Ohio Terrorism Potential Male American Terrorists Case Studies Terror Recruit? Terrorists Definitions of Terrorism

Americans Killing Americans: A Comparison of U.S. Male Citizens Charged with Acts Related to Terrorism Since 9/11.

Terry Oroszi, MS, EdD Boonshoft School of Medicine, WSU Henry Jackson Foundation, WPAFB The Dayton Think Tank, Dayton, OH Plan of Action…

Are You a Research on Ohio Terrorism Potential Male American Terrorists Case Studies Terror Recruit? Terrorists Definitions of Terrorism

International Terrorism Domestic Terrorism Terrorism

“use or threatened use of “violent acts that are “the intent to instill fear, and violence to intimidate a dangerous to human life the goals of the terrorists population or government and and violate federal or state are political, religious, or thereby effect political, laws” ideological” religious, or ideological change” Demographic patterns of enlisted terrorist recruits. Females Convicted with Acts Related to Terrorism Amera Akl, Angel Shannon, Kathy Aubsworth, Brandi Bowman, Joanne Chesimard, Shannon Conley, Kristi Goldstein, Carole Gordon, Sedina Hodzic, October Laris, Colleen LaRose, Tashfeen Malik, Nicole Mansfield, Proscovia Nzabanita, Diana Oughton, Jamie Ramirez, Nadia Rockwood, Shelly Shannon, Asia Siddiqui, Susan Stern, Lynne Stewart, Zeinab Taleb-Jedi, Noelle Velentzas, Jaelyn Young

1. If you are female please sit down. “Women are soft, gentle, and innocent”

Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (Eds.). (2011). Women, gender, and terrorism. University of Georgia Press. 2. If you are younger than 17, or older than 33 sit down. Oots, K. L. (1989). Organizational perspectives on the formation and disintegration of terrorist groups. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 12(3), 139-152. Hughbank, R. J., & Hughbank, D. L. (2008). The application of the social learning theory to domestic terrorist recruitment. SWATdigest. com. 3. Educated (increased chances with unemployment) Keep Standing

Richardson, C. (2011). Relative deprivation theory in terrorism: A study of higher education and unemployment as predictors of terrorism. Politics Department, New York University. Russell, C. A., & Miller, B. H. (1977). Profile of a Terrorist. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1(1), 17-34. 4. If you are married or have a g/f sit down.

Winkates, J. (2006). Suicide terrorism: martyrdom for organizational objectives. Journal of Third World Studies, 23(1), 87. Pape, R. A. (2003). The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American political science review, 97(03), 343-361. Osipov, V., & Ivakin, Y. (2009). Terrorists: Statistical Profile. In Information Fusion and Geographic Information Systems (pp. 241- 250). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 5. If you are raised by a mother or grandmother (no father figure) please continue to stand.

Lombardi, M., Ragab, E., & Chin, V. (Eds.). (2014). Countering radicalisation and violent extremism among youth to prevent terrorism (Vol. 118). IOS Press. Gerstenfeld, P. B., & Grant, D. R. (2004). Crimes of hate: Selected readings. Sage. 6. If you come from a low income family sit down.

Controversial demographic, several of the September 11 hijackers were on the European welfare system. Mitra, S. (2008). Poverty and terrorism. Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 3(2), 57-61. Han, C., Janmaat, J. G., Hoskins, B., & Green, A. (2012). Perceptions of inequalities: Implications for social cohesion. London: Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies Burgoon, B. (2004). On welfare and terror social welfare policies and politicaleconomic roots of terrorism. Amsterdam School for Social Science 7. If you live in a country/location different from your place of origin keep standing.

