Appendix: the Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book

Appendix: The Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book

Farida Akhter—UBINIG/National contact, Bangladesh, Asian editor, IRAGE. Interviewed during Women’s Worlds 2011, University of Ottawa, Canada on (1) 6 July 2011, (2) 7 July 2011. Rebecca Albury—Australia, mailing list only. Interviewed at University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia on 20 September 2010. Penny Bainbridge—Britain. Interviewed at Cardigan Centre, Leeds, UK on 19 July 2011. Annette Burfoot—Britain/National contact Canada, North American co-editor, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 19 May 2010. Gena Corea—USA, Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 14 April 2017. Marilyn Crawshaw—Britain. Interviewed by phone on 12 September 2011. Christine Crowe—Australia. Interviewed at University of Sydney, NSW, Australia on 17 September 2010. Sarah Ferber—Australia. Interviewed at University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia on 20 September 2010. Erika Feyerabend—Gen-Archiv/International Co-Ordinating Group, Germany. Interviewed at home in Essen, Germany on (1) 9 April 2011, (2) 10 April 2011. Lariane Fonseca—National contact, Australia. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 6 August 2010.

Sarah Franklin—Britain. Interviewed at London School of Economics, UK on 15 December 2011. Annette Görlich—GRAEL/National contact, Belgium. Interviewed with Margaret Krannich via Skype on 5 June 2010. Jyotsna Agnihotra Gupta—India/Netherlands. Interviewed by phone on 13 September 2011. Jalna Hanmer—National Contact, Britain. Managing Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at Feminist Archive North, University of Leeds, UK on (1) 17 Jan 2008, (2) 19 February 2010, and at home in Leeds on (3) 5 May 2010. Renate Klein—National contact, Australia. European editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on (1) 23 June 2010, (3) 28 June 2010 and with Robyn Rowland in Geelong, Victoria on (2) 24 June 2010. Lene Koch—National Contact, Denmark. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 11 September 2011. Margret Krannich—GRAEL/National Contact, Belgium. Interviewed with Annette Goerlich via Skype on 5 June 2010. Maria Mies—Germany. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in Cologne, Germany on 12 April 2011. Satoko Nagaoki—Soshiren/National Contact, Japan. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed in Soshiren office, Tokyo, Japan (with translation by Chiaki Hayashi) on 26 August 2010. Vibhuti Patel—Shakti Collective/FINRRAGE-India. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 12 April 2017. Janice Raymond—National Contact, USA. Consulting Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 21 July 2011. Ana Regina Gomes Dos Reis—National Contact, Brazil. Interviewed in Sao Paulo on 7 March 2015. Robyn Rowland—Australia. Australian Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in Geelong, Victoria, Australia on (1) 24 June 2010, (2) 24 June 2010 with Renate Klein, (3) 25 June, 2010. Helga Satzinger—Germany. Interviewed at Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, London, UK on 16 Dec 2010. Patricia Spallone—Britain. Interviewed by phone on 8 September 2011. Azumi Tsuge—Finrrage-no-kai/Japan. Interviewed at University of Tokyo, Japan on 28 August 2010. Appendix: The Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book 259

Louise Vandelac—France/Francophone Canada. Interviewed at Université du Québec à Montréal on 22 October 2015. Aurelia Weikert—National Contact, Austria. Interviewed by Skype on 11 August 2010. References

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A Akhter, Farida Abortion career of, 73–75, 115n2, 234, and Bhopal, 110 251 as choice, 104, 243 at Comilla (1989), 108–112, in Eastern Europe, 135 150 of female fetuses, 148, 240 at Comilla (1990), 150, 151, as feminist topic, 41, 72, 77, 153 115n5, 142, 194 and FINRRAGE, 146, 165, in Japan, 119n63 181–182, 209 pills for, 204 and IRAGE, 201–202 and protection of embryos, 37, and People’s Perspectives on 46, 78, 79, 94, 98, 101, ‘Population’, 154, 156, 203 103, 116n21 political consciousness of, 112, ACT UP, 3, 12, 13, 244 148, 231, 232 Agency for Integrated Development- speeches and writings of, 74, 108, Bangladesh, 156, 172n49 109, 112, 116n10, 151, AID, see Artificial insemination by 170n24, 181, 202–204 donor Albury, Rebecca, 22n9, 53, 60n31, Aitken, Jan, 162 95, 119n49, 121n74, 164

1 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes.

Alternative consciousness, see Asociacion de Mujeres para la Salud Ingalsbee, Timothy; (Spain), 99 Oppositional consciousness, Association for Peruvian Women in alternative Legal Careers, 239 Alto de Boa Vista Vision Statement, Australia 144, 203 feminism in, 45, 50, 53, 91, 92, See also FINRRAGE meetings, 120n66 Rio (1991) FINRRAGE in, 8, 56, 82, America, see United States of 95–115, 133–147, America (US) 160–164, 168, 172n63, Amherst (1979), 37–41, 54, 56, 57, 204, 207, 211n6, 231, 234, 166, 187 238, 250n5 Amniocentesis IVF in, 29–31, 36, 46–53, 69, and Bhopal, 110–111 76, 91–95, 118n46, 191, campaigns against, 148 193, 201 for sex selection in India, 54, 149 pronatalism in, 91, 92, 188 as topic in FINRRAGE, 41, 154, regulation of NRT in, 50, 51, 53, 182 60n31, 92, 103, 120n65, Anschlag-relevante Themen, see 120n68, 120n71, 250n5, Gen-Archiv (Essen) 121n72–n74 Antigena (Switzerland), 134, 155 Australian Parliamentary Inquiry Anti-pregnancy vaccines, 2, 106, into Surrogacy, 250n5 108, 236, 242 Australia-New Zealand Association Arditti, Rita, 40, 41, 201 for the Advancement of See also Test-Tube Women: What Science (ANZAAS) future for motherhood? (eds. Congress, 50, 60n27 Arditti, Klein, Minden) Austria, 37, 69, 96, 99, 121n82, 238 Arksey, Hilary, 206, 208 See also Weikert, Aurelia Artificial conception, see In vitro Autonomy, 111, 112, 152, 235, 243 fertilisation (IVF) Artificial insemination by donor (AID), 48, 49, 52, 70, 84, B 118n43 Baby Machine: Reproductive Artificial uterus, 249 technology and the Asche, Austin, see Family Law commercialisation of Council (Australia) motherhood, The (ed. Scutt), Asian Women Human Rights 172n57, 191 Council, 156 Bainbridge, Penny, 114, 124n118, 209 Asilomar, 38 Balasubrahmanyam, Vimal, 203–204 Index 293

