITY: FOOD, COMMUNITY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 169-173 Rosenthal Sloan, May

THE PALM HOUSE KEW, 1844-48: a case study on scientific experimentation and cross-disciplinary working methods in 19th Century architecture 174-186 Schoenefeldt, Henrik

BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL: RETHINKING THE TIBETIAN YAK DUNG 187-194 Shen, Sihao

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FIRM CREDITWORTHINESS: A DEFENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY 195-205 Sibal, Rajeev

‘NO CASTLE-LIKE MAGNIFICENCE’ – WILLIAM FAULKNER AND THE SOUTHERN PLANTATION MANSION 206-212 Sobolewski, Dorette

BAYESIAN CHANGE POINT DETECTION FOR SATELLITE FAULT PREDICTION 213-221 Turner, Ryan

IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

OF CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT URBAN AREAS 222-226 Vakhitova, Tatiana Vadimovna

END 227

FOREWORD

Introduction

You are reading the proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference 2010. The Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference (IGC), now in its third year, was created by the Graduate Development Programme at the University of Cambridge to provide postgraduate researchers from all fields of study a platform for collaboration and an opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences. At the time of writing, the IGC 2010 is shaping up to be a huge success. We received over 130 submitted abstracts from which we selected 72 papers for oral presentation and 20 poster presentations. So far the conference has over 140 registered delegates and a fantastic line-up of six keynote speakers. It promises to be an exciting and engaging two-day conference.

Adding to the success of the IGC 2010, this is the first time that delegates have had the opportunity to publish a full paper in conference proceedings. The committee decided to publish proceedings to give delegates the opportunity to publish their work as well as provide a permanent record of the conference. This collection of 31 papers highlights the extraordinary diversity of research topics. Each paper reflects in some way the theme of the conference, Diverse Engagement: Drawing in the Margins . The theme was originally conceived to allow a wide variety of interpretations of what a margin means. It might mean working in the margins of academia or at the juncture of different disciplines. It could be interpreted as research that challenges the dominant theories and paradigms or research that involves marginalised communities. Or, the margin could simply mean a place to doodle to get the creative juices flowing. Whatever the meaning of the margin, each of the papers demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary research: looking at existing theories through the lenses of another discipline reveals new perspectives and unanswered questions.

We hope you will find these proceedings as inspiring and engaging as we do.

The Editors

Acknowledgements

The Editors would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations who helped to make this year’s conference possible:

First and foremost, we would like to thank Rachelle Larocque and Jie Pan who have been valuable members of the IGC 2010 organizing committee.

Our keynote speakers, Prof. David Spiegelhalter, Dr Sheila Preston, Dr Allan McRobie, Dr Ian Wilson, Dr Ben Crewe, and Prof. Julie Sanders

For financial support and sponsorship, we would like to thank the Schools of the Humanities and Social Sciences, the Arts and Humanities and the School of the Physical Sciences, University of Cambridge; and the Masters and Fellows of the following colleges: Churchill, Clare Hall, Emmanuel, Fitzwilliam, Newnham, Queens’, St Catherine’s, St John’s, Selwyn, Sidney Sussex, and Trinity.

Jeff Vickers, for help with the website; Bernhard Dusch for graphic design; and Stephen Lu for his helpful contributions in organizing the conference.

The committee would also like to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Cambridge, for hosting the conference and Selwyn College for hosting the conference dinner.

Finally, to thank Katie Hewitt and Dr. Jeremy Schildt of the University’s Graduate Development Programme, for their support and advice in running this year’s conference.

DIVERSE ENGAGEMENT: DRAWING IN THE MARGINS, Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Graduate Conference, Cambridge University, UK (28-29, June 2010) ISBN 978-0-9566139-1-2 © University of Cambridge, Graduate Development Programme.