Choi, S. W. (2010). Fighting terrorism through the rule of law?. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Ginges, J. (1997). Deterring the terrorist: A psychological evaluation of different strategies for deterring terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence,9(1), 170-185. 8. Lastly, are you isolated, angry or do you feel victimized? Ozeren, S., & Gunes, I. D. (2007). Introduction: Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Terrorism. NATO Security Through Science Series E Human and Societal Dynamics, 22, 1. Staub, E. (2007). Preventing violence and terrorism and promoting positive relations between Dutch and Muslim communities in Amsterdam. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(3), 333-360. Richards, J. (2007). Terrorism in Europe: The local aspects of a global threat. JihadMonitor. org. Mills, G., & Herbst, J. (2007). Africa, Terrorism and AFRICOM. The RUSI Journal, 152(2), 40-45. While not significant for the profile, they are qualities of interest:

1. U.S. Military Veteran 2. Mental instability 3. Religion 4. Politics 5. Anwar al-Awlaki What Can We Do?

Fighting terrorism in our community, neighborhood, in our schools and our homes.

Global Problems

Poverty, Pollution, and World Peace Do you have colleagues, students, friends, or family members that would still be standing? If so what are things you can do to help them?

1. If you are not male, please sit down. 2. If you are younger than 17, or older than 33 please sit down. (Encourage them to join productive groups) 3. Are you Educated (increased chances with unemployment)? Keep standing. (Work on CV/Resume with them, help them find employment, offer encouragement) 4. If you are married or have a female partner sit down. (Be a good friend/mentor and do not be afraid to call address bad behavior) 4. Were raised by a mother or grandmother (no male father figure) keep standing. (Be that father or big brother figure) 6. If you come from a low income family sit down. (help find aid, scholarships, refer to #3) 7. If you live in a country/location different from your place of origin keep standing. (Talk to them about their country, norms, games…and tell them about yours) 8. Lastly, are you isolated, angry, or feel victimized? (Be a friend, mentor, suggest help) The Research…

American male citizens charged and convicted of acts related to terrorism since 9/11. Important Demographics for the Study

• The year the crime took place • Sentence length • Affiliation/Allegiance • Military experience • State (residence) • Mental health • Parent's home country • Awlaki Influence • Age at the time of crime • Married • Higher education • Children • Did they murder or injure others • Cell/partner/alone Important Demographics for the Study

(Female American Terrorist mirror the patterns seen here)

Timeline based on 186 male American citizens and the year they committed the crime. (Terry Oroszi, 2016) N=168

• Al-Qaeda (AQ) • Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS/ISIL) • Taliban (T) • Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) • Al-Shabaab (AS) • Jabhat al-Nusra aka Nusra Front (AN) • White Supremacist/Right Wing/Anti Govt(WS/RW) • The Revolutionary People’s Group (RPG) • Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) • The Sovereign Citizens Movement (SC) • Jam’iyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh (JIS) • The Jewish Defense League (JDL) • Pakistan Taliban (PT) • The National Socialist Movement (NSM) • Hezballah (HEZ) Based on 168 male American citizens and their proclaimed allegiance. (Terry Oroszi, 2016) • Hamas N=172

(Female American Terrorist Parent’s Home Top Country: USA)

Travel Ban: Iran Somalia Sudan Syria Libya Yemen

Based on 172 male American citizens (24 Female) and their parent’s home country. (Terry Oroszi, 2016) N=188

(Female American Terrorist Parent’s Home Top 3 States: NY, MI, Co)

Based on 188 male American citizens (24 Female) and their residences in the USA. (Terry Oroszi, 2016) N=183

(Female American Terrorist Typical Age= 28 years)

Based on 183 male American citizens (24 Female) and their age at the time of the crime (Terry Oroszi, 2016) Allegiance & Age

AGE AQ T AS ISIS LT Domestic Average 30 30 25 26 31 33 N=183 Median 27 25 26 23 27 32 Mode 26 31 21 20 27 20

Key: Al-Qaeda (AQ) Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) Taliban (T) Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) Al-Shabaab (AS) Domestic

Based on 183 male American citizens and their age/affiliation (Terry Oroszi, 2016) N=129 Higher Education

Based on 183 male American citizens and their education status (Terry Oroszi, 2016) Sentencing N=167

(Female American Terrorist Typical Sentence = 4 years)