Bangladesh See also FINRRAGE meetings, conditions in, 138, 156, 204 Rio (1991); Reis, Ana IVF in, 171n50 Regina Gomes dos Norplant in, 74–75 Brazilian Ministry of Health, 83, 207 population policy in, 109, Brazilian Society for the Advancement 115n12, 148 of Science, 143 women’s activism in, 75, 114, Britain 123n115, 150, 167, 238 early feminist engagement with See also Akhter, Farida; UBINIG NRT in, 8, 31–33, 35, Bangladesh Academy for Rural 43–47, 53, 54 Development, 109, 150 feminism in, 54, 76, 77 Barrass, Nancy, 212n9 FINRRAGE in, 43–47, 56, 72, Beitrage zur Feministischen Theorie 73, 94, 95, 111, 134 und Praxis, 87, 104, IVF in, 29–32, 35 119n53, 123n95 opposition to FINRRAGE in, Belgium, see FINRRAGE meetings, 102–104 Brussels (1986) regulation of NRT in, 43, 94, 95, Benda, Ernst, see Benda Commission 200 (see also Human Benda Commission, 86, 87, 91 Fertilization and Embryo Beyond Conception: The new politics of Authority (HFEA, UK); reproduction (Spallone), Warnock Committee) 192, 207, 210 See also United Kingdom (UK) See also Spallone, Patricia (Pat) British Association of Social Worker’s Bhanot, Nalini, 110 Project Group on Assisted Bhopal gas leak, 109–111, 243 Reproduction (PROGAR), Birth control, see Population 163, 172n59 control British Sociological Association, 197 Bodies in Glass: Genetics, eugenics, Brown, Lesley, 47 embryo ethics (Steinberg), Brown, Louise, 29, 31, 32, 36, 40, 42, 199 47, 58n1, 79, 187, 198 See also Steinberg, Deborah Lynn Bullard, Linda, 83, 189 Bourn Hall, 31, 44, 118n46 Burfoot, Annette Bradish, Paula, 83, 189, 206 and Canadian Royal Commission Brazil on NRT, 147, 160 population policy in, 106, 142, and FINRRAGE, 153, 160, 183 143, 167, 207 writings of, 100, 197–199, 202, reports from, 81–83, 118n40 208 women’s activism in, 108, Burton, Barbara, 93, 120n68, 140–142, 156, 203, 238 120n70 294 Index

C in social movements, 157, 163, Cairo, see United Nations 245 International Conference on Cognitive praxis paradigm, 13–15, Population and Development 157, 168, 169, 223–226, (ICPD, Cairo 1994) 244–247 Cameron, Debbie, 43 Cognitive space Canadian Royal Commission on of feminism, 18, 114, 229 New Reproductive of FINRRAGE, 18, 19, 71, 97, Technologies, 146, 147, 160 98, 136, 137, 164, 210, Carson, Rachel, 185, 187 235, 237, 242 Catholics for a Free Choice, 151 for new ideas, 13, 222, 227 CEDRH, see Human Reproductive liberatory-alternative, 167, 168, Rights Studies Commission 232 (CEDRH, Brazil) Collins, Harry, 206, 207 Centre for Bioethics and Culture Committee to Consider the Social, (US), 164 Ethical and Legal Issues Centre for Contemporary Cultural Arising from In Vitro Studies (Birmingham), 196 Fertilisation (Australia), see Choice Waller Committee constraints on, 104, 107, 112, Conceptive technologies, see In vitro 113, 152, 194, 242, 243 fertilisation (IVF) versus control, 193–194 Conference on the New and NRT, 42–44, 91–93, 95, 97, Reproductive Technologies, 164, 198, 242 72, 77 as a reproductive right, 114, 116, Conscienceness, see Oppositional 151 consciousness in Southern context, 106, 112, Consciousness raising 113, 138, 151 in FINRRAGE, 80, 227, 239 Cloning, 35, 189 and identity politics, 17 Coalition Against Trafficking in in social movements, 89, 227 Women (US), 158, 212n13 in the WLM, 19, 113, 227, 230, Cognitive liberation, 15, 228, 230 231, 233, 239 Cognitive praxis See also Oppositional in epistemic communities, consciousness 121n88 Constructivist science studies, see of FINRRAGE, 17–19, 137, 139, Science and technology 163, 165–169, 182, 184, studies (STS), and 204, 205, 229–243, 247, 250 FINRRAGE Index 295

Contraception women taking back, 39, 46, 73, in developing countries, 72–74, 95, 190, 232, 234, 243 97, 115n12, 138, 142, 143, Corea, Gena 150, 156 at Amherst (1979), 37–39 FINRRAGE research on, 108, in Germany, 92, 186, 187 109, 112, 201, 208, 247 as journalist, 37, 208, 229 natural methods of, 150–151 political consciousness of, 232 and population policy, 102, 148, resistance to surrogacy, 146, 189, 154 212n7 resistance to, 109, 154, 211n6, speaking events, 78, 87, 92, 99, 241–243 121n87, 153, 200 and state interests, 76, 152, 243 in Sweden (1985), 82, 84, See also Population policy; 117n35, 188 individual technologies at Women’s Worlds (1984), 54–56 Control writings of, 40, 41, 84, 118n42, exercising through NRT, 42, 150, 186–189, 191, 241 (see also 195 books by title) in FINRRAGE, 114, 137, 201 Corral, Thais, 141, 143, 170n20, of knowledge, 12, 49, 232, 233 170n24, 203 and male power, 44, 166, 168, Crawshaw, Marilyn, 163, 172n59, 229, 235 208, 234 of motherhood by the state, 76, Crowe, Christine, 83, 84, 101, 78, 151, 153, 186 118n42, 208 of NRT debate by women, 44, writings of, 188, 191, 197, 198, 191, 193 200 over NRT via legislation, 91, 103, Crowley, Rosemary, 60n31, 119n65 194, 231 of own fertility by women, 32, 33, 103, 151, 193, 243 D political consciousness and, 15, Dacach, Solange, 143 17–19, 166, 228–230 Danish Council of Ethics, 210 of reproduction through Daswani, Mona, 87 technology, 33, 86, 110, Davies, David, 78–79 151, 186, 189, 192, 249 Davis, Kathy, 17, 117, 158, 182, 231 of science and technology by Deakin University, 50, 78, 134, 161 women, 103, 106 Death of the Female? panel, see Women’s technology as, 42, 246 Worlds (Groningen 1984) over women’s bodies through Declaration of Comilla, 145 NRT, 36, 43, 48, 72, 79, See also FINRRAGE meetings, 80, 95, 110, 192, 241, 242 Comilla (1989) 296 Index

