Non-State Armed Groups in the Myanmar Peace Process: What Are the Future Options?
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A Short Outline of the History of the Communist Party of Burma
A SHORT OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF .· THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF BURMA I Burma was an independent kingdom before annexation by the British imperialist in 1824. In 1885 British imperialist annexed whole of Burma. Since that time, Burmese people have never given up their fight for regaining their independence. Various armed uprisings and other legal forms of strug gle were used by the Burmese people in their fight to regain indep~ndence. In 19~8 the biggest and the broadest anti-British general _strike over-ran the whole country. The workers were on strike, the peasants marched up to Rangoon and all the students deserted their class-room to join the workers and peasants. It was an unprecendented anti-British movement in Burma popularly called in Burmese as "1300th movement". Out of this national and class struggle of the Burmese people and working class emerges the Communist Party of Burma. II The Communist Party of Burma was of!i~ially founded on 15th ~_!l_g~s_b 1939 by _!!nitil)K all MarxisLgr.9J!l!§ in Burma, III From the day of inception, CPB launched an active anti-British struggles up till 1941. It was the core of CPB leadership that led ahti British struggles up till the second world war. IV In 1941, after the Hitlerites treacherously attacked the Soviet Union, CPB changed its tactics and directed its blows against the fascists. v In 1942, Burma was invaded by the Japanese fascists. From that time onwards up till 1945, CPB worked unt~ringly to oppose the Japanese fa~ists 1 . -
BURMA (MYANMAR) COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
BURMA (MYANMAR) COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 17 June 2011 BURMA (MYANMAR) 17 JUNE 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN BURMA FROM 16 MAY TO 17 JUNE 2011 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON BURMA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 16 MAY AND 17 JUNE 2011 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY (INDEPENDENCE (1948) – NOVEMBER 2010) ................................................ 3.01 Constitutional referendum – 2008....................................................................... 3.03 Build up to 2010 elections ................................................................................... 3.05 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (NOVEMBER 2010 – MARCH 2011)....................................... 4.01 November 2010 elections .................................................................................... 4.01 Release of Aung San Suu Kyi ............................................................................. 4.13 Opening of Parliament ......................................................................................... 4.16 5. CONSTITUTION......................................................................................................... -
Mon Affairs Union Representative: Nai Bee Htaw Monzel
Mon Affairs Union Representative: Nai Bee Htaw Monzel Mr. Chairman or Madame Chairperson I would like to thank you for giving me the opportunity to participate in the Forum. I am representative from the Mon Affairs Union. The Mon Affairs Union is the largest Mon political and social organization in Mon State. It was founded by Mon organizations both inside and outside Burma in 2008. Our main objective to restore self-determination rights for Mon people in Burma. Mon people is an ethnic group and live in lower Burma and central Thailand. They lost their sovereign kingdom, Hongsawatoi in 1757. Since then, they have never regained their self- determination rights. Due to lack of self-determination rights, Mon people are barred from decision making processes on social, political and economic policies. Mon State has rich natural resources. Since the Mon do not have self-determination rights, the Mon people don’t have rights to make decision on using these resources. Mon State has been ruled by Burmese military for many years. Burmese military government extracts these resources and sells to neighboring countries such as China and Thailand. For example, the government sold billions of dollars of natural gas from Mon areas to Thailand. Instead of investing the income earned from natural gas in Mon areas, the government bought billion dollars of arms from China and Russia to oppress Mon people. Due Burmese military occupation in Mon areas, livelihoods of Mon people economic life have also been destroyed. Since 1995, Burmese military presence in Mon areas was substantially increased. Before 1995, Burma Army had 10 battalions in Mon State. -
B U R M a B U L L E T