Based on 140 male American citizens (24 Female) and their prison sentences (Terry Oroszi, 2016) (10 Terrorists killed others, 2 injured others) Military VETERANS…Homeland experience Security Classifies (N=21) 11% Returning US Veterans as Potential Terrorist Threat

“DHS is concerned that right-wing extremists will attempt to recruit and radicalize veterans in order to boost their violent capacities” Mental health (N=12)

Only 6% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were diagnosed with mental illness. Anwar al-Awlaki Influence (N=23)

12% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were in possession of CDs, email correspondence, or were found with Awlaki YouTube videos in their internet history. Married (with children)(N=23)

16% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were married, in spite of the majority being of “marrying” age.

Six were divorced. (Female American Terrorist Married = 75%) Twenty-five had children. Ohio Terrorism N=16

Abdulkader, Munir Abdulkadir Aden, Abdifatah Akl, Hor I. Amawi, Mohammad Zaki Baxter, Brandon L. Cornell, Christopher El-Hindi, Marwan Othman Faris, Iyman Hayne, Anthony M. Mahamud, Ahmed Hussein McNeil, Terrence Mohamud, Abdirahman Sheik Paul, Christopher Stafford, Joshua S. Stevens, Conner C. Wright, Douglas Ohio Terrorism N=16

USA

Demographics on 16 male American citizens from Ohio (Terry Oroszi, 2016) Ohio Terrorism N=16

Demographics on 16 male American citizens from Ohio (Terry Oroszi, 2016) West Chester, Ohio Munir Abdulkader

Munir Abdulkader, 21, of West Chester, Ohio Pleads Guilty to Plot to Attack U.S. Government Officers. Acted Alone

Allegiance: ISIS

Ohio terrorism Naturalized Citizen July 07, 2016 Cincinnati, Ohio Christopher Cornell

If he ever gets out of jail, the 20-year-old Green Township man accused of plotting to plant pipe bombs in the U.S. Capitol.

“would put bullets in President Obama's head”

Allegiance: ISIS/ISIL Acted Alone

Ohio Christopher Cornell, 20 terrorism Born in the USA Jan 15, 2015 Cincinnati, Ohio Christopher Cornell

Aspirational terrorists

Do not fit into society Cincinnati, Ohio Christopher Cornell

Aspirational terrorists

Do not fit into society

Akron, Ohio Terrence McNeil

McNeil posted online

McNeil professed his support on social media on numerous occasions for ISIS.

McNeil allegedly posted the address of the Navy Seal he believed killed Osama Bin Laden in 2011.

Allegiance: ISIS/ISIL, Acted Alone FEBRUARY 25, 2017 - He rejected a plea deal and Ohio is heading to trial terrorism Born in the USA 2015 Columbus, Ohio Abdirahman Sheik Mohamud

Abdirahman Sheik Mohamud, 23, U.S citizen born in Somalia, and traveled last year to Syria where he met up with the Nusra Front. The goal was to follow in his big brother's footsteps.

Ohio "I'm chilling in Istanbul" terrorism Naturalized Citizen April 21, 2015 Columbus, Ohio Abdifatah Aden

Aden lived in Columbus, Ohio, from 2005 to 2013 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2006.

Aden posted videos and quotes by Islamic extremist lecturer Anwar al- Awlaki.

His little brother was Abdirahman Sheik Mohamud. Ohio terrorism Naturalized Citizen 2014 Cleveland, Ohio Brandon Baxter, Anthony Hayne, Joshua Stafford, Connor Stevens, and Douglas Wright

Ohio terrorism Born in the USA 2012 Westerville, Ohio Ahmed Hussein Mahamud

He was charged in an indictment, unsealed in June 2011, with providing material support to al- Shabaab

Parent’s country of birth: Somalia

Ohio terrorism Naturalized Citizen 2011 Cleveland, Ohio Hor Akl

Hor was indicted because he “did knowingly combine, conspire, and agree” to aid the terrorist group Hezbollah.

