DOCSLIB.ORG

Nbs Special Publication 618 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nbs Special Publication 618 4 f ) F T~AO F C NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 618 4- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement, coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations anci f-irnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government, provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies: develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: 2 Absolute Physical Quantities - Radiation Research - Thermodynamics and Molecular Science - Analytical Chemistry - Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Applied Mathematics - Electronics and Electrical Engineering' - Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology' - Building Technology - Fire Research - Consumer Product Technology - Field Methods. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives: carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Iederal Government. The Institute consists of the following centers: Programming Science and Technology - Computer Systems Engineering. 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. Environmental Speciation and Monitoring Needs for Trace Metl-Containing Substances from Energy-Related Processes Proceedings of the DoE/NBS Workshop Held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD May 18-20, 1981 Editors: Frederick E. Brinckman Chemical Stability and Corrosion Division Center for Materials Science National Measurement Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 and Richard H. Fish Energy and Environment Division Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 Sponsored by the: National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 and Department of Energy Office of Health and Environmental Research Washington, DC 20545 '0 o' Co U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baidrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Issued November 1981 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81-600140 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 618 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 618, 336 pages (Nov. 1981) CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1981 PREFACE Increased national reliance on alternate sources for either extracting fuels and oils from fossil deposits or from recycled materials now requires that we direct our attention to examining the processing and environmental hazards shared by both technologies and their possible common measurement solutions. These joint concerns are raised because it is already clear that fossil sources, such as shale oil (kerogen) or coal, being of biogeo- chemical origin, contain significant bioaccumulations of many toxic elements, including arsenic, mercury, selenium, and cadmium. Similarly, dependence upon recycled materials as prospective sources for organic feed stocks requires equivalent consideration of the substantial anthropogenic incorporation of the same toxic elements during prior use. Underlying both technologies, therefore, is a major requirement for reliable and appro- priate trace measurement methods and standards. These also can probably share common scientific and applications developments, not only because the analytes and matrices-are often similar, but especially because the processing favored in both technologies heavily involves interactions with ground waters and the atmosphere. Assessing or monitoring environmental hazards or impacts of such processes and their aqueous effluents, whether in the public health sense or in occupational exposure, is inhibited by two major unsolved problems: (1) what are the specific (molecular) forms of the toxic elements and their dosage effects on specific organisms? (2) what are (or will be) the best means for detecting and quantitating these toxicants in the process environ- ment as a timely monitoring control? Ultimately, this framework for data bases and decision-making must mesh with the existing body of environmental and health regulatory legislation: This is highlighted with recent passage of the National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act (Public Law 96-479), which places iaentifica- tion of materials problems on parity with energy and environmental concerns. Over the past several years, widespread scientific interest has risen with develop- ment of new element-specific methods suitable for "speciating" or characterizing at trace (ppm or ppb) concentrations those types of metal- or metalloid-containing molecules that exhibit bioactivity or are biogenic. The work so far is widely scattered and inadequately funded; it is not focused on energy or recycled materials. Consequently, the speciation field is not yet sufficiently developed to make full use of its potential contribution to these topics of concern, which form the reasons for this