RCSF: Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Systems on Windthrow

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

RCSF: Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Systems on Windthrow TechnicalForest Research Report Vancouver Forest Region 2100 Labieux Road, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6E9, 250-751-7001 TR-007 Silviculture March 2001 Roberts Creek Study Forest Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Systems on Windthrow and Conifer Regeneration in a Coastal, Douglas-Fir-Dominated Forest: Summary of Year 3 Results By Brian DAnjou Research Silviculturist Research Disciplines: Ecology ~ Geology ~ Geomorphology ~ Hydrology ~ Pedology ~ Silviculture ~ Wildlife Brian D’Anjou Research Silviculturist Vancouver Forest Region BC Ministry of Forests 2100 Labieux Road Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6E9 250-751-7001 [email protected] http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/vancouvr/research/research_index.htm Technical Report TR-007 March 2001 Research Section, Vancouver Forest Region, BCMOF CONTENTS SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 KEYWORDS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 STAND-MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................ 4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SILVICULTURE PRESCRIPTIONS, PRE-HARVEST STAND STRUCTURE, AND HARVESTING .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Post-Harvest Stand Structure and Site Disturbance ................................................................................................................. 6 Windthrow .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Douglas-Fir Cone Crop and Conifer Seedfall ............................................................................................................................ 6 Minor Vegetation .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Natural Regeneration ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Planted Regeneration ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 MANAGEMENT ISSUES RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS.............................................................................. 9 Development of Planted and Natural Regeneration ................................................................................................................. 9 Windthrow .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 TABLES Table 1. Harvesting schedule in the extended-rotation system ....................................................................................................... 5 Table 2. Pre-harvest total stand volume and density, by treatment and as a percentage by species ............................................... 5 Table 3. Seedfall, by species, in unharvested control and dispersed retention ............................................................................... 7 Table 4. Density of post-harvest natural regeneration, by treatment and species ........................................................................... 8 FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the Roberts Creek Study Forest ................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Allocation of treatments to blocks .................................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 3. Windthrow, three growing seasons after harvest, by treatment and species .................................................................... 6 Figure 4. Third-year cover of salal, fireweed, and bracken fern in control, dispersed retention, and clearcut .............................. 7 Figure 5. Three-year survival of planted seedlings, by species and treatment ............................................................................... 8 Figure 6. Height increment of planted regeneration during the three years after planting, by species and treatment .................... 8 Figure 7. Third-year height of planted regeneration and dominant natural regeneration: dispersed retention and clearcut .......... 9 Research Disciplines: Ecology ~ Geology ~ Geomorphology ~ Hydrology ~ Pedology ~ Silviculture ~ Wildlife 1 Technical Report TR-007 March 2001 Research Section, Vancouver Forest Region, BCMOF SUMMARY ment widened over time as third-year height growth (and stem caliper) in the clearcut was more than double that in Throughout the province of British Columbia, social, leg- other treatments. Increase in stem forking, chlorotic foliage, islative, and stewardship issues are driving forest manag- and stem-gall development on Douglas-fir under a dispersed ers to evaluate alternatives to clearcutting for harvesting overstory combined with growth reductions may affect long- and managing forests. In one example, three alternative term growth and yield of the understory plantation. silvicultural systems were established in a mature, mixed- conifer forest along the lower slopes of the Sunshine Composition of natural regeneration. Western hem- Coast just north of Vancouver. Within a 1-km2 area, a lock natural regeneration was enhanced beneath a dis- clearcut with reserves, dispersed retention (95 stems/ha persed overstory compared to that in a clearcut. The of dominant Douglas-fir and western redcedar), and ex- height-growth advantage of planted Douglas-fir and west- tended-rotation (11% volume removal in strips in initial ern redcedar over natural regeneration within a clearcut entry) were the harvesting systems prescribed, plus an was diminished beneath a dispersed overstory, and com- unharvested control. A single contractor harvested all three bined with increasing hemlock density, will necessitate blocks with Washington SLH78 mobile swing yarder be- early stocking control to maintain a Douglas-fir-domi- tween March 1996 and April 1997. Cable yarding resulted nated plantation. Increasing mineral-soil exposure should in little damage to the residual stand and caused little improve the establishment of Douglas-fir natural regen- disturbance to soil; mineral-soil exposure (<3%) was con- eration, but adequate seedfall is essential. Planting may fined yarding corridors. be the only method to ensure prompt establishment of western redcedar. Post-harvest monitoring of windthrow and regeneration (planted and natural) over six years identified issues as- KEYWORDS sociated with using dispersed retention to harvest these mature stands: forestry, forest management, adaptive management, har- vest planning, harvesting, silvicultural systems, Windthrow. Dispersed trees and trees along block