Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions
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Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Phase Separation in Polymer Modified Bitumen by Phase- Field Method
http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in Materials & design. This paper has been peer- reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Zhu, J., Lu, X., Balieu, R., Kringos, N. (2016) Modelling and numerical simulation of phase separation in polymer modified bitumen by phase- field method. Materials & design, 107: 322-332 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.041 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188830 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Modelling and numerical simulation of phase separation in polymer modified bitumen by phase-field method Jiqing Zhu a,*, Xiaohu Lu b, Romain Balieu a, Niki Kringos a a Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 23, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden b Nynas AB, SE-149 82 Nynäshamn, Sweden * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (J. Zhu) Abstract In this paper, a phase-field model with viscoelastic effects is developed for polymer modified bitumen (PMB) with the aim to describe and predict the PMB storage stability and phase separation behaviour. The viscoelastic effects due to dynamic asymmetry between bitumen and polymer are represented in the model by introducing a composition-dependent mobility coefficient. A double-well potential for PMB system is proposed on the basis of the Flory-Huggins free energy of mixing, with some simplifying assumptions made to take into account the complex chemical composition of bitumen. -
Pre Lab: Freezing Point Experiment 1) Define: Colligative Properties. 2
Pre Lab: Freezing Point Experiment 1) Define: Colligative properties. 2) List four Colligative properties. 3) Define: Molal freezing point depression constant, Kf. 4) Does the value of Kf depend on the nature of ( solvent, or solute)?_________ 5) a) Show a freezing point of 6.00 °C on a cooling curve for a pure solvent. temperature time b) If the freezing point of a pure solvent is 6.00 °C, will the solvent which is contaminated with a soluble material have a freezing point (higher than, lower than, or same as) 6.00 °C ? Answer: _________. Explain:_______________________________________________________ c) Show a freezing point on the cooling curve for the above contaminated solvent. temperature time 6) Assume you had used a well calibrated thermometer to measure the freezing point of a solvent, can you tell from the cooling curve if the solvent is contaminated with soluble material?______ How can you tell? a) ____________________ b) _____________________ (Next page) 7) Show the freezing point on a cooling curve for a solvent contaminated with insoluble material. temperature time 8) What is the relationship between ∆T and molar mass of solute? The larger the value of ∆T, the (larger, or smaller) the molar mass of the solute? 9) If some insoluble material contaminated your solution after it had been prepared, how would this effect the measured ∆Tf and the calculated molar mass of solute? Explain: _______________________________________________________ 10) If some soluble material contaminated your solution after it had been prepared, how -
Reverse Osmosis Bibliography Additional Readings
8/24/2016 Osmosis AccessScience from McGrawHill Education (http://www.accessscience.com/) Osmosis Article by: Johnston, Francis J. Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Publication year: 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/10978542.478400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/10978542.478400) Content Osmotic pressure Reverse osmosis Bibliography Additional Readings The transport of solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different solute concentration. The solvent diffuses from the solution that is dilute in solute to the solution that is concentrated. The phenomenon may be observed by immersing in water a tube partially filled with an aqueous sugar solution and closed at the end with parchment. An increase in the level of the liquid in the solution results from a flow of water through the parchment into the solution. The process occurs as a result of a thermodynamic tendency to equalize the sugar concentrations on both sides of the barrier. The parchment permits the passage of water, but hinders that of the sugar, and is said to be semipermeable. Specially treated collodion and cellophane membranes also exhibit this behavior. These membranes are not perfect, and a gradual diffusion of solute molecules into the more dilute solution will occur. Of all artificial membranes, a deposit of cupric ferrocyanide in the pores of a finegrained porcelain most nearly approaches complete semipermeability. The walls of cells in living organisms permit the passage of water and certain solutes, while preventing the passage of other solutes, usually of relatively high molecular weight. These walls act as selectively permeable membranes, and allow osmosis to occur between the interior of the cell and the surrounding media. -
Solutes and Solution
Solutes and Solution The first rule of solubility is “likes dissolve likes” Polar or ionic substances are soluble in polar solvents Non-polar substances are soluble in non- polar solvents Solutes and Solution There must be a reason why a substance is soluble in a solvent: either the solution process lowers the overall enthalpy of the system (Hrxn < 0) Or the solution process increases the overall entropy of the system (Srxn > 0) Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder in a system—entropy must increase for any spontaneous change 1 Solutes and Solution The forces that drive the dissolution of a solute usually involve both enthalpy and entropy terms Hsoln < 0 for most species The creation of a solution takes a more ordered system (solid phase or pure liquid phase) and makes more disordered system (solute molecules are more randomly distributed throughout the solution) Saturation and Equilibrium If we have enough solute available, a solution can become saturated—the point when no more solute may be accepted into the solvent Saturation indicates an equilibrium between the pure solute and solvent and the solution solute + solvent solution KC 2 Saturation and Equilibrium solute + solvent solution KC The magnitude of KC indicates how soluble a solute is in that particular solvent If KC is large, the solute is very soluble If KC is small, the solute is only slightly soluble Saturation and Equilibrium Examples: + - NaCl(s) + H2O(l) Na (aq) + Cl (aq) KC = 37.3 A saturated solution of NaCl has a [Na+] = 6.11 M and [Cl-] = -
Is Colonic Propionate Delivery a Novel Solution to Improve Metabolism and Inflammation in Overweight Or Obese Subjects?