Degener, Theresia, 201 Embodied Progress: A cultural account Denmark, 82, 200 of assisted conception See also Koch, Lene (Franklin), 196 Department of Health and Social Embryo Protection Law 1990 Security (DHSS, UK), 43, (Germany), 91 59n14 See also Germany, NRT in Department of Health, Education Embryos and Welfare (HEW, USA), access to, 2, 35, 193, 195 36, 46 disposition of surplus, 60n31, 79, Depo-Provera, 87, 202, 211n6 98 Depopulating Bangladesh (Akhter), donation of, 51, 53, 70 115n10, 171n45 engineering of, 2, 21n1, 21n4, 35, Development Alternatives with 189, 249 Women for a New Era experimentation on, 46, 48, 71, (DAWN), 152, 154 101, 106, 109, 198, 207 de Wit, Cynthia, 146, 202, 207 flushing of, 51–53 Disability freezing of, 48, 50, 51, 58n1, 80 babies with, 91, 119n63 as global commodity, 2, 21n3, and Bhopal, 110 194, 247, 248 and Nazism, 90, 91, 107, 196 and IVF, 31, 32, 35, 48, 70, 71, rights movements, 91, 107, 167, 200 201, 243 moral obligation to, 86, 161, 162 women and, 44, 82, 84, 88 as ‘orphans’, 51–52 See also Eugenics personhood of, 46, 103, 202 Dixon, Bernard, 42, 59n12 regulation of research on, 43, 50, Dumble, Lynette, 204 60n31, 78, 79, 83, 86, 87, Dworkin, Andrea, 43, 55 91, 92, 94, 103, 104, 200 and right to abortion, 101, 116–117n21 E sanctity of, 71, 79, 91, 98 Earth Summit, see United Nations transfer between women, 35, 55, Conference on 70, 188, 212n12 Environment and verifying health of, 2, 70 Development (UNCED) Environmental Protection Agency Edwards, Robert, 30, 31, 34, 35, 42, (USA), 189, 250n6 47, 77, 79, 117n26, 197, Epistemic authority, 75, 105 198, 212n12, 213n14 Epistemic community, 122n88, 159 Eggs, see Human ova of NRT, 102, 107, 159 Index 297

Epstein, Steven, see ACT UP all women as, 44, 247 Ethical Issues in Human Reproduction communities of, 121 Technology: Analysis by in FINRRAGE, 8, 97–100 Women, see Amherst (1979) male, 44, 45, 96 Eugenics NRT as subject for, 40, 46, and disability activism, 167, 243 59n22, 79 and feminism, 101, 104, 110, qualified, 139, 205, 236 135, 152 and social movements, 3, 11, 205, in Germany, 82, 88, 89, 91, 107, 236, 244 167, 243 Exploitation of a Desire: Women’s in Japan, 82, 119–120n63, 167 experiences with in vitro science and, 34, 73, 199, 241 fertilisation, The (Klein), European Parliament, 98, 122n91, 121n87, 161, 190 139 See also Klein, Renate See also FINRRAGE meetings, Eyerman, Ron, 19, 20, 184, 185, Brussels (1986); Green 187, 204, 205, 223, 235, Alternative European Link 236 (GRAEL, Belgium) See also Cognitive praxis paradigm European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), 139, F 202 Family Law Council (Australia), 51, European Union Committee on 92, 159, 160 Legal Affairs and Citizen’s Federal Medical Council (Brazil), Rights, 96 142 Evans, Robert, 206, 207 Femicide, 149, 234 Ewing, Christine, 122n90, 147, Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 170n24, 207, 234 185 Expertise, 3, 4, 42, 52, 121n74, Feminism, 227, 230 172n50 and FINRRAGE women, 40, 77, in FINRRAGE, 9, 45, 81, 97, 236 140, 144, 192, 206–211, forms of, 16–18, 231, 235 233, 239, 245 global, 18, 134, 168 forms of, 12, 38, 45, 159 shifts in, 113, 114, 134, 145, 146, interactional, 206, 208 156–158, 168, 182 in social movements, 5, 12, 205, waves of, 133, 181, 182, 185 206, 244, 245 See also Cognitive space, of Experts feminism; Feminist 298 Index

Feminist Ferber, Sarah, 162, 208 activism, 2, 16, 156–158, 229, Feyerabend, Erika, 103, 106, 231, 232, 237 123n102, 133, 137, 140, critiques of science and 160, 161, 202, 210 technology, 17, 165, 168, FINNRET 197, 198, 221, 235 becomes FINRRAGE, 80, 85, divisions over NRT, 90, 101–103, 232 106, 109, 135, 164, 191, in Britain, 72, 76–80 195, 213n22 cognitive space of, 71, 232, 242 diversity of, in FINRRAGE, 2, 73 emergence of, 8, 56, 71, 185–187 engagement with NRT, 2, 3, 8, workshops at IWHM 31–58, 59n15, 77, 81, 95, (Amsterdam 1984), 72, 73, 186, 187, 195, 211 141 epistemology, 11, 15, 226 FINRRAGE oppositional consciousness, in abeyance, 133, 134, 156–158, 16–18, 229 164, 165, 249, 250 population policy, 151–153, 155 and the academy, 168, 196, 197, position on NRT, 69, 91, 92, 97, 207, 208, 233, 234, 247 101, 103, 135–137, 140, aims of, 165, 189 164, 203, 243, 249 and consciousness raising, 97, 227 resistance to NRT, 79, 82–84, 88, effect of participation in, 160, 89, 91, 94, 95, 98, 103, 209, 210 104, 187–196 foundational texts of, 185–187 scholarship, 4–6, 136, 159, 239 importance of friendships in, 57, voices, 53, 95, 96, 161–164, 194 114, 167, 239, 240 writing on NRT, 181–185, International Co-ordinating 196–200 Group (ICG) of, 134, 144, See also Feminism 145, 147, 155, 160, 206, Feminist Hearing on Genetic and 210, 238, 240 Reproductive Technologies, see knowledge practices in, 101, 167, FINRRAGE meetings, 205, 206, 210, 233 Brussels (1986) membership of, 22n9, 85, Feminist International Network on 119n49, 137, 140, 141 New Reproductive and NGO status, 102, 145, 154, Technologies, see FINNRET 155, 238 Feminist International Network of origin story of, 39, 80–85, 114 Resistance to Reproductive organisational identity of, 114, and Genetic Engineering, 139–141, 144, 158, 159, see FINRRAGE 235–240 Index 299

