Female Psychology and Considerations for Coaching Practice

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Considerations forCoachingPractice Female Psychologyand Coaching Women gender altogether. decided tostay away fromcoachingtheopposite who, unable tounderstand ‘what women want’, have despairfor somemalecoaches, discussion andcertainly athletes haslongbeenthesubjectofspeculation, debate, The difference between coachingmaleandfemale potential inthewomen you arecoaching. develop outthatextra your coachingstyleandbring differences inhow menandwomen think toallow you to This factsheetaimstoprovide someoftheevidenceon coaching environment. contextualise thefollowing toyour information own people areindividualsanditisfor you, thecoach, to coach UKrecognisesthatitisageneralisation. All factsheet hasbeenacademically evidenced, sports containedwithinthis Although theinformation her.and support needs, andguidanceastohow bettertocoach provides insightintothefemale athleteandher coaching theminthefuture. Eachfactsheet who coachwomen orwhoare interested in Fitness Foundation (WSFF), aimedatcoaches coachUKandthe sports Women’s and Sport This factsheetisoneofaseries, produced by ‘ perception, thoughts,feelingsandemotions. nerves thatregisterpleasureandpaintotheneuronstransmit that percentagedifferenceinfluenceseverysinglecellinourbodies–fromthe More than99%ofmaleandfemalegeneticcodingisexactlythesame.But coaching, arepotentially huge. Likewise, theimplicationsfor sport,and specifically andhavethis information benefited hugely fromit. tomake gooduseof Roberts, 2006)have alreadystarted 2002; Healy, (Cunninghamand 2004)andmarketing great effect. Forexample, areaslike teaching(Ambrose, have women andgirls beendisprovedsurrounding to and research, thatsomeofthesemyths andstereotypes It isonly recently, however, andthankstonewtechnology coaching. quality sports toaccess for women andgirls hinder theopportunities anumber ofmythsstereotypes andperpetuate that female sport.Ifanything, theyhave tocreate contributed Attitudes like thishave nothelpedthedevelopment of ‘ went backtocoachingtheboys. doing everythingtheydidsoI needed toknowwhytheywere and somentallydemanding.They girls’ team.Itwastoocomplex I justcouldn’thackitwiththe Brizendine, 2007 Football coach ’ ’

So what is psychologically unique about females? Think: How would these findings impact on how and why ? In her book, The Female Brain, psychologist Louann women and girls participate in Brizendine explains what makes women’s brains sport and physical activity? distinctively different to those of their male counterparts. Primarily, her research shows that although smaller than a Could your style of coaching change in male’s, the female brain contains the same number of recognition of the information above? brain cells, only packed together more densely. There are two main differences between the male and female brain: As previously mentioned, this information is a 1 Brain structure and function generalisation. As a coach, you have to ensure you get Certain features of the female brain’s architecture are to know your athletes or team as individuals and ‘tailor’ vastly different to those of a male’s white-and-grey your interaction with them to suit their specific needs. matter. These can be differences in shape, size, or It is clear, however, that knowing about some of these allocation of functions to different brain areas. proven female ‘tendencies’ or ‘traits’ could be useful in finding the right strategies to engage with different 2 Brain chemistry athletes and groups. As expressed by Brizendine, ‘the female brain is so deeply affected by hormones that their influence can be From their study of current literature on the topic, said to create a woman’s reality. They can shape a Cunningham and Roberts (2006) describe the following woman’s values and desires, and tell her, day to day, six main areas in which academic research has shown what’s important. A woman’s neurological reality is not as men and women to be different. constant as a man’s.’

But how are these two differences manifested? Here is a Area of Difference Men Women summary of how some women’s actions and reactions may differ from a man’s: • The female brain has a higher level of sensitivity to Intellectual function Analytical, focused, ‘Whole-brained’ stress and conflict linear, logical perspective perspective • Women use different areas of the brain to solve problems, process language or experience and store strong emotions Base reaction Action Feeling

• The brain centres for language, hearing, emotion and Stress response Fight or flight Tend and befriend memory formation are bigger in women • Men have larger processors in the more ‘primitive’ Innate interest Things People areas of the brain that register fear and trigger aggression compared to women Survival strategy Through self-interest, Through relationships, • In the main, women have outstanding verbal agility, an hierarchy, power empathy and ability to connect deeply in friendship and an almost and competition connections psychic capacity to read faces and tone of voice. Mental preferences Hard-wired Hard-wired to systemise to empathise © Alan Edwards Coaching Women Female Psychology and Considerations for Coaching Practice

The psychology bit...

Intellectual function How can this knowledge affect Men show a predisposition to be more analytical, linear and logical in their the way you coach? processing of information, whereas women show a clear tendency to process information in a more ‘whole-brained’ or ‘bigger-picture’ way. Women generally express emotion in a different, more overt way than men. They This seems to be thanks to women’s brain’s ability to access information should not be considered to be interfering from, and make connections with, both sides of the brain in order to or ‘hard to win over’. Women’s ability to solve problems. see the ‘whole picture’ means they need to The use of the ‘whole brain’ seems to explain why women are understand why they are performing certain generally more comfortable with emotion, higher awareness of tasks and what doing will achieve them. non-verbal cues and the enhanced ability to look at the full picture.