Workshop. Against this backdrop, the Workshop germinated 2 years ago when we were greatly encouraged by Gerald Goldstein (DoE) and Joseph Berke (NBS) to attempt assembly of a forum where active colleagues, expert in the necessarily diverse disciplines, could critically discuss such a timely but broad area. Following much deliberation and creation of a (by no means complete) "short list," we contacted 24 possible speakers. Their immediate and enthusiastic response was later equally shared by some 40 more scientists invited from industry, academia, and Government to participate in the Workshop. Thus, this Workshop, unusualin its aim to address biogeochemical, analytical, and biological aspects of special classes of metal-containing materials in energy-processing or waste cycling, evolved. III The reader will appreciate that no simple organization of formal papers could make transitions between such diverse topics flow evenly. Rather, we have taken on the task to incorporate essential features of the informal discussion accompanying each paper and during the longer discussion periods concluding each Session. We assume full responsi- bility for the inevitable editorial changes in the dialog, and trust that our fellow conferees will not be offended. It should be noted that throughout these proceedings certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in order to specify adequately experimental pro- cedures. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards or Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, nor does it imply that the material or equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. Continued interest and many forms of dedicated effort make a successful meeting; this Workshop was especially demanding of a great number of associates, only some of whom we can acknowledge here. We thank our sponsors, the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DoE, and the Office of Recycled Materials, NBS, for their financial support and guidance. To our colleagues who wrote the timely and critical papers which make this book possible, and to all of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mercury(II) Heterobimetallic Complexes Using a Hybrid Ligand, 1, 2-Bis(Diphenylphosphino) Ethane Monoxide
    37 Sciencia Acta Xaveriana Volume 5 An International Science Journal No. 1 ISSN. 0976-1152 pp. 37-46 March 2014 Synthesis of organotin(IV) - mercury(II) heterobimetallic complexes using a hybrid ligand, 1, 2-bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane monoxide E. M. Mothia* and K. Panchantheswaranb a Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, India b School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India *Email : [email protected] Abstract : The reaction of 1, 2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane monoxide, a hybrid ligand containing both soft (P) and hard (O) Lewis base centers in the same molecule, with organotin(IV) chloride and mercury(II) chloride has been carried out using dichloromethane as solvent. The products [HgCl2.(dppeO).R2SnCl2]n [R = Me (1), Ph (2) and CH2Ph (3)] have been obtained in excellent yields and are characterized using IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic methods. Based on the spectral data it is proposed that the structure may contain -Hg-P-O-Sn-O-P- Hg- polymeric array. Keywords : hybrid ligands, organotin, mercury, phosphine, phosphine oxide (Received : January 2014, Accepted February 2014) 38 Synthesis of organotin(IV) - mercury(II) heterobimetallic complexes using a hybrid ligand 1. Introduction Hybrid ligands are polydentate ligands that contain at least two different types of chemical functionality capable of binding to metal centers. These functionalities are often chosen to be very different from each other to increase the difference between their resulting interactions with metal centers and thereby contribute to chemoselectivity. Combining hard and soft donors in the same ligand has marked the evolution of different and contrasting chemistries, thus leading to novel and unprecedented properties for the resulting metal complexes.1An important class of such hybrid ligands are bis-phosphine monoxides (BPMOs) of the general formula R1R2P-Y-P(O)R3R4, where Y is a divalent spacer.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Biogeochemistry, Lecture 8