perceived impact of, 158–164, meeting women at, 141, 142, 169, 181, 184, 248 186 positions in, 103, 110, 112, organisation of, 56, 78, 81, 99, 135–140, 145, 150, 153, 100 155, 160, 169, 182, 183, papers given at, 94, 95, 188, 186, 205 189, 200 (see also Made to technological topics of, 167, Order: The myth of 240–243 reproductive and genetic tensions in, 110, 111, 113, 114, progress (Spallone and 135–138, 167, 168 Steinberg)) women in, 5–9, 57, 75, 76, 90, FINRRAGE News, 146, 207 97, 98, 103, 108, 138, 148, Finrrage-no-kai, 165, 191, 212n10, 149, 205, 210 227, 250n2 writing by, 98, 147, 184–211, See also Infertility, self-help groups 213n18 (see also individual FINRRAGE-UBINIG International books and authors) Conference, see FINRRAGE FINRRAGE chapters, See individual meetings, Comilla (1989) countries and women FINRRAGE-UBINIG Regional FINRRAGE meetings Meetings, see FINRRAGE Berlin (1988), 102 meetings, Comilla (1990) Boldern (1990), 134–141, 147, Firestone, Shulamith, 33, 34, 42, 43 169n1, 169n3, 169n9, First European Feminist Conference on 172n53 Reproductive and Genetic Brussels (1986), 96–99, 102, 107, Technology, see FINRRAGE 147, 209 meetings, Mallorca (1986) Comilla (1989), 108–114, Fonseca, Lariane, 92, 120n66, 147, 134–139, 143–146, 160, 209, 221, 238 148–150, 167, 235, 238, 239 Ford Foundation, 31, 60n32, 155 Comilla (1990), 150–153 Forum Against Oppression of Comilla (1993), 153, 154, 203 Women (India), 148 Mallorca (1986), 99–102, 206 Forum Against Sex Determination Rio (1991), 141, 143–146, and Sex Pre-Selection 170n20, 183 (India), 110 Sweden (1985), 80–86, 118n44, Foster, Patricia, 212n9 188, 189, 193, 201, 234, France, 37, 69, 70, 82, 139, 140, 237, 238 240 cognitive praxis shaped by, 135, Franklin, Sarah, 100, 196, 197, 200, 136, 138, 166, 167, 182, 231 233, 239 Declaration of Lund, 94, 136, writings of, 137, 185, 198, 208, 138, 145, 146 243 300 Index

FrauenAnstiftung, 141, 143, 146, 203 Frankfurt Congress (1988), Frazer, Elizabeth (Liz), 43, 73, 102–108, 114, 160 115–116n6 Green Party in, 89–91, 160 Friedan, Betty, 185, 187 and Nazi past, 89–91, 186, 211n5 Friends of FINRRAGE, see NRT in, 37, 69, 86, 87, 91, 203 Finrrage-no-kai political landscape of, 88, 186, 187 resistance to eugenics in, 82, G 89–91, 105, 123n98, 167, Gabriela, 152 243 Gametes, 1, 50, 60n31, 92, 120n68, Global reproductive rights 247 movements, see sale of, 21n3, 98, 160, 192 Reproductive rights Gandhi, Indira, 148 Global South, 8, 138, 151, 168, 247 Gandhi, Sanjay, 148 See also Latin America, Caribbean, Gen-Archiv (Essen), 104–106, 202, Asia, Africa and Pacific 210 (LACAAP) countries; Third General Agreement of Tariff and World Trade, 154 Global women’s movement, 153, Generation Games: Genetic 155, 167, 246 engineering and the future for Goffman, Erving, 14, 16 our lives (Spallone), 193 Google Baby (film), 1 Genetic engineering Görlich, Annette, 96, 101, 122n91, agricultural, 109, 138, 207 140, 209 discussions in European Green Alternative European Link Parliament, 96, 98 (GRAEL, Belgium), 96, feminist scholarship on, 182, 185 122n91 in Germany, 87–90, 105, 107 See also FINRRAGE meetings, and military applications, 83, Brussels (1986) 189, 207, 242 Groningen (1984), see Women’s resistance to, 32, 85, 158, 193, Worlds (1984) 241 Grossman, Edward, 34, 36 Genetic testing and counselling, 189 See also Obsolescent Mother, The Germany (Grossman) Bonn Congress (1985), 87, 88, Groupe de recherche et d’evaluation 96, 102, 104 des pratiques médicales FINRRAGE in, 7, 8, 82, 90, 134, (GREPM, France), 135, 201, 202, 238 139–140 Index 301

Gupta, Jyotsna Agnihotri, 72, 106, Human Fertilization and Embryo 112, 115n7, 121n79, 165, Authority (HFEA, UK), 208, 212n7, 234, 235 21n1, 46, 119n46, 160, 200 Human ova H damaged by superovulation, Habermas, Jurgen, 3, 12, 14, 223, 213n14 225, 246 death during retrieval, 83 Hands Off Our Ovaries, 172n62, donation of, 2, 82, 92, 140, 211n6 194 Hanisch, Carol, 230, 250n4 for experiments, 30, 32, 35, 36, Hanmer, Jalna 78, 103, 164, 172n62, 195, in Britain, 29, 41, 43–45, 77, 78 211n6, 249 emergence of FINNRET, 54–56, process of retrieving, 31–33, 49, 59n15, 60n35 79, 80 and FINRRAGE, 7, 100, 107, Human Reproductive Rights Studies 111, 112, 146, 166, 209, Commission (CEDRH, 234 Brazil), 142–143 political consciousness of, 166, Hynes, Patricia, 189, 250n6 232, 233 writings of, 32–36, 56, 149, 187, 191, 193, 201 I Harradine, Brian, 92, 103 Ince, Susan, 84 Hawthorne, Susan, 204 India, 112, 121n79, 234 Hickel, Erika, 87, 160 and FINRRAGE activities, 81, Hidden Malpractice: How American 106, 108, 114, 148, 149, medicine mistreats women, 153, 238 The (Corea), 37–38 first IVF child in, 31, 58n1, 69, Hogg, Caroline, 161 124n108 Holmes, Helen Bequaert (Becky), population control in, 87, 97, 37–41, 54, 72, 202 148, 167 Hormonal stimulation, 31, 70 sex selection in, 54, 106, 149 Hoskins, Betty, 54, 72 surrogacy in, 1, 171n40, 212n7, House of Commons (UK), 78, 80 248 House of Lords (UK), 103 women’s groups in, 149, 165, Hubbard, Ruth, 41, 87 171n40, 238 Human Embryo Experimentation Bill See also Bhopal gas leak 1985 (Australia), 60n31, Indian Council of Medical Research, 92, 120n65 58n1, 171n39 302 Index