Commentary in IgG levels in IPE-treated subjects versus Is colonic propionate delivery a novel those receiving cellulose supplementa- tion. This interesting discovery is the Gut: first published as 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318776 on 26 April 2019. Downloaded from solution to improve metabolism and first evidence in humans that promoting the delivery of propionate in the colon inflammation in overweight or may affect adaptive immunity. It is worth noting that previous preclinical and clin- obese subjects? ical data have shown that supplementation with inulin-type fructans was associated 1,2 with a lower inflammatory tone and a Patrice D Cani reinforcement of the gut barrier.7 8 Never- theless, it remains unknown if these effects Increased intake of dietary fibre has been was the lack of evidence that the observed are directly linked with the production of linked to beneficial impacts on health for effects were due to the presence of inulin propionate, changes in the proportion of decades. Strikingly, the exact mechanisms itself on IPE or the delivery of propionate the overall levels of SCFAs, or the pres- of action are not yet fully understood. into the colon. ence of any other bacterial metabolites. Among the different families of fibres, In GUT, Chambers and colleagues Alongside the changes in the levels prebiotics have gained attention mainly addressed this gap of knowledge and of SCFAs, plasma metabolome analysis because of their capacity to selectively expanded on their previous findings.6 For revealed that each of the supplementa- modulate the gut microbiota composition 42 days, they investigated the impact of tion periods was correlated with different 1 and promote health benefits. -
Sanitization: Concentration, Temperature, and Exposure Time
Sanitization: Concentration, Temperature, and Exposure Time Did you know? According to the CDC, contaminated equipment is one of the top five risk factors that contribute to foodborne illnesses. Food contact surfaces in your establishment must be cleaned and sanitized. This can be done either by heating an object to a high enough temperature to kill harmful micro-organisms or it can be treated with a chemical sanitizing compound. 1. Heat Sanitization: Allowing a food contact surface to be exposed to high heat for a designated period of time will sanitize the surface. An acceptable method of hot water sanitizing is by utilizing the three compartment sink. The final step of the wash, rinse, and sanitizing procedure is immersion of the object in water with a temperature of at least 170°F for no less than 30 seconds. The most common method of hot water sanitizing takes place in the final rinse cycle of dishwashing machines. Water temperature must be at least 180°F, but not greater than 200°F. At temperatures greater than 200°F, water vaporizes into steam before sanitization can occur. It is important to note that the surface temperature of the object being sanitized must be at 160°F for a long enough time to kill the bacteria. 2. Chemical Sanitization: Sanitizing is also achieved through the use of chemical compounds capable of destroying disease causing bacteria. Common sanitizers are chlorine (bleach), iodine, and quaternary ammonium. Chemical sanitizers have found widespread acceptance in the food service industry. These compounds are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and consequently require labeling with the word “Sanitizer.” The labeling should also include what concentration to use, data on minimum effective uses and warnings of possible health hazards. -
Understanding Variation in Partition Coefficient, Kd, Values: Volume II
United States Office of Air and Radiation EPA 402-R-99-004B Environmental Protection August 1999 Agency UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium August 1999 A Cooperative Effort By: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Office of Environmental Restoration U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 NOTICE The following two-volume report is intended solely as guidance to EPA and other environmental professionals. This document does not constitute rulemaking by the Agency, and cannot be relied on to create a substantive or procedural right enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. EPA may take action that is at variance with the information, policies, and procedures in this document and may change them at any time without public notice. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. ii FOREWORD Understanding the long-term behavior of contaminants in the subsurface is becoming increasingly more important as the nation addresses groundwater contamination. Groundwater contamination is a national concern as about 50 percent of the United States population receives its drinking water from groundwater. -
