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Maori Land : a Strategy for Overcoming Constraints On Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Māori Land A Strategy for Overcoming Constraints on Development A thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by John Reid Lincoln University 2011 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. Māori Land: A strategy for overcoming constraints on development by J. D. Reid This thesis is constructed on long-term action research with seven case-study groups of Māori landowners with strong development aspirations for either unutilised land, or underutilised land, but are constrained in their ability to unlock its potential. The research found that each case study shared similar development goals. Each viewed their land as a spring-board for business development, cultural revitalisation, environmental restoration, and community development encapsulated by the vision of contemporary Papakāinga. However, common constraints were experienced in achieving development aspirations that included: Limited financing options; inappropriate methods employed by education institutions to build technical knowledge and skills within communities of landowners; high levels of distrust and suspicion within communities; leadership which is unable to maintain collective support; inappropriately designed development support from government development agencies; and the presence of colonial narratives within communities that create despondency and inertia. To address these constraints it is determined that a well-resourced multi-disciplinary team from a single agency is required that can provide specialists and capacity in a manner that is directly accountable to landowners. First, the institution should possess the capacity to provide social lending and venture capital. Second, a team of highly experienced professionals and technical specialists is required to support landowners in decision-making and engagement with external government and corporate institutions in commercial, sustainable land management, and community development areas. Third, specialists either external or internal to a land-owning community are required that possess the cultural ii competency to develop endogenous and contextualised critical learning and planning programmes that encompass the following areas: Endogenous leadership philosophies and cosmology; identity reconstruction through immersion in narratives and practices that encourage a positive and contemporary Māori self-image; and agriculture, horticulture, business administration, governance, and the discourse of government agencies. Key Words: Māori land development, Fourth World Development, Indigenous Development Postcolonialism, Postdevelopment; Liberation Psychology; Sustainable Livelihoods Approach; Human Needs; Kaupapa Māori; Action Learning; Participatory Development; Wisdom Traditions; Narrative Learning; Endogenous Participatory Learning; Papakāinga iii Karakia Tīmata Whakataumai rā te mauri a Tāne Tēnā te ara, te ara ka irihia Te ara a Tāne Kia piki ake ki te raki tuhaha Ki te tihi o Manono Tuku iho ki raro nei Takiritia rā te tapu a Io o Te Raki Ki roto ki te arero o te rākau nei Kia kaha ai koe, kia toa ai koe Takiritia rā ki ruka a Papatūānuku ki te Mauri rā Haumietikitiki me Rokomaraero e Kokiritia rā te tapu a Takaroa He tapu ka kawe ki a Hine Moana me Kiwa e Ruria te wai ki ruka ki te riri a Ruaimoko Tēnā te mauri o te hohouroko I roto I te arero o te rākau nei Tūturu mai kia whakamaua kia tina Tina! Haumi e! hui e! tāiki e! Acknowledgements To my wife Amy Reid who backed this work and thesis from the very beginning and accompanied me on the struggles on the journey. To my children, Stella, George and Mathieu, who inspired me to continue. To Keith Morrison whose „out of the box‟ theorizing and thinking expanded my horizons. To Stefanie Rixecker who wouldn‟t let me give-up. To Wayne Petera who brought me into a new world of ancient thinking. To Kevin Moore who stopped me stubbling on the final stretch. To Michael Stevens who critically examined my historical work. To David O‟Connell from Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu who supported me all the way with resourcing and moral support for the project. To Jon Manhire without whom none of this would be possible. To Ben Te Aika for his inspired and warm-hearted thoughts. To all whānau that participated in this work. iv Whakataukī Mā te rongo, ka mōhio; Mā te mōhio, ka mārama; Mā te mārama, ka mātau; Mā te mātau, ka ora. Through resonant peace comes perception; through perception comes understanding; through understanding comes wisdom; through wisdom comes life and well-being. v Table of Contents Glossary of Terms ........................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .................................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER ONE: The Historical Context of Māori Land Ownership .............................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Traditional property rights .................................................................................................. 2 Māori traditional economic organisation ............................................................................ 4 The effectiveness of traditional Māori economic organisation following European contact . 5 The Treaty paves the way to the eradication of Māori self-governance ............................. 10 Crown pre-emption – Negotiating sales through divisiveness, threats and false promises . 12 The Wairau Purchase.................................................................................................... 13 Kemp‟s Deed ............................................................................................................... 14 The enactment of laws to control the process of sale, divide and conquer ......................... 16 The „land leagues‟, war and confiscations ........................................................................ 18 Virtually landless ......................................................................................................... 20 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO: Fourth World and Māori Development ............................................. 23 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 23 Development in the Fourth World .................................................................................... 24 Sovereignty and Cultural Match ................................................................................... 25 Establishing competent and effective bureaucracies ...................................................... 28 Welfare Colonialism and Co-optation ........................................................................... 30 The level of indigenous sovereignty in the Fourth World .............................................. 31 Māori Development ......................................................................................................... 32 The early period – post Treaty of Waitangi ................................................................... 33 The post 1945 urbanisation period ................................................................................ 35 Devolution ................................................................................................................... 37 The Treaty of Waitangi into legislation ........................................................................ 41 Looking into the future ................................................................................................. 44 Imagining Māori development ......................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER THREE: Māori Land Development .............................................................. 56 vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 56 Bilateral succession and fragmentation ............................................................................. 57 Finding mechanisms to develop Māori land ..................................................................... 61 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER FOUR: Combating the Internalisation of Colonialism ................................. 72 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 72 Internalising colonialism .................................................................................................
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