Infertility International Women and Health causes and prevention of, 84, 98, Meetings (IWHM) 189 Amsterdam 1984, 71–76, 81, counselling for, 162, 166, 190, 141, 150, 115n5–n8 201 Manila 1990, 151–152 feminist engagement with, 32, International Women’s Health 181 Coalition (IWHC), 155 high-tech solutions for, 37, 70 In vitro fertilisation (IVF) inducing for population in cattle, 55, 87 reduction, 57, 109, 149 and choice, 92–93 IVF as treatment for, 31, 71, 80, and control, 42, 43, 79, 95, 231 95, 161 development of, 29–31, 47, 48 male, 35, 51, 70, 118n43 doctors, 48, 52, 59n24, 76, 92, self-help groups, 82, 84, 93, 191, 140, 193 208 as experimentation, 69, 95, 192 women’s experiences of, 8, 83, feminist engagement with, 32, 161, 190 43–45, 149, 150, 164, Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act 213n22, 241 1984, 50 feminists for, 39, 42, 45, 78, 80, See also Australia, regulation of 92 IVF first children of, 29, 31, 37, 47, Infertility: Women speak out about 48, 58n1, 69, 70, 123n109, their experiences of 169n2 reproductive medicine (ed. lack of follow-up studies, 38, 58, Klein), 190, 191, 195 212n12, 213n14 Ingalsbee, Timothy, 15, 16, 222 media coverage of, 47, 50–52, 83, Institute for Cultural Action 93–95, 198 (IDAC), 203 process of, 32, 82, 198 Institute on Women and Technology public resistance to, 36, 51, 79, (US), 189 82, 120n71 International Co-ordinating Group public scrutiny of, 43, 91, 162, (ICG), see FINRRAGE 166 International Public Hearing on regulation of, 36, 50–52, 78, 86, Crimes Against Women 87, 91, 94, 97, 98, 100, Related to Population 103, 189, 231 (see also Policies, 156 individual countries) See also FINRRAGE meetings, research about, 48, 82, 84, Comilla (1993) 118n42, 196–201 International Tribunal of Crimes resistance to, 2, 41, 50, 88, 100, Against Women, 100 139, 154, 193, 241, 242 Index 303

success rates, 71, 84, 93, 95, 98, Jones, Georgeanna, 30, 36, 37, 118n46 117n26 as treatment, 3, 70, 71, 171n39, Jones, Howard, 30, 36, 37, 71, 189 117n26 women’s experiences of, 79, 83, Jones Institute for Reproductive 84, 134, 161, 162, 188, Medicine (Norfolk, 190, 191, 200, 208, 245 Virginia), see Jones, Howard See also New reproductive Journal of Feminist Theory and technologies (NRT) Practice, see Beitrage zur Ireland, 9, 82, 96 Feministischen Theorie und Israel, 60n32, 81, 82, 191 Praxis See also Solomon, Alison Israel, Giselle, 143 (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic K Engineering: Journal of Kane, Elizabeth, 202, 212n9 International Feminist Karkal, Malini, 153, 171n44, 204 Analysis (IRAGE), 102, Kaupen-Hass, Heidrun, 107 122n92, 200–203, 213n22 Keane, Noel, 70, 90, 102, 115n2, advisory board and editors of, 7, 202 201 Kelly, Petra, 89 columns in, 172n57, 207 Kershaw’s Cottage Hospital, 31 conference reports in, 104, 152, Keyser, Loes, 203 202 Kishwar, Madhu, 54 IVF Australia, see Monash IVF Klein, Renate in Britain, 43–45, 77, 78, 103, 234 J and FINRRAGE-Australia, 134, Jamison, Andrew, 19, 20, 184, 185, 147, 161–164, 172n62, 187, 204, 205, 223, 226, 231, 232, 250n5 235, 236 at FINRRAGE meetings, 81, 82, See also Cognitive praxis paradigm 87, 100, 117n34, 153 Jansen, Sarah, 84, 86, 87 at Groningen, 54–56 Japan, 82, 201, 234, 250n1 political consciousness of, 111, and eugenics, 107, 119n63, 167 207, 232, 233 FINRRAGE in, 81, 82, 114, 191, writings of, 59n20, 76, 104, 106, 207, 212n10, 227, 238 109, 155, 156, 172n62, See also Finrrage-no-kai; Soshiren 188, 200, 201, 204, 213n14 Johnston, Ian, 162 (see also individual books) 304 Index

Knowledge from women’s experience, 3–6, access to, 47, 72, 73, 241, 242 136, 138, 144, 227, 230, credibility of holder of, 13, 98, 231, 233, 238, 239, 249, 161, 205, 244, 245 251n7 embodied, 75, 151, 232 Koch, Lene, 100, 135, 137, 200, and evidence, 122n88, 161 208, 210, 213n22, 234 FINRRAGE and collective, 9, Koval, Ramona, 160, 191 56–58, 95, 101, 141, 142, Krannich, Margret, 96, 101, 161–163, 183, 195, 203, 122n91, 140, 209 206–210, 232–235 Kuhn, Thomas, 205, 225 formal production of, 75, 208, Kumar, Anand, 58n1, 124n109, 149 233 Kumar, Corinne, 170n24 forms of, 3, 6, 14, 41, 75, 86, 106, 206–209, 237 increasing, generating, building, L 39, 44, 45, 71, 97, 108, Laborie, Francoise, 139–140 139, 166, 201, 249 Laparoscopy, 30, 70, 83 practices in FINRRAGE, 111, Lasch, Christopher, 36 133, 138, 139, 187–189, Latin America, Caribbean, Asia, 239, 240, 246, 247 Africa and Pacific radicalisation through, 41, 141, (LACAAP) countries, 153 229 See also Global South as resistance, 167, 182, 196, 229, Latin American and Caribbean 243 Women’s Health Network, about science and medicine, 32, 155 38, 231 Lavage, see Embryos, flushing of scientific, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 32, Law Reform Committee of the 205, 225, 235, 244 Family Law Council in social movements, 3, 4, 11–16, (Australia), see Family Law 19, 105, 123, 137, 161, Council 166, 199, 205, 222–228, Leeton, John, 30, 47, 59n24 230, 244–248 (see also Liberation or Loss? Women act on the Cognitive praxis) new reproductive technologies sociology of scientific, 10, 224, (Canberra 1986), 92, 99, 225 162 as strategy in FINRRAGE, 82, Lingam, Lakshmi, 149 98, 99, 165, 167 Living Laboratories: Women and warranting of, 6, 13, 84, 135, reproductive technologies 227, 230, 233, 234 (Rowland), 193–194 Index 305

