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The Impact of Stereotypes on Public Speaking Performance and Anxiety Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Psychology Dissertations Department of Psychology 5-3-2007 The Impact of Stereotypes on Public Speaking Performance and Anxiety Simon Y. Kim Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/psych_diss Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Simon Y., "The Impact of Stereotypes on Public Speaking Performance and Anxiety." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/psych_diss/25 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Psychology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACT OF STEREOTYPES ON PUBLIC SPEAKING PERFORMANCE AND ANXIETY by SIMON KIM, M.A. Under the Direction of Page Anderson, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Public speaking anxiety is a common experience in both community and clinical populations and can have a negative impact on quality of life. Although contemporary treatments have been found to be effective, there is a lack of cultural relevance in existing theories and treatments. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of stereotypes, a culturally relevant variable, on public speaking performance and anxiety for African Americans and Asian Americans. Participants (N=97) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions where they either received feedback that was stereotype confirming or non-stereotype confirming. Analyses of variance procedures were utilized to determine whether stereotype confirming feedback would have a negative impact on public speaking performance and anxiety during a speech performance task. Overall, stereotype confirming feedback was not found to have a negative impact on the participants’ public speaking performance or anxiety as measured by self-report and observer ratings. In particular, participants who received stereotype confirming feedback reported less prediction of poor performance in public speaking situations compared to those who received non-stereotype confirming feedback. However, there was a significant positive relation between the participants’ concerns for confirming negative stereotypes and self-report measures of public speaking anxiety. African American participants also reported fewer negative self-statements associated with public speaking compared to Asian American participants. These results encourage future studies to further examine the relation between stereotypes and public speaking anxiety. INDEX WORDS: Public speaking anxiety, Culture, Stereotypes THE IMPACT OF STEREOTYPES ON PUBLIC SPEAKING PERFORMANCE AND ANXIETY by SIMON KIM, M.A. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2007 Copyright by Simon Kim, M.A. 2007 The Impact of Stereotypes on Public Speaking Performance and Anxiety A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University by Simon Kim, M.A. Major Professor: Dr. Page Anderson Committee: Dr. Leslie Jackson Dr. Lisa Lilenfeld Dr. Tracie Stewart Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2007 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables………………………………………………………………………........... vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….. vii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………...………………………. 1 Public Speaking Anxiety…..………………………………………………... 1 Social Anxiety Research: African Americans and Asian Americans………. 4 Stereotypes: Impact on Performance and Anxiety………………………….. 8 Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Anxiety in Social Phobia…………………. 15 Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Social Phobia and Stereotypes……………. 16 Rationale and Study Design..……………………………………………….. 20 Pilot Study………………………………………………………………….. 20 Hypotheses………………………………………………………………….. 21 2 METHODS……..……………………………………………………………. 22 Participants………...………………………………………………………... 22 Measures….………………………………………………………………… 24 Procedures….……...………………………………………………………... 27 3 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN.……….…………………………………………. 30 4 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………. 31 Preliminary Analyses……………………………………………………... 32 Hypothesis 1………………………………………………………………. 33 Hypothesis 2………………………………………………………………. 35 v 5 DISCUSSION.……………………………………………………………….. 38 6 CONCLUSION……………………….………………………………............ 46 References…………………………………………………………………………............ 47 Appendices………………………………………………………………………………... 62 A Understanding Communication Styles………………………………………. 62 B Demographics………………………………………………………………... 64 C Stereotype Confirmation Concern Scale…………………………………….. 65 D Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-Short Form…………….. 66 E Speech Anxiety Thoughts Inventory…………………………………............ 67 F Self-Statements During Public Speaking…………………………………….. 68 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Demographic characteristics compared by race…………………………….... 23 Table 2: Means and standard deviations for the stereotype confirmation concern scale and self-report measures of public speaking anxiety…………………………. 33 Table 3: Correlations between Stereotype Confirmation Concerns Scale and self- report measures of public speaking anxiety……………………………..……. 33 Table 4: Means and standard deviations for self-reported anxiety compared by feedback received…………………………………………………………….. 34 Table 5: Means and standard deviations for self-reported anxiety compared by ethnicity……………………………………………………………….…….… 35 Table 6: Means and standard deviations for self-ratings of performance and anxiety at Time 1 and Time 2………………………………………………………......... 36 Table 7: Means and standard deviations for self-ratings of performance and anxiety compared by feedback type at Time 2………………………………………... 36 Table 8: Means and standard deviations for observer-ratings of performance and anxiety at Time 1 and Time 2……………………………………………….... 37 Table 9: Means and standard deviations for observer-ratings of performance and anxiety compared by feedback type at Time 2……………………………….. 38 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: A cognitive-behavioral formulation of social phobia………………….............. 69 1 In recent years, the field of psychology has emphasized the importance of understanding the interplay between culture and human behavior (Draguns & Tanaka-Matsumi, 2003) and how culture can impact health and illness (Hahn, 1995). Good and Kleinman (1985) more specifically proposed that it is important to examine the interface of culture and anxiety, because anxiety is an emotion that is experienced cross-culturally, yet the ways in which it is experienced and why it occurs may differ across cultures. The purpose of this study is to examine how stereotypes, a culturally relevant variable, can impact an individual’s experience of social anxiety. More specifically, this study will examine whether feedback consistent with racially relevant stereotypes decreases performance and increases the level of anxiety in a public speaking situation for African Americans and Asian Americans. In framing this study, a review of the current research literature on public speaking anxiety will first be provided. Then, a review of the current research literature on African Americans’ and Asian Americans’ experience of anxiety and why it is important to specifically study these ethnic minority groups will be introduced. The research literature on stereotype threat will then be described. Lastly, a model of social anxiety will be explained and the ways in which stereotypes, a culturally relevant variable, can impact public speaking anxiety will be introduced. Public Speaking Anxiety According to the American Psychiatric Association (1994), social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, is defined as clinical significant anxiety caused by exposure to specific types of social or performance situations which invariably evoke fears of embarrassing or humiliating oneself and/or exhibiting visible anxiety symptoms in front of others. Over the past decade, social phobia has gained considerable recognition in the psychiatric literature due to its prevalence and negative impact (Weinshenker et al., 1997). Researchers have reported lifetime 2 prevalence rates for social phobia from as low as 2.73% to as high as 13.3% (Eaton et al., 1991; Magee et al., 1996). Studies also have shown that individuals with social phobia are less likely to be married, to have lower educational attainment, and to have lower socio-economic status than individuals without social phobia (Schneier et al., 1992; Davidson et al., 1994). In addition, compared with the general population, individuals with social phobia report a poorer quality of life (Safren et al., 1996). Finally, social phobia is associated with high rates of depression (Schneier et al., 1992) and substance abuse (Crum & Pratt, 2001; Schneier et al., 1992). Public speaking anxiety is considered a specific type of social phobia (APA, 1994). Among individuals with social phobia, it is the most commonly feared social situation (Furmark et al., 2000; Hazen & Stein, 1995). Clinical samples indicate that as many as 88% of socially phobic individuals experience fear of public speaking (Mannuzza et al., 1995). It also has been found to be common in the general population (Crum & Pratt, 2001; Stein et al., 2000). In a study examining the impact and prevalence of public speaking fears
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