    12.158 Lecture Pigment-derived Biomarkers (1) Colour, structure, distribution and function (2) Biosynthesis (3) Nomenclature (4) Aromatic carotenoids ● Biomarkers for phototrophic sulfur bacteria ● Alternative biological sources (5) Porphyrins and maleimides Many of the figures in this lecture were kindly provided by Jochen Brocks, RSES ANU 1 Carotenoid pigments ● Carotenoids are usually yellow, orange or red coloured pigments lutein β-carotene 17 18 19 2' 2 4 6 8 3 7 9 16 1 5 lycopenelycopene 2 Structural diversity ● More than 600 different natural structures are known, ● They are derived from the C40 carotenoid lycopene by varied hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization and oxidation reaction 17 18 19 2' 2 4 6 8 3 7 9 16 1 5 lycopene neurosporene α-carotene γ -carotene spirilloxanthin siphonaxanthin canthaxanthin spheroidenone 3 Structural diversity Purple non-sulfur bacteria peridinin 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin okenone fucoxanthin Biological distribution ● Carotenoids are biosynthesized de novo by all phototrophic bacteria, eukaryotes and halophilic archaea ● They are additionally synthesized by a large variety of non-phototrophs ● Vertebrates and invertebrates have to incorporate carotenoids through the diet, but have often the capacity to structurally modifiy them 4 Carotenoid function (1) Accessory pigments in Light Harvesting Complex (LHC) (annual production by marine phytoplancton alone: 4 million tons) e.g. LH-II Red and blue: protein complex Green: chlorophyll Yellow: lycopene (2) Photoprotection (3) photoreceptors for phototropism
    [Show full text]
  • CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: † Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes
    inorganics Review CO2 Derivatives of Molecular Tin Compounds. Part 1: y Hemicarbonato and Carbonato Complexes Laurent Plasseraud Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue A. Savary, F-21078 Dijon, France; [email protected] Paper dedicated to Professor Georg Süss-Fink on the occasion of his 70th birthday. y Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 24 April 2020; Published: 29 April 2020 Abstract: This review focuses on organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands, and whose molecular structures have been previously resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of them were isolated within the framework of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors with carbon dioxide at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Alternatively, and essentially for the preparation of some carbonato derivatives, inorganic carbonate salts such as K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 were also used as coreagents. In terms of the number of X-ray structures, carbonate compounds are the most widely represented (to date, there are 23 depositions in the Cambridge Structural Database), while hemicarbonate derivatives are rarer; only three have so far been characterized in the solid-state, and exclusively for diorganotin complexes. For each compound, the synthesis conditions are first specified. Structural aspects involving, in particular, the modes of coordination of the hemicarbonato and carbonato moieties and the coordination geometry around tin are then described and illustrated (for most cases) by showing molecular representations. Moreover, when they were available in the original reports, some characteristic spectroscopic data are also given for comparison (in table form).
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Kinetics of Novel Ionic Liquid Soluble Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reagents
    Synthesis and kinetics of novel ionic liquid soluble hydrogen atom transfer reagents Thomas William Garrard Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree Doctor of Philosophy June 2018 School of Chemistry The University of Melbourne Produced on archival quality paper ORCID: 0000-0002-2987-0937 Abstract The use of radical methodologies has been greatly developed in the last 50 years, and in an effort to continue this progress, the reactivity of radical reactions in greener alternative solvents is desired. The work herein describes the synthesis of novel hydrogen atom transfer reagents for use in radical chemistry, along with a comparison of rate constants and Arrhenius parameters. Two tertiary thiol-based hydrogen atom transfer reagents, 3-(6-mercapto-6-methylheptyl)-1,2- dimethyl-3H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 2-methyl-7-(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)heptane-2-thiol, have been synthesised. These are modelled on traditional thiol reagents, with a six-carbon chain with an imidazole ring on one end and tertiary thiol on the other. 3-(6-mercapto-6-methylheptyl)- 1,2-dimethyl-3H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate comprises of a charged imidazolium ring, while 2- methyl-7-(2-methylimidazol-1-yl)heptane-2-thiol has an uncharged imidazole ring in order to probe the impact of salt formation on radical kinetics. The key step in the synthesis was addition of thioacetic acid across an alkene to generate a tertiary thioester, before deprotection with either LiAlH4 or aqueous NH3. Arrhenius plots were generated to give information on rate constants for H-atom transfer to a primary alkyl radical, the 5-hexenyl radical, in ethylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: What Minerals Were Present at Life’S Origins?
    Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: What Minerals Were Present at Life’s Origins? Robert M. Hazen—Geophysical Lab 1st ELSI International Symposium Tokyo Institute of Technology March 30, 2013 CONCLUSIONS As many as 90% of the 4700 known mineral species were not present on Earth prior to the origins of life before ~4.0 billion years ago. Origins-of-life models that rely on minerals for catalysis, selection, concentration, protection, or other processes must employ plausible prebiotic mineral species. List of 420 Mineral Species R. M. Hazen (2013) “Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A Preliminary List” American Journal of Science, in press. What Is Mineral Evolution? A change over time in: • The diversity of mineral species • The relative abundances of minerals • The compositional ranges of minerals • The grain sizes and morphologies of minerals “Ur”-Mineralogy Pre-solar grains contain about a dozen micro- and nano-mineral phases: • Diamond/Lonsdaleite • Graphite (C) • Moissanite (SiC) • Osbornite (TiN) • Nierite (Si3N4) • Rutile (TiO2) • Corundum (Al O ) 2 3 • Spinel (MgAl2O4) • Hibbonite (CaAl12O19) • Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) • Nano-particles of TiC, ZrC, MoC, FeC, Fe-Ni metal within graphite. • GEMS (silicate glass with embedded metal and sulfide). Mineral Evolution: How did we get from a dozen minerals to >4700 on Earth today? What minerals were not present at the origin of life (~4.0 Ga), and why? Mineral Evolution What Drives Mineral Evolution? Deterministic and stochastic processes that occur on any terrestrial body: 1. The progressive separation and concentration of chemical elements from their original uniform distribution. What Drives Mineral Evolution? Deterministic and stochastic processes that occur on any terrestrial body: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydration of Olefins; Aquo Ions, And
    Towards Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydration of Olefins; Aquo Ions, and Pyridylphosphine-Platinurn and Palladium Complexes By YUNXIE B.Sc. Peking University, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Chemistry) We accept this thesis as confirming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July, 1990 © YUN XIE, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT This thesis work resulted from an on-going project in this laboratory focusing on the hydration of olefins, using transition metal complexes as catalysts, with the ultimate aim of achieving catalytic asymmetric hydration, for example: (H02C)CH=CH(C02H) (H02C)CH2-CH(OH)(C02H) * (C = chiral carbon atom). 3+ Initially, the hydration of maleic to malic acid, catalyzed by Cr(H20)6 at 100°C in aqueous solution was studied, including the kinetic dependences on Cr3+, maleic acid and pH. A proposed mechanism involving 1:1 complexes of Cr3+ with the maleato and malato monoanions is consistent qualitatively with the kinetic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Mineral Ecology: Predicting the Undiscovered Minerals of Carbon
    American Mineralogist, Volume 101, pages 889–906, 2016 Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon ROBERT M. HAZEN1,*, DANIEL R. HUMMER1, GRETHE HYSTAD2, ROBERT T. DOWNS3, AND JOSHUA J. GOLDEN3 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 2Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Studies in mineral ecology exploit mineralogical databases to document diversity-distribution rela- tionships of minerals—relationships that are integral to characterizing “Earth-like” planets. As carbon is the most crucial element to life on Earth, as well as one of the defining constituents of a planet’s near-surface mineralogy, we focus here on the diversity and distribution of carbon-bearing minerals. We applied a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model to the 403 known minerals of carbon, using 82 922 mineral species/locality data tabulated in http://mindat.org (as of 1 January 2015). We find that all carbon-bearing minerals, as well as subsets containing C with O, H, Ca, or Na, conform to LNRE distributions. Our model predicts that at least 548 C minerals exist on Earth today, indicating that at least 145 carbon-bearing mineral species have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, by analyzing subsets of the most common additional elements in carbon-bearing minerals (i.e., 378 C + O species; 282 C + H species; 133 C + Ca species; and 100 C + Na species), we predict that approximately 129 of these missing carbon minerals contain oxygen, 118 contain hydrogen, 52 contain calcium, and more than 60 contain sodium.
    [Show full text]
  • Donor-Acceptor Methods for Band Gap Reduction in Conjugated Polymers: the Role of Electron Rich Donor Heterocycles
    DONOR-ACCEPTOR METHODS FOR BAND GAP REDUCTION IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS: THE ROLE OF ELECTRON RICH DONOR HETEROCYCLES By CHRISTOPHER A. THOMAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 Copyright 2002 by Christopher A. Thomas All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my parents, Nancy and Larry, for their continuous support and attempts to understand and encourage me during what has been simultaneously the most enjoyable and most stressful part of my life. They made this document possible by encouraging and par- ticipating in experiences that ensured I would have the backgound and interest in trying to figure out how the world works. The decision about whom to work for in graduate school is one of the events I have agonized the most about in my life. As promised, the graduate advisor-student relationship is a complicated entity consisting of advisor, boss, counselor and friend that can change its active role without warning. Despite this, I am positive that there is no other person that I would rather have worked with during this process. I especially appreciate being given an unusual amount of decision making and direction setting power in the projects I was involved with and the freedom to explore aspects of science that interested me even when they did not overlap cleanly with Professor Reynolds’ research interests or funding. For their major contributions to my enjoyment and interest in chemistry, I thank Joe Carolan for his contagious enthusiasm, and Joel Galanda, who immensely affected the three years of my life he was involved with my chemistry and physical science education.