B U R M A B U L L E T I N ∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞A month-in-review of events in Burma∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞ A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A campaigns, advocacy & capacity-building for human rights & democracy Issue 20 August 2008 • Fearing a wave of demonstrations commemorating th IN THIS ISSUE the 20 anniversary of the nationwide uprising, the SPDC embarks on a massive crackdown on political KEY STORY activists. The regime arrests 71 activists, including 1 August crackdown eight NLD members, two elected MPs, and three 2 Activists arrested Buddhist monks. 2 Prison sentences • Despite the regime’s crackdown, students, workers, 3 Monks targeted and ordinary citizens across Burma carry out INSIDE BURMA peaceful demonstrations, activities, and acts of 3 8-8-8 Demonstrations defiance against the SPDC to commemorate 8-8-88. 4 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi 4 Cyclone Nargis aid • Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is allowed to meet with her 5 Cyclone camps close lawyer for the first time in five years. She also 5 SPDC aid windfall receives a visit from her doctor. Daw Suu is rumored 5 Floods to have started a hunger strike. 5 More trucks from China • UN Special Rapporteur on human rights in Burma HUMAN RIGHTS 5 Ojea Quintana goes to Burma Tomás Ojea Quintana makes his first visit to the 6 Rape of ethnic women country. The SPDC controls his meeting agenda and restricts his freedom of movement. -
Late Jomon Male and Female Genome Sequences from the Funadomari Site in Hokkaido, Japan
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol. 127(2), 83–108, 2019 Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan Hideaki KANZAWA-KIRIYAMA1*, Timothy A. JINAM2, Yosuke KAWAI3, Takehiro SATO4, Kazuyoshi HOSOMICHI4, Atsushi TAJIMA4, Noboru ADACHI5, Hirofumi MATSUMURA6, Kirill KRYUKOV7, Naruya SAITOU2, Ken-ichi SHINODA1 1Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba City, Ibaragi 305-0005, Japan 2Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima City, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan 3Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 4Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan 5Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan 6Second Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0061, Japan 7Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara City, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan Received 18 April 2018; accepted 15 April 2019 Abstract The Funadomari Jomon people were hunter-gatherers living on Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan c. 3500–3800 years ago. In this study, we determined the high-depth and low-depth nuclear ge- nome sequences from a Funadomari Jomon female (F23) and male (F5), respectively. We genotyped the nuclear DNA of F23 and determined the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I genotypes and the phenotypic traits. Moreover, a pathogenic mutation in the CPT1A gene was identified in both F23 and F5. The mutation provides metabolic advantages for consumption of a high-fat diet, and its allele fre- quency is more than 70% in Arctic populations, but is absent elsewhere. -
Chapter 8, Control and Resistance, Attacks on Burmese Opposition Media
8 Control and Resistance Attacks on Burmese Opposition Media Nart Villeneuve and Masashi Crete-Nishihata Burma is consistently identifi ed by human rights organizations as one of the world ’ s most repressive regimes. Human rights violations occur with regularity, especially in connection with the country ’ s long-standing armed confl ict. The ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), is best known for its political pris- oners and its systematic denial of universal human rights such as freedom of expres- sion. 1 The government ’ s efforts to silence dissent pervade cyberspace and its system of Internet control is one of the most restrictive in Asia. Despite the heavy hand that the regime wields over cyberspace, information com- munication technologies (ICTs) have provided Burmese opposition groups with the means to broadcast their message to the world and challenge the government. The ongoing battle between these two sides makes Burma a stark example of contested Asian cyberspace. The role of ICTs in this struggle can be framed by contrasting theo- ries that view them either as “ liberation technologies ” that can empower grassroots political movements 2 or as tools that authoritarian governments can use to suppress these very same mobilizations. 3 This contestation is dramatically illustrated by the series of protests that erupted across the country in 2007 — in a movement popularly known as the “ Saffron Revolu- tion. ” During these protests, Burmese activists managed to bring the uprising to the world ’ s attention by making images and videos of the demonstrations and subsequent government crackdown available on the Internet. Realizing the potential political impact of these images, the government severed Internet connectivity in the country for nearly two weeks. -
