Appendix: The Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book

Farida Akhter—UBINIG/National contact, Bangladesh, Asian editor, IRAGE. Interviewed during Women’s Worlds 2011, University of Ottawa, Canada on (1) 6 July 2011, (2) 7 July 2011. Rebecca Albury—Australia, mailing list only. Interviewed at University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia on 20 September 2010. Penny Bainbridge—Britain. Interviewed at Cardigan Centre, Leeds, UK on 19 July 2011. Annette Burfoot—Britain/National contact Canada, North American co-edi- tor, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 19 May 2010. Gena Corea—USA, Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 14 April 2017. Marilyn Crawshaw—Britain. Interviewed by phone on 12 September 2011. Christine Crowe—Australia. Interviewed at University of Sydney, NSW, Australia on 17 September 2010. Sarah Ferber—Australia. Interviewed at University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia on 20 September 2010. Erika Feyerabend—Gen-Archiv/International­ Co-Ordinating Group, Germany. Interviewed at home in Essen, Germany on (1) 9 April 2011, (2) 10 April 2011. Lariane Fonseca—National contact, Australia. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 6 August 2010.

© The Author(s) 2017 257 S. de Saille, Knowledge as Resistance, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52727-1 258 Appendix: The Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book

Sarah Franklin—Britain. Interviewed at London School of Economics, UK on 15 December 2011. Annette Görlich—GRAEL/National contact, Belgium. Interviewed with Margaret Krannich via Skype on 5 June 2010. Jyotsna Agnihotra Gupta—India/Netherlands. Interviewed by phone on 13 September 2011. Jalna Hanmer—National Contact, Britain. Managing Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at Feminist Archive North, University of Leeds, UK on (1) 17 Jan 2008, (2) 19 February 2010, and at home in Leeds on (3) 5 May 2010. Renate Klein—National contact, Australia. European editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on (1) 23 June 2010, (3) 28 June 2010 and with Robyn Rowland in Geelong, Victoria on (2) 24 June 2010. Lene Koch—National Contact, Denmark. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 11 September 2011. Margret Krannich—GRAEL/National Contact, Belgium. Interviewed with Annette Goerlich via Skype on 5 June 2010. Maria Mies—Germany. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in , Germany on 12 April 2011. Satoko Nagaoki—Soshiren/National Contact, Japan. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed in Soshiren office, Tokyo, Japan (with translation by Chiaki Hayashi) on 26 August 2010. Vibhuti Patel—Shakti Collective/FINRRAGE-India. Editorial Advisory Board, IRAGE. Interviewed via Skype on 12 April 2017. Janice Raymond—National Contact, USA. Consulting Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed by phone on 21 July 2011. Ana Regina Gomes Dos Reis—National Contact, Brazil. Interviewed in Sao Paulo on 7 March 2015. Robyn Rowland—Australia. Australian Editor, IRAGE. Interviewed at home in Geelong, Victoria, Australia on (1) 24 June 2010, (2) 24 June 2010 with Renate Klein, (3) 25 June, 2010. Helga Satzinger—Germany. Interviewed at Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, London, UK on 16 Dec 2010. Patricia Spallone—Britain. Interviewed by phone on 8 September 2011. Azumi Tsuge—Finrrage-no-kai/Japan.­ Interviewed at University of Tokyo, Japan on 28 August 2010. Appendix: The Women of FINRRAGE Interviewed for This Book 259

Louise Vandelac—France/Francophone Canada. Interviewed at Université du Québec à Montréal on 22 October 2015. Aurelia Weikert—National Contact, Austria. Interviewed by Skype on 11 August 2010. References

Acker, J., Barry, K., & Esseveld, J. (1983). Objectivity and Truth: Problems in Doing Feminist Research. Women’s Studies International Forum, 6(4), 423–435. Akhter, F. (1988). The State of Contraceptive Technology in Bangladesh. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(2), 153–158. Akhter, F. (1995). Resisting Norplant: Women’s Struggle in Bangladesh Against Coercion and Violence. Dhaka: Narigrantha Prabartana. Akhter, F. (2005). Depopulating Bangladesh: Essays on the Politics of Fertility (3rd ed.). Dhaka: Narigrantha Prabartana. Akhter, F. (2015). Nayakrishi Andolon: Farmers Movement for Biodiversity Conservation and Food Sovereignty. http://ubinig.org/index.php/home/show- Aerticle/81. Accessed 7 Apr 2017. Akhter, A., van Berkel, W. & Ahmad, N. (Eds.) (1991). Declaration of Comilla: Proceedings of FINRRAGE-UBINIG International Conference, 19–25 March 1989. Comilla: UBINIG. Albury, R. M. (1999). The Politics of Reproduction: Beyond the Slogans. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. Amsler, S. (2014, May 9). For Feminist Consciousness in the Academy. Politics and Culture. http://politicsandculture.org/2014/03/09/for-feminist-con- sciousness-in-the-academy. Accessed 1 May 2017.

© The Author(s) 2017 261 S. de Saille, Knowledge as Resistance, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52727-1 262 References

Andrews, K. T., & Edwards, B. (2004). Advocacy Organizations in the US Political Process. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 479–506. Antigena. (1993). A Criticism of Women’s Voices ’94. People’s Perspectives on “Population”, 1, 20–21. Antrobus, P. (2004). The Global Women’s Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies. London: Zed. Arditti, R., Klein, R., & Minden, S. (Eds.). (1984). Test-Tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? London: Pandora Press. Arksey, H. (1994). Expert and Lay Participation in the Construction of Medical Knowledge. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16(4), 448–468. Armitage, S., & Gluck, S. B. (2002). Reflections on Women’s Oral History: An Exchange. In S. Armitage, P. Hart, & K. Weathermon (Eds.), Women’s Oral History (pp. 3–22). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Australia. (1985). Human Embryo Experimentation in Australia. Senate Select Committee on the Human Embryo Experimentation Bill 1985. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Autonomedia. (1989). A Herstory of the Revolutionary Cells and Rote Zora: Armed Resistance in . Spunk Library: The Anarchist Archive. http:// www.spunk.org/texts/groups/anm/sp000268.txt. Accessed 21 Oct 17. AWHRC. (1994). Report on International Public Hearing on Crimes Against Women Related to Population Policies, Cairo, Egypt, September, 1994. Manila: Asian Women Human Rights Council. Bagguley, P. (2002). Contemporary British Feminism: A Social Movement in Abeyance? Social Movement Studies, 1(2), 169–185. Ballantyne, T. (1980, June 24). Day One in the Life of Candice. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1. Benda, E. (1985). Bericht Der Arbeitsgruppe: In-Vitro-Fertilisation, Genomanalyse Und Gentherapie [Report of the Working Group: In Vitro Fertilization, Genome Analysis and Gene Therapy]. : Bundesminister der Justiz und Bundesminister fur Forschung und Technologie. Berer, M. (1986). Breeding Conspiracies: Feminism and the New Reproductive Technologies. Trouble and Strife, 9, 29–35. Berg, P. (2008). Meetings That Changed the World: Asilomar 1975: DNA Modification Secured. Nature, 455(7211), 290–291. Bhanot, N. (1991). The Bhopal Disaster and Update. In F. Akhter, W. van Berkel and N. Ahmad (Eds.), Declaration of Comilla: Proceedings of FINRRAGE-UBINIG International Conference 1989 (pp. 112-117). Dhaka: UBINIG References 263

Bharadwaj, A. (2016). The Indian IVF Saga: A Contested History.Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 2, 54–61. Bhate, K., Menon, L., Gupte, M., Savara, M., Daswani, M., Prakash, P., Kashyap, R., & Patel, V. (1987). In Search of Our Bodies: A Feminist View on Woman, Health and Reproduction in India. Bombay: Shakti. Biggers, J. D. (2012). IVF and Embryo Transfer: Historical Origin and Development. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 25(2), 118-127. Birke, L. (1986). Women, Feminism and Biology: The Feminist Challenge. Brighton: Harvester. Birke, L., Himmelweit, S., & Vines, G. (1990). Tomorrow’s Child: Reproductive Technologies in the 90s. London: Virago. Bloor, D. (1976). Knowledge and Social Imagery (2nd Ed, 1991). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Blumer, H. (1969). The Field of Collective Behaviour. In A. M. C. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology. New York: Barnes and Noble. Boston Women’s Health Collective. (1973). Our Bodies, Ourselves. New York: Simon & Schuster. Bourn Hall. (2017). Pregnancy Rates. Bourn Hall Clinic. https://www.bourn- hall.co.uk/pregnancy-rates/. Accessed 5 May 2017. Bowles, G., & Klein, R. (1983a). Theories of Women’s Studies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bowles, G., & Klein, R. (1983b). Theories of Women’s Studies and the Autonomy/Integration Debate. In G. Bowles & R. Klein (Eds.), Theories of Women’s Studies (pp. 1–26). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bradish, P. (1987). From Genetic Counseling and Genetic Analysis, to Genetic Ideal and Genetic Fate. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 94–101). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Bradish, P., Feyerabend, E., & Winkler, U. (1989). Frauen Gegen Gen- Und Reproduktionstechnologien. Beitraege zum 2. bundesweiten Kongreß in Frankfurt, 28–30 Oct 1988, München: Verlag Frauenoffensive. Brand Frank, Z. (2009). Google Baby. Israel/USA: Brandcom Productions/ HBO. Brännström, M., Johannesson, L., Bokström, H., Kvarnström, N., Mölne, J., Dahm-Kähler, P., Enskog, A., Milenkovic, M., Ekberg, J., Diaz-Garcia, C., Gäbel, M., Hanafy, A., Hagberg, H., Olausson, M., & Nilsson, L. (2014). Livebirth After Uterus Transplantation. The Lancet, 385(9968), 607–616. Braun, S. (2003). The History of Breast Cancer Advocacy.The Breast Journal, 9(s2), S101–S103. 264 References