    [Show full text]
  • Title STUDIES on BEHAVIOR of ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS in AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT( Dissertation 全文 ) Author(S) Harino, Hiroya Citation
    STUDIES ON BEHAVIOR OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS Title IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Harino, Hiroya Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 1998-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.11501/3135684 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion author Kyoto University 2 STUDIES ON BEHAVIOR OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT lllROYA HARINO 1998 CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 ABBREVIATIONS 10 PREFACE 11 SUMMARY 13 CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 16 CHAPTER II ANALYTICAL MEIHOD OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC~RONMlliNT SECTION I DE1ERMINATION OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN WATER SAMPLES l.INTRODUCfiON 23 2 MATERIAL AND ME1HOD 2-1 Apparatus 25 2-2 Sampling description 25 2-3 Analytical method 26 2-4 Standard solution 26 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3-1 Extraction 27 3-2 Propylation 28 3-3 Gas chromatography 28 3-4 Recoveries of organotin compounds 30 4SUMMARY 30 1 SECTION N CONCLUSION 43 SECTION II DETERMINATION OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN SEDIMENT SAMPLES lll DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC !.INTRODUCTION 32 CHAPTER ENVIRONMENT 2 MATERIAL AND METIIOD 2-1 Apparatus 32 SECTION I CURRENT STATUS OF OSAKA BAY 2-2 Sampling description 32 1 INTRODUCTION 44 2-3 Analytical method 34 AND METIIOD 2-4 Standard solution 34 2 MATERIAL 2-1 Sampling description 45 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Analytical method 46 3-1 Extraction 35 2-2 Determination of sedimentation rate 46 3-2 Removal of sulfur 35 2-3 . 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3-3 Recoveries of organotin compounds 36 compounds in water 47 4SUMMARY 36 3-1 Butyltin 3-2 Butyltin compounds in sediment 50 of butyl tin
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Speciation and Monitoring Needs for Trace Metal -Contai Ni Ng Substances from Energy-Related Processes
    STAND NATL iNST OF AU107 1=17^05 NBS 1>l PUBLICATIONS z CO NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION * / Of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards -QC 100 .U57 NO. 618 1981 c. 2 NATIONAL BUREAU QF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Metal Complex of Nickel (II) Salicylhydroxamic Acid and Its Aniline Adduct
    Adegoke AV, et al., J Transl Sci Res 2019, 2: 006 DOI: 10.24966/TSR-6899/100006 HSOA Journal of Translational Science and Research Review Article Introduction A Review on the Metal Complex Metal complexes are formed in biological systems, particularly of Nickel (II) Salicylhydroxamic between ligands and metal ions in dynamic equilibrium, with the free metal ion in a more or less aqueous environment [1]. All biologically Acid and its Aniline Adduct important metal ions can form complexes and the number of different chemical species which can be coordinated with these metal ions is very large. During the past few decades, a lot of scientist research 1 1 2 3 Adegoke AV *, Aliyu DH , Akefe IO and Nyan SE groups operated through specialization in the direction of drug dis- 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria covery, by studying the simplest species that use metal ions and re- searching them as whole compound; for example, they suggested the 2 Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of addition of metal ion to antibiotics to facilitate their spread through- Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Nigeria out the body [2]. The development of drug resistance as well as the 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, appearance of undesirable side effects of certain antibiotics has led to Nigeria the search of new antimicrobial agents with the goal to discover new chemical structures which overcome the above disadvantages. As a ligand with potential oxygen and nitrogen donors, hydroxamic acids are interesting and have gained special attention not only because of Abstract the structural chemistry of their coordination modes, but also because Metal complexes are fundamentally known to be engendered in of their importance in medical chemistry [3].
    [Show full text]