CEREMONY : A CASE STUDY IN LITERARY ANTHROPOLOGY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCUSSION

Magic and Ritual 10

Ceremony and magical realism

The ‘emic’ – ‘etic’ tension and the patterning of the novel

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

REDUCING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CROWDING: BLURRING THE LINES BETWEEN HEALTHCARE, ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Terminology

Background Information

Objectives

METHODOLOGY

Lean Six Sigma Framework

Define Tool #1 - Current Reality Tree

Measure

Tool #2 - Delphi Study

Tool #3 - Semi-structured Interviews

Analyze

Tool #4 – Process Mapping Tool #5 - Simulation Modeling

Improve Tool #6 – Crowding Action Plans

Control

Tool #7 - Dashboard

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES 23

THE THEOLOGY OF SPATIAL EQUALITY AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Divided We Stand 25

Expanding Our Ethical Horizons

DISCUSSION

Mixed Communities

The Ethics of Mixed Communities: A Theological Exploration

CONCLUSION: The Future of Social Integration

REFERENCE

ENGAGING WITH DIVERSE APPROACHES TO HUMAN SKELETAL ADAPTATION: CLIMATE, ACTIVITY, AND INTEGRATION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Human Adaptation

Integrating climatic and behavioural approaches

METHODOLOGY

Materials

Methods

Figure 1: Example of solid femoral cross-sections (from left to right 20% to 80% sampled every 10% of bone length from distal end).

DISCUSSION

Drawing in the margins of human skeletal adaptation

Diaphyseal strength plots and evidence for climatic influence

Figure 2: Average Total Area (TA) measurements between 80% and 20% of limb length for four recent human populations.

Figure 3: Average Standardized Total Area (TA) measurements between 80% and 20% of limb length for four recent human populations.

Integration across the skeleton

Figure 4: Correlations between relative body breadth and long bone strength (TA) for both proximal (80%) and midshaft (50%) cross-sections.

Figure 5: Plot of R 2 values showing the proportion of variance in TA explained by relative body breadth for each cross-section level 80-20% femur (n=25).

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND LEONTES? : COGNITION AND CHARACTERISATION IN THE WINTER’S TALE

ABSTRACT

ON THE PERSISTENCE OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS

WHAT THE BODY KNOWS: Emotional memories and narrative progress

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONCEPT OF DRAMATIC CHARACTER: The case of The Winter’s Tale

A SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE INTERVENTION: Mirror neurons and theatrical empathy

CONCLUSION: Why good actors matter

REFERENCES

MENTAL HEALTH COURTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Literature review 51

The Washoe County mental health court

METHODOLOGY

RESULTS

Referrals

Outcomes Table 1. Comparison of comparison group (N=238) and participant and graduate group (N=146) on jail days and psychiatric hospitalization days

p< JAIL DAYS Mean N St Dev t df (2-tailed) CG-before MHCPG-before* CG-after referral MHCPG-enrol* CG-before CG-after MCHPG-before MCHPG-enrol MHCPG-before MHCPG-after MHCPG-enrol MHCPG-after CG-after referral* MHCPG-after* PSYCH HOSP p< Mean N St Dev t df DAYS (2-tailed) MHCPG-before MHCPG-after

Sanctions Table 2. Judges’ remarks during Washoe County MHC sessions

Date Praise Encouragement Sanction December, 2008 (Judge 3) April, 2009 (Judge 2) July, 2009 (Judge 1) TOTALS 87 62 19

Perceptions 55

Table 3. Significant differences in Washoe County MHC enrolees (N=55), graduates (N=44) and staff (N=14) survey responses

Mean N St Dev t df p< Graduation-fairness Staff (2nd administration)- participants fairness* Enrolment-fairness Graduation-fairness Enrolment-satisfaction Graduation-satisfaction

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF KEY ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE THAT AFFECT THE METHODS AND THEORIES USED IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Epistemic Concerns with Methods Used in Cognitive Neuroscience 60

Metaphysical Issues of the Theoretical Assumptions of Cognitive Neuroscience

Ethical Issues Involved with the Application of Cognitive Neuroscience

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APOLLO’S AMOURS: TILL DEATH DO US PART? HOMOEROTIC MYTHOLOGY IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE: A Cultural and Psychoanalytical Inquiry

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

THE DUAL TRAJECTORIES OF CHRONIC PAIN AND FALLING IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER ADULTS – TRANSGRESSING CONCEPTUAL AND PARADIGMIC BOUNDARIES

ABSTRACT

DIVERSE ENGAGEMENT – drawing in and across the margins

Defining the margins

Drawing in the margins

Engagement across the margins

REFERENCES

CONSEQUENCE OF PRECIPITATION ON PATHOGENS, MICROBIAL WATER QUALITY AND DISEASE OUTBREAKS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CONSEQUENCE IN SURFACE WATER

CONSEQUENCE IN GROUND WATER

PRECIPITATION INTENSITY

DISEASE OUTBREAKS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

A NEW ‘ORIENTALISM’: THE QUEER ‘OTHER’ ON THE FINAL FRONTIER

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Science fiction, Orientalism, and queer theory f

DISCUSSION

‘Testin' for reactions to the freak show’: Dangerous diversity in Farscape

20 .

