Stereotypes and Prejudice
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The Force of Fear: Police Stereotype Threat, Self-Legitimacy, and Support for the Use Force
The force of fear: Police stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, and support for the use force Rick Trinknera,1, Phillip Atiba Goffb a,School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004; and b,Center for Policing Equity, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th Street, Room 6.63.14, New York, NY 10019 1To whom correspondences should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. Abstract increased endorsement of unreasonable use of force—in turn possibly further eroding Researchers have linked concern about public trust. These findings serve as the first appearing racist among police officers—a integration of two psychological literatures: kind of stereotype threat—to racial stereotype threat and procedural justice. disparities in the use of force. This study They also highlight an under-explored presents the first empirical test of the mechanism of urgent scientific and policy psychological mechanism linking stereotype concern. threat to support for police violence among officers. Drawing from psychology and Introduction criminology, we argue that threat undermines officers’ self-legitimacy, which Popular explanations of excessive police use encourages overreliance on force and of force—especially racial disparities in that coercion to maintain situational control. To force—often reduce to issues of officer test this argument, surveys were distributed characteristics (e.g., general aggression, to officers from the patrol division of a large racial bias). Despite the widespread urban police force. Respondents completed popularity of this lay theory, it is at odds measures assessing their experience of with the scientific consensus that attitudes stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, resistance towards the department’s use of force are relatively weak predictors of behavior, policy, approval of using excessive force, only explaining about 10% across contexts and endorsement of procedurally fair (Dovidio, 2001; LaPiere, 1934; Wicker, policing. -
Social Psychology of Violence
Social Psychology of Violence From "Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict" Situational, Cognitive, and Systemic Sources of Violence Three Kinds of Violence: Episodic, Structural, and Cultural Analysis of Conflict and Violence at Multiple Levels Social Psychology of Peace-making Social Psychology of Structural and Cultural Violence Peace Psychology: The Pursuit of Peace-building Further Reading Glossary Enemy Images Exaggerated representations of the ‘other’ as thoroughly diabolical, aggressive, and untrustworthy. Dehumanization The mental process of stripping away the human qualities of the other. Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to perceive the bad behavior of out-group members to bad character and to perceive the bad behavior of in-group members to situational factors. Structural Violence Indirect violence through social injustice, inequity, and failure to meet basic human needs for items such as food and shelter. Superordinate Goals Goals that lie within the interests of each group in a conflict but that can be attained only through intergroup cooperation, which reduces tensions and destructive conflict. Social psychology examines the psychological influence of people on people. Although violence such as the mass killing at Virginia Tech in April 2007 by a lone gunman is often seen as individual aggression, social psychology analyzes such acts through the lens of social and situational influences. Situational, Cognitive, and Systemic Sources of Violence Following World War II, psychological analyses of violence often emphasized personality variables, such as the degree to which people are receptive to prejudice or have a tendency to endorse authoritarian beliefs. This emphasis arose as an effort to understand the rise of fascism in Europe and later, the problem of race relations in the United States. -
Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding Programming Guide
CONFLICT SENSITIVITY AND PEACEBUILDING Programming Guide NOVEMBER 2016 N C O FLIC S T EM AN T A S L Y Y S S I E S & M T H E N O O I R T I E A S T N O E F M C E H L A P N M I G E & N P G I R S O E G D R M A CONFLICT 02 SENSITIVITY AND PEACEBUILDING PROGR AMMING GUIDE AcKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many individuals across UNICEF who have provided valuable insights and contributions to the production of this guide. The guide was produced through a consultative process and informed by practical application of its content through several training workshops at country and regional levels, often tied to UNICEF programme planning processes. Special thanks go to Zachary Metz, Naghmeh Sobhani and Kristoffer Nilaus-Tarp, the three consultants who worked closely with Sharif Baaser and John Lewis (HATIS/ Programmes Division, UNICEF NYHQ) in producing the guide as part of a broader capacity development project. UNICEF would like to thank the Government of The Netherlands and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) for their generous funding contributions that made the production of this guide possible. CONFLICT SENSITIVITY AND 03 PEACEBUILDING PROGRAMMING GUIDE SUMMARY, OVERVIEW AND GUIDE TO THE GUIDE SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW The Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding Programming Guide is a tool for UNICEF field staff and leadership to understand, situate and operationalize conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding through UNICEF’s existing work or new initiatives in different contexts and in partnership with other stakeholders. -