They sent money and supplies to Hezbollah.

He received a 75-month sentence, and ten years supervision.

She was given a 40-month sentence. Ohio terrorism Naturalized Citizen 2011 Toledo, Ohio Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim Mazloum

“…provide material support to terrorists in Iraq and engage in violent jihad in their home town, as well as making verbal threats against the President of the United States.” Ohio terrorism Feb. 21, 2006 Columbus, Ohio Iyman Faris

"On any given day, Iyman Faris appeared to be a hard-working, independent truck driver.”

“KSM told his interrogators the target was the 116-year-old Brooklyn Bridge” Ohio terrorism Naturalized Citizen June 19, 2003 Columbus, Ohio Christopher Paul

“…travel to Afghanistan in the early 1990s to train in terror camps, he returned to Columbus with the intent to build and train his own terror cell.”

Ohio terrorism Born in the USA June 02, 2002 Not included in the statistics…yet.

November 2016 - Aaron T. Daniels was ordered held without bond after authorities say he provided material support to a foreign terrorist group. Daniels, 20, of the Northeast Side, was arrested at John Glenn Columbus International Airport.

September 1, 2013, 3 FBI agents recently arrested Richard Schmidt, 47, a suspected Ohio white supremacist with a felony conviction for manslaughter on charges of marketing counterfeit goods from China.

Ohio terrorism Born in the USA Not included in the statistics…yet.

CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Christopher Gembicki, 29, A Broadview Heights white supremacist charged with threatening the president avoided forced medication after telling a federal judge that he faked mental illness in order to delay his criminal case, court records say.

The U.S. Marshals Service apprehended Jason Gregg at a home on Maholm Street. A member of the Blood and Honor Gang, which is a white supremacist, neo-Nazi group. He reportedly shot at an Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation agent and someone in Thornville. Ohio terrorism Born in the USA TERRORISM CASE STUDIES “Eric Harroun became a jihadist just after 10 PM on a crisp January night in 2013. The 30- year-old American was in northern Syria, Eric's role in the battle lasted 10 minutes. A few months later, Eric would be sitting in a Virginia prison informed the US government planned to put him to death for what he'd done.” Eric Harroun, Colorado Springs

March 2013 Eric Harroun

Breakout Session– 30 Minutes • Was Eric Harroun a terrorist? Rahim posed an imminent threat to public safety, the FBI claimed, pointing out he was brandishing a large knife at the time he was shot. Allegiance: ISIS/ISIL

Usaama Rahim

• Breakout Session– 30 Minutes • Was he a terrorist? • Do you feel the government has too much power? • Was deadly force necessary? • National Policies.

Hamdi was born in Louisiana in 1980, while his Saudi father worked in the oil industry there. He grew up in Saudi Arabia. Allegiance: al-Qaeda Jose Padilla, a former Chicago gang member and a convert to Islam who is being held as an enemy combatant amid allegations he sought to detonate a radiological "dirty bomb" and blow up apartment buildings in the United States. Allegiance: al-Qaeda Padilla v. Bush_Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

Breakout session (30 minutes) • Discuss the Padilla/Hamdi court rulings. • Agree/disagree, offer support for your decision (use your critical thinking skills). • National Policies. Questions? Female American Citizens Terror-Related Crime Patterns 6

0 1968 1970 1973 1993 2001 2003 2005 2009 2010 2013 2014 2015 States American Female Terrorists Resided in Prior to Arrest/Departure 8

0 NY MI CO AK CA FL MO MS NC OH OR TX VA WA American Female Terrorists Parent's Home Country 20

0 USA Bosnia Britain Iran Lebanon Pakistan Saudi Uganda Arabia American Females Charged with Terror Acts and Their Allegiances 7

0 Sentencing of Females Charged with Terror Acts 4

1 Number of American Females ofAmerican Number 0 0.5 1 3 4 8 10 12 18 30 Sentence Length Age of American Female Terrorists at the Time of the Crime 4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 19 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 33 35 36 37 46 52 58 65