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Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies

Mona Baker, Gabriela Saldanha

Adaptation

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315678627-3 Georges L. Bastin Published online on: 09 Oct 2019

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:52 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315678627, entry3, 10.4324/9781315678627-3 10 on historical concepts of translation. of concepts historical on this reason, adaptation of thehistory is parasitic recognition translation of as non-adaptation; for requires adaptation of concept the speaking, domestication, imitation and rewriting. Strictly appropriation, as such notions other numerous a source text. As such, theterm may embrace but is nevertheless as representing recognized that is not generally accepted as atranslation translative interventions which result in atext domestication. always undergo what Venuti aprocess calls of is implicit in therecognition that translations otherwise, or consciously adaptation, in engage culties. Moreover, that theidea translators all valid solutions to various translational diffi- tion is frequently listed among thepossible translation, or not translation at all, adapta- frequently dismissed as an abusive form of translation fieldstudies. of But despitebeing cussed, supported or severely in the criticized dis been often has adaptation of notion The Adaptation Clarendon. theory actor-network to introduction Latour, B. (2005)Reassembling the Social: An The Translator translation in analyses Bourdieusian studies’, complement could theory Latour’s network Buzelin, H. (2005) ‘Unexpected Allies: How Further reading interpreting; technology, translation tion; symbolic interactionism; technology, translation; socialsystems; structura- interpreting; research methodologies, Adaptation may understood of as be aset since the1980s. experienced understandings and abuses that ANT has tions, and offers clarifications on based mis- Explains ANT’s main concepts and assump- bypass its some pitfalls. of combined with Bourdieu’s to theory social and interpreting studies and how it could be and limitations, its relevance to translation of An overview ANT’s main concepts, merits MARÍA SIERRA CÓRDOBA SERRANO CÓRDOBA SIERRA MARÍA 11(2): 193–218. , Oxford: - ing this and other related controversial concepts. discuss in used thedefinitions terminology of sification censorship,or but it is rare to find clear dismissing phenomenon the distortion, a as fal continue to takeanegative adaptation, of view target texts. source equivalence and between some form of a text for readership anew maintaining while adaptationform involves of which rewriting munication; as licencing seen this could a be translation, with an emphasis on efficient com- given to apreference rise for transparency in cal, scientific andcommercial documents has twentieth century, proliferation the techni of continued to predominate in thetheatre. In the infidelity, as dom that seen was but adaptation teenth century witnessed areaction to- afree and habits were considered superior. The nine- habits thetarget culture of since tastes those foreign texts adapted to be to thetastes and were period the justified forneed in terms of translations free very out carried during this and then spread to therest theworld. of The Belles infidèles the of enteenth and eighteenth centuries, epoch the recognized.could be effectivelythe logic whichreveal by adaptations were for or against theword-for-word ­ translator)ful they whether –irrespective of you not will render word for word [like a]faith- verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres (and interpretations given to theHoratian verse Nec but entirely legitimate alternatives. The different guished from this method what saw they as freer lator) as working word for word and distin- whom referred of both to theinterpres translation dates back to Cicero and Horace, a distinction being drawn between deliberate drawn distinction being a between interventionof translators, on of the part with Today, adaptation is considered only one type language by used translation studies scholars. concept continues- meta afuzzy of part to be teaching and purposes in handbooks, but the adaptationtion of applied to for texts used (1998)offersBastin comprehensive a defini- definitionsMain Many historians and scholars of translation translation of scholars and Many historians The golden adaptation age of - sev the was in The initial betweendivide adaptation and , which in France started Adaptation precept – (trans - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:52 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315678627, entry3, 10.4324/9781315678627-3 ing the samethe as effect text.original However, function over theform, to with produc aview - adaptationthis kind of gives precedence to the readers’ knowledge. (1977)argues Coseriu that on thetranslator’s judgement about his or her that theadaptation cases in these has based to be languages. specific pointsNewmark (1981) out worksdidactic on language in general, or on text is language itself.withso This is especially nature, that is, thesubject when matter the of metalinguistic a text isoriginal of the when omission. summarizing of use techniques, paraphrase and main adaptation features of this type of are the livan 2005; Alvstad 2008a; 2015). Lathey The ership (Puurtinen 1995, Oittinen 2000; O’Sul- different a of needs to sociolinguistic the read require there-creation themessage according of genres,Other such children’s as literature, also or factors visual have taken into to be account. meaning,tic where acoustic especially and/ to theform preserving or eventheseman- text, original the and of