The Psychology of Peace, Conflict, and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland Spring, 2019 PSY386 Tentative Syllabus (Updated 4/6/19)
The Psychology of Peace, Conflict, and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland Spring, 2019 PSY386 Tentative Syllabus (updated 4/6/19) Professor: Ellen Shupe, Ph.D. 2218 ASH Email: [email protected] Cell: (616) 516-0818 Readings Feeney, B. (2004). A short history of the Troubles. Dublin, Ireland: The O’Brien Press. Additional readings (see list below) Course Overview The Psychology of Peace, Conflict, and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland is a 6-credit study abroad program consisting of 3 weeks of class meetings on the GVSU Allendale campus and three weeks of travel and study in the North of Ireland. The course focuses on the psychology of conflict and on the psychology of peace and reconciliation, two topics that are often studied independently. There is a long history of scholarship on the dynamics, causes, and consequences of conflict and violence, from a variety of perspectives (e.g., social, biological, and clinical) and on interpersonal, intergroup, and international levels. Unlike theory and research on conflict, the specific focus on peace and reconciliation is relatively new to psychology. The emerging field of peace psychology draws on rich theory from clinical, social, political, and community psychology, and is influenced by literature from sociology, international relations, political science and other fields outside of psychology. Thus, both the psychology of conflict and the psychology of peace and reconciliation are broad topics that could easily be studied over the course of a year or more. Although we will also discuss interpersonal and international conflict, PSY386 will focus primarily on the psychological literature related to violent intergroup and ethnopolitical conflict and peace-building efforts, as they are most relevant to Northern Ireland. -
The Stereotype of African American Characters In
ADLN Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study African Americans‘ history has become national history of America. Roger Daniels in his book entitled Coming to America year 2002 described that African slave trade existed for over four centuries. The history began with the slave trade in the past. African Americans were forced to leave Africa and move to New World or America by European colonization. From middle 15th century to 1870, about ten million people were kidnapped out of Africa; about 350,000 of them were sold in America (51). The slave trade was a business entered into white people for profit. For Europeans colony, Africans were used as their property and forced to work and without being paid. Oftentimes, they were separated from their family members. At that time, cotton, sugar cane and slavery became the dominant commodities of Southern America economy. Africans lived in Southern America which was very rich of soil and fertile, full of large farms and huge plantations. A History of U.S Families with a Focus on African American showed the domination of White people in economy: The political economy of slavery was characterized by segregation between whites and African Americans, the concentration of power 1 Skripsi THE STEREOTYPE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CHARACTERSRESTYA ANDARU WINANDITA IN WILLIAM H. ARMSTRONG’S SOUNDER ADLN Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga 2 and wealth… The dominant economic activity in the region was production of agricultural products especially cotton to export to the North and to Europe (Iasewords 57) African Americans are defined as the citizens of the United States of America who are also of African descendants. -
Ebook Download the Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Carsten K W De Dreu | 9781136679926 | | | | | The Psychology of Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations 1st edition PDF Book Newstrom eds. Breaking the bonds of reciprocity in negotiations. These studies report that individuals low on need for affiliation prefer a dominating style, whereas those high on need for affiliation tend to use an obliging style. In forcing, one party aims to achieve his or her goal by imposing a solution onto the other party. Zaheer, S. Conflict within interdependence: Its value for productivity and individuality. Those differences will lead to conflict if the individuals reach different conclusions. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management , 11 , 1—4. Recently viewed 0 Save Search. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. The five styles are as follows:. The Academy of Management Review, 23 3 , — Journal of Applied Psychology , 97 2 , — How arbitration works. International Journal of Conflict Management , 5 , — Management of a business. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 4 , — The goal is to hold conflict levels in the middle of this range. Conflict coaching is a new and rapidly growing process in the public as well as private sector Brinkert, This style is also the best choice in situations in which one party cannot resolve the conflict alone. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Academy of Management Journal, 26 2 , — Types of management. It takes two to tango: An interdependence analysis of the spiraling of perceived trustworthiness and cooperation in interpersonal relationships. -
The Effects of Racial Conflict on Organizational Performance: a Search for Theory
New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 13 Volume 21, Number 1/2, Winter/Spring 2007 THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL CONFLICT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A SEARCH FOR THEORY Marilyn Y. Byrd Instructor, Business Administration and Systems University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Abstract This article addresses the effect of racial conflict on organizational performance as an issue that needs theoretical support in the foundational theories of human resource development (HRD). While the field of HRD recognizes theories from multiple disciplines, the field lacks a theoretical framework to inform leadership in managing racial conflict. In this article literature across multiple disciplines was reviewed to identify research and theory that links racial conflict, racial groups, organizational groups, and performance outcomes. The findings indicate Critical Race Theory (Bell, 1993; Delgado, 1995; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995) and Embedded Group Theory (Alderfer & Smith, 1982) provide useful frameworks for addressing inter-group conflict by offering counter discourse through storytelling. This article also suggests a conceptual framework for HRD to begin theory-building research of its own. The purpose of this article is to address the effect of racial conflict on organizational performance as an issue that needs theoretical support in the foundational theories of HRD. This article examines foundational theories of HRD, suggest a conceptual framework for theory- building research addressing racial conflict, racial groups, organizational groups, and performance outcomes, discuss why HRD should be concerned with racial conflict, and review theories and research from other fields that might be useful in addressing the topic. The following research questions are addressed: 1. What foundational theories of HRD inform racial conflict among work groups? 2. -
SEXISM, STEREOTYPING, and the GENDER WAGE GAP a Thesis
SEXISM, STEREOTYPING, AND THE GENDER WAGE GAP A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies O t- The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June, 2000 @Christine Alksnis, 2000 National Library Bibliothéque nationale I*I of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your fila Vom nlemw Our W Notre raterence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fiim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada ABSTRACT SEXISM, STEREOTYPING, AND THE GENDER WAGE GAP Christine Alksnis Advisor: University of Guelph, 2000 Dr. S. Desmarais For decades, women's average earnings have been a fraction of men's earnings. This dissertation is predicated on the assumption that gender stereotypes facilitate sexist behaviour by employers that in turn contributes, at least in part, to the persistence of this gender wage gap. -
Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, but Words May Also Hurt Me: a Comparison of United States and German Hate Speech Laws
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Fordham University School of Law Fordham International Law Journal Volume 41, Issue 5 2018 Article 9 Sticks and Stones May Break my Bones, But Words May Also Hurt Me: A Comparison of United States and German Hate Speech Laws Deborah Levine∗ ∗ Copyright c 2018 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj NOTE STICKS AND STONES MAY BREAK MY BONES, BUT WORDS MAY ALSO HURT ME: A COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND GERMAN HATE SPEECH LAWS Deborah Levine* I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................1294 II. THE INTERPLAY OF HATE SPEECH, DIGNITY, AND PSYCHOLOGY ...........................................................1295 A. Defining Hate Speech, Dignity, and Liberty ..........1296 B. The Pros and Cons of Hate Speech Regulation ......1298 1. Arguments in Favor of Regulation of Hate Speech ..............................................................1298 2. Arguments in Favor of Free Speech ...................1303 III. HISTORY AND LAW OF THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY REGARDING HATE SPEECH ..............1305 A. History and Law Pertaining to Hate Speech in the United States ..........................................................1305 1. History and its Effect on Freedom of Speech ....1306 2. The Constitution, the First Amendment, and Statutes and Their Effect on Free Speech ........1308 3. Cases and Their Effect, or Lack Thereof, on Hate Speech Regulation ...........................................1311 a. Supreme Court Cases in Line with Chaplinksy and Brandenburg .......................................1313 * J.D. Candidate, 2019, Fordham University School of Law; B.A., 2016 Barnard College of Columbia University. I would like to thank Professor Abner Greene for his guidance and input in the earlier drafts, the editors of the Fordham International Law Journal, and the staff members of the Fordham International Law Journal who edited this Note. -