Using the National Historic Preservation Act to Protect Iconic Species
Hastings Environmental Law Journal Volume 12 Number 2 Spring 2006 Article 5 1-1-2006 The Cultural Significance of Wildlife: Using the National Historic Preservation Act to Protect Iconic Species Ingrid Brostrom Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_environmental_law_journal Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Ingrid Brostrom, The Cultural Significance of Wildlife: Using the National Historic Preservation Act to Protect Iconic Species, 12 Hastings West Northwest J. of Envtl. L. & Pol'y 147 (2006) Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_environmental_law_journal/vol12/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Environmental Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WEST NORTHWEST I have raised my children from the gifts from this sea. It’s our mission to pass this treasure to our offspring.1 - Oba San, 92-year-old Okinawan protestor The Cultural Significance of Wildlife: Using the National Historic I. Introduction Preservation Act to Protect Iconic Species Whether it be the emblematic bald eagle flying majestically overhead or the spawning salmon winding its way upstream, certain animals represent the By Ingrid Brostrom* cultural backbone of a people and bring meaning to the human world around them. A community can survive without these species but its unique cultural iden- tity may not. While every species has bio- logical and ecological value, some deserve extra protection for the signifi- cance they derive from the human popu- lations around them. -
Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State
A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State ASIA PAPER May 2018 EUROPEAN UNION A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State © Institute for Security and Development Policy V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu “A Return to War: Militarized Conflicts in Northern Shan State” is an Asia Paper published by the published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Paper Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. The Institute serves a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This publication has been produced with funding by the European Union. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the paper lies entirely with the authors. No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. © European Union and ISDP, 2018 Printed in Lithuania ISBN: 978-91-88551-11-5 Cover photo: Patrick Brown patrickbrownphoto.com Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel. -
Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team
Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team Seventeen Ethnic Armed Organizations held a conference in Laiza, the headquarters of KIO/KIA on 30 Oct – 2 Nov 2013. At the end of the conference, ethnic leaders established Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team (NCCT) on Nov 2, 2013. The NCCT will represent to member ethnic armed organizations when negotiating with government peace negotiation team, UPWC. NCCT Leader: • Vice-Chairman : Nai Hong Sar, New Mon State Party • Deputy Leader 1 : General Secretary – Padoh Kwe Htoo Win (Karen National Union) • Deputy Leader 2 : Deputy Commander-in-Chief – Maj. Gen. Gun Maw (KIA) Member • Lt. Col. Kyaw Han, Arakan Army • Central Committee Member Ms. Mra Raza Lin, Arakan Liberation Party • General Secretary Twan Zaw, Arakan National Council • Presidium Dr. Lian Sakhong, Chin National Front • Col. Saw Lont Lon, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army • Secretary-2 Shwe Myo Thant, Karenni National Progressive Party • Gen. Dr. Timothy, Foreign Affairs, KNU/KNLA Peace Council • Col. Hkun Okker, Patron, Pa-Oh National Liberation Organization • Central Committee member Sai Ba Tun, Shan State Progress Party • Secretary-General Ta Aik Nyunt, Wa National Organization NCCT member Organizations: 1. Arakan Liberation Party 2. Arakan National Council 3. Arakan Army 4. Chin National Front 5. Democratic Karen Benevolent Army 6. Karenni National Progressive Party 7. Chairman, Karen National Union 8. KNU/KNLA Peace Council 9. Lahu Democratic Union 10. Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 11. New Mon State Party 12. Pa-Oh National Liberation Organization 13. Palaung State Liberation Front 14. Shan State Progress Party 15. Wa National Organiztion 16. Kachin Independence Organization Note: Representatives of Restoration Council of Shan State attended the ethnic armed organizations conference held in Laiza, the headquarters of KIO. -
USAID/BURMA MONTHLY ATMOSPHERIC REPORT January 2020