Brockskothen, M., Hehr, I., Kühn, R., & Meyer, U. (Eds.). (1986). Frauen Gegen Gentechnik Und Reproduktionstechnik: Dokumentation Zum Kongreß Vom 19. – 21. 4. 1985 in Bonn. Köln: Kölner Volksblatt Verlags. Brown, S. (2005). ESHRE: The First 21 Years. Brussels: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. https://www.eshre.eu/~/media/ sitecore-files/About-ESHRE/The-first-21-years.pdf. Accessed 9 May 2011. Brown, M., Fielden, K., & Scutt, J. A. (1990). New Frontiers or Old Recycled? New Reproductive Technologies as Primary Industry. In J. A. Scutt (Ed.), The Baby Machine: Reproductive Technology and the Commercialisation of Motherhood (pp. 77–107). London: Merlin Press. Brown, P., Zavestoski, S., McCormick, S., Mayer, B., Morello-Frosch, R., & Altman, R. G. (2004). Embodied Health Movements: New Approaches to Social Movements in Health. Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(1), 50–80. Bullard, L. (1987). Killing Us Softly: Toward a Feminist Analysis of Genetic Engineering. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 110–119). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Bunch, C., Carrillo, R., & Guinée, I. (1985). Feminist Perspectives Report of the Feminist Perspectives Working Group to the Closing Plenary. Women’s Studies International Forum, 8(4), 243–247. Burfoot, A. (1988). A Review of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(1), 107–112. Burfoot, A. (1989). The Politics of Innovation: The Discovery, Dissemination and Regulation of In Vitro Fertilization in Britain. PhD, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex. Burfoot, A. (1990). The Normalisation of a New Reproductive Technology. In M. McNeil, I. Varcoe, & S. Yearley (Eds.), The New Reproductive Technologies (pp. 58–73). Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. Burton, B. (1986). The Need for Reproductive Control and Self-Determination­ for Infertile Women. In Liberation or Loss? Women Act on the New Reproductive Technologies. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education, Australian National University. Business Wire. (2016). Global Fertility Services Market to Exceed USD 21 Billion by 2020. Business Wire. http://www.businesswire.com/news/ home/20160420005059/en/Global-Fertility-Services-Market-Exceed- USD-21. Accessed 4 Mar 2017. References 265

Bustillo, M., Buster, J. E., Cohen, S. W., Thorneycroft, I. H., Simon, J. A., Boyers, S. P., Marshall, J. R., Seed, R. W., Louw, J. A., & Seed, R. G. (1984). Nonsurgical Ovum Transfer as a Treatment in Infertile Women. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 251(9), 1171–1173. Calver, M., Bigler-Cole, H., Bolton, G., Dargavel, J., Gaynor, A., Horwitz, P., Mills, J., & Wardell-Johnson, G. (2005). Why ‘a Forest Consiousness’? In M. Calver et al. (Eds.), Proceedings 6th National Conference of the Australian Forest History Society (pp. xvii–xxiii). Millpress: Rotterdam. Canada. (1994). Proceed with Care: Final Report of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa: The Commission. Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Casas-Cortes, M. I., Osterweil, M., & Powell, D. E. (2008). Blurring Boundaries: Recognizing Knowledge-Practices in the Study of Social Movements. Anthropological Quarterly, 81(1), 17–58. Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an Exploratory Theory of the Network Society. The British Journal of Sociology, 51(1), 5–24. Challoner, J. (1999). The Baby Makers: The History of Artificial Conception. London: Macmillan. Clegg, S. (1996). From the Women’s Movement to Feminisms. In C. Barker & P. T. Kennedy (Eds.), Studies in Protest and Collective Action (pp. 45–67). London: Blackwell. Clemens, E. S., & Hughes, M. (2002). Recovering Past Protest: Historical Research on Social Movements. In B. Klandermans & S. Staggenborg (Eds.), Methods of Social Movement Research (pp. 201–230). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Cohen, B. D. (1979, September 28). Test Tube Baby Experiment at Norfolk School; Doctors Set to Implant Human Embryo. The Washington Post, p. 1, Section A1. Cohen, I. G., & Adashi, E. Y. (2013). Made-to-Order Embryos for Sale – A Brave New World? New England Journal of Medicine, 368(26), 2517–2519. Cohen, S., & Taub, N. (Eds.). (1989). Reproductive Laws for the 1990s. Clifton: Humana Press. Cohen, J., Simons, R. F., Fehilly, C. B., Fishel, S. B., Edwards, R. G., Hewitt, J., Rowland, G. F., Steptoe, P. C., & Webster, J. M. (1985). Birth After Replacement of Hatching Blastocyst Cryopreserved at Expanded Blastocyst Stage. The Lancet, 325(8429), 647–647. Cohen, J., Trounson, A., Dawson, K., Jones, H., Hazekamp, J., Nygren, K.-G., & Hamberger, L. (2005). The Early Days of IVF Outside the UK. Human Reproduction Update, 11(5), 439–460. 266 References

Collins, H. (2004). Interactional Expertise as a Third Kind of Knowledge. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 3(2), 125–143. Collins, H. M., & Evans, R. (2007). Rethinking Expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hansard (Commons), 23 November 1984, column 560. Connor, S. (2017, July 26). First Human Embryos Edited in U.S. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first- human-embryos-edited-in-us. Accessed 21 Sept 2017. Cook, J. A., & Fonow, M. M. (1986). Knowledge and Women’s Interests: Issues of Epistemology and Methodology in Feminist Sociological Research. Sociological Inquiry, 56(1), 2–29. Corea, G. (1977). The Hidden Malpractice: How American Medicine Mistreats Women. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Corea, G. (1985a). The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. New York: Harper & Row. Corea, G. (1985b). The Reproductive Brothel. In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 38–51). London: Hutchinson. Corea, G. (1989). Industrial Experimentation on “Surrogate” Mothers. In H. Patricia Hynes (Ed.), Reconstructing Babylon: Women and Technology (pp. 155–159). London: Earthscan. Corea, G., & Ince, S. (1985, July 3). IVF a Game for Losers at Half of US Clinics. Medical Tribune, pp. 12–13. Corea, G., & Ince, S. (1987). Report of a Survey of IVF Clinics in the USA. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 133–145). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Corea, G., Klein, R., Hanmer, J., Holmes, H. B., Hoskins, B., Kishwar, M., Raymond, J., Rowland, R., & Steinbacher, R. (Eds.). (1985). Man-Made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women. London: Hutchinson. Corral, T. (1992a). Conference Report “Women, Procreation and Environment”, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 30 September–7 October 1991. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(2), 207–209. Corral, T. (1992b). Eco 92 Through Women’s Eyes.Terra Femina, 1, 92–97. Crawshaw, M., & Marshall, L. (2008). Practice Experiences of Running UK Donorlink, a Voluntary Information Exchange Register for Adults Related through Donor Conception. Human Fertility, 11(4), 231–237. References 267

Crossley, N. (2002). Making Sense of Social Movements. Buckingham: Open University Press. Crowe, C. (1985). ‘Women Want It’: In-Vitro Fertilization and Women's Motivations for Participation. Women’s Studies International Forum, 8(6), 547–552. Crowe, C. (1987). ‘Women Want It’: In Vitro Fertilization and Women’s Motivations for Participation. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 84–93). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Crowe, C. (1990). Whose Mind over Whose Matter? Women, In Vitro Fertilisation and the Development of Scientific Knowledge. In M. McNeil, I. Varcoe, & S. Yearley (Eds.), The New Reproductive Technologies (pp. 27–57). Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. Culpepper, E. I. (1981). Uncovering Patriarchal Agendas and Exploring Women-Oriented Values. In H. B. Holmes, B. B. Hoskins, & M. Gross (Eds.), The Custom-Made Child?: Women-Centered Perspectives (pp. 301–310). Clifton: Humana Press. Curthoys, J. (1997). Feminist Amnesia: The Wake of Women’s Liberation. London: Routledge. Davis, K. (2007). The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: How Feminism Travels Across Borders. Durham: Duke University Press. de Wit, C., & Corea, G. (1989). Current Developments and Issues: A Summary. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(1), 63–90. Degener, T. (1990). Female Self-Determination­ Between Feminist Claims and “Voluntary” Eugenics, Between “Rights” and Ethics. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(2), 87–100. Della Porta, D. (1992). Life Histories in the Analysis of a Social Movement. In M. Diani & R. Eyerman (Eds.), Studying Collective Action (pp. 168–193). London: Sage. DeVault, M. L. (1996). Talking Back to Sociology: Distinctive Contributions of Feminist Methodology. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 29–50. Dickey, R. P. (1986). The Medical Status of the Embryo.Loyola Law Review, 32, 317–336. Donchin, A. (1996). Feminist Critiques of New Fertility Technologies: Implications for Social Policy. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 21(5), 475–498. 268 References

Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014). The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science, 346(6213), 1258096. Dworkin, A. (1983). Right-Wing Women. New York: Perigee Books. Edge, D. (1995). Reinventing the Wheel. In S. Jasanoff, G. Markle, J. Petersen, & T. Pinch (Eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (pp. 3–23). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Edwards, R. G. (1974). Fertilization of Human Eggs In Vitro: Morals, Ethics and the Law. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 49(1), 3–26. Edwards, R. G. (1981). Test-Tube Babies, 1981. Nature, 293(5830), 253–256. Edwards, R. G. (2001). The Bumpy Road Human In Vitro Fertilization. Nature Medicine, 7, 1091–1094. Edwards, R. G. (2005). An Introduction to Bourn Hall: The Biomedical Background of Bourn Hall Clinic. In P. Brinsden (Ed.), Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproduction: The Bourne Hall Guide to Clinical and Laboratory Practice (pp. 1–8). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. Edwards, R., & Steptoe, P. (1980). A Matter of Life: The Sensational Story of the World’s First Test-Tube Baby. London: Sphere Books Ltd. Edwards, R. G., & Steptoe, P. C. (1983). Current Status of In-Vitro Fertilisation and Implantation of Human Embryos. The Lancet, 322(8362), 1265–1269. Edwards, R. G., Donahue, R. P., Baramki, T. A., & Jones, H. W. J. (1966). Preliminary Attempts to Fertilize Human Oocytes Matured In Vitro. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 96(2), 192–200. Elias, D. (1984, May 26). Waller Joins In Vitro Ethics Calls. The Age (Melbourne). Elias, D., & McIntosh, P. (1984, June 19). Committee Was Warned of Embryo Danger. The Age (Melbourne), p. 1. Epstein, S. (1995). The Construction of Lay Expertise: Aids Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 20(4), 408–437. Epstein, S. (1996). Impure Science: Aids, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press. Esteves, A. M. (2008). Processes of Knowledge Production in Social Movements as Multi-Level Power Dynamics. Sociology Compass, 2(6), 1934–1953. European Parliament. (1989). Resolution of 16 March 1989 on Artificial Insemination ‘In Vivo’ and ‘In Vitro’; Resolution of 16 March 1989 on the Ethical and Legal Problems of Genetic Engineering (Doc. A2–372/88). Official Journal C 96, 17.4.89, pp. 165–173. Eyerman, R., & Jamison, A. (1991). Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press. References 269

Fabricant, D. (1990). International Law Revisited: Davis Vs Davis and the Need for Coherent Policy on the Status of the Embryo. Connecticut Journal of International Law, 6, 173–207. Family Law Council. (1985). Creating Children: A Uniform Approach to the Law and Practice of Reproductive Technology in Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Feyerabend, E. (1989). Euthanasia in the Age of Genetic Engineering. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(3), 247–249. Fine, M., & Asch, A. (1985). Review: Who Owns the Womb? The Women’s Review of Books, 2(8), 8–10. FINRRAGE. (1987). Statement from Third World Women of the FINRRAGE Conference. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (p. 213). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Firestone, S. (1979). The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. London: The Women’s Press. Fleming, A. T. (1980, July 20). New Frontiers in Conception. The New York Times, sec. 6, p. 14. Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-Selection. (1991). The Campaign Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-Selection in India – Our Experiences. In F. Akhter, W. van Berkel, & N. Ahmad (Eds.), Declaration of Comilla: Proceedings of FINRRAGE-UBINIG International Conference 1989 (pp. 156– 164). Dhaka: UBINIG. Franklin, B. A. (1980, January 9). U.S. Clinic for Conception Outside Body Approved. The New York Times, A14–A14. Franklin, S. (1990). Deconstructing ‘Desperateness’: The Social Construction of Infertility in Popular Representations of New Reproductive Technologies. In M. McNeil, I. Varcoe, & S. Yearley (Eds.), The New Reproductive Technologies (pp. 200–229). Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. Franklin, S. (1997). Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception. London: Routledge. Franklin, S. (2011). A Feminist Transatlantic Education. In K. Davis & M. Evans (Eds.), Transatlantic Conversations: Feminism as Travelling Theory. Burlington: Ashgate. Franklin, S. (2013). Biological Relatives: IVF, Stem Cells and the Future of Kinship. Durham: Duke University Press. Franklin, S., & McNeil, M. (1988). Reproductive Futures: Recent Literature and Current Feminist Debates on Reproductive Technologies. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 545–560. 270 References

Freeman, J. (1972). The Tyranny of Structurelessness.Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 17, 151–165. Frickel, S. (2004). Just Science? Organizing Scientist Activism in the US Environmental Justice Movement. Science as Culture, 13(4), 449–469. Frickel, S., & Gross, N. (2005). A General Theory of Scientific/Intellectual Movements. American Sociological Review, 70(2), 204. Friedan, B. (1963). The Feminine Mystique. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Friedman, D., & McAdam, D. (1992). Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices and the Life of a Social Movement. In A. D. Morris & C. M. C. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (pp. 156–173). New Haven: Yale University Press. Fuller, S. (2002). Social Epistemology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Gardner, R. L., & Johnson, M. H. (2011). Bob Edwards and the First Decade of Reproductive Biomedicine Online. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 22(2), 106–124. Gen-Archiv. (1988). Police Raid on Gene Archive – News from West Germany. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(1), 103–105. Gieryn, T. (1999). Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gillon, R. (1984). Britain: The Public Gets Involved. The Hastings Center Report, 14(6), 16–17. Goffman, E. (1974).Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Goldman, A. (1999). Knowledge in a Social World. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Goodhart, S. (2005). Conscience, Conscience, Consciousness: Emmanual Levinas, the Holocaust, and the Logic of Witness. In C. Katz & L. Trout (Eds.), Emmanuel Levinas: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers (pp. 132–152). Abingdon: Routledge. Gorelick, S. (1998). Contradictions of Feminist Methodology. In J. Giele & G. Elder (Eds.), Methods of Lifecourse Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (pp. 23–45). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Gougon, D. (2008). Explaining Inaction: Feminist Organizational Responses to New Reproductive Technologies. PhD, Department of Political Science, Rutgers University. Gould, H. (1986). The Bioethics of Playing God – An Interview with Robyn Rowland. National Outlook, pp. 9–11. Grasswick, H. E., & Webb, M. O. (2002). Feminist Epistemology as Social Epistemology. Social Epistemology, 16(3), 185–196. References 271

Grossman, E. (1971, May). The Obsolescent Mother. The Atlantic Monthly, 227, 39–50. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1971/05/the-obsoles- cent-mother/4201/. Accessed 22 Feb 2017. Gunning, J., & English, V. (1993). Human In Vitro Fertilization: A Case Study in the Regulation of Medical Innovation. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Gupta, J. A., & Richters, A. (2008). Embodied Subjects and Fragmented Objects: Women’s Bodies, Assisted Reproduction Technologies and the Right to Self-Determination. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 5(4), 239–249. Gurney, J. N., & Tierney, K. J. (1982). Relative Deprivation and Social Movements: A Critical Look at Twenty Years of Theory and Research. The Sociological Quarterly, 23(1), 33–47. Gwatkin, D. R. (1979). Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India’s Emergency Experience. Population and Development Review, 5(1), 29–59. Haas, P. M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization, 46(1), 1–35. Habermas, J. (1981). New Social Movements. Telos, 49(4), 33–37. Habermas, J. (1987). Toward a Rational Society: Student Protest, Science and Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hands Off Our Ovaries. (2006b).Manifesto . http://handsoffourovaries.com/ manifesto.htm. Accessed 16 July 2017. Hanmer, J. (1984). A Womb of One’s Own. In R. Arditti, R. Klein, & S. Minden (Eds.), Test-Tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (pp. 438–448). London: Pandora Press. Hanmer, J. (1985). Transforming Consciousness: Women and the New Reproductive Technologies. In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 88–109). London: Hutchinson. Hanmer, J., & Allen, P. (1980). Reproductive Engineering: The Final Solution? In L. Birke, W. Faulkner, S. Best, D. Janson-­Smith, & K. Overfield (Eds.), Alice Through the Microscope: The Power of Science Over Women’s Lives (pp. 208–292). London: Virago. Hanmer, J., Powell-Jones, E., & Leonard, D. (1984). Who’s Holding the Test- Tube? Trouble and Strife, 3, 44–53. Haraway, D. J. (1996). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. In E. F. Keller & H. E. Longino (Eds.), Feminism and Science (pp. 249–263). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 272 References