‘Transcend[ing] the barriers that separate people’: Bisexuality and betrayal in Battlestar Galactica

‘You can do better than that’: Lesbian lead on Stargate Universe

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

THE TIMES THEY ARE NOT A CHANGING: NEOLIBERAL INTERPELLATION, REVISITING THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

REVISITING THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL: THE RELEVANCE OF DEAD GERMANS

ON NEOLIBERAL INTERPELLATION

GET RICH OR DIE TRYING

Table 1: Excerpts from Popular Rap Songs Jay Z’s 50 Cent’s Snoop Dog’s Estelle’s Money Cash Hoes In Da Club Drop it like it’s hot American Boy

SOME INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

100

END THOUGHTS

REFERENCES

101

102

UNDERSTANDING THE USER: THE MARGINALIZED OPEN SOURCE CONTRIBUTOR

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

103

104

METHODOLOGY

Table 1: Switching barriers and motivators from technical and trade press Select factors theorized to affect product adoption Switching barriers Switching motivators Total 45 product-specific factors identified in total

Table 2: User characteristics from consumer marketing literature Consumer behaviour factors theorized to affect product adoption Total 8 user-specific factors identified 105

Figure 1: Select questions from questionnaire

RESULTS

Table 3: Significant product-specific and user-specific switching barriers Product-specific switching barriers User-specific switching barriers

DISCUSSION

Product Characteristics 106

Comfort with Microsoft

Habituation to Microsoft Office Interface

Dependence on Microsoft Office File Formats 107

Additional Insights on Product Characteristics

108

User Characteristics

User Innovativeness

Loyalty to Microsoft

109

Likelihood to have actively searched for information about alternatives to Microsoft Office

Notable factors that did not achieve statistical significance

Additional Insights for Open Source Communities 110

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

111

112

ELASTIC HOLOGRAMS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1: Formation of holographic volume gratings in a confined space. The drawings are not a scale. Laser wavelengths are usually about hundreds of nanometers.

113

λ θ λ θ

Figure 2: Photonic effect observed when light hits the holographic grating: only certain wavelengths are reflected and the rest are filtered; the equation in the figure corresponds to the original expression for studying such gratings, the grating spacing ΛΛΛ is also expressed as d.

Elastic holograms

METHODOLOGY

Hologram construction

114

Hologram interrogation

Figure 3: Force diagram of the interrogated hologram and stretching device.

Figure 4: A short caption describing the figure.

Figure 5: Force diagram of the compressing device used.

115

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

∆λ

Figure 6: Stretching the hologram results in a contraction of the fringe spacing therefore a decrease in wavelength and intensity.

Figure 7: Visible spectrum of a hologram being compressed with certain pressures.

116

Figure 8: Compressing hologram hysteresis effect when compressed and decompressed sequentially, loads added in kPa.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

117

THE SUBTEXT OF NEW HUMAN RIGHT CLAIMS: A Socio-Legal Journey Into the ‘Right to Truth’

ABSTRACT

[

INTRODUCTION: Mapping an Itinerary of A legal innovation

118

119

FROM GRASSROOTS ADVOCACY TO NATIONAL RECEPTIONS OF TRUTH

A. Families Engage in Resistance against Secrecy (1970s–1990s)

B. Framing the Demand for Truth as a Natural Right: Life, Family and the Dead [

120

[ [

C. The Official Response: Truth Commissions, Exhumations, Reparations

121

THE INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF A RIGHT TO TRUTH

[

Transnational Entrepreneurs as Catalysts for Norm Institutionalisation

122

Families as Transnational Players: Reframing Truth as an Urge to Combat Impunity

International Non Governmental Organizations: Bridging Gaps Between Human Rights

123

The Rise of a New Expertise: “Transitional Justice” Experts as New Cause Lawyers

124

Professional migrations between the militant, academic and political spheres

CONCLUSION

125

REFERENCES

126

35 44

127

A CASE FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES: IN PRAISE OF THE POLYFOCAL LENS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