function preference in emphasis here is on thecharacter preserving inter-semiotic translation, and localization. The associated with advertising, audiovisual and (Merino Àlvarez 1992, 1994). Adaptation is also audience from different a culturalbackground that the work originally exercised, but with an milieu, the aim being to achieve the same effect naturalizingas ameans of theplay for anew Santoyo (1989:104) similarly defines adaptation theaudiencein version. thename thenew of of the original worktion of and an “annexation” adaptation(1986:10) views as areterritorializa - most frequentlytion has been studied. Brisset in relation to drama translation that adapta- ular genres, most notably drama. Indeed, it is partic translation of characteristic is which of encountered. situationsof wherever cultural mismatches are strategy, employed to achieve an equivalence adaptationviews rather as a local than global translationseventh procedure. definition This Darbelnet (1958), list who adaptation as their best-knownThe definition ofthat is Vinay and adaptation definedsense. in a can be technical literality. interventions 2007) and (Bastin deviations from Adaptation Adaptation is, perhaps, most easilyjustified Adaptation is sometimes regarded as aform As anumber translation one of of strategies,

- - à interroger’.à his paper: the title of ‘Adaptation: une ambiguïté ambiguitythe adaptation of Gambier refers to in tural adaptation is untenable. This is precisely avoiding any linguistic, of kind or semiotic cul favours thetarget audience at thesame timeas ysis. Asking atranslator to produce atext that ment that has little to do with reasoned anal - an adaptation is oftenpersonal a hasty judge - anylabelling of text produced by atranslator as regarded adaptations as and concludes that the sic examples translations of that are commonly are adaptations nonetheless. He examines clas tation (such as omission and condensation), Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), other than adap- that many translation procedures suggested by cross to anbecome adaptation. Gambier notes and which in clarifying line atranslation has to adaptation, gapevident the notion defining in of Gambier (1992), points who out that there is an differentiation adaptation of translationand is translation at all. there is apoint at which adaptation to be ceases to thetext is asine quanon are obliged to admit that, remaining faithful if forthe need adaptation circumstances in certain theoriginal text.of Even recognize who those is tantamount to and thedestruction violation latter, the for adaptation foreignness; of world to adapt confinesthe reader to an artificial author’s expression. For theformer, therefusal others theoriginal itwhile as see abetrayal of the message intact (at least on level), theglobal adaptation precisely is necessary in order to keep ‘faithful’ to theoriginal text. Someargue that remaining vis-à-vis the issue views of varying exoticism.guage form is an of unnecessary (1984) claim that theadaptation metalan- of nothing is untranslatable, others like Berman suchwhile writers from start theprinciple that motivations (or conditions) for the decision to inmodes) which adaptations are out, carried the ble to elaborate theways list aselective of (or 1993), are (Bastin which they based it is- possi By comparing adaptations with thetexts on restrictions Modes, conditions and Another author questions who thesystematic adaptation widelyDefinitions of reflect of translation, of then 11 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:52 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315678627, entry3, 10.4324/9781315678627-3 12 isolated parts of thetextisolated in order of parts with to deal procedure,a local adaptation may applied be to and involves amore wide-ranging revision. As determined by factors outside theoriginal text two conditions), and adaptation, global which is and it limited (as in thefirst of parts to certain problems arising from theoriginal text itself by motivated adaptation, local adaptation: of simultaneously, can to lead two major types tent and/or presentation. ership often requires modificationsin style, con or to address theneed adifferent - read type of cess: or the emergence epoch approach a new of text; (d)disruption thecommunication of pro- often entails global a re-creationthe original of for example, from adult to children’s literature – a change from one to discourse another – type apply in thetarget culture; (c)genre switching: to in the original text do not exist or do not where thecontextinadequacy: or referred views lating metalanguage); (b)situational or cultural guage common trans (especially - of in the case simply no equivalents lexical in thetarget lan- are: (a)cross-code breakdown: where there are which cause translators to resort to adaptation original. the of tions preserves only theessential message/ideas/func- replacement theoriginal text with atext of that in theoriginal; and (g)creation: amore global the target reader’s than perspective theone used is more familiar or culturally appropriate from there-creationtural adequacy: acontext of that situationalby equivalents; modern or- cul (f) replacement outdated of or obscureinformation by italics or underlining); (e)updating: the lents in the target language (sometimes marked words, etc. in theoriginal text by rough equiva - nonsense slang, dialect, of stretches of stitution footnotes (d)exoticism: or aglossary; thesub- tion, either in themain or body in aforeword, additionthe or source informa explicitation of implicitation the text; of part (c) expansion: of translation;eral (b)omission: theelimination or original language, usually accompanied by alit- for-word reproduction thetext in the of part of follows: (a)transcription theoriginal: of word- dures by used theadapter classified can be as adapter. the of work the adapt, and thelimitations (or restrictions) on These conditions, These which in maypractice exist conditions or factors common most The proce the adaptation, of mode of terms In - - - source and target texts. modes; and the the meaning of and purpose(s) source text and for look coherence adapting of the target language the for of the discourse type the adapter must find an appropriate match in for thepotential audience; thetarget language: text constitutes or new shared information the extent to which thecontent thesource of the target reader: the adapter has to evaluate include the knowledge and expectations of restrictions. out certain under carried These theof original. in sacrificed orderbe to reproducefunctionthe elementsmal and evensemantic meaning may vention thetranslator of is systematic, and for function or thesource impact text. of The inter strategy which aims to reconstruct thepurpose, case, adaptation global constitutes ageneral publisher, an editorial policy. of part as In either by thetranslator or by external agents such as a outsion adaptation to global carry may taken be tation is applied to the text as a whole. The- deci As procedure, aglobal on theother hand, adap- the target text in a foreword or translator’s note. adaptationlocal is generally not mentioned in replacement metalanguage, local of of case the in lighted and what is left to unchanged. be Except whatbetween istransformed to be and- high andseeks efficiency toand balance achieve a by effectiveness principles guided is which of adaptation is essentially atranslation procedure Local, or as Farghal it, (1993:257)calls “intrinsic” all-embracing approach to thetranslation task. and localized; itporary not does represent an text is preserved. adaptation Thistype of is tem- provided theoverall coherence thesource of havewill alimited effect theon whole,text as a In this case, adaptation of theuse as atechnique ture thesource text of and the target that text. of differences the language between specific cul or get text functions” (Nord 1997:93), or whether targetcorresponds effect theto intendedtar transformationof or intervention as long as “the lation as such stretched can be to cover types all tation at all, that believing the concept trans- of Some scholars prefer not to theterm adap use - adaptation translation and Theoreticalboundaries between As in the case of translation,As of in thecase adaptation is Adaptation - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:52 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315678627, entry3, 10.4324/9781315678627-3 cially sincecially practices such as the novelization points contact of with translation studies,- espe 2014),trysse it is important to explore themain discipline in its own right (Raw 2012 2013; Cat- Since adaptation studies is currently thriving as a adaptation studies Translation studies and translation. conventional of forms other and to appreciate therelationship it between and to understandbegin themotivation for using it by treating it as a legitimate strategy can we rupted by traditional forms translation. of Only communicationthe balance of that is often dis- creative of a type process to which restore seeks reference of frame for discipline. the traditional model, code as themost appropriate tern and (Sperber Wilson 1986), rather than the to consider inferential the communication pat translation inevitably lead studiesanalysis will ( and manipulation imply ashift in authorship imitation appropriation, like interventions ate lator, but for purposes. functional Most deliber deliberate intervention thetrans - on of thepart author. the constitute of may tions Adaptation text, and exegesis attempts to out spell the inten- sourcethe thetationof topurpose fulfil seeks meaning, transmissionthe of adap whereas understood by the term translation – prioritizes thetext.of Translation – or what is traditionally a careful analysis themeaning and of purpose accuracy, becomes thekey word, and this entails communication.verbal Relevance, rather than mediator, as acreative participant in aprocess of helps shed light on therole thetranslator of as orist to beyond look purely linguistic issues and concepts. nature the borderline of which separates the two its relation to translation insist on the tenuous and adaptation of phenomenon the of analysis scholarsThe few who have attemptedserious a ship thetwo activities between (Delisle 1986). term tradaptation to express theclose relation- Garneau, and translator, poet Quebec coined the resenting essentiallydifferent practices. Michel source text. thetwo Others concepts view as rep- not functions these are the thesame of as those Adaptation ­Vandal-Sirois and 2012). Bastin Thiskind of It is imperative to acknowledge adaptation as The study adaptation of encouragesthe -