Harding, S., & O’Barr, J. F. (Eds.). (1987). Sex and Scientific Inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harvard Law Review Association. (1989). Developments in the Law: Medical Technology and the Law. Harvard Law Review, 103, 1519–1976. Hecht, F., & Hecht, B. (1986). Book Reviews: Test Tube Women. American Journal of Human Genetics, 38(2), 263–264. Hemmings, C. (2005). Telling Feminist Stories. Feminist Theory, 6(2), 115–139. Hemmings, C. (2006). The Life and Times of Academic Feminism. In K. Davis, M. Evans, & J. Lorber (Eds.), Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies (pp. 13–34). London: Sage. Henry, A. (1984a). Fuckless Babies. Spare Rib, 144(July), 15–16. Henry, A. (1984b). Population Control: No – Women Decide. off our backs, 14(9), 2–4, 7. Hepburn, L. (1992). Ova-Dose?: Australian Women and the New Reproductive Technology. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Hess, D. J. (2007). What Is a Clean Bus? Object Conflicts in the Greening of Urban Transit. Sustainability: Science, Practice & Policy, 3(1), 45–58. Hess, D. J. (2011). To Tell the Truth: On Scientific Counterpublics.Public Understanding of Science, 20(5), 627–641. Hess, D. J., Breyman, S., Campbell, N., & Martin, B. (2007). Science, Technology and Social Movements. In E. J. Hackett, O. Amsterdamska, M. Lynch, & J. Wajcman (Eds.), The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (3rd ed., pp. 473–498). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. HEW. (1979). Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer, May 4. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Bethesda: Ethics Advisory Board. http:// www.archive.org/details/hewsupportofrese02unit. Accessed 5 July 2017. HFEA. (2016). Mitochondrial Replacement. Human Fertilization & Embryo Authority. ­http://www.hfea.gov.uk/6896.html. Accessed 17 May 2017. HFEA. (2017). Success Rates – Bourn Hall Clinic. Human Fertilization & Embryology Authority. http://guide.hfea.gov.uk/guide/SuccessRate.aspx. Accessed 5 May 2017. Holmes, H. B. (1989). Hepatitis: Yet Another Risk of In Vitro Fertilization. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(1), 29–37. Holmes, H. B., & Hoskins, B. (1985). Prenatal and Preconception Sex Choice Technologies: A Path to Femicide? In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 15–29). London: Hutchinson. References 273

Holmes, H. B., Hoskins, B. B., & Gross, M. (1980). Birth Control and Controlling Birth: Women-­Centered Perspectives. Clifton: Humana Press. Holmes, H. B., Hoskins, B. B., & Gross, M. (1981). The Custom-Made­ Child?: Women-Centered Perspectives. Clifton: Humana Press. Hubbard, R. (1981). The Case against In Vitro Fertilization and Implantation. In H. B. Holmes, B. B. Hoskins, & M. Gross (Eds.), The Custom-Made Child?: Women-­Centered Perspectives (pp. 259–262). Clifton: Humana Press. Humm, P. (1989). Waiting for a Child. In R. Klein (Ed.), Infertility: Women Speak Out About Their Experience of Reproductive Medicine (pp. 51–58). London: Pandora Press. Hynes, H. P. (1987). A Paradigm for Regulation of the Biomedical Industry: Environmental Protection in the United States. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 190–205). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Hynes, H. P. (Ed.). (1989). Reconstructing Babylon: Women and Technology. London: Earthscan. ID-Archiv. (1993). Die Früchte Des Zorns: Texte Und Materialien Zur Geschichte Der Revolutionären Zellen Und Der Roten Zora [Grapes of Wrath: Texts and Materials on the History of the Revolutionary Cells and Red Zora]. Berliner Bündnis für Freilassung/Berlin Alliance for Liberation. http://www.freilas- sung.de/div/texte/rz/zorn/Zorn01.htm. Accessed 3 Nov 2016. Ingalsbee, T. (1996). Earth First! Activism: Ecological Postmodern Praxis in Radical Environmentalist Identities. Sociological Perspectives, 39(2), 263–276. IWHC. (1993). International Women’s Health Coalition – Women’s Declaration on Population Policies. Development in Practice, 3(2), 116–121. IWHM. (1991). Feminist Framework on Reproductive Technology Declaration (Resolution of the 6th International Meeting on Women and Health, Manila). (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(1), 75–76. Jamison, A. (2003). The Making of Green Knowledge: The Contribution from Activism. Futures, 35(7), 703–716. Jamison, A. (2010). Climate Change Knowledge and Social Movement Theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(6), 811–823. Jansen, S. (1987). Resistance and Beyond: Conceiving a Feminist Science. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 209–210). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Jasanoff, S. (2003). (No?) Accounting for Expertise.Science and Public Policy, 30(3), 157–162. 274 References

Jaslok Hospital. (2006). About Dr. Firuza Parikh. Jaslok Hospital. http://www. ivfclinicindia.com/ABOUT%20DR%20FIRUZA%20PARIKH/M__8. Accessed 19 Sept 2017. Jasper, J. M., & Poulsen, J. D. (1995). Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests. Social Problems, 42(4), 493–512. Johnson, M. (2011). Robert Edwards: The Path to IVF. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 23, 245–262. Johnson, M. H., Franklin, S. B., Cottingham, M., & Hopwood, N. (2010). Why the Medical Research Council Refused Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe Support for Research on Human Conception in 1971. Human Reproduction, 25(9), 2157–2174. Jones, H. (1991). In the Beginning There Was Bob.Human Reproduction, 6(1), 5–7. Jones, H. W. (1995). The Norfolk Experience: How IVF Came to the United States. In A. T. Alberda, R. A. Gan, & H. M. Vemer (Eds.), Pioneers in In Vitro Fertilization: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Oss, the Netherlands, November 5, 1993 (pp. 25–43). New York: Parthenon. Jones, H. W. (2003). IVF: Past and Future. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 6(3), 375–381. Kane, E. (1989). Surrogate Parenting: A Division of Families, Not a Creation. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(2), 105–110. Kannegiesser, H. (1988). Conception in the Test Tube: The IVF Story, How Australia Leads the World. South Melbourne: Macmillan. Kano, A. (2016). Japanese Feminist Debates: A Century of Contention on Sex, Love and Labour. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Kaupen-Hass, H. (1988). Experimental Obstetrics and National Socialism: The Conceptual Basis of Reproductive Technology Today. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(2), 127–132. Keenan, M. (1971, September 15). Growing Point: Choose Your Child’s Sex. The Times (London), p. 16. Keller, E. F., & Longino, H. E. (Eds.). (1996). Feminism and Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kirejczyk, M. (1990). A Question of Meaning? Controversies About the New Reproductive Technologies in the Netherlands. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(1), 23–33. References 275

Kishwar, M. (1985). The Continuing Deficit of Women in India and the Impact of Amniocentesis. In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How New Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 30–37). London: Hutchinson. Kläber, K. (1967). The Outsiders of Uskoken Castle. New York: Doubleday. Klein, R. (1983). How to Do What We Want to Do: Thoughts About Feminist Methodology. In G. Bowles & R. Klein (Eds.), Theories of Women’s Studies (pp. 88–104). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Klein, R. (1989a). German Women Say ‘No’ to Reproductive and Genetic Technologies. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(1), 91–98. Klein, R. (1989b). The Exploitation of a Desire: Women’s Experiences with in Vitro Fertilisation. Geelong: Women’s Studies Summer Institute, Deakin University. Klein, R. (Ed.). (1989b). Infertility: Women Speak Out About Their Experience of Reproductive Medicine. London: Pandora Press. Klein, R. (1994). Reflections on Cairo: Empowerment Rhetoric – But Who Will Pay the Price?http://www.finrrage.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Reflections_ on_Cairo_Renate_Klein.pdf. Accessed 29 Apr 2017. Klein, R. (2008). From Test-Tube Women to Bodies Without Women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(3), 157–175. Klein, R. (2017). Surrogacy: A Human Rights Violation. Mission Beach: Spinifex Press. Klein, R., & Rowland, R. (1988). Women as Test-Sites for Fertility Drugs: Clomiphene Citrate and Hormonal Cocktails. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(3), 251–274. Klein, R., Raymond, J. G., & Dumble, L. J. (1991). RU 486: Misconceptions, Myths and Morals. Dhaka/North Melbourne: Narigrantha Prabartana/ Spinifex Press (2013). Knoll, E. M. (2012). Reproducing Hungarians: Reflections on Fuzzy Boundaries in Reproductive Border Crossing. In M. Knecht, M. Klotz, & S. Beck (Eds.), Reproductive Technologies as Global Form: Ethnographies of Knowledge, Practices and Transnational Encounters (pp. 255–282). Frankfurt-on-Main: Campus Verlag GmbH. Knorr-Cetina, K. (1983). New Developments in Science Studies: The Ethnographic Challenge. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, (2),8 153–177. Koch, L. (1990). IVF – An Irrational Choice? (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(3), 235–242. 276 References

Koval, R. (1986). What Price the Scale of Reproductive Technology? Paper given at Liberation or Loss? Women Act on the New Reproductive Technologies, Australian National University, 9–11 May 1986. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education. Koval, R. (1990). The Commercialisation of Reproductive Technology. In J. A. Scutt (Ed.), The Baby Machine: Reproductive Technology and the Commercialisation of Motherhood (pp. 108–134). London: Merlin Press. Kuhn, T. S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kumar, T. C. (1997). Architect of India’s First Test Tube Baby: Dr Subhas Mukerji. Current Science, 72(7), 526–531. Kurzman, C. (2008). Meaning Making in Social Movements. Anthropological Quarterly, 81(1), 17–58. Kusano, I., & Kawasaki, K. (1983). Japanese Women Challenge Anti-­Abortion Law. Japan-Asia Quarterly, 15(1), 10–15. Lasch, C. (1972). Birth, Death and Technology: The Limits of Cultural Laissez- Faire. The Hastings Center Report, (3),2 1–4. Laws, S. (1985). Power and the Right to Choose – Amsterdam 1984. Trouble and Strife, 5, 34–42. Lee, R., & Morgan, D. (2001). Human Fertilization and Embryology: Regulating the Reproductive Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leeton, J. (2004). The Early History of IVF in Australia and Its Contribution to the World (1970–1990). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 44(6), 495–501. Levin, L. S., & Idler, E. L. (1983). Self-Care in Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 4(1), 181–201. Lewis, J., & Cannell, F. (1986). The Politics of Motherhood in the 1980s: Warnock, Gillick and Feminists. Journal of Law and Society, 13(3), 321–342. Lingam, L. (1990). New Reproductive Technologies in India: A Print Media Analysis. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(1), 13–21. Lippman, A. (1992). Mother Matters: A Fresh Look at Prenatal Genetic Testing. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(2), 141–154. Lopata, A. (2010, June 23). 30th Anniversary of IVF in Australia. https://www. mivf.com.au/new-developments-in-ivf/latest-­news-on-ivf/30th-­anniversary-­ ivf-australia. Accessed 27 Sep 2017. Lopata, A., Johnston, I. W., Hoult, I. J., & Speirs, A. I. (1980). Pregnancy Following Intrauterine Implantation of an Embryo Obtained by In Vitro Fertilization of a Preovulatory Egg. Fertility and Sterility, 33(2), 117–120. References 277

