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Pleurotus Pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae): in Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation and the Isolation of a Steroidal Isoprenoid

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Pleurotus Pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae): in Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation and the Isolation of a Steroidal Isoprenoid Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology Vol. 7(04), pp. 32-38, July-August, 2019 Available online at http://www.jabonline.in DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2019.70406 Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae): In vitro antioxidant evaluation and the isolation of a steroidal isoprenoid Blessing Onyinye Okonkwo, Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho*, Emeka Daniel Ahanonu, Lambert Okwubie, Kio Anthony Abo Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This study is reporting the in vitro antioxidant activity of the fruiting body of the edible mushroom Pleurotus Received on: November 21, 2018 pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. The fruiting body of the edible mushroom was defatted with n-hexane and further Accepted on: February 11, 2019 extracted by successive maceration in dichloromethane (DCM) and 80% aqueous ethanol (AQE) to obtain Available online: July 04, 2019 the DCM and AQE extracts, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and iron chelating assays were used for antioxidant evaluation in vitro with ascorbic acid as the reference standard for comparison. Isolation and structural elucidation of the steroid were done using chromatographic Key words: and spectroscopic techniques, respectively. The trend for the DPPH radical scavenging activity: ascorbic acid Pleurotus pulmonarius, [inhibition concentration (IC) = 0.012 mg/ml] > AQE (IC = 0.525 mg/ml) > DCM (IC = 1.820 mg/ml) antioxidants, mushrooms, 50 50 50 and for the iron chelating activity: ascorbic acid (IC = 0.214 mg/ml) > AQE (IC = 1.318 mg/ml) > DCM steroidal isoprenoid. 50 50 (IC50 = 7.586 mg/ml) were observed. From the DCM was isolated a pure compound 1 elucidated to be the known steroidal isoprenoid: ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3β-ol. This study aside reporting the isolation of the known compound 1 from this species of Pleurotus, has also shown that compound 1 has a significant iron chelating activity at 0.001 mg/ml of 77.06% compared to 4.56% at same concentration for DPPH scavenging activity. 1. INTRODUCTION of mushrooms cultivated mostly in Asian countries have been The importance and awareness of antioxidants are increasing reported [3–5], similar report for species in Nigeria is scarce. As a because they are useful in treating and preventing diseases that follow-up to previous reports on the bio-prospection for bioactive arise due to oxidative stress. Antioxidant-rich foods have been metabolites from the mycoflora in Nigeria that could serve as found to promote longevity and good health [1]. Specific roles of leads in drugs and agrochemicals discovery and development antioxidants in preventing cancer and as anti-aging agents have [6–11], we are reporting in this present study the 2,2-diphenyl-1- been reported [2]. For years, mushrooms have been a source of picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and iron chelating food nutrients, as well as important bioactive compounds useful in activities of P. pulmonarius fruiting bodies extract, as well as the medicine. Traditional reports on the use of extracts from Pleurotus isolation of the antioxidant bioactive compound(s) which led to species in the treatment of some illnesses are documented. Pleurotus isolation of a steroidal isoprenoid. pulmonarius is one of the mushrooms that are used traditionally as an anti-aging agent, in treating Diabetes mellitus, skin, and heart 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS diseases among others. Several animals and in vitro studies have validated that most of these activities are due to its antioxidant 2.1. Sample Collection and Processing properties [3]. Although several reports on the antioxidant activity Fresh fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius (12 kg) were purchased from Dilomats Farm Ltd, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and authenticated by Dr. C. *Corresponding Author Ekeke, the taxonomist at the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho, Department of Pharmacognosy and Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port A herbarium specimen with a voucher number UPH/V/1287; Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. UPH/P/130 was deposited in the same herbarium. The sample E-mail: [email protected] © 2019 Okonkwo, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License -NonCommercial-ShareAlike Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/). Okonkwo, et al.: Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae): In