- - - vival. indeed, guarantee they its durability and sur inferiornot of status compared to theoriginal; tions, according to Hutcheon and O’Flynn, are cess (Hutcheon and O’Flynn 2006:21). Adapta- and similar texts in an ongoing pro dialogical - with theoriginal but with other also adaptations assumed to compare theadapted text not only and O’Flynn and others, given that thereader is Hutcheon by theory, developed as adaptation of exploration. Intertextuality is acentral element tions include interrogation, reinvention and motiva other replication; of one simply not is and O’Flynn 2006:8–9). adaptation The goal of through repetition and variation” (Hutcheon other worksour of memory that resonate adaptationsexperience palimpsests as through (c) theprocess reception, of through which “we pretation and re-creation the source), of and entity or product createdwas (including reinter source,ticular (b)theprocess through which the or product which results from transposing a par adaptation simultaneously refers to (a)theentity targetthe audience. reception amongst possible best ensuring the ing,the while textoriginal effect of or purpose literal approach in order to themean preserve - motivation for translators to abandon a more (ibid.:163), a definitionwhich rehearsesthe and temporal context readers of or audiences” bring it into greater proximity to thecultural updating or thecultural relocation atext to of the same book, she defines adaptation as “an as commonly understood. of In the glossary easilyapplied(2006:19) can be to translation proximation theprocessesvia of and updating” prehensible audiences to new and readerships “attempt to make text ‘relevant’ or easilycom- such,tion as adaptation definition her as of an (2012). While transla Sanders- of seldom talks (2014),Cattrysse Raw(2012)and Cartmell Leitch (2007), Hutcheon and O’Flynn (2006), through works Stam and of Raengo (2007), adaptationpline of studies, alongside break the may considered be a classic in the young- disci translation studies (Milton 2009). plines and resonate thedebates with some of in for younger readers are interest of to- disci both song or the toning narrative a certain down of amovie,of and into therendering apoem a of For Hutcheon and O’Flynn (2006), theterm Sanders’s Adaptation and Appropriation and Adaptation (2006) (2006) 13 - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 23:52 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315678627, entry3, 10.4324/9781315678627-3 14 new culturalnew product and domain” (2006:26). away from theinforming source into awholly ation frequently affects a more decisivejourney Appropri original. . . . or text source informing tion: “Adaptation signalsarelationship with an appropria and adaptation between draws ers compatible with theclear distinction that Sand- tion key to asuccessful translation. is Thisview word translations, but consider can still adapta- word-for- adopt necessarily not do approach (ibid:306–307). a account “constellation” factors adaptable of approach to faithfulness, the issue of into taking 245). He adopts amultilateral and intertextual timeand agiven of system (ibid.:244–period tastesreflectsthe powerand dynamicsgiven in a opposition merely which faithful/unfaithful equivalence (2014:47–49). the rejects Cattrysse teleological and draw both upon thenotion of offerboth artefacts,both are irreversible and translation and adaptation include that thefact Adaptation Hutcheon, L. and S. of O’Flynn Theory (2006)A 189–204. disciplines other (eds) yet distinct’, in Y. Gambier and L. van Doorslaer Studies and Translation Studies: Very interactive Doorslaer, L. van and L. Raw(2016) ‘Adaptation Antwerp & Apeldoorn:Garant. ies: Epistemological and methodological issues Cattrysse, P.Stud Adaptation (2014)Descriptive Further reading ization; rewriting; strategies; theatre latin texts; literary translation;- local ics, manga andgraphic novels; greek and advertising; children’s literature;- com also: See Translators oppose who the domesticating For between Cattrysse, similarities basic the change. target, as well as conservation and gradual problematic relationship source between and originality andissues transmediality, of the aries thedisciplines, between and discusses common grounds, differencesbound and theon Reflects parallels,the question of Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory. Toury’s descriptive translation studies and Advocates for discipline anew drawing on Border Crossings: Translation studies and , London & New York: Routledge. , Benjamins, John Amsterdam: - - - - , London: Routledge. London: Sanders, J. Appropriation and (2006)Adaptation non-translation becomes acceptable as adelib- and adequacy.equivalence In context, this faithfulnessissues and of more with functional transfer of which is lesstype concerned with or rewriting. Thelatter terms suggestset a of transcreation less frequently – adaptation or – is often localizationtermed (Declercq 2011), tural transfer multimodal promotional of texts explain why the crosslinguistic and cross-cul- attachedally to theterm translation, which may (writtenverbal and oral) connotations tradition- translating advertising material may lie in the translation scholars to address question the of perspective. functionalist a from approached al. 1995/2006)that are best 2010; et Hervey or consumer-oriented translation (Washbourne commercialof translation (Olohan 2009, 2010) lation handbooks as examples cases or special brochures – were mainly in general used trans- nres such as advertising, publicity and tourist then, including promotional subge materials – 2000; Adab and Valdés 2004; Torresi 2010). Until thecentury (Guidèreof 2000a; Bueno García only attracted systematic attention since the turn tion studies, however, translation advertising has ments semiotics. in and visual social In transla - analysis, from and to Barthes later Eco develop- and are among the favoured semiotic of objects the linguistic points and view, sociological of Advertising texts have widely studied been from Advertising der studies.der nialism, postmodernism, feminism and gen structuralism, post-structuralism, postcolo various movements, theoretical of including impact the and appropriation and adaptation Explores multiple definitions of and practices tation and (re)creation. adaptation always involves (re)interpre both - source text, and demonstrates that of theact thetargetence between audience and the cess that aims to achieve intertextual coher Defines adaptation as a product and a pro- A possible reason for early thereticence of ERE . BASTIN GEORGES L. Advertising - - - - ,