Loveland, K. (2017). Feminism Against Neoliberalism: Theorising Biopolitics in Germany, 1978–1993. Gender & History, 29(1), 67–86. Lublin, N. (1998). Pandora’s Box: Feminism Confronts Reproductive Technology. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Machin, L. (2008). The Social and Ethical Context of Embryo Donation. PhD, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds. Maddison, S., & Martin, G. (2010). Introduction to “Surviving Neoliberalism: The Persistence of Australian Social Movements”.Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 9(2), 101–120. Maiguashca, B. (2001). Contemporary Social Movements and the Making of World Politics. PhD, International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science. Maiguashca, B. (2005). Theorizing Knowledge from Women’s Political Practices. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(2), 207–232. Malpede, K. (1991). Notes on the Writing and Reception of the Stage Play ‘Better People’. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(2), 93–107. Mansbridge, J. J. (2001). The Making of Oppositional Consciousness. In J. J. Mansbridge & A. Morris (Eds.), Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest (pp. 1–19). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Martin, C. (1986, June 24). A New and Fertile Field for Investment. Bulletin (Australia), pp. 6–10. Martin, B. (1998). Strategies for Dissenting Scientists. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 12(4), 605–616. Martinez-Alier, J., Healy, H., Temper, L., Walter, M., Rodriguez-Labajos, B., Gerber, J.-F., & Conde, M. (2011). Between Science and Activism: Learning and Teaching Ecological Economics with Environmental Justice Organisations. Local Environment, 16(1), 17–36. McAdam, D. (1996). The Framing Function of Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy, & M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (pp. 338–355). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McBain, J. (2010). Children of a Fertile Revolution: IVF. Melbourne IVF. http:// www.mivf.com.au/ivf-latest-news/children-of-a-fertile-revolution-ivf.aspx. Accessed 6 Jul 2017. McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241. 278 References

McDonald, L. (2007). Disarticulating Bellies: A Reproductive Glance. Cultural Review, 13(1), 187–207. McKay, S. (1985). Test-Tube Women, What Future for Motherhood? (Book Review). Sociology of Health & Illness, 7(2), 275–276. McNeil, M., Varcoe, I., & Yearley, S. (Eds.). (1990). The New Reproductive Technologies. Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. McNeill, S. (1978). Reproduction Workshop. Scarlet Women, 6(7), 3–6. Medew, J. (2016, November 15). Monash IVF Publishing Potentially Misleading Success Rates. The Age (Victoria). http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/monash- ivf-publishing-potentially-misleading-success-rates-20161115-gspz84.html. Accessed 5 May 2017. Melucci, A. (1985). The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements. Social Research, 789–816. Melucci, A. (1989). Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. London: Century Hutchinson. Merrick, J. (1990). The Case of Baby M. In D. Bartels, R. Priester, D. Vawter, & A. Caplan (Eds.), Beyond Baby M: Ethical Issues in New Reproductive Technologies (pp. 183–200). Clifton: Humana Press. Merton, R. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Meseguer, M., Kruhne, U., & Laursen, S. (2012). Full In Vitro Fertilization Laboratory Mechanization: Toward Robotic Assisted Reproduction? Fertility and Sterility, 97(6), 1277–1286. Mies, M. (1983). Towards a Methodology for Feminist Research. In G. Bowles & R. Klein (Eds.), Theories of Women’s Studies (pp. 117–139). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Mies, M. (1985). ‘Why Do We Need All This?’ A Call against Genetic Engineering and Reproductive Technology. Women’s Studies International Forum, 8(6), 553–560. Mies, M. (1989). What Unites, What Divides Women from the South and from the North in the Field of Reproductive Technologies. In F. Akhter, W. van Berkel and N. Ahmad (Eds.), Declaration of Comilla: Proceedings of FINRRAGE-UBINIG International Conference 1989 (pp. 33–44). Dhaka: UBINIG. Mies, M. (2010). The Village and the World. Melbourne: Spinifex. Minden, S. (1985). Patriarchal Designs: The Genetic Engineering of Human Embryos. Women’s Studies International Forum, 8(6), 561–565. Minden, S. (1987). Patriarchal Designs: The Genetic Engineering of Human Embryos. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 102–109). Oxford: Pergamon Press. References 279

Monash IVF. (2012). History of IVF. Monash IVF Australia. https://monashivf. com/about-us/history. Accessed 22 Jan 2017. Monash IVF. (2017). Our Success Rates. Monash IVF Australia. http://monashivf. com/why-monash/our-success-rates/. Accessed 5 May 2017. Mondale, N. (1987). Soft Cell. Channel Four, 11 Jan 1988. 23.00 hrs. Morgan, S. (1984, May 18). Doctor Wants In-Vitro Babies Program Halted. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3. Morris, A., & Braine, N. (2001). Social Movements and Oppositional Consciousness. In J. J. Mansbridge & A. Morris (Eds.), Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest (pp. 20–37). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mulkay, M. J. (1997). The Embryo Research Debate: Science and the Politics of Reproduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Munro, K. (1991). The Aftermath of the Cervical Cancer Inquiry in New Zealand: An Antipodal Aberration or Universal Struggle? (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(1), 31–39. Murdolo, A. (1996). Warmth and Unity with All Women?: Historicising Racism in the Australian Women’s Movement. Feminist Review, 52, 69–86. Napier, L. (1986). Aims of the Workshop ‘Infertility and Feminists’. Paper given at Liberation or Loss? Women Act on the New Reproductive Technologies, Australian National University, 9–11 May 1986. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education. Napier, L. (1989). The Barren Desert Flourishes in Many Ways: From Infertility to in-Fertility. In R. Klein (Ed.), Infertility: Women Speak Out About Their Experience of Reproductive Medicine (pp. 188–197). London: Pandora Press. NASM. (2017). Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance. National Academies of Science and Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/read/24623. Accessed 14 Mar 2017 Nathanson, J. (2005). Framing Feminism: The Impact of Collective Action Frames on the Second Wave Women’s Movement. Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, New York, May 26–30, 2005. National Right to Life. 2012. National Right to Life. (2012). How the Nation’s Largest and Most Effective Pro-Life Group Began. http://nrlc.org/archive/ Factsheets/FS01_NRLCToday.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2017. NHMRC. (1985). Embryo Donation by Uterine Flushing: Interim Report on Ethical Considerations. National Health and Medical Research Council. Canberra: Australian Government Pub. Service. 280 References

Norgren, C. (2001). Abortion before Birth Control: The Politics of Reproduction in Postwar Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Norsigian, J., Diskin, V., Doress-­Worters, P., Pincus, J., Sanford, W., & Swenson, N. (1999). The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective and Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Brief History and Reflection. http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/ history/impact-and-influence/bwhbc-and-our-bodies-ourselves-a-brief-his- tory-and-reflection. Accessed 22 Mar 2017. NPSU, & FSA. (1985). In Vitro Fertilization Pregnancies Australia and New Zealand 1979–1984. Sydney: National Perinatal Statistics Unit and Fertility Society of Australia. O’Brien, M. (1990). Elly. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(2), 137–142. Oakley, A. (1981). Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms. In H. Roberts (Ed.), Doing Feminist Research (pp. 30–61). London: Routledge. Oliver, P., & Johnston, H. (2000). What a Good Idea! Frames and Ideologies in Social Movement Research. Mobilization, 5, 37–54. Palattiyil, G., Blyth, E., Sidhva, D., & Balakrishnan, G. (2010). Globalization and Cross-Border Reproductive Services: Ethical Implications of Surrogacy in India for Social Work. International Social Work, 53(5), 685–699. Pande, A. (2016). Global Reproductive Inequalities, Neo-Eugenics­ and Commercial Surrogacy in India. Current Sociology, 64(2), 244–258. Parsons, C. D. F. (1990). Drugs, Science and Ethics: Lessons from the Depo- Provera Story. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(2), 101–110. Patel, V. (1987). Campaign Against Amniocentesis. In K. Bhate, L. Menon, M. Gupte, M. Savara, M. Daswani, P. Prakash, R. Kashyap, & V. Patel (Eds.), In Search of Our Bodies: A Feminist View on Woman, Health and Reproduction in India (pp. 70–74). Bombay: Shakti Collective. Pearson, R., & Jackson, C. (1998). Interrogating Development: Feminism, Gender and Policy. In C. Jackson & R. Pearson (Eds.), Feminist Visions of Development: Gender, Analysis and Policy (pp. 1–16). London: Routledge. Pereira, M. d. M. (2008). The Epistemic Status of Women’s, Gender, Feminist Studies: Notes for Analysis. In B. Waaldijk, M. Peters, & E. van der Tuin (Eds.), The Making of European Women’s Studies Vol VIII (pp. 145–156). Utrecht: ATHENA/Universiteit Utrecht. Petchesky, R. P. (2004). Fetal Images: The Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction. In B. Bennett (Ed.), Abortion (pp. 263–292). Abingdon: Routledge. References 281