Lublin, Nancy, 39, 211n3 political consciousness of, 111, Lund, see FINRRAGE meetings, 232 Sweden (1985) writings of, 109, 124n111, 145, 188, 203, 251n7 Minden, Shelley, 40, 41, 83, 188 M See also Test-Tube Women: What Made to Order: The myth of future for motherhood? (eds. reproductive and genetic Arditti, Klein and Minden) progress (Spallone and Monash IVF, 47–51, 70, 79, 83, Steinberg), 85, 117n34, 116n19, 118n46, 120n72, 118n44, 188, 189 191 Making of Oppositional Consciousness, as IVF Australia, 93, 94, 121n73 The (Mansbridge), see Monash University, 47, 93, 94, 191, Mansbridge, Jane 202 Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves, The See also Monash IVF (Davis), see Davis, Kathy Morgan, Robin, 37 Man-Made Women: How new Motherhood, 34, 90, 101, 230 reproductive technologies social pressure towards, 45, 76, affect women (Corea et al.), 97, 164, 166, 198, 242 56, 72, 188 Mother Machine: Reproductive Mansbridge, Jane, 15–17, 227, 228, technologies from artificial 236 insemination to artificial Matter of Life, A (Edwards and wombs, The (Corea), 37, Steptoe 1980), 29–31, 79, 186–188, 209, 211n4, 232, 80, 198 241, 249 Mazhar, Farhad, 153, 203 Movement intellectuals, 13, 186, McBain, John, 30, 59n24 204–211, 244, 245 McNeil, Maureen, 31, 185, 197, Munoz, Alejandra, 212n9 213n18 Medical Research Council (UK), 31 Medical Tribune, 84 N Merchant, Carolyn, 203 Nagaoki, Satoko, 153, 165, 204, Merton, Robert, 224, 226, 233 207, 212n10, 233 Mies, Maria See also Japan; Soshiren (Japan) career of, 6, 112, 136, 233, 235, Napier, Lindsay, 190, 191 250 Narigrantha Prabartana, 204 and FINRRAGE, 1, 85, 87, 153, National Bioethics Consultative 170n24, 209 Committee (Australia), 94 306 Index

National Coalition Against resistance to, 74, 77, 97, 104, Surrogacy (US), 146, 212n9 165, 187, 190, 229, 232, National Feminist Network on New 233, 241 Reproductive Technology, See also Contraception; In vitro see Australia, FINRRAGE in fertilisation (IVF); National Health and Medical individual technologies Research Council New South Wales Women’s Advisory (NHMRC, Australia), 51, Council, 94 53 Nogerete (Switzerland), 134 National Health Service (NHS, UK), Non-Aligned Women’s Movement of 31, 78, 209 Greece, 238 National Perinatal Statistics Unit Norplant (NPSU, Australia), 93 in Bangladesh, 75, 108, 109, National Science Foundation, 37, 116n10, 204 60n32 in Brazil, 142, 143, 207 National Women’s Studies international campaigns against, Association, 202 108, 211n6, 236 Nayakrishi, Andolon, 124n115, 251n7 New Jersey Supreme Court, 212n8 O New Reproductive Technologies (eds. Oakley, Ann, 4–5 McNeil, Varcoe, and O’Brien, Mary, 199 Yearley), 197 Obsolescent Mother, The (Grossman), New reproductive technologies 34 (NRT) off our backs, 8 affect on all women of, 72, 73, Ohana, Graça, 143 243 Oldham Area Health Authority, 31 ethical, legal and social Oliveira, Rosiska Darcy de, 153, implications of, 58, 159 170n24, 203 feminist engagement with, 43, 53, Oppositional consciousness 54, 56, 57, 72, 81, 135, alternative, 35, 36, 85 164, 186 as conscienceness, 19, 20, 22n10, feminist writing on, 40, 182–184, 76, 136, 163, 228, 229, 186, 192–200 232, 243 in East/West, North/South, 109, definitions of, 16–20, 229 149 forms in FINRRAGE, 95, 136, epistemic community around, 166–168, 226, 227, 100–102, 107 231–235, 242, 243 knowledge about, 3, 4, 40, 58, egalitarian, 39, 45, 157, 239, 245 165, 166, 169 and identity politics, 16, 17, 113 Index 307

liberatory, 39, 89, 113, 153, 158, People’s Perspectives on ‘Population’ 191, 226 Symposium, see FINRRAGE liberatory-alternative, 111, 113, meetings, Comilla (1993) 237, 242 Pfeffer, Naomi, 32 relationship to control, 17, 166, Philippines Organising Committee 229 Coalition, 151 Orland, Barbara, 202–203 Policy Research for Development Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS, Alternative (Bangladesh), see Boston Women’s Health UBINIG Collective), 114, 158, 187, Politics of Innovation: The discovery, 230, 231 dissemination and regulation See also Davis, Kathy of in vitro fertilisation in Overseas Development Britain, The (Burfoot), Administration (UK), 156 199 Population control coercive policies for, 73, 144, 154, P 155 Palacios, Marcelo, 100 FINRRAGE research on, 73, 101, Pappert, Ann, 190 108, 109, 142, 146, 204 Pareda, Sixto, 100 embodied perspectives on, 73 Parliamentary Inquiry into Surrogacy methods of, 87, 97, 156, 204 (Australia), 250n5 Population Council, 155 Parliament of Australia, 92, 94, 103, Population policy 250n5 in Bangladesh, 73, 74, 76, 211n6 Parliament of Germany (Bundestag), donor organisations and, 112, 87, 90 148 Parliament of the United Kingdom, feminist, 152, 154, 155 46, 54, 78, 80, 94, 95, in India, 148 117n28, 198 in Japan, 119n63 Patel, Vibhuti, 106, 148, 149, 209, mainstream, 73, 74, 155, 170n20 234 resistance to, 88, 203, 211n6 Penselin, Ulla, 105 as topic for FINRRAGE, 167, See also Rote Zora 247 People’s Health Network (India), Postgate, John, 34 153 Powell, Enoch, see Unborn Children People’s Perspectives on ‘Population’ Protection Bill (periodical), 153, 155, 203, Preimplantation (genetic) diagnosis, 204 35, 82, 91, 167, 189, 242 308 Index