Exploring Gender Identification Effects on Stereotype Threat Lauren
Exploring Gender Identification Effects on Stereotype Threat Lauren Westendorf Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in Psychology April 2015 © 2015 Lauren Westendorf EXPLORING GENDER IDENTIFICATION EFFECTS ON STEREOTYPE THREAT 2 Acknowledgements Special thanks to the Dean’s Office of Wellesley College and the Wellesley College Psychology Department for offering the funding needed to execute this project, to Professor Margaret Keane for all of her moral support and logistical help, to Phil Peake of Smith College and Amber Douglas of Mount Holyoke College for graciously assisting in my ambitious intercollegiate data collection, and to Professors Stephen Chen, Linda Carli, and Irene Mata for serving on my thesis defense committee. Endless gratitude, of course, goes to my devoted thesis advisor, Professor Julie Norem, for pushing me in the most wonderful ways, and to Professor Angela Bahns, for inspiring my interest in these topics with her incredible courses. Lastly, a very special thanks goes to my parents, the Wellesley Widows, and Lallie Lukens for their unwavering moral support. EXPLORING GENDER IDENTIFICATION EFFECTS ON STEREOTYPE THREAT 3 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Techniques for Reducing Stereotype Threat ...................................................................... -
The Scapegoat Study Guide
Scholars Crossing Faculty Publications and Presentations Helms School of Government 2003 René Girard: The Scapegoat Study Guide Steven Alan Samson Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Samson, Steven Alan, "René Girard: The Scapegoat Study Guide" (2003). Faculty Publications and Presentations. 108. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/gov_fac_pubs/108 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Helms School of Government at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RENÉ GIRARD: THE SCAPEGOAT STUDY GUIDE, 2003 Steven Alan Samson CHAPTER ONE: GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT AND THE JEWS Study Questions 1. What are some of the catastrophic events Machaut describes? What led to the massacre of the Jews? How is the process of scapegoating described in a fable by Jean La Fontaine? [The tendency to euphemize an evil is similarly depicted in the Harry Potter stories, as, for example, with "He who must not be named"]. (1-3) 2. [SKIP] How does Machaut's account of the arrival of the plague illustrate the phenomenon of scapegoating? What makes Machaut's use of epydimie [epidemic] a "linguistic scapegoat" and how is its essential structure the same as a human sacrifice? Does he ever connect these events into a single entity? ["The Thirty Years War" and "The Hundred Years War" were, of course, not perceived as such at the time]. -
•Understanding Bias: a Resource Guide
Community Relations Services Toolkit for Policing Understanding Bias: A Resource Guide Bias Policing Overview and Resource Guide The Community Relations Service (CRS) is the U.S. Justice Department’s “peacemaker” agency, whose mission is to help resolve tensions in communities across the nation, arising from differences of race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and disability. CRS may be called to help a city or town resolve tensions that stem from community perceptions of bias or a lack of cultural competency among police officers. Bias and a lack of cultural competency are often cited interchangeably as challenges in police- community relationships. While bias and a lack of cultural competency may both be present in a given situation, these challenges and the strategies for addressing them differ appreciably. This resource guide will assist readers in understanding and addressing both of these issues. What is bias, and how is it different from cultural competency? The Science of Bias Bias is a human trait resulting from our tendency and need to classify individuals into categories as we strive to quickly process information and make sense of the world.1 To a large extent, these processes occur below the level of consciousness. This “unconscious” classification of people occurs through schemas, or “mental maps,” developed from life experiences to aid in “automatic processing.”2 Automatic processing occurs with tasks that are very well practiced; very few mental resources and little conscious thought are involved during automatic processing, allowing numerous tasks to be carried out simultaneously.3 These schemas become templates that we use when we are faced with 1.