Pfeffer, N. (1985). Not So New Technologies.Trouble and Strife, 5, 46–50. Pimentel, A. C., Jannotti, C. B., Gaudenzi, P., & Teixeira, L. A. (2017). The Brief Life of Norplant(R) in Brazil: Controversies and Reassemblages Between Science, Society and State. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 22(1), 43–52. Pincus, J. (2002). How a Group of Friends Transformed Women’s Health. http:// womensenews.org/story/commentary/020313/how-group-friends-trans- formed-womens-health. Accessed 30 Aug 2017. Platt, J. (1981). Evidence and Proof in Documentary Research 1: Some Specific Problems of Documentary Research. The Sociological Review, 29(1), 31–51. Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective Identity and Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 283–305. Postgate, J. (1995). Eugenics Returns. Biologist, 42(2), 96. Radford, J. (1995). Rights of Women – Twenty Years of Feminist Activism. In G. Griffin (Ed.), Feminist Activism in the 1990s (pp. 51–64). London: Taylor & Francis. Ramsey, J. (1986). Liberation or Loss? Women Act on the New Reproductive Technologies, Canberra, 9–11 May 1986 [Report]. Australian Feminist Studies, 3(Summer), 121–128. Raymond, J. (1984). Feminist Ethics, Ecology and Vision. In R. Arditti, R. Klein, & S. Minden (Eds.), Test-Tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (pp. 427–437). London: Pandora Press. Raymond, J. (1986). A Passion for Friends: Toward a Philosophy of Female Affection. London: The Women’s Press. Raymond, J. (1989). In the Matter of Baby M: Judged and Rejudged. In H. Patricia Hynes (Ed.), Reconstructing Babylon: Women and Technology (pp. 103–113). London: Earthscan. Raymond, J. G. (1993). Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women’s Freedom. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Raymond, J. (2013). Not a Choice, Not a Job: Exposing the Myths About Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. RCOG. (1983). Report of the RCOG Ethics Committee on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Replacement or Transfer. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reis, A. R. G. (1987). IVF in Brazil: The Story Told by the Newspapers. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 120–132). Oxford: Pergamon Press. 282 References

Reis, A. R. G. (1990). Norplant in Brazil: Implantation Strategy in the Guise of Scientific Research. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(2), 111–118. Ressler, O. (2000). Die Rote Zora. Art-e-fact. http://artefact.mi2.hr/_a03/lang_ en/art_ressler_en.htm. Accessed 30 Apr 2015. Rethmann, P. (2006). On Militancy, Sort Of. Cultural Critique, 62, 67–91. Richardt, N. (2003). A Comparative Analysis of the Embryological Research Debate in Great Britain and Germany. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 10(1), 86–128. Riegler, J., & Weikert, A. (1988). Product Egg: Egg Selling in an Austrian IVF Clinic. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(3), 221–224. Riessman, C. K. (1987). When Gender Is Not Enough: Women Interviewing Women. Gender & Society, 1(2), 172–207. Roach, S. (1989). New Reproductive Technologies and Legal Reform. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(1), 11–27. Robertson, J. A. (2004). Reproductive Technology in Germany and the United States: An Essay in Comparative Law and Bioethics. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 43(1), 189–227. Robinson, V., & Richardson, D. (1996). Repackaging Women and Feminism. In D. Bell & R. Klein (Eds.), Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed (pp. 179–187). Melbourne: Spinifex. Rogers, A., & Pilgrim, D. (1991). ‘Pulling Down Churches’: Accounting for the British Mental Health Users’ Movement. Sociology of Health & Illness, 13(2), 129–148. Rootes, C. (2004). Environmental Movements. In D. Snow, S. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 608–640). Oxford: Blackwell. Rose, H., & Hanmer, J. (1976). Women’s Liberation, Reproduction, and the Technological Fix. In D. L. Barker & S. Allen (Eds.), Sexual Divisions and Society: Process and Change (pp. 199–223). London: Tavistock. Rose, H. (1987). Hand, Brain and Heart: A Feminist Epistemology for the Natural Sciences. In S. Harding & J. O’Barr (Eds.), Sex and Scientific Enquiry (pp. 265–282). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Rote Zora. (1984, June). Resistance Is Possible: Interview with Two Members of Rote Zora. EMMA. http://www.freilassung.de/otherl/arm/rzora84.htm. Accessed 21 Oct 2016. References 283

Rote Zora. (1993). Mili’s Tanz Auf Dem Eis: Von Pirouetten, Schleifen, Einbrüchen, Doppelten Saltos Und Dem Versuch, Boden Unter Die Füsse Zu Kriegen [Mili’s Dance on the Ice: Of Spins, Loops, Dips, Double Somersaults and the Attempt to Get Some Ground under Your Feet]. Berliner Bündnis für Freilassung/Berlin Alliance for Liberation. http://www.freilassung.de/div/ texte/rz/milis/milis1.htm. Accessed 3 Nov 2016. Rowbotham, S., & McCrindle, J. (1986). More Than Just a Memory: Some Political Implications of Women’s Involvement in the Miners’ Strike, 1984–85. Feminist Review, 23, 109–124. Rowland, R. (1982). An Exploratory Study of the Childfree Lifestyle. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 18(1), 17–30. Rowland, R. (1983). Attitudes and Opinions of Donors on an Artificial Insemination by Donor (Aid) Programme. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 2(4), 249–259. Rowland, R. (1984a). Reproductive Technologies: The Final Solution to the Woman Question? In R. Arditti, R. Klein, & S. Minden (Eds.), Test-Tube Women: What Future for Motherhood? (pp. 356–369). London: Pandora Press. Rowland, R. (1984b). Reproductive Technology [Recording]. Melbourne: Educational Media Services, Deakin University. Rowland, R. (1985a). A Child at Any Price?: An Overview of Issues in the Use of the New Reproductive Technologies, and the Threat to Women.Women’s Studies International Forum, 8(6), 539–546. Rowland, R. (1985b). Motherhood, Patriarchal Power, Alienation and the Issue of ‘Choice’ in Sex Preselection. In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 74–87). London: Hutchinson. Rowland, R. (1985c). The Social and Psychological Consequences of Secrecy in Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID) Programmes. Social Science & Medicine, 21(4), 391–396. Rowland, R. (1986). Choice or Control? Women and Our Relationship to New Reproductive Technologies. Paper given at Liberation or Loss? Women Act on the New Reproductive Technologies, Australian National University, 9–11 May 1986. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education. Rowland, R. (1987). Facts, Not Fantasy Visions (Letters). Trouble and Strife, 10, 3–5. Rowland, R. (1992). Living Laboratories: Women and Reproductive Technologies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 284 References

Rowland, R. (2015). This Intimate War: Gallipoli/Çanakkale – İçli Dişli Bir Savaş: Gelibolu/Çanakkale 1915. Melbourne: Five Islands Press. Rowland, R., & Klein, R. (1990). Radical Feminism: Critique and Construct. In S. Gunew (Ed.), Feminist Knowledge: Critique and Construct (pp. 271–303). London: Routledge. Rowland, R., & Ruffin, C. (1983). Community Attitudes to Artificial Insemination by Husband or Donor, In Vitro Fertilization, and Adoption. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 2(3), 195–206. Roy, J. (2017, April 28). Lamb Fetuses Can Now Grow in Artificial Wombs. Will Humans Be Next? Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/science/ sciencenow/la-sci-sn-artificial-womb-premature-babies-­20170428-­story. html. Accessed 5 Jul 2017. Rule, P. C. (2004). Coleridge and Newman: The Centrality of Conscience. New York: Fordham University Press. Russell, D. E. H., & Van de Ven, N. (1976). Crimes Against Women: Proceedings of the International Tribunal. Brussels: Les-Femmes Publishing. Rutnam, R. (1991). IVF in Australia: Towards a Feminist Technology Assessment. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(2), 93–107. Safir, M. (2005). How It All Began: The Founding of Women’s Worlds Congress and International Network. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress on Women, Seoul, Korea, June 19th–24th. Salahuddin, T. (2003, October 19). IVF in Bangladesh: Ray of Hope for Infertile Couple. The Daily Star, Web Edition Vol 4 (144). http://www.thedailystar. net/2003/10/19/d31019610198.htm. Accessed 13 November 2016. Salomone, J. (1991). Report on the 6th International Women and Health Meeting, November 3–9 1990, Manila, Philippines. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(1), 77–85. Sama. (2006). Art and Women: Assistance in Reproduction or Subjugation? New Delhi: Sama Resource Group for Women and Health. http://www.samawo- menshealth.in/arts-and-women-assistance-in-reproduction-or-subjugation. Accessed 16 July 2017. Sandelowski, M. (1990). Fault Lines: Infertility and Imperiled Sisterhood. Feminist Studies, 16(1), 33–51. Sandoval, C. (2000). Methodology of the Oppressed. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Sarachild, K. (1978). Consciousness-­Raising: A Radical Weapon. In Redstockings (Ed.), Feminist Revolution: An Abridged Edition with Additional Writings (pp. 144–150). New York: Random House. References 285