128

129

METHODOLOGY

130

Figure 1: Conceptualizing Shawville

131

Figure 2: Shawville under the kaleidoscope

DISCUSSION

Discipline… Multi-disciplinary… Inter-disciplinary… Undisciplined… 132

133

134

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

135

;

136

MEN DOING ‘WOMEN’S WORK’: Male Domestic Workers in Nigeria

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

137

DOMESTIC WORK

138

Domestic Work in Nigeria

139

METHODOLOGY

NOT JUST ‘WOMEN’S’ WORK: MALE DOMESTIC WORKERS IN LAGOS

140

141

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

142

143

144

THE PHYSICAL SPACE OF A PROBATION OFFICE: CONTROL, RISK AND PUNISHMENT

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

145

ARCHITECTURE AND CRIMINOLOGY

146

ARCHITECTURE AND EDUCATION

ARCHITECTURE AND PROBATION

METHODOLOGY

147

THE PROBATION OFFICE

148

149

150

CONCLUSION

151

REFERENCES

15 2

153

MUSINGS ON MATHS AND MUSIC – THE COMPLEX PATTERNS WE SIMPLY DON’T HEAR

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

154

MUSIC AND MATHS

155

MUSIC PERCEPTION

MUSIC, MATHS AND THE GOLDEN SECTION

Figure 1: Dividing a whole in the ratio of the golden section. 156

MUSICAL TIME

157

THE EMPIRICAL STUDY OF MUSICAL TIME

158

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

14 15

159

LANGUAGE ARTS AND VISUAL ARTS: BRIDGING THE GAP WITH VISUAL LITERACY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

160

What is Visual Literacy?

What constitutes a foundation for reading?

161

How does visual literacy help develop a foundation for reading?

1. Language and Communication

162

2. Decoding abilities (reading) / encoding abilities (writing)

3. Comprehension

4. Motivation 163

5. Exposure to literacy in use

6. Transfer

Teaching Approaches

164

Picture Books: The Ideal Medium

165

Visual Thinking Strategies

The Whole Book Approach

See, Think, Wonder

166

A Suggested Approach for Educators

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

167

168

INGREDIENTS OF IDENTITY: FOOD, COMMUNITY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

169

METHODOLOGY

History (oral and otherwise)

Space, Place and Anthropological Influence

170

DISCUSSION

171

CONCLUSION

172

173

THE PALM HOUSE KEW, 1844-48, a case study on scientific experimentation and cross-disciplinary working methods in 19th Century architecture

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

174

‘It will be so clear that you won’t see that glass is there’ 7

175

Implications of sheet glass

176

Lindley’s call for a Scientific Inquiry 177

Robert Hunt’s First Scientific Report

178

Specification of a Special Palm House glass

179

Figure 1: Graph showing the optical properties of the copper tinted glazing specified by Robert Hunt for the Palm House, showing the spectrum of visible light formed by a clear flint glass prism [1] and the same spectrum after it passed through a pane of copper tinted glass [2]. The green glass, Hunt reported, was found to cut a small portion of red and to reduce the length of the yellow spectrum by increasing the green. It also shows that the green glass [4] intercepted the intense infrared radiation transmitted by a clear flint glass prism, marked ‘a’ in graph 3.

180

CONCLUSION: A History of Performance and Adaptation

181

102 105

182

REFERENCES

´ 183

40 ´

184

´ ’ Note: ´ 185

186

BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL: RETHINKING THE TIBETIAN YAK DUNG

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

187

QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU’S SKY, EARTH AND LIFE

A vast and sparsely populated area

A harsh natural environment

188

The yak - the irreplaceable animal for Tibetans

YAK DUNG - AN IMPORTANT LINK IN THE ECOLOGY OF THE PLATEAU

Yak dung play an important role in Tibetan'

189

AUSTRALIA CATTLE DUNG PRODUCED IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT

190

• • • ℃

WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM BOTH CASES

南桔北枳 ǐ）枳

191

防微杜渐防微杜渐

192

THREE PAIRS OF RELATIONSHIP IN DEALING WITH OBJECTIVE REALITY

Commonness and otherness

Investigation and research:

Following the rules and breaking down the conventions ，

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

澳洲经济史之七：向发达国家转变时期的经济） 193

194

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FIRM CREDITWORTHINESS: A DEFENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

195

CREDITWORTHINESS AS AN EMPIRICAL LINK BETWEEN THE FIRM AND THE STATE

196

THE PIERCING PARADOX

WHICH FIRMS PIERCE?