vitro antioxidant evaluation 2019;7(04):32-38 33 a foil to prevent exposure to light, 2 ml of 0.02% DPPH solution in methanol was separately added and the mixtures were shaken and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm against a blank (methanol). A solution devoid of the test extracts but containing 2 ml of the DPPH solution and 2 ml of methanol was used as a negative control while ascorbic acid was used as a reference antioxidant agent for comparison. Percentage inhibition of DPPH free radicals was calculated following the formula below: – AA(Negativecontrol) (sample) Inhibition of DPPH radical(%) =×100 A(Negativecontrol) Where: A(Negative control) = Absorbance of the negative control solution (containing all reagents except the test extract) A(Sample) = Absorbance of the test extract The IC50 value is the effective concentration of extract that Figure 1: Fresh fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius. scavenged 50% DPPH radicals and it was obtained by extrapolation from the regression curve. was cut into small portions and air-dried under a current of dry air at room temperature for 3–4 days. The dried sample was 2.4.2. Iron chelating assay homogenized and stored in screw tight jars until use. The extract ability to chelate the ferrous ions (Fe2+) in ferrous chloride was estimated by a standard method [15]. Briefly, a 2.2. Sample Extraction 2 ml of 200 µM ferrous chloride was added separately to 2 ml of varying concentrations of the extracts (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and A 600 g of the dried powder was defatted by maceration [12] in 8.0 mg/ml). The reaction was started by the addition of 0.05% n-hexane (6 l) at room temperature in a macerating glass bottle o-Phenanthroline in methanol. The mixture was shaken strongly with intermittent agitation for 72 hours. During this period, fresh and left to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes before replacement of the solvent was done after every 24 hours. The measuring the absorbance at 510 nm. The percentage inhibition defatted marc was air dried to remove residual n-hexane and of o-Phenanthroline–Fe2+ complex formation was calculated using further extracted by cold maceration in dichloromethane (DCM) the formula. and 80% aqueous ethanol (AQE) in succession. For each of the solvents, the maceration [12] was done for 72 hours with the – AA(Negativecontrol) (sample) fresh replacement of the solvent after every 24 hours. The dried Iron chelatingpotential (%) =×100 A DCM and 80% AQE extracts were obtained after using a rotary (Negativecontrol) evaporator to concentrate their respective filtrate. The two extracts DCM and AQE were kept in the desiccator until further use. Where: A(Negative control) = Absorbance of the negative control solution (containing all reagents except the test extract) 2.3. Phytochemical Screening A(Sample) = Absorbance of the test extract Phytochemical screening was done using standard phytochemical The IC value is the effective concentration of the extract resulted screening reagents as reported previously [12,13]. 50 in 50% iron chelating action and it was obtained by extrapolation from the regression curve. 2.4. Antioxidant Assays 2.4.1. DPPH radical scavenging assay 2.5. Isolation and Purification of Compound 1 From the Dichloromethane Extract A quantitative DPPH antioxidant assay was performed on the two extracts (DCM and AQE) following the standard method [14] with The DCM extract (3.95 g) was pre-adsorbed by mixing in silica gel some modifications. Preliminary DPPH antioxidant assay was done (4 g) and loaded on a column (internal diameter 4 cm), dry packed on the extracts (AQE, DCM, and the fatty n-hexane extract) at 0.5 with silica gel (200–400 mesh, KCM light, India) to a height of 36 mg/ml in triplicate to ascertain their degree of activity. Thereafter, cm. The mobile phase gradient (500 ml of each) used comprised six different concentrations within the range of 0.03125–1.00000 of n-hexane (5:0 v/v); n-hexane: DCM (4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, 0:5 v/v); mg/ml were obtained by two-fold serial dilution, and the stock DCM: ethanol (4:1, 3:2 v/v). The eluted fractions were collected at solution (10 mg/ml) were prepared for the active extracts (AQE 100 ml intervals and pooled based on observed Rf of resolved spots and DCM) and used for the quantitative DPPH antioxidant assay to and color reaction with chromogenic spray reagent from TLC. On the basis of these, the pooled fractions eluted with hexane/DCM determine their respective inhibition concentration (IC50) Briefly, with 2 ml of each of the test concentration in a test tube wrap with 1:4 to DCM/ethanol 4:1 showed a radical scavenging activity after 34 Okonkwo, et al.: Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 2019;7(04):32-38 1 13 Table 1: H and C NMR (CDCl3) spectra data of compound. Published [18] Published* Position δC (ppm) δH ppm H-H COSY HMBC δC ppm δH ppm C-1
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