Sarojini, N. B., Chakraborty, S., Venkatachalam, D., Bhattacharya, S., Kapilashrami, A., & De, R. (2006). Women’s Right to Health. National Human Rights Commission (India): New Delhi. http://www.rwi.lu.se/ nhridb/asia/india/womens.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2016. Satzinger, H., & Spallone, P. (1988). Frauen in Auseinandersetszung Mit Gen- Und Fortpflanzungstechnologien (Women Responding to Genetic and Reproductive Technologies): A Seminar Held 17–19 June 1988, Berlin. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(3), 313–315. Sawer, M. (2007). Australia: The Fall of the Femocrat. In J. Outshoorn & J. Kantola (Eds.), Changing State Feminism (pp. 20–40). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Schauble, J. (1984, June 18). Dilemma over Orphaned Embryos. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3. Schei, B. (1992). The Routine Use of Ultrasound in Antenatal Care: Is There a Hidden Agenda? (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(1), 13–20. Schleiermacher, S. (1990). Racial Hygiene and Deliberate Parenthood: Two Sides of Demographer Hans Harmsen’s Population Policy. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 3(3), 201–210. Scutt, J. A. (Ed.). (1990). The Baby Machine: Reproductive Technology and the Commercialisation of Motherhood. London: Merlin Press. Segal, L. (1983). The Heat in the Kitchen. In S. Hall & M. Jacques (Eds.),The Politics of Thatcherism (pp. 207–215). London: Lawrence and Wishart. Shapin, S. (1995). Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge. Annual Review of Sociology, 21(1), 289–321. Sheridan, S. (1990). Feminist Knowledge, Women’s Liberation and Women’s Studies. In S. Gunew (Ed.), Feminist Knowledge: Critique and Construct (pp. 36–55). London: Routledge. Simon-Kumar, R. (2006). ‘Marketing’ Reproduction? Ideology and Population Policy in India. New Delhi: Zubaan. Smelser, N. J. (1962). Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul. Snow, D., Burke Rochford, E., Worden, S., & Benford, R. (1986). Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 464–481. Solomon, A. (1988). Integrating Infertility Crisis Counselling into Feminist Practice. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(1), 41–49. 286 References

Solomon, A. (1989). Infertility as Crisis: Coping, Surviving – And Thriving. In R. Klein (Ed.), Infertility: Women Speak Out About Their Experience of Reproductive Medicine (pp. 169–187). London: Pandora Press. Spain. (1986). Report of the General Secretariat, Special Commission for the Study of Human In Vitro Fertilization and Artificial Insemination. Congress of Deputies. Madrid: The Commission. Spallone, P. (1987). Reproductive Technology and the State: The Warnock Report and Its Clones. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 166–183). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Spallone, P. (1989). Beyond Conception: The New Politics of Reproduction. Granby: Bergin & Garvey Publishers. Spallone, P. (1992). Generation Games: Genetic Engineering and the Future for Our Lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Spallone, P., & Steinberg, D. L. (1987a). International Report. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Spallone, P., & Steinberg, D. L. (Eds.). (1987b). Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Spar, D. (2006). The Baby Business: How Money, Science and Politics Drive the Commerce of Conception. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Srinivasan, S. (2010). Introduction. In S. Srinivasan (Ed.), Making Babies: Birth Markets and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in India (pp. x–xli). New Delhi: Zubaan. Stanley, L., & Wise, S. (1990). Method, Methodology and Epistemology in Feminist Research Processes. In L. Stanley (Ed.), Feminist Praxis: Research, Theory, and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology (pp. 20–60). London: Routledge. Stanworth, M. D. (1987). Reproductive Technologies: Gender, Motherhood and Medicine. Cambridge: Polity. Steinbacher, R. (1985). Sex Choice: Survival and Sisterhood. In G. Corea, R. Klein, J. Hanmer, H. B. Holmes, B. Hoskins, M. Kishwar, J. Raymond, R. Rowland, & R. Steinbacher (Eds.), Man-Made Women: How Reproductive Technologies Affect Women (pp. 52–64). London: Hutchinson. Steinberg, D. (1987). Selective Breeding and Social Engineering: Discriminatory Policies of Access to Artificial Insemination by Donor in Great Britain. In P. Spallone & D. L. Steinberg (Eds.), Made to Order: The Myth of Reproductive and Genetic Progress (pp. 184–189). Oxford: Pergamon Press. Steinberg, D. L. (1990). The Depersonalisation of Women Through the Administration of ‘In Vitro Fertilisation’. In M. McNeil, I. Varcoe, & S. Yearley (Eds.), The New Reproductive Technologies (pp. 74–122). Houndmills: The Macmillan Press. References 287

Steinberg, D. L. (1997). Bodies in Glass: Genetics, Eugenics, Embryo Ethics. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Steptoe, P. C. (1968). Laparoscopy and Ovulation. The Lancet, 292(7574), 913–913. Steptoe, P. C., & Edwards, R. G. (1970). Laparoscopic Recovery of Preovulatory Human Oocytes After Priming of Ovaries with Gonadotrophins. The Lancet, 295(7649), 683–689. Steptoe, P. C., Edwards, R. G., & Purdy, J. M. (1980). Clinical Aspects of Pregnancies Established with Cleaving Embryos Grown In Vitro. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 87(9), 757–768. Stop Surrogacy Now. (2015). The Statement. Stop Surrogacy Now. http://www. stopsurrogacynow.com/the-statement/. Accessed 3 Jun 2017. Sydney Morning Herald. (1984, June 19). Orphan Embryos Face Uncertain Legal Future. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3. Symposium. (1993). Declaration of the People’s Perspectives on “Population” Symposium. People’s Perspectives on “Population”, 4&5, 28–31. Szoke, H. (2003). Australia – A Federated Structure of Statutory Regulation of Art. In J. Gunning & H. Szoke (Eds.), The Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology (pp. 75–94). Hampshire: Ashgate. Tarrow, S. (1994). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Taylor, V. (2007). Social Movement Continuity: The Women’s Movement in Abeyance. In J. Goodwin & J. M. Jasper (Eds.), Social Movements: Critical Concepts in Sociology, Vol II (pp. 337–359). London: Routledge. Templeton, A., Van Look, P., Lumsden, M. A., Angell, R., Aitken, J., Duncan, A. W., & Baird, D. T. (1984). The Recovery of Preovulatory Oocytes Using a Fixed Schedule of Ovulation Induction and Follicle Aspiration. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 91(2), 148–154. The Economist. (1979, February 3). Test-Tube Babies: Doing What Comes Naturally – Almost. The Economist, p. 88. The Times. (1971, March 5). Scientists Develop Baby Sex Tests. The Times (London), p. 1. Thompson, C. (2001). Fertile Ground: Feminists Theorise Infertility. In M. C. Inhorn & F. van Balen (Eds.), Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies (pp. 52–78). Berkeley: University of California Press. Trounson, A. O., Leeton, J. F., Wood, C., Webb, J., & Wood, J. (1981). Pregnancies in Humans by Fertilization In Vitro and Embryo Transfer in the Controlled Ovulatory Cycle. Science, 212(4495), 681–682. 288 References

Tsuge, A., & Hong, H. (2011). Reconsidering Ethical Issues About “Voluntary Egg Donors” in Hwang’s Case in Global Context. New Genetics and Society, 30(3), 241–252. UBINIG. (1991). ‘The Price of Norplant Is Tk.2000! You Cannot Remove It.’ Clients Are Refused Removal in Norplant Trial in Bangladesh. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 4(1), 45–46. UBINIG. (1993a). Comments on Population Discussions at UNCED ‘92. People’s Perspectives on “Population”, 1, 30–32. UBINIG. (1993b). From the Editor’s Desk. People’s Perspectives on “Population”, 1, 1. UBINIG. (2015). About Nayakrishi Andolon. Policy Research for Development Alternative. http://ubinig.org/index.php/nayakrishidetails/showAerticle/2/8. Accessed 28 Aug 2017. Uno, S. (1992). The Oral Contraceptive Pill in Japan.(Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(3), 253–256. Varela, M. J., & Stolcke, V. (1989). The New Spanish Law: A Model for Europe? (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 2(3), 233–238. Varma, R., & Varma, D. (2005). The Bhopal Disaster of 1984. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 25(1), 37–45. Veitch, A. (1984, September 5). Orphan Embryos Adoption Plea by Doctor. The Guardian, p. 6. Victoria (Committee to Consider the Social, Ethical, Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization). (1982). Interim Report. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printing Office. Victoria (Committee to Consider the Social, Ethical, Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization). (1983). Report on Donor Gametes in IVF. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printing Office. Victoria (Committee to Consider the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising from In Vitro Fertilization). (1984). Report on the Disposition of Embryos Produced by In Vitro Fertilization. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printing Office. Waldschmidt, A. (1992a). “Éprouvette L'éprouvée” or “Test Tube Under Test,” an International Conference to Critically Assess Reproductive Engineering, Paris 28–29 June 1991. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(1), 75–77. References 289

