La Cognizione Dello Spazio Sonoro Filmico: Un Approccio Neurofilmologico

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La Cognizione Dello Spazio Sonoro Filmico: Un Approccio Neurofilmologico 1 La cognizione dello spazio sonoro filmico: un approccio neurofilmologico Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Dipartimento di Storia dell’arte e spettacolo Dottorato in Musica e spettacolo, XXX ciclo Curriculum Studi di teatro, arti performative, cinema e tecnologie per lo spettacolo digitale Candidato Valerio Sbravatti 1642274 Tutor Prof. Mauro Di Donato A/A 2016/2017 2 Alla memoria di mio padre, perché tutto è perdonato e ha vinto l’amore 3 Indice Introduzione..........................................................................................................................................5 Ringraziamenti.....................................................................................................................................7 1 – Profilo storico della stereofonia: tecnologia e prassi......................................................................8 1.1 – Musica.....................................................................................................................................8 1.1.1 – Il suono spaziale..............................................................................................................8 1.1.2 – La nascita della stereofonia.............................................................................................8 1.1.3 – La diffusione della stereofonia......................................................................................10 1.1.4 – La quadrifonia...............................................................................................................11 1.1.5 – Ambisonics....................................................................................................................12 1.1.6 – Il sonoro multicanale.....................................................................................................12 1.2 – Cinema..................................................................................................................................13 1.2.1 – L’epoca mono................................................................................................................13 1.2.2 – L’avvento della stereofonia...........................................................................................14 1.2.3 – L’epoca del Dolby Stereo..............................................................................................21 1.2.4 – L’avvento del sonoro digitale: lo standard 5.1..............................................................27 1.2.5 – Nuove frontiere del cinema digitale: Immersive Sound................................................30 1.2.6 – Questioni filologiche.....................................................................................................36 1.3 – Videogiochi...........................................................................................................................39 1.4 – Realtà virtuale.......................................................................................................................41 2 – Teoriche sullo spazio sonoro cinematografico.............................................................................43 2.1 – Dalle origini del sonoro agli anni ’40...................................................................................43 2.1.1 – Ingegneria......................................................................................................................43 2.1.2 – Teoria del cinema..........................................................................................................49 2.2 – Anni ’50-’60..........................................................................................................................50 2.2.1 – Ingegneria......................................................................................................................50 2.2.3 – Teoria del cinema..........................................................................................................53 2.3 – Anni ’70-’80..........................................................................................................................54 2.3.1 – Prassi.............................................................................................................................54 2.3.2 – Teoria del cinema..........................................................................................................54 2.4 – Anni ’90: Stati Uniti..............................................................................................................61 2.5 – Anni 1990-2000: Francia......................................................................................................69 2.6 – Dal 2000 a oggi.....................................................................................................................73 2.6.2 – Studi anglofoni..............................................................................................................73 2.6.3 – Italia..............................................................................................................................93 2.7 – La collocazione dei suoni.....................................................................................................97 3 – Studi cognitivisti sul cinema......................................................................................................108 3.1 – Profilo generale...................................................................................................................108 3.1.1 – Teoria del cinema: dal cognitivismo classico alla Neurofilmologia...........................108 3.1.2 – Scienze cognitive.........................................................................................................115 3.2 – La cognizione del sonoro filmico.......................................................................................117 4 – Teoriche sull’audio spaziale.......................................................................................................125 5 – Aspetti tecnici e cognitivi dello spazio sonoro filmico: teoria e analisi.....................................137 5.1 – Suono e spazio....................................................................................................................137 5.2 – Cognizione incarnata e simulazione incarnata....................................................................138 5.3 – Integrazione multisensoriale e interazioni crossmodali......................................................141 5.4 – La firma spaziale.................................................................................................................147 5.5 – La spazializzazione acustica...............................................................................................154 5.5.1 – Terminologia e prassi..................................................................................................154 4 5.5.2 – La direzione.................................................................................................................158 5.6 – Movimenti sonori................................................................................................................161 5.7 – Campo visivo e campo sonoro............................................................................................165 5.7.1 – Questioni generali.......................................................................................................165 5.7.2 – Il punto d’ascolto........................................................................................................169 5.7.3 – Campo e fuori campo..................................................................................................172 5.7.4 – Sintassi sonora: raccordi e ponti.................................................................................173 5.7.5 – Spazio immersivo e spazio virtuale.............................................................................177 5.8 – Spazio della storia e spazio del discorso.............................................................................188 6 – Studi di caso...............................................................................................................................200 6.1 – All’ovest niente di nuovo (All Quiet on the Western Front, USA 1930).............................200 6.2 – La finestra sul cortile (Rear Window, USA 1954)..............................................................202 6.3 – Persona (Id., Svezia 1966).................................................................................................204 6.4 – 2001: Odissea nello spazio (2001: A Space Odyssey, USA/Regno Unito 1968)...............205 6.5 – Lezioni di storia (Geschichtsunterricht, Italia/Germania Ovest 1972)...............................210 6.6 – Guerre stellari (Star Wars, USA 1977)..............................................................................212 6.7 – Prénom Carmen (Id., Francia 1983)...................................................................................215 6.8 – Strange Days (Id., USA 1995)............................................................................................218 6.9 – Timecode (USA 2000).........................................................................................................221 6.10 – Elephant (Id., USA 2003).................................................................................................222 6.11 – Gravity (Id., Regno Unito/USA 2013)..............................................................................224 6.12 – La casa (Evil Dead, USA 2013).......................................................................................225
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