Parametrisation in Electrostatic DPD Dynamics and Applications
Parametrisation in electrostatic DPD Dynamics and Applications E. Mayoraly and E. Nahmad-Acharz February 19, 2016 y Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera M´exico-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa Ocoyoacac, Edo. de M´exicoC.P. 52750, M´exico z Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut´onomade M´exico, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 M´exico DF, Mexico abstract A brief overview of mesoscopic modelling via dissipative particle dynamics is presented, with emphasis on the appropriate parametrisation and how to cal- culate the relevant parameters for given realistic systems. The dependence on concentration and temperature of the interaction parameters is also considered, as well as some applications. 1 Introduction In a colloidal dispersion, the stability is governed by the balance between Van der Waals attractive forces and electrostatic repulsive forces, together with steric mechanisms. Being able to model their interplay is of utmost importance to predict the conditions for colloidal stability, which in turn is of major interest in basic research and for industrial applications. Complex fluids are composed typically at least of one or more solvents, poly- meric or non-polymeric surfactants, and crystalline substrates onto which these surfactants adsorb. Neutral polymer adsorption has been extensively studied us- ing mean-field approximations and assuming an adsorbed polymer configuration of loops and tails [1,2,3,4]. Different mechanisms of adsorption affecting the arXiv:1602.05935v1 [physics.chem-ph] 18 Feb 2016 global -
Page 1 of 6 This Is Henry's Law. It Says That at Equilibrium the Ratio of Dissolved NH3 to the Partial Pressure of NH3 Gas In
CHMY 361 HANDOUT#6 October 28, 2012 HOMEWORK #4 Key Was due Friday, Oct. 26 1. Using only data from Table A5, what is the boiling point of water deep in a mine that is so far below sea level that the atmospheric pressure is 1.17 atm? 0 ΔH vap = +44.02 kJ/mol H20(l) --> H2O(g) Q= PH2O /XH2O = K, at ⎛ P2 ⎞ ⎛ K 2 ⎞ ΔH vap ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ln⎜ ⎟ = ln⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ equilibrium, i.e., the Vapor Pressure ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ K1 ⎠ R ⎝ T2 T1 ⎠ for the pure liquid. ⎛1.17 ⎞ 44,020 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ln⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ − ⎟ = 1 8.3145 ⎜ T 373 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡1.17⎤ − 8.3145ln 1 ⎢ 1 ⎥ 1 = ⎣ ⎦ + = .002651 T2 44,020 373 T2 = 377 2. From table A5, calculate the Henry’s Law constant (i.e., equilibrium constant) for dissolving of NH3(g) in water at 298 K and 340 K. It should have units of Matm-1;What would it be in atm per mole fraction, as in Table 5.1 at 298 K? o For NH3(g) ----> NH3(aq) ΔG = -26.5 - (-16.45) = -10.05 kJ/mol ΔG0 − [NH (aq)] K = e RT = 0.0173 = 3 This is Henry’s Law. It says that at equilibrium the ratio of dissolved P NH3 NH3 to the partial pressure of NH3 gas in contact with the liquid is a constant = 0.0173 (Henry’s Law Constant). This also says [NH3(aq)] =0.0173PNH3 or -1 PNH3 = 0.0173 [NH3(aq)] = 57.8 atm/M x [NH3(aq)] The latter form is like Table 5.1 except it has NH3 concentration in M instead of XNH3. -
Molarity Versus Molality Concentration of Solutions SCIENTIFIC
Molarity versus Molality Concentration of Solutions SCIENTIFIC Introduction Simple visual models using rubber stoppers and water in a cylinder help to distinguish between molar and molal concentrations of a solute. Concepts • Solutions • Concentration Materials Graduated cylinder, 1-L, 2 Water, 2-L Rubber stoppers, large, 12 Safety Precautions Watch for spills. Wear chemical splash goggles and always follow safe laboratory procedures when performing demonstrations. Procedure 1. Tell the students that the rubber stoppers represent “moles” of solute. 2. Make a “6 Molar” solution by placing six of the stoppers in a 1-L graduated cylinder and adding just enough water to bring the total volume to 1 liter. 