197

THE FIRM AND THE STATE

198

199

AN EMPIRICAL EXAMPLE: (MIS) EXPECTATIONS OF PIERCING

Table 1: Piercing Firms in Brazil and India

200

201

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

202

203

204

205

‘NO CASTLE-LIKE MAGNIFICENCE’ – WILLIAM FAULKNER AND THE SOUTHERN PLANTATION MANSION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

206

207

DISCUSSION

208

209

210

CONCLUSION

211

REFERENCES

212

BAYESIAN CHANGE POINT DETECTION FOR SATELLITE FAULT PREDICTION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

213

TIME SERIES METHODS

Online Algorithms

MACHINE LEARNING

Measuring Performance

214

Bayesian Machine Learning

215

CHANGE POINT MODELS

Example BOCPD Model

Figure 1: Sample draw from BOCPD with a Gaussian UPM and constant hazard. Top panel: The blue

dots are the data points xt ; at each time point t, x t is sampled from (2a). The solid black line represents the mean in each regime. Note that the mean and variance is changing in each regime; at each change point the mean and variance is a new sample from (2b). Bottom panel: The black crosses are the change points and the solid red line is the run length. 216

Figure 2: Demonstration of BOCPD on a sample draw with a Gaussian UPM and constant hazard. The QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a decompressor decompressor are needed to see this picture. surface plot is the predictive distribution are needed to see this picture. conditional on the run length at QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. decompressor using the UPM as in (5). The solid red line is the run length distribution are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor from (4), while the solid black line is the marginal distribution are needed to see this picture. using (3).

The BOCPD Algorithm

217

Figure 3: Modem Data: the top panel shows the modem transmission strength in blue. The labeled change points, the power supply alarm, are shown as black crosses. The red crosses represent alerts, which are placed when the probability of a change point since the last alert exceeds 95%. The bottom QuickTime™ and a decompressor panel shows the log run length distribution are needed to see this picture. (lighter means higher probability). The red line indicates the median of the distribution while the dashed blue line is the labeled run length. Everything

are neededQuickTime™ decompressor to see thisand picture.a before the vertical dashed line is used to train the hyper-parameters .

218

Figure 4: Amplifier Data: the top panel shows the amplifier power in blue. The labeled change points are shown as black crosses. The graphical conventions are the same as those in Figure 3 The bottom panel shows the output of CUSUM. The red crosses are the CUSUM alert and the blue line is the

are neededQuickTime™ decompressor to see this and picture. a CUSUM test statistic , which was reset to zero at each alert.

SATELLITE DATA

Table 2 The results are provided with 95% error bars and the p-value testing the null hypothesis that methods are equivalent to the best performing method, according to NLL, using a one sided t-test. The QuickTime™ and a decompressor first three columns represent the loss in predicting the run length (using are needed to see this picture. ) while the final QuickTime™ and a decompressor column shows the loss in data space of predicting the next data point (using are needed to see this picture. ). The units of NLL are nats/observation. For continuous variables (data space prediction) we shift the NLL so the best method has NLL zero. The MAE and MSE have the units of and , respectively, in run length prediction. Variants of BOCPD are marked with *. 40.74 ± 0.55 14.77 ± 0.97 4.33 ± 0.35 0.0 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 1.4 37.0 ± 1.1 9.6 ± 1.1 2.66 ± 0.56

219

Table 2

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

220

221

IMPACT ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT URBAN AREAS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

The role of Cultural Heritage in cities’ Sustainable Development 222

Cultural Heritage in Impact Assessment Tools

223

CONCLUSION

224

REFERENCES

Note: Acknowledgments

225

226