Prenatal diagnosis Reagan, Ronald (President), 36 in Germany, 91, 104, 167, 203 Reconstructing Babylon: Women and in India, 109–111, 135 technology (ed. Hynes), 189 in Japan, 82, 167, 208 Rede de Defensa da Espécie Humana for sex determination, 33, 109 (REDEH), 143, 146, Professionalisation 170n20, 203 and activism, 158, 159, 233, 236, Reed, Candice, 47, 162 246 See also Australia, IVF in and FINRRAGE, 158, 159, 168, Reis, Ana Regina Gomes dos 246 in Brazil, 83, 106, 140–143, 207 and social movement theory, 233, in FINRRAGE, 83, 106, 138, 236, 246 170n24, 182, 186, 240 Project Group on Assisted organising Rio, 138, 141, 143, Reproduction (PROGAR), 144, 146, 203 163, 172n59 Reproductive Brothel, The (Corea), 54, Protiroadh/Resistance Network 87, 188 (Bangladesh), 150, 204 Reproductive rights, 41, 56, 114, 115n5, 142, 151 Research Foundation for Science and Q Ecology (India), 153 Queen Victoria Medical Centre Resource mobilization theory (QVMC, Australia), 47–49, (RMT), 222, 223, 226 52, 162, 244 Richardson, Jo, 80 Qureshi, Sabera, 150 Riegler, Johanna, 99, 121n82, 140, 200 Rights of Women (UK), 43, 77 R Right-to-life movements, 36, 46, 51, Rans, Martha, 170n24 71, 188 Raymond, Janice Rivkin, Jeremy, 146 at Amherst, 37–39 Rose, Hilary, 4, 32–35, 56 career of, 37, 40, 41, 158, 208, Rote Zora, 88, 89, 104, 105, 212–213n13 119n57, 123n102 in FINRRAGE, 77, 92, 146, 167 See also Penselin, Ulla; Strobl, at Groningen, 54, 56, 57 Ingrid political consciousness of, Rowland, Robyn 232–233 in Britain, 78, 103, 116–117n21, writings of, 43, 123n94, 189, 234 194, 195, 201, 202, 204 expertise on IVF of, 208, 245 Index 309

and Family Law Council, 51, 92, and FINRRAGE women, 83, 96, 159 101, 206–208, 233, 234, in FINRRAGE, 7, 69, 77–79, 82, 239 120n66, 134, 140, 147, and Nazism, 90, 107 160, 161, 163 normative, 10–13 at Groningen, 54–56 of NRT, 4, 29, 30, 39, 69, 194, political consciousness of, 161, 195 231–233 as progress, 46, 71, 87, 246 research on AID, 48–50, 52, and the public, 11, 44, 46, 88 118n43 and social movements, 13, 14, resignation from ethics 205, 223, 245 committee, 49–53, 59n22, and society, 3, 33, 90, 165, 192, 59n24, 77, 116n19, 244 235 writings of, 54, 91, 92, 111, 188, as value-free and neutral, 3, 102, 189, 193–195, 201, 250n5 196, 246 Royal Commission on New women’s bodies used for, 30, 36, Reproductive Technologies 43, 164, 189, 192, 211n6 (Canada), 146, 147, 160 Science and technology studies Royal Women’s Hospital (RWH, (STS), 15 Australia), 47, 48, 162 feminist contribution to, 3, 4, 17, RU 486, 204, 211n6 183, 197, 198 and FINRRAGE, 183, 184, 199, 233, 234 S and social movement studies, 3, 4, Saheli (India), 110 12, 224, 235, 236 Sama (India), 149, 150, 164, Science for the People, 41, 88 171n40 Scientific freedom, 36, 192 Sandoval, Chela, 16–17 Scientific knowledge, see Knowledge, Sarachild, Kathie, 230 scientific Satzinger, Helga, 87–90, 207, 248 Scutt, Jocelynne, 163, 172n57, 191, Scarlet Woman, 32 202, 208 Schleiermacher, Sabine, 107 Second International Interdisciplinary Science Congress of Women, see constructivist approaches to, 14, Women’s Worlds (Groningen 182, 224–226, 235 1984) disillusion with, 40, 41, 233 Self-determination, 101, 104, 106, feminist critique of, 17, 53, 106, 111, 113, 114, 150, 152, 168, 197, 221, 242 158, 210, 243 310 Index

Senate Select Committee on Human writings of, 85, 98, 189, 192, Embryo Experimentation 193, 196, 200, 210, 212n12 (Australia), 160 Spanish Parliamentary Commission Sex determination, 37, 167 for IVF, 100 See also Sex selection Spare Rib, 8, 45 Sex selection, 33, 36, 44, 167 Spender, Dale, 40 in India, 106, 109, 111, 148, 149, Sperm donation, 33, 48, 120n68, 171n40 190 See also Sex determination Spinifex Press, 204 Shakti Collective (India), 149 Steinberg, Deborah Lynn, 84, 85, Shiva, Vandana, 153, 203 100, 134, 197–199 Silent Spring, The (Carson), 185 Steinem, Gloria, 37 Skaggs Foundation, 201 Steptoe, Patrick C., 30, 31, 34, 35, Smelser, Neil, 13, 221, 222, 225, 42, 47, 77, 79, 198 244 Stichting Rhea (Netherlands), 238 Social movements, 204, 223 Stolcke, Verena, 99, 103 difficulty in defining, 236, 244 Strobl, Ingrid, 105 as knowledge-producers, 226, See also Rote Zora 244, 245 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The and oppositional consciousness, (Kuhn), see Kuhn, Thomas 227–228 Stop Surrogacy Now, 172n62 and science, 12, 13, 225, 235 Superovulation, 48, 79, 162, 201, study of knowledge in, 3, 10–15, 213n14 184, 222, 223 Surrogacy Social Movements: A cognitive in Australia, 50, 51, 152, 173n63, approach (Eyerman and 250n5 Jamison), see Cognitive campaigns against, 146, 173n62, praxis paradigm 202, 211n6, 212n9 Social movement theory (SMT), 3, commercial, 51, 70, 90, 98, 108, 11, 12, 205, 222, 225, 244 160, 164, 189, 190, 194 Society for the Protection of the enforceability of contracts, 90, Unborn Child (SPUC), 78 115n2, 249 Solomon, Alison, 190, 191 feminist support for, 45, 92 See also Israel in Germany, 90–91 Soshiren (Japan), 119n63, 165, 191, in India, 1, 171n40, 212n7, 248 207, 212n10 in the US, 70, 90 (see also Keane, Spallone, Patricia (Pat), 136, 137, Noel; Whitehead, Mary 201, 207, 234 Beth) Index 311