3. Now make a “6 molal” solution by adding six stoppers to a liter of water in the other cylinder. 4. Remind students that a kilogram of water is about equal to a liter of water because the density is about 1 g/mL at room temperature. 5. Set the two cylinders side by side for comparison. Disposal The water may be flushed down the drain. Discussion Molarity, moles of solute per liter of solution, and molality, moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, are concentration expressions that students often confuse. The differences may be slight with dilute aqueous solutions. Consider, for example, a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide. A 0.1 Molar solution consists of 4 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in approximately 998 g of water, while a 0.1 molal solution consists of 4 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 1000 g of water. The amount of water in both solutions is virtually the same. -
The Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Transition
Copyright by David Samuel Simmons 2009 The Dissertation Committee for David Samuel Simmons certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Phase and Conformational Behavior of LCST-Driven Stimuli Responsive Polymers Committee: ______________________________ Isaac Sanchez, Supervisor ______________________________ Nicholas Peppas ______________________________ Krishnendu Roy ______________________________ Venkat Ganesan ______________________________ Thomas Truskett Phase and Conformational Behavior of LCST-Driven Stimuli Responsive Polymers by David Samuel Simmons, B.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2009 To my grandfather, who made me an engineer before I knew the word and to my wife, Carey, for being my partner on my good days and bad. Acknowledgements I am extraordinarily fortunate in the support I have received on the path to this accomplishment. My adviser, Dr. Isaac Sanchez, has made this publication possible with his advice, support, and willingness to field my ideas at random times in the afternoon; he has my deep appreciation for his outstanding guidance. My thanks also go to the members of my Ph.D. committee for their valuable feedback in improving my research and exploring new directions. I am likewise grateful to the other members of Dr. Sanchez’ research group – Xiaoyan Wang, Yingying Jiang, Xiaochu Wang, and Frank Willmore – who have shared their ideas and provided valuable sounding boards for my mine. I would particularly like to express appreciation for Frank’s donation of his own post-graduation time in assisting my research. -
Lab Colligative Properties Data Sheet Answers
Lab Colligative Properties Data Sheet Answers outspanning:Rem remains hedogging: praising she his disclosed reunionists her tirelessly agrimony and semaphore dustily. Sober too purely? Wiatt demonetising Rhombohedral lissomly. Warren The answers coming up in both involve transformations of salt component of moles of salt flux is where appropriate. Experiment 4 Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression. The colligative property and answer the colligative properties? Constant is what property set the solvent not the solute. Laboratory Manual An Atoms First Approach illuminate the various Chemistry Laboratory. Wipe the colligative property of solute concentration of in touch the following sensors and answer to its properties multiple choice worksheet. Experiment 2 Graphical Representation of Data and the Use all Excel. Investigation of local church alongside lab partners from one middle or high underneath The engaging. For dilute solutions under ideal conditions A new equal to 1 and. Colligative Properties Study Guide Answers Colligative properties study guide answers. Students will characterize the properties that describe solutions and the saliva of acids and. Do colligative properties lab data sheets, see this conclusion of how they answer. Weber State University. Adding a lab. Stir well in data sheet of colligative effects. Strong electrolytes are a colligative properties of data sheet provided to. If no ally is such a referred solutions lab 33 freezing point answers book that. Chemistry Colligative Properties Answer Key AdvisorNews. Which a property. B Answering about 5-6 questions on eLearning for in particular lab You please be. Colligative Properties Chp14 13 13-Freezing Points of Solutions - leave a copy of store Data company with the TA BEFORE leaving lab 1124 No labs 121.