Waldschmidt, A. (1992b). Against Selection of Human Life: People with Disabilities Oppose Genetic Counselling. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(2), 155–167. Walters, L. R. (1987). Ethics and New Reproductive Technologies: An International Review of Committee Statements. The Hastings Center Report, 17(3), 3–9. Walz, K. (1980, October 15). Woman to Bear Son of Single Man. The Associated Press. Wan, V. (1989). The Australian Venture Capital Market. Journal of Small Business Management, 27(3), 75–78. Warnock, M. (1985). A Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Oxford: Blackwell. Warren, M. A. (1988). IVF and Women’s Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns. Bioethics, 2(1), 37–57. Watson, J. (1971, May). Moving Toward the Clonal Man. The Atlantic Monthly, 227. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1971/05/moving- toward-the-clonal-man/5435/. Accessed 22 Feb 2016. Waugh, J. (1986, May 9). Breeding Money. Business Review Weekly (Australia), pp. 52–62. Weikert, A., Riegler, J., & Trallori, L. (1987). Schöne Neue Männerwelt: Beiträge Zu Gen-Und Fortpflanzungstechnologien. Wein: Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik. West, R. (1984, May 18). IVF Researcher Quits over ‘Reprehensible Techniques’. The Age (Melbourne), pp. 1–2. West, R. (1986, May 14). A Growing Sense That We Are No Longer Safe. The Age (Melbourne). WGNRR. (2012). Funders. Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights. http://www.wgnrr.org/funders. Accessed 26 May 2012. WGNRR. (2014). History. Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights. http://wgnrr.org/who-we-are/history/. Accessed 26 May 2017. Whelan, E. (2001). Politics by Other Means: Feminism and Mainstream Science Studies. The Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, 26(4), 535–581. Whelehan, I. (1995). Modern Feminist Thought: From the Second Wave to “Post- Feminism”. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Whitlock, F. (1984, May 25). Test-Tube­ ‘Miracle Workers’ Attacked. The Australian. Whittier, N. (1990). Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women’s Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 290 References

Winkler, U. (1988). New U.S. Know-How­ in Frankfurt: A ‘Surrogate Mother’ Agency. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 1(2), 205–207. Woll, L. (1992). The Effect of Feminist Opposition to Reproductive Technology: A Case Study in Victoria, Australia. (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic Engineering: Journal of International Feminist Analysis, 5(1), 21–38. Wood, C., & Westmore, A. (1984). Test-Tube Conception. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Wood, C., Leeton, J., Mc Talbot, J., & Trounson, A. O. (1981). Technique for Collecting Mature Human Oocytes for In Vitro Fertilization. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 88(7), 756–760. Woodhouse, E., Hess, D. J., Breyman, S., & Martin, B. (2002). Science Studies and Activism: Possibilities and Problems for Reconstructivist Agendas. Social Studies of Science, 32(2), 297–319. Wynne, B. (1992). Misunderstood Misunderstanding: Social Identities and Public Uptake of Science. Public Understanding of Science, 1(3), 281–304. Yukako, O. (2008). Gender, Reproductive Rights, and Technology. In J. Chen (Ed.), Another Japan Is Possible: New Social Movements and Global Citizenship Education (pp. 225–229). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Zarembo, A. (2012, November 19). An Ethics Debate over Embryos on the Cheap. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/19/local/ la-me-­embryo-20121120. Accessed 17 May 2017. Index1

A Akhter, Farida Abortion career of, 73–75, 115n2, 234, and Bhopal, 110 251 as choice, 104, 243 at Comilla (1989), 108–112, in Eastern Europe, 135 150 of female fetuses, 148, 240 at Comilla (1990), 150, 151, as feminist topic, 41, 72, 77, 153 115n5, 142, 194 and FINRRAGE, 146, 165, in Japan, 119n63 181–182, 209 pills for, 204 and IRAGE, 201–202 and protection of embryos, 37, and People’s Perspectives on 46, 78, 79, 94, 98, 101, ‘Population’, 154, 156, 203 103, 116n21 political consciousness of, 112, ACT UP, 3, 12, 13, 244 148, 231, 232 Agency for Integrated Development-­ speeches and writings of, 74, 108, Bangladesh, 156, 172n49 109, 112, 116n10, 151, AID, see Artificial insemination by 170n24, 181, 202–204 donor Albury, Rebecca, 22n9, 53, 60n31, Aitken, Jan, 162 95, 119n49, 121n74, 164

1 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2017 291 S. de Saille, Knowledge as Resistance, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52727-1 292 Index

Alternative consciousness, see Asociacion de Mujeres para la Salud Ingalsbee, Timothy; (Spain), 99 Oppositional consciousness, Association for Peruvian Women in alternative Legal Careers, 239 Alto de Boa Vista Vision Statement, Australia 144, 203 feminism in, 45, 50, 53, 91, 92, See also FINRRAGE meetings, 120n66 Rio (1991) FINRRAGE in, 8, 56, 82, America, see United States of 95–115, 133–147, America (US) 160–164, 168, 172n63, Amherst (1979), 37–41, 54, 56, 57, 204, 207, 211n6, 231, 234, 166, 187 238, 250n5 Amniocentesis IVF in, 29–31, 36, 46–53, 69, and Bhopal, 110–111 76, 91–95, 118n46, 191, campaigns against, 148 193, 201 for sex selection in India, 54, 149 pronatalism in, 91, 92, 188 as topic in FINRRAGE, 41, 154, regulation of NRT in, 50, 51, 53, 182 60n31, 92, 103, 120n65, Anschlag-relevante Themen, see 120n68, 120n71, 250n5, Gen-Archiv (Essen) 121n72–n74 Antigena (Switzerland), 134, 155 Australian Parliamentary Inquiry Anti-pregnancy vaccines, 2, 106, into Surrogacy, 250n5 108, 236, 242 Australia-New Zealand Association Arditti, Rita, 40, 41, 201 for the Advancement of See also Test-Tube Women: What Science (ANZAAS) future for motherhood? (eds. Congress, 50, 60n27 Arditti, Klein, Minden) Austria, 37, 69, 96, 99, 121n82, 238 Arksey, Hilary, 206, 208 See also Weikert, Aurelia Artificial conception, see In vitro Autonomy, 111, 112, 152, 235, 243 fertilisation (IVF) Artificial insemination by donor (AID), 48, 49, 52, 70, 84, B 118n43 Baby Machine: Reproductive Artificial uterus, 249 technology and the Asche, Austin, see Family Law commercialisation of Council (Australia) motherhood, The (ed. Scutt), Asian Women Human Rights 172n57, 191 Council, 156 Bainbridge, Penny, 114, 124n118, 209 Asilomar, 38 Balasubrahmanyam, Vimal, 203–204 Index 293

Bangladesh See also FINRRAGE meetings, conditions in, 138, 156, 204 Rio (1991); Reis, Ana IVF in, 171n50 Regina Gomes dos Norplant in, 74–75 Brazilian Ministry of Health, 83, 207 population policy in, 109, Brazilian Society for the Advancement 115n12, 148 of Science, 143 women’s activism in, 75, 114, Britain 123n115, 150, 167, 238 early feminist engagement with See also Akhter, Farida; UBINIG NRT in, 8, 31–33, 35, Bangladesh Academy for Rural 43–47, 53, 54 Development, 109, 150 feminism in, 54, 76, 77 Barrass, Nancy, 212n9 FINRRAGE in, 43–47, 56, 72, Beitrage zur Feministischen Theorie 73, 94, 95, 111, 134 und Praxis, 87, 104, IVF in, 29–32, 35 119n53, 123n95 opposition to FINRRAGE in, Belgium, see FINRRAGE meetings, 102–104 Brussels (1986) regulation of NRT in, 43, 94, 95, Benda, Ernst, see Benda Commission 200 (see also Human Benda Commission, 86, 87, 91 Fertilization and Embryo Beyond Conception: The new politics of Authority (HFEA, UK); reproduction (Spallone), Warnock Committee) 192, 207, 210 See also United Kingdom (UK) See also Spallone, Patricia (Pat) British Association of Social Worker’s Bhanot, Nalini, 110 Project Group on Assisted Bhopal gas leak, 109–111, 243 Reproduction (PROGAR), Birth control, see Population 163, 172n59 control British Sociological Association, 197 Bodies in Glass: Genetics, eugenics, Brown, Lesley, 47 embryo ethics (Steinberg), Brown, Louise, 29, 31, 32, 36, 40, 42, 199 47, 58n1, 79, 187, 198 See also Steinberg, Deborah Lynn Bullard, Linda, 83, 189 Bourn Hall, 31, 44, 118n46 Burfoot, Annette Bradish, Paula, 83, 189, 206 and Canadian Royal Commission Brazil on NRT, 147, 160 population policy in, 106, 142, and FINRRAGE, 153, 160, 183 143, 167, 207 writings of, 100, 197–199, 202, reports from, 81–83, 118n40 208 women’s activism in, 108, Burton, Barbara, 93, 120n68, 140–142, 156, 203, 238 120n70 294 Index

C in social movements, 157, 163, Cairo, see United Nations 245 International Conference on Cognitive praxis paradigm, 13–15, Population and Development 157, 168, 169, 223–226, (ICPD, Cairo 1994) 244–247 Cameron, Debbie, 43 Cognitive space Canadian Royal Commission on of feminism, 18, 114, 229 New Reproductive of FINRRAGE, 18, 19, 71, 97, Technologies, 146, 147, 160 98, 136, 137, 164, 210, Carson, Rachel, 185, 187 235, 237, 242 Catholics for a Free Choice, 151 for new ideas, 13, 222, 227 CEDRH, see Human