T population policy in, 97, 108, Taboada, Leonore, 99, 100, 209 112, 203 Technologies of confirmation, 167, women, 55, 72, 73, 188 189, 196, 241 women in FINRRAGE, 75, 86, See also Amniocentesis; 99 Preimplantation (genetic) See also Global South diagnosis; Prenatal diagnosis Third World Network (Malaysia), Technology, 36, 106, 113, 154 153 as liberation from childbirth, Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas, 52, 161 33–34 Trafficking, 89, 159, 194, 213n13 as neutral, 11, 15, 17, 42, 101, Tribunal of Medical Crimes Against 102, 168, 182 Women, 100, 107, 147 and society, 3, 44, 192, 237 Trouble and Strife, 8, 32, 45, 103 as a tool of domination, 90, Trounson, Alan, 30, 48, 59n24, 83, 166 116n19, 188 See also In vitro fertilisation (IVF); Tsuge, Azumi, 165, 195, 208, New reproductive 212n10, 250n1 technologies (NRT) Terra Femina (Brazil), 156, 203 Test-Tube Under Test (Éprouvette U l’éprouvée), see FINRRAGE UBINIG meetings, Paris (1991) and FINRRAGE, 123n108, 146, Test-Tube Women: What future for 152, 153, 156, 165, 236, motherhood? (eds. Arditti, 238 Klein and Minden) as research organisation, 73–75, influence of, 54, 56, 74, 167, 112, 115n9, 123n115, 203, 172n57, 185, 186, 212n10, 204, 211n6 232 See also Akhter, Farida; FINRRAGE writing of, 40–42, 78, 87, 189, meetings, Comilla 190 Ullerstam, Martha, 56 Thatcher, Prime Minister Margaret, Unborn Children Protection Bill, 103 76–77 Union Carbide, 109–110 Theories of Women’s Studies (Bowles United Kingdom (UK), 7, 8, 96, and Klein), 40 191, 197 Third party reproduction, 51, 194, IVF in, 31, 36, 69, 169 248 regulation in, 21n1, 43, 160, See also individual technologies 172n59, 198 Third World, 16, 55, 72, 73, 89 See also Britain 312 Index

United Nations Conference on Victorian Standing Review and Environment and Advisory Committee on Development (UNCED), Infertility (VSRACI), 50, 144, 170n22 161, 162 United Nations Decade for Women Voluntary Licensing Authority (UK), (1975–1985), 151, 155, 46 156 United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), 155 W United Nations International Wagner, Marsden, 100, 102, Conference on Population 122n87, 139 and Development (ICPD, Waldschmidt, Anne, 139, 201 Cairo 1994), 144–146, Waller, Louis, see Waller Committee 151–156, 158, 203, 240, Waller Committee, 50–52, 92, 246 120n68, 162 Université des Femmes, 96 Warnock, Dame Mary, see Warnock Unnayan Bikalper Nitinirdharoni Committee Gobeshona, see UBINIG Warnock Committee, 43–46, 59n15, United States of America (US) 69, 77–80, 98, 198 feminism in, 16, 158 Watson, James, 35 feminist engagement with NRT Weikert, Aurelia, 99, 121n82, 140, in, 41, 56, 146, 186, 187 199, 200, 213n21 NRT in, 36, 37, 93, 94, 189 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 115n2, 189, political context of, 37, 182, 223, 212n8, 212n9 224, 232 (see also Amherst See also Surrogacy (1979)) Wilkens, Linda, 72, 100, 134 United States Agency for Winkler, Ute, 170n24 International Development Women Against Gene and (USAID), 155 Reproductive Technologies, see US National Academies of Science Germany, Frankfurt and Medicine, 21n4 Congress (1988) Women Against Genetic and Reproductive Engineering, see V Germany, Bonn Congress Vandelac, Louise, 139, 140, 146, (1985) 160, 240 Women Against Pit Closures, 76 Victorian Law Reform Committee Women and Labour conference (Australia), 81 (Australia), 91–92 Index 313

Women as Wombs: Reproductive legacy of, 16, 106 technologies and the battle Women’s Reproductive Rights over women’s freedom Campaign (WRRC, UK), (Raymond), 194, 196, 43, 45 212n13 Women’s Rights Junior Ministry Women in Medicine (UK), 43, (France), 139 59n15, 77 Women’s studies, 4, 40, 60n32, 77, Women, Procreation, and 157, 235 Environment, see and FINRRAGE, 113, 200, 233, FINRRAGE meetings, Rio 234, 238 (1991) Women’s Studies International Forum Women’s Centre (Bochum), 104 (WSIF), 40, 42, 188, 201 Women’s Declaration on Population Women’s Worlds (Groningen 1984), Policies, 155 60n32, 81, 92, 100, Women’s Emergency Conference on the 116n19, 121n82 New Reproductive ‘Death of the Female?’ panel at, Technologies, see 54–58, 182, 183 FINRRAGE meetings, emergence of FINRRET from, Sweden (1985) 71, 72, 185–187, 242 Women’s Global Network for proceedings of (see Man-Made Reproductive Rights Women: How new (WGNRR), 115n5, reproductive technologies 150–152, 158 affect women (Corea et al.)) Women’s Health Centre (Frankfurt), Wood, Carl, 47–51, 59n24, 93, 94, 104 188 Women’s health movement, 57, 111, World Bank, 74, 154, 155 149, 150, 158, 231, 243 World Health Organisation (WHO), Women’s liberation movement 100, 122n87, 139 (WLM) and consciousness-raising, 19, 56, 227, 230 Z influence on FINRRAGE, 85, Zakharov, Olive, 60n31, 120n65 113, 227, 239 Zmroczek, Christine, 45