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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Humanas

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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Humanas PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS ESCUELA DE ANTROPOLOGÍA CARRERA DE ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIOCULTURAL MONTAÑAS Y SUJETOS UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LAS CONSTRUCCIONES SIMBÓLICAS Y SOCIALES DEL ANDINISMO EN EL ECUADOR PATRICIO JAVIER AGUIRRE NEGRETE DIRECTORA: CAROLINA PÁEZ 2013 A la Montaña, lugar que nunca pude habitar. 1 Con especial agradecimiento a mi directora de tesis Carolina Páez por su ayuda y soporte; a mis informantes y amigos; a Antonio Páez por las horas de discusión. A mi familia, siempre. A Sara Madera Gómez, mi cordada de vida. 2 Lo inefable (aquello que me parece misterioso y que no me atrevo a expresar) proporciona quizá el trasfondo sobre el cual adquiere significado lo que yo pudiera expresar. Ludwing Wittgenstein, Cultura y Valor, Aforismo 83. 3 RESUMEN Las montañas y los sujetos evocan la relación que establecen los agentes sociales con el medio de montaña a través del ascenso a las grandes elevaciones. Esta relación contiene un trasfondo de sentidos y significaciones que lo posibilita; manifestando, generando y proyectando de esa manera un universo simbólico implícito en los distintos escenarios tales como en el relato, las imágenes, el Ethos, la visión del mundo o el imaginario social. La comprensión de este universo se basa principalmente en el estudio a través de la mentalidad corporal, es decir asentando la compresión, la aprehensión y el análisis a través del cuerpo como una herramienta de investigación. En este trabajo se pretende entender desde cuándo y por qué se ejerce esta actividad, tomando como referente al alpinismo europeo y la visita de científicos y exploradores del viejo continente a los Andes ecuatoriales hasta las nuevas manifestaciones de la actividad en la actualidad. El sustento así como la finalidad del análisis interpretativo es intentar aproximarse a la dinámica social y la construcción semántica del andinismo desde una mirada antropológica, entendiendo a la cultura como una trama compleja de sistemas simbólicos donde se proyecta el accionar humano. ABSTRACT Mountains and individuals evoke the relationship established by social partners through mountain ascent of the higher elevations. This relation contains an undercurrent of senses and meanings that enables it; meanwhile manifesting, creating and projecting in that way a symbolic universe implicit in the various scenarios such as story, images, Ethos, world view or social imaginary. The understanding of this universe is based primarily on the study of the mind through body, basing the compression, apprehension and analysis through the body as a research tool. This paper tries to understand since when and why this activity is exercised, taking as reference the European mountaineering and the visit of scientists and explorers from the old continent to the equatorial Andes until new manifestations of activity today. The support and purpose of this interpretative analysis is try to make an approach to social dynamics and semantic construction of mountaineering from an anthropological perspective, understanding culture as a complex web of systems where human action is projected. 4 Índice INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 7 Antecedentes ................................................................................................................................8 Planteamiento .............................................................................................................................13 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................................15 Hipótesis .....................................................................................................................................16 Encuadre teórico .........................................................................................................................17 Metodología ...............................................................................................................................22 PRIMER CAPÍTULO Cultura y significación ........................................................................................... 25 1.1 El símbolo y la representación ...........................................................................................26 1.2 Poder, verticalidad y ascensión en el universo sagrado .....................................................27 1.3 Ethos, oficio y visión del mundo .......................................................................................36 SEGUNDO CAPÍTULO Senderos inhabitables: lugares de imágenes y sentidos...................................... 38 2.1 La ascensión a la cumbre, ¿un juego profundo? ................................................................40 2.2 El alpinismo europeo y el advenimiento del montañismo .................................................45 2.3 Racionalidad y cumbre, los cimientos del ascensionismo en los Andes ecuatoriales .......52 TERCER CAPÍTULO El andinismo del siglo XX y el relato como origen ............................................. 68 3.1 Entrada “oficial” y eventual desarrollo del andinismo en el Ecuador ..............................69 3.2 La imagen, el relato y la primicia del poder ......................................................................83 5 CUARTO CAPÍTULO El horizonte, los límites del andinismo ................................................................. 96 4.1 La contemplación ...............................................................................................................97 4.2 Ascensión de montaña .......................................................................................................98 4.3 El espacio sagrado............................................................................................................108 4.4 Los ritos de iniciación ......................................................................................................117 4.5 Los símbolos de poder y trascendencia ...........................................................................120 4.6 La heroicidad del sujeto ...................................................................................................121 4.7 El relato y el lugar del andinismo ....................................................................................125 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................ 128 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................. 132 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................... 139 1 Entrevistas ........................................................................................................................139 2 Guía de entrevistas y conversaciones personales.............................................................141 3 Fotografías e imágenes relevantes ...................................................................................142 6 INTRODUCCIÓN Por montañismo se entiende la relación que establece el ser humano con las zonas agrestes de montaña cuya actividad principal se describe bajo el término de ascensión. Esta relación se ejerce a través de normas disciplinarias o valorativas que terminan por definirlo como un modo de vida o bien como deporte, ambos aspectos atravesados por el apelativo de aventura debido al alejamiento del sector urbano que la ejecución de su práctica exige; también se la ha definido como actividad de riesgo por la exposición o factores de accidente que puede acarrear. Esta actividad se alimenta del uso de técnicas, métodos, experiencias apropiadas y estrictas para el tipo de terreno en el que se desarrolla. En el Ecuador al montañismo se lo conoce con el calificativo de Andinismo, debido a la geografía en la que se desarrolla, en el caso del Ecuador: Los Andes Ecuatoriales1. Considerados como “fascinantes” por los exploradores, académicos y naturalistas extranjeros de la época colonial, los Andes fueron de sumo interés, no solo en términos de investigación científica sino también con la intención de realizar ascensiones a las altas cumbres, atraídos por el “solemne espectáculo”2 que otorga la montaña al sujeto que la contempla. Posteriormente, en la época republicana y con una mayor presencia de personajes locales, siguió manteniéndose este continuum contemplativo que conlleva el esfuerzo de conquistar las cumbres. De esta manera se fue urdiendo el lugar de la representación de la montaña, regida principalmente por los sujetos que intentan asir su cima bajo el manto ideológico de conquista, empresa determinada por ese lugar inhabitable, lejano, misterioso y extraño que comprende la cumbre de una montaña. La práctica del andinismo en los Andes Ecuatoriales converge en una serie de construcciones simbólicas, las cuales dan lugar a una multiplicidad de sentidos y significaciones que han configurado, constreñido y definido su ambiente social. Este escenario se ha ejercido tanto en el 1 La cordillera de los andes es la segunda más alta del mundo. El montañismo desarrolla diferencias técnicas a partir de la geografía en la que se practica. Estas técnicas se las puede aplicar no solamente a la cordillera en la que surgieron. Así se puede decir que se sube en estilo alpino (técnica utilizada en los Alpes), una montaña de ocho mil metros (Himalayas). 2 A decir de Humboldt al relatar
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