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Gouldian Finch) Consultation Document on Listing Eligibility and Conservation Actions Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian finch) You are invited to provide your views about: 1) the eligibilityof Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian finch) for inclusion on the EPBC Act threatened species list; and 2) the necessary conservation actions for the above species. Note: The information contained in this consultation document was primarily sourced from the ‘Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010’ (Garnett et al. 2011). As this document was compiled in 2010, newer information may be available. One of the purposes of this consultation is to update the existing information in order to make a more informed decision on whether this species is eligible for listing under the EPBC Act (1999). The views of experts, stakeholders and the general public are welcome. Responses can be provided by any interested person. Anyone may nominate a native species, ecological community or threatening process for listing under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) or for a transfer of an item already on the list to a new listing category. The Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes the assessment of species to determine eligibility for inclusion in the list of threatened species and provides its recommendation to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. Responses are to be provided in writing either by email to: [email protected] or by mail to: The Director Marine and Freshwater Species Conservation Section Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division Department of the Environment PO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 Responses are required to be submitted by 9 January 2015. Contents of this information package Page General background information about listing threatened species 2 Information about this consultation process 2 Draft information about the Gouldian finch and its eligibility for listing 3 Conservation actions for the species 7 References cited 8 Consultation questions 9 Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian finch) consultation Page 1 of 10 General background information about listing threatened species The Australian Government helps protect species at risk of extinction by listing them as threatened under Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Once listed under the EPBC Act, the species becomes a Matter of National Environmental Significance (MNES) and must be protected from significant impacts through the assessment and approval provisions of the EPBC Act. More information about threatened species is available on the department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/index.html. Public nominations to list threatened species under the EPBC Act are received annually by the department. In order to determine if a species is eligible for listing as threatened under the EPBC Act, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes a rigorous scientific assessment of its status to determine if the species is eligible for listing against a set of criteria. These criteria are available on the Department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/pubs/guidelines-species.pdf. As part of the assessment process, the Committee consults with the public and stakeholders to obtain specific details about the species, as well as advice on what conservation actions might be appropriate. Information provided through the consultation process is considered by the Committee in its assessment. The Committee provides its advice on the assessment (together with comments received) to the Minister regarding the eligibility of the species for listing under a particular category and what conservation actions might be appropriate. The Minister decides to add, or not to add, the species to the list of threatened species under the EPBC Act. More detailed information about the listing process is at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/nominations.html. To promote the recovery of listed threatened species and ecological communities, conservation advices and where required, recovery plans are made or adopted in accordance with Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Conservation advices provide guidance at the time of listing on known threats and priority recovery actions that can be undertaken at a local and regional level. Recovery plans describe key threats and identify specific recovery actions that can be undertaken to enable recovery activities to occur within a planned and logical national framework. Information about recovery plans is available on the department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery.html. Information about this consultation process Responses to this consultation can be provided electronically or in hard copy to the contact addresses provided on Page 1. All responses received will be provided in full to the Committee and then to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment. In providing comments, please provide references to published data where possible. Should the Committee use the information you provide in formulating its advice, the information will be attributed to you and referenced as a ‘personal communication’ unless you provide references or otherwise attribute this information (please specify if your organisation requires that this information is attributed to your organisation instead of yourself). The final advice by the Committee will be published on the department’s website following the listing decision by the Minister. Information provided through consultation may be subject to freedom of information legislation and court processes. It is also important to note that under the EPBC Act, the deliberations and recommendations of the Committee are confidential until the Minister has made a final decision on the nomination, unless otherwise determined by the Minister. Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian finch) consultation Page 2 of 10 Erythrura gouldiae Gouldian finch Taxonomy Conventionally accepted as Erythrura gouldiae (Gould 1844). Description The Gouldian Finch is about 12 to 15 cm in length and weighs about 14 to 15 g. The adults are vividly multi-coloured, and exhibit three different facial colour-morphs: black-headed (most common), red-headed and yellow-headed (rare). The adult male is mainly emerald green above, with a light-blue upper tail, and a large black, red or yellow-orange mask (depending on the morph) that is bordered behind by a light-blue band; and yellow below with a purple breast and cream under tail. The adult female is similar to the adult male, but is duller and paler overall, and has a shorter tail. Adults of both sexes have black-brown irises, a ring of pale bluish-grey skin around each eye, pinkish-orange legs and feet, and a bill that varies in colour from white with a red or (rarely) yellow tip in the non-breeding season to pearl (in males) or dark grey (in females) in the breeding season. Juveniles are easily distinguished from the adults by their drab and nondescript olive-brown-grey plumage. The Gouldian finch may be seen singly, in twos and in flocks that vary in size from small parties (including family groups) of less than 10 birds to large flocks of up to 400 birds. It may congregate around waterholes when coming to drink, although groups may arrive at waterholes independently. It is regularly observed in mixed flocks with other species of finches, particularly the long-tailed finch Poephila. Distribution The species is found in northern Australia from Cape York Peninsula through north-west Queensland and the north of the Northern Territory to the Kimberley Region of Western Australia (Higgins et al., 2006; O’Malley, 2006). Genetic analyses of mitochondrial markers indicate no population structuring across the species range, however analyses of nuclear markers indicate contemporary gene flow from Kimberley to the Northern Territory (Esparza- Salas, cited in Garnett et al., 2011). In Queensland there are no recent breeding records but since 2005 birds have been sighted on at least three sites on Cape York Peninsula, on the Atherton Tablelands, and at several sites in and around Boodjamulla National Park. In the Northern Territory there are recent breeding records at well-known sites in the Yinberrie Hills and Newry, as well as at Wollogorang (D. Baker-Gabb, cited in Garnett et al., 2011) and near Maningrida (R. Noske, cited in Garnett et al., 2011). In the eastern Kimberley, 8–12 isolated breeding populations of 40 to 120 adults are known (S. Pryke, cited in Garnett et al., 2011) as well as populations at Mornington Sanctuary. Relevant Biology/Ecology Gouldian finches feed almost exclusively on grass seed and depend on a restricted variety of grasses which seed at different times throughout the year (Dostine and Franklin 2002; O’Malley, 2006). They nest in tree hollows, lay an average clutch of five eggs, and may raise several clutches in a season, but productivity averages 1.5 fledglings per pair (Tidemann et al., 1999). When breeding, they use small patches of suitable open woodland areas usually on ridges dominated by cavity bearing trees (such as white northern gum Eucalyptus brevifolia in the west and Territory salmon gum E. tintinnans in the east; (Tidemann et al., 1992a)) and seeding grasses (e.g. sorghum Sarga spp., spinifex Trodia spp.) within 2–4 km of perennial waterholes or springs (Dostine et al., 2001; O’Malley, 2006). After breeding they move to areas with different seeding grasses (e.g. annual spear grasses or native sorghum Sarga spp.), flock and Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian finch) consultation Page 3 of 10 move across the broader landscape (O’Malley, 2006). A generation time of 2.7 years is derived from an age at first breeding of 1.0 years and a maximum longevity in the wild of 4.4 years (Garnett et al., 2011). Threats Regular extensive fires are known to reduce body condition and other health indices, particularly during the wet season and early breeding season (S. Legge, cited in Garnett et al., 2011). Heavy grazing by cattle is known to reduce seed yields in grasses important to the finches (Crowley and Garnett, 2001).
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