Base reaction to stimuli How can this knowledge affect This is not about conscious behaviour, but more about impulsive behaviour. the way you coach? It appears that when things happen, a man’s base reaction is to jump into action, while women are more likely to Does this explain why your women athletes react emotionally. may react to certain things in a way that seems alien to you? Science shows that the basal (everyday) state of the male How are you communicating with your brain is dominated by the women participants? ‘fight or flight’ centres How can you ensure your athletes use their (ie reptilian/instinctive ‘reptilian’ brains and act, rather than feel with behaviours). In women their limbic brain? it seems that more activity occurs in the What reaction does shouting or raising your brain’s limbic system, voice provoke in women? which deals with

Stress response How can this knowledge affect Hormone concentrations and their strengths vary considerably between men the way you coach? and women. This is even more so under conditions of stress. When your athletes are under stress, do Studies show how when under stress men produce ‘fight or flight’ hormones you know how to provide the right like testosterone and adrenaline, while women generally produce more environment to enhance their performance? oxytocin which buffers the ‘fight or flight’ response and has a pronounced calming effect. Do you normally contribute to increase their stress levels or alleviate them? How, It seems that under stressful conditions, women tend to respond and why? by forming more connections with others and by looking for support from their community. By contrast, men tend to react with alarm, aggression and individualistic behaviour. Coaching Women Female Psychology and Considerations for Coaching Practice

Innate interest: things vs people How can this knowledge affect Research into education and the workplace shows that males have a the way you coach? tendency to be more interested in things, while women and girls tend to be naturally interested in people. How is your coaching affected by women and girls’ natural interest in people? Do While men want to understand how things work, women are you see it as a hindrance to more interested in connecting and bonding with people, technical/tactical work, or as a great understanding others’ motivations and how they feel. opportunity for team building? Perhaps a team bonding session every now and then might be more beneficial than technical or tactical work.

Survival strategies How can this knowledge affect Evolutionary theory establishes that, in terms of primary motivations, we the way you coach? exist to ensure the survival of our genes. The key difference seems to be in how men and women go about this. How do your athletes respond to internal and external competition? It seems that males strive to survive through self-interest, hierarchy, power gains and competition. On the other hand, women and girls’ survival strategy What is your best strategy for ensuring tends to be through the building of relationships, connections and high levels your athletes are motivated and happy of empathy. within the group and in relation to the opposition? In short, for the boys it is all about being the ‘alpha’ male in the pack, while for the girls, it’s more about getting along with Creating a climate of cooperation and everyone in the group. personal improvement may pay off better than one where internal competition dominates the sessions.

Understanding and processing information How can this knowledge affect Professor Simon Baron-Cohen of Cambridge University shows that in the the way you coach? main, men understand the world by building systems to explain how it works, while women make sense of things by putting themselves into What do your athletes expect from somebody else’s shoes. you emotionally? For women, it’s not only about being emotionally in tune with Do your athletes share the same motivations, another person, but also being able to gauge moods, drive and picture of success as you do? atmospheres and successfully negotiate interactions with people. How does your mood affect the people you coach? Do they pick up on it? Of course they do, and women are more likely to! Coaching Women Considerations forCoachingPractice Female Psychologyand and participants. toengagewithdifferent athletes strategies the right Your jobasacoachistousethisevidenceandfind over Collaboration competitionisthemaindrive • Relationships(makingandfixing them)matterabove • Atendencytotake responsibilityfor everything • Thoroughdecision-makingand • Addedsignificance tohow thingsandpeoplelook • Aneedtomake inassafe theenvironment theywork • Puttingthegreatergoodbefore theirown • to life basedonthefollowing concepts: behaviour choices, intoanoverall attitude thistranslates For women, female tooversimplify andwithouttrying and women. are fulfilled are, for themostpart,different for men andmotivations,Drives andtheway inwhichthese approach tomostthingsisdifferent tothatofaman. speaking,Generally thisresearchshows thatawoman’s So whatdoesthismeanforyou? within groups. else everything processes risk-assessment and appealingaspossible New York: Broadway Books. ISBN: 978-0-767916-15-8. to fromBirth Learning Adolescence Healy, J.M. (2004) London: Cavendish. Marshall ISBN: 978-1-904879-96-1. Cunningham, J. andRoberts,P. (2006) ISBN: 978-0-767920-10-0. email aboutthe series, information please For further Socially Inclusive Coaching. • CoachingFemaleHigh-Performance Athletes • Developing FemaleCoaches • for FemalePhysiology andConsiderations • CoachingMythBuster • coaching practice. The factsheetsare: which may your helpinform approach to your current womenexplores adifferent insport, areasurrounding There arefive otherfactsheetsintheseries. Eachone greatresults.of your coachingmethodologycould bring differences you willachieve fromchangingaminorpart inthisfactsheet,identify witheverything but the your coachingsessions. You don’thave tobeable to Think abouthow you couldchangeyour approachto A calltoaction Baron-Cohen, S. (2003) www.nctm.org/resources/nea/TCM2002-09-16a.pdf ofgirls?’, tothedetriment grades the primary Ambrose, R.C. (2002) ‘Are we overemphasising manipulatives in References Brizendine, L. (2007) London: Allen Lane. ISBN: 978-0-713996-71. Coaching Practice [email protected] Your Child’sGrowing Mind: Brain Development and The FemaleBrain The EssentialDifference . Inside HerPrettyLittleHead . New York: Broadway Books. . .