USAID/BURMA MONTHLY ATMOSPHERIC REPORT January 2020 Contract Number: 72048218C00004 Myanmar Analytical Activity Acknowledgement This report has been written by Kimetrica LLC (www.kimetrica.com) and Mekong Economics (www.mekongeconomics.com) as part of the Myanmar Analytical Activity, and is therefore the exclusive property of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Melissa Earl (Kimetrica) is the author of this report and reachable at [email protected] or at Kimetrica LLC, 80 Garden Center, Suite A-368, Broomfield, CO 80020. The author’s views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. USAID.GOV DECEMBER 2019 MONTHLY ATMOSPHERIC REPORT | 1 JANUARY 2020 AT A GLANCE Myanmar’s ICOE Finds Insufficient Evidence of Genocide. The ICOE admits there is evidence that Tatmadaw soldiers committed individual war crimes, but rules there is no evidence of a systematic effort to destroy the Rohingya people. (Page 1) The ICJ Rules Myanmar Must Take Measures to Protect the Rohingya From Acts of Genocide. International observers laud the ruling as a major step toward fighting genocide globally, but reactions to the ruling in Myanmar are mixed. (Page 2) Fortify Rights Documents Five Cases of Rohingya IDPs Forced to Accept NVCs. The international community and the Rohingya condemned the cards, saying they are a means to keep the Rohingya from obtaining full citizenship rights by identifying them as “Bengali,” not Rohingya. (Page 3) During the Chinese President’s State Visit to Myanmar, the Two Countries Signed Multiple MoUs. The 33 MoUs that President Xi Jinping cosigned are related to infrastructure, trade, media, and urban development. -
Ethnic Armed Actors and Justice Provision in Myanmar
Ethnic Armed Actors and Justice Provision in Myanmar Brian McCartan and Kim Jolliffe October 2016 Preface As a result of decades of ongoing civil war, large areas of Myanmar remain outside government rule, or are subject to mixed control and governance by the government and an array of ethnic armed actors (EAAs). These included ethnic armed organizations, with ceasefires or in conflict with the state, as well as state-backed ethnic paramilitary organizations, such as the Border Guard Forces and People’s Militia Forces. Despite this complexity, order has been created in these areas, in large part through customary justice mechanisms at the community level, and as a result of justice systems administered by EAAs. Though the rule of law and the workings of Myanmar’s justice system are receiving increasing attention, the role and structure of EAA justice systems and village justice remain little known and therefore, poorly understood. As such, The Asia Foundation is pleased to present this research on justice provision and ethnic armed actors in Myanmar, as part of the Foundation’s Social Services in Contested Areas in Myanmar series. The study details how the village, and village-based mechanisms, are the foundation of stability and order for civilians in most of these areas. These systems have then been built through EAA justice systems, which maintain a hierarchy of courts above the village level. Understanding the continuity and stability of these village systems, and the heterogeneity of the EAA justice systems which work alongside them, is essential for understanding civilians’ experiences of justice and security across Myanmar, as well as the opportunities for positive change that exist in Myanmar’s ongoing peace process and governance reforms. -
August 28, 2020)
PEACE Info (August 28, 2020) − CSOs Attend Peace Roundtable in Myitkyina − In Myanmar's Karen State, Ex-Insurgents Create a Haven for Chinese Casino Bosses − Heavy weapon fire kills one farmer and injures three in Rakhine − PMF Beats Kachin Youth at Checkpoint in Hukawng Valley − COVID-19 Spread Adds to Woes of War Refugees in Myanmar’s Rakhine State − အ�ကမ��ဖက�မ�မ���က�� ဆက�လက�တ��က�ဖ�က�သ���မည�ဟ� �မန�မ����င�ငံ�ခ���ရ�ဌ�န��ကည� − မ�ဆယ��ဒသခံသ�ံ�ဦ� အသတ�ခံရမ� စ�ံစမ��ဖ��� တပ�န�� ရ��လ��က���တ� �တ�� − �က��က�မ��မ ���နယ� တပ�မ� က���လ�န�သည�� အမ� ပ�င��လင���မင�သ� ရ���စလ�� − က��ဗစ�က�လအတ�င�� က�ည�ထ�မ�န�၍ �က��က��တ���ဒသခံ ၂ ဦ� �သဆ�ံ� − KIA ထ�န��ခ��ပ�နယ���မက စစ��ဘ�ဒ�က�သည�စခန�� ရ�က��အခက�အခ�ရ���န − ကပ��ဘ�က�လမ�� အင�တ�နက� (4G) �ပန�ဖ�င���ပ�ဖ��� ရခ��င��ဒသခံ လ�ငယ��တ� �တ�င��ဆ�� − "ရခ��င��ပည�နယ�မ�� ရ�က��မ�ပတ��စရပ�ဘ��" - �ဒ��အ�င�ဆန��စ��ကည� − က���င���တ�င���ရအ��လ�ပ�စစ� ၀န�ထမ�� အ�မ�ရ��ဆ�က�ရန� ယ���မ ဧက ၂၀၀ က�မ�ဏ�သ�မ��ယ�မည��က�စ� �ဒသခံ သ�ဘ�မတ� − အပစ�ရပ�နယ���မ�တ�မ�� �ရ���က�က�ပ��လ�ပ�ငန��စ�� မ�ရမရ��ဖစ��န − က�န�ဟ�န���မ ���နယ�တ�င� က�ပ� ၃၂ ဘ�လ�ယံခန�� တန�ဖ���ရ�� မ��ယစ��ဆ�မ���ဖမ��မ� ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 1 of 28 CSOs Attend Peace Roundtable in Myitkyina By Network Media Group | Friday, August 28, 2020 The Myanmar Peace Monitor organized a roundtable in Myitkyina town to facilitate better cooperation among the many civil society organizations (CSOs) in Kachin State working on peace-related issues.