clearcutting, dispersed retention, extended rotation, boundaries are prone to blowing down following the shelterwood, windthrow, stand structure, regeneration, first of the fall south-easterly winds. Over 22% of trees in seedfall, Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, the dispersed retention blew down over three growing Vancouver Forest Region, British Columbia seasons, reducing stand density by 21 stems/ha. Tree manipulations, including topping and branch pruning, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and avoiding tree retention on wetter soils, are suggested methods for reducing windthrow. Paul Lawson completed the engineering tasks. Staff from the Sechelt field office of the Sunshine Coast Forest Dis- Growth and health of planted regeneration. trict (BC Ministry of Forests) provided critical assistance Growth of planted western redcedar and Douglas-fir was in dealing with the operational issues, and their contri- diminished beneath dispersed trees and within narrow butions are recognized. Steve Mitchell, Kerry
Recommended publications
  • Cable Yarding in North America and New Zealand: a Review of Developments and Practices
    Subject review Cable Yarding in North America and New Zealand: A Review of Developments and Practices Rien Visser, Hunter Harrill Abstract Cable yarders have been an integral part of harvesting timber on steep terrain for over 150 years. They have developed from basic labour intensive steam powered winch operations to sophisti- cated and automated mechanised systems. While European yarder development has focused on relatively small but highly mobile machines operating with standing skyline configurations, the North American and Southern Hemisphere developments have tended towards larger, taller and more powerful machines capable of higher daily production. Two dominant North American brands, Madill and Thunderbird, produced over 3000 yarders and many of their machines continue to work today. Often working with 4 or 5 drums, they were able to develop and utilise an expansive range of rigging configurations to suit different extraction needs. Modern developments continue to focus on increasing production capability and cost-effective- ness suited to clear-cut plantation forestry. With safety becoming more paramount in terms of a licence to operate, a strong preference is given to fully mechanised systems. By definition, these are yarders with rigging systems that support grapple carriages, extracting timber that has been mechanically felled on steep slopes. While mechanical grapple carriages have long been combined with swing yarder systems, the further development of a motorised grapple carriage allows tower yarders to operate without choker-setters. Ergonomic improvements for the operator, long established in European machinery, are being integrated including cab design with greatly improved visibility and partially automated electric over hydraulic control systems. Logic would suggest that, over time, yarder developments will combine the strength and robustness of North American design and the finesse and automation of European design.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Safety Solutions
    25 October 2017 ENGINEERING SAFETY SOLUTIONS Reducing the risk of falling from a Madill 124 swing yarder In a perfect world we strive to ELIMINATE risks to health and safety. As we know this is not always possible—either the tools or technology doesn’t exist or it will be financially unviable. So we are then required to take a closer look at how we could MINIMISE the risk. Options may include : • Substituting (totally or partially) the hazard that creates the risk with something of lesser risk, an example of this would be replacing manual felling with mechanized felling where possi- ble. • Isolating the hazard to prevent contact, an example of this would be temporary traffic con- trol when felling within two tree lengths of a road. • Implementing engineering controls, an example of this would be a cut-out or disable switch. These three types of controls are far more reliable than the next layer of controls…...that is rules and procedures, followed by the use of personal protective equipment. This layer of controls is prone to human failure. Engineering controls or engineering safety solutions is the subject of this case study. When working around forestry machines, one of our greatest risks is falling from heights. While working with haulers, some of the routine activities that is crucial to machine operation need to be done at an elevated position, sometimes as high as 14m from the ground. Although fall arrest harnesses are provided for this work, there is some doubt that they are used all the time. People have reported not using the harness because it’s difficult to fit it correctly, it takes time to fit, there is not enough attachment points on the machines, and that they “feel safe” going up the gantry ladder without a harness.
    [Show full text]
  • Productivity, Costs, and Optimal Spacing of Skyline Corridors of Two Cable Yarding Systems in Partial Cutting of Second-Growth Forests of Coastal British Columbia
    PRODUCTIVITY, COSTS, AND OPTIMAL SPACING OF SKYLINE CORRIDORS OF TWO CABLE YARDING SYSTEMS IN PARTIAL CUTTING OF SECOND-GROWTH FORESTS OF COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA by DAG RUTHERFORD, R.P.F. B. S .F, University of British Columbia, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE OF FORESTRY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Forest Operations We accept this thesis a^ojifopmng to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1996 © Dag Andrew Rutherford, 1996 fiPR-29-96 tlON 15:10 UBC SPECIAL COLLECTIONS P . 02 In presenting this thesis In partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It Is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Forestry Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada April 29/1996 Date DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Public pressure to end clearcut logging, and changing forest management needs have increased opportunities for partial cutting in British Columbia's second-growth coastal forests. Production economics and engineering design of cable harvesting systems for partial cutting in second-growth forests of British Columbia (BC) are largely unknown. Scientific research and working experience in partial cutting forest harvesting operations in coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest of North America is from the United States or from selection harvesting of old growth forests in coastal BC prior to 1935.
    [Show full text]
  • Productivity Analysis of Fully Mechanised Cable Logging Operations in New Zealand
    Productivity analysis of fully mechanised cable logging operations in New Zealand Prepared by: Luke Holmes, Final year Forest Engineering Student Supported by: Hunter Harrill, Research Assistant Supervised by: Rien Visser, Associate Professor Sponsored by: Rayonier I Matariki Forests 2017 School of Forestry, University of Canterbury L Holmes NZ Cable Harvesting Productivity 2017 Executive summary Modern day production requirements are continually increasing for logging crews throughout New Zealand. Growth in mechanisation, driven by the demand for a safer work place, requires large capital investments, and thus the demand for higher production to justify the increased cost. This analysis investigates fully mechanised extraction systems currently operating in the country and compares how the next generation of swing yarders may increase operational efficiently and productivity. Elemental time studies were used to quantify cycle time and calculate productivity for the purpose of comparing operations. Four elemental time studies were completed for cable yarder operations with over 200 cycles being recorded for each machine. These were conducted by Luke Holmes and Hunter Harrill during the first half of 2017. The focus was on the two new T-Mar ‘Log Champ’ swing yarders that have recently been imported to NZ (both 650 and 550 models) and an older style Madill 124 swing yarder which is a commonly found machine among NZ forests. These machines were all operating a mechanical grapple with a mobile tail hold. The studies also included one tower yarder operation which was using a Bellis BE 60 LT track based yarder This crew were using an innovative standing skyline system, operating the Block in the Bight rigging configuration, but replaced the chokers with a Helihawk grapple adapted for use on a cable logging system.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Is a Timber
    Change ServiCe requeSted PrSrt Std u.S. PoStage LoggerS WorLd PubLiCationS PAID 4206 J aCkSon hWy . PerMit no. 178 ChehaLiS , Wa 98532-8425 SaLeM, or 2 1 0 2 S 2 1 0 2 S R E B M E t p E R E B M E t p E 3 8 2 8 - 2 6 4 ) 0 0 8 ( 3 8 2 8 - 2 6 4 ) 0 0 8 ( : l l a C e s i t r e v d A o T T : l l a C e s i t r e v d A o 9 R E B M U N 8 4 E M U L O V 9 R E B M U N 8 4 E M U L O V 1 2 2 Otto Oja like to watch the commercials. the stupider they tto is a timber are the the better i like to watch them. you don't Ofaller. he used to have to watch that tv set long before it is im - be a bucker. before that pressed upon you that the people making up the 2 1 he worked on the rig - advertising must think that there is no one in the 0 2 ging. at one time he was country over seven years old. actually there is R E Rigging known as the some good adult commercials but what's the fun B of talking about them. Would you have believed, M 'Clatskanie kid'. he E t served his country in before television, that they would be advertising p E battle in the Mountain the things they are now? there is this ad about S Shack troops WWii.
    [Show full text]
  • General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 51. Logging
    MIOSHA-STD-1135 (02/17) For further information 18 Pages Ph: 517-284-7740 www.michigan.gov/mioshastandards DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS DIRECTOR’S OFFICE GENERAL INDUSTRY SAFETY STANDARDS Filed with the Secretary of State on February 15, 1970, (as amended May 15, 1974) (as amended October 28, 1976) (as amended May 17, 1983) (as amended November 15, 1989) (as amended June 17, 1996) (as amended August 5, 2014) (as amended February 23, 2017) These rules take effect immediately upon filing with the Secretary of State unless adopted under section 33, 44, or 45a(6) of 1969 PA 306. Rules adopted under these sections become effective 7 days after filing with the Secretary of State. (By authority conferred on the director of the department of licensing and regulatory affairs by sections 16 and 21 of 1974 PA 154, MCL 408.1016 and 408.1021, and Executive Reorganization Order Nos. 1996-2, 2003-18 2003-1, 2008-4, and 2011-4, MCL 408.1016, 408.1021, 445.2001, 445.2011, 445.2025, and 445.2030) R 408.15102, R 408.15111, R 408.15114, R 408.15117, R 408.15120, R 408.15125, R 408.15127, R 408.15130, R 408.15131, R 408.15144, R 408.15146, R 408.15148, R 408.15150, R 408.15165, and R 408.15166 of the Michigan Administrative Code are amended, and R 408.15117a, R 408.15117b, R 408.15146a and R 408.15146b are added, as follows: GENERAL INDUSTRY SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARD PART 51. LOGGING Table of Contents: GENERAL PROVISIONS ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cable Logging.JPG
    This Best Practice Guide is being reviewed. The future of Best Practice Guides will be decided during 2015. Best practice guidelines for Cable Logging V ision, knowledge, performance competenz.org.nz He Mihi Nga pakiaka ki te Rawhiti. Roots to the East. Nga pakiaka ki te Raki. Roots to the North. Nga pakiaka ki te Uru. Roots to the West. Nga pakiaka ki te Tonga. Roots to the South. Nau mai, Haere mai We greet you and welcome you. ki te Waonui~ o Tane To the forest world of Tane. Whaia te huarahi, Pursue the path, o te Aka Matua, of the climbing vine, i runga, I te poutama on the stairway, o te matauranga.~ of learning. Kia rongo ai koe So that you will feel, te mahana o te rangimarie.~ the inner warmth of peace. Ka kaha ai koe, Then you will be able, ki te tu~ whakaiti, to stand humbler, ki te tu~ whakahi.~ Yet stand proud. Kia Kaha, kia manawanui~ Be strong, be steadfast. Tena koutou katoa. First edition December 2000 Revised edition January 2005 These Best Practice Guidelines are to be used as a guide to certain cable logging construction procedures and techniques. They do not supersede legislation in any jurisdiction or the recommendations of equipment manufacturers. FITEC believes that the information in the guideline is accurate and reliable; however, FITEC notes that conditions vary greatly from one geographical area to another; that a greater variety of equipment and techniques are currently in use; and other (or additional) measures may be appropriate in a given situation.
    [Show full text]
  • 1002 Describe Forest Industry
    Unit 1002 Title Describe Forest Industry Document type Learning Resource In consultation with industry subject matter experts, the BC Forest Safety Council (BCFSC) facilitated the production of this material. Printed copies are considered uncontrolled and may be outdated. Current versions are available from the BCFSC. Refer to http://bcforestsafe.org/node/2823 for more information. Feedback is welcome and may be sent to [email protected]. lng_1002_Describe_Forest_Industry.docx Page 2 of 78 Date: April 28, 2020 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................. 3 Unit Introduction ................................................................................................... 6 Section 1002-1: Terminology and Phases of Forestry ........................................ 7 Key Point 1.1: General Terminology in the Forest Industry ................................. 8 Learner Activity .................................................................................................. 22 Answer ............................................................................................................... 23 Key Point 1.2 Phases of Forestry ...................................................................... 24 Engineering and Planning ............................................................................. 24 Road Building ................................................................................................ 24 Falling ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Turner Logging Embraces Transition Cable Thinning Specialist to Do More Clear-Cuts; Take on First-Entry Thinning Work
    Turner Logging Embraces Transition Cable thinning specialist to do more clear-cuts; take on first-entry thinning work. DANShell ongtime northwest Oregon log- the company’s capabilities and strengths with an old Cat, then upgraded to a L gers/brothers Mark and Greg can be a challenge. “We’re not opposed Garrett 10 skidder in 1963. Turner, owners of Turner Logging, to doing clear-cuts and have done them Turner ended up building a small Inc., are coming to a crossroads after in the past, and we can be just as effi- sawmill near Banks in 1970, still keep- almost 25 years of specializing in cable cient in certain types of timber, but on a ing the logging company. He also part- thinning. As thinning programs wind typical clear-cut the guys with the big nered with local logger Keith Wolff, down among various public and private yarders, processors and loaders are hard who ran a couple of crews. The com- timber owners in the area, many land- to compete with,” he explains. pany remained small, concentrating on owners are now switching to more re- Making matters tougher for smaller jobs mostly under 50 acres, and stayed generation timber sales. contractors like Turner Logging, busy. Mark and Greg joined in the In response, the Turners, based in which operates two crews and occa- woods work early. Banks, are looking to not only adapt sionally a third, is the way larger com- After graduating from the Oregon their company to be more efficient panies with four or five or more crews Institute of Technology, Mark nearly when working clear-cuts, but also to can afford to have a mix of profit lev- disappeared into the big city when he take on more of the remaining avail- els at any given time.
    [Show full text]
  • PC200-8M0 HORSEPOWER Gross: 110 Kw 147 HP / 2000 Min-1 Swing Yarder Net: 103 Kw 138 HP / 2000 Min-1 OPERATING WEIGHT PC200-8M0: 23700 Kg BUCKET CAPACITY 0.80 M3
    PC 200 PC200-8M0 HORSEPOWER Gross: 110 kW 147 HP / 2000 min-1 Swing Yarder Net: 103 kW 138 HP / 2000 min-1 OPERATING WEIGHT PC200-8M0: 23700 kg BUCKET CAPACITY 0.80 m3 Photos may include optional equipment. SWING YARDER PC200-8M0 SWING YARDER NEW FEATURE Increasing of Winch Line Pull 10% up Forestry is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations Increasing of Drawbar Pull 13% up and related natural resources. In any logging operation, Swing Reinforced Yarder machine is necessary to transport the harvester tree from Improved Protective Guards Boom & Arm the stump to a landing for transport to on the truck. If the ground is Easy to Maintenance relatively fl at Swing Yarder may be possible to transport the tree or logs cut from the tree on a wheeled or tracked machine. However Komatsu Winch More Durability & Wire Rope Guide the ground is too steep for the operation of such machinery. Auto Winch Speed Shift Hi/Lo Swing Yarder is common practice to rig some sort of a cable system for moving the wood, the Swing Yarder is one of several varieties Cab Window Guard of the machines that have been used Prevention of Guard’s cover from for this purpose. getting caught by wire rope. A Swing Yarder is a mobile piece of heavy duty forest equipment used for pulling logs from the woods to a logging road with cable. 20 ton class excavator based Forestry yarder machine, which has function to pull log on anchor position (on parallel Guard or side condition) from the stump to the landing and it is allowed to operate by swing movement for arranging logs.
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Cutting in Mountainous Old-Growth Forests in Coastal British Columbia: Harvesting Productivity and Cost, and Residual Stand Impacts
    PARTIAL CUTTING IN MOUNTAINOUS OLD-GROWTH FORESTS IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA: HARVESTING PRODUCTIVITY AND COST, AND RESIDUAL STAND IMPACTS by DOUGLAS MARTYN BENNETT R.P.F., P.Eng. B.S.F., The University of British Columbia, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Forest Resources Management We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1996 © Douglas Martyn Bennett, 1996 in presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ^d^FSf 7?Fz0iypCe*7 MftP/$fc?7~(F)fr~ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada (FERIC) worked with International Forest Products Limited (INTERFOR) to plan and implement a partial cutting trial at Chamiss Bay on Vancouver Island's west coast. A study was conducted to investigate the harvesting feasibility of partial cutting in old-growth stands on steep slopes. The study sites were located within the CWHvml biogeoclimatic unit. Harvesting, using manual falling and cable yarding systems, was done in the summers of 1995 and 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • COFE - Council on Forest Engineering - Conference Proceedings 2001
    COFE - Council On Forest Engineering - Conference Proceedings 2001 Welcome to the Council on Forest Engineering(COFE) Publications Website 2001. “Appalachian Hardwoods: Managing Change” Snowshoe, West Virginia - July 15-18, 2001 Select an individual paper from the list below. If you know the last name of the primary author you may also click that letter below to go to that paper. A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z Andersson, Bjorn; Dyson, Peter. Log Measuring Accuracy of Harvesters and Processors. Aust, W. Michael; Visser, J.M. Rien; Poirot, Matt. Forest Road Stream Crossing Options and Costs. Baker, Shawn; Sloan, Hank; Visser, J.M. Rien. Cable Logging in Appalachia and Opportunities for automated Yarder Equipment. Barrett, Scott M.; Prisley, Stephen P.; Shaffer, Robert M. A Computer Simulation Model for Predicting the Impacts of Log Truck Turn-Time on Timber Harvesting System Productivity and Cost. Bigot, Maryse. Using Machines to Harvest Hardwoods in France. Bolding, M. Chad; Lanford, Bobby L. Forest Fuel Reduction Through Energy Wood Production Using a Small Chipper/CTL Harvesting System. Chung, Woodam; Sessions, John. Designing a Forest Road Network Using Heuristic Optimization Techniques. Coulter, Elizabeth Dodson; Sessions, John. Managing Existing Road Systems: How Should Priorities Be Set? Eichrodt, Adrian W.; Heinimann, Hans R. https://www.cofe.frec.vt.edu/2001.html[1/15/2019 3:06:22 PM] COFE - Council On Forest Engineering - Conference Proceedings 2001 Mobility of Timber Harvesting Vehicles. Garland, John J.; Sessions, John; Pilkerton, Stephen; Stringham, Ben. Synthetic Rope Used in Logging: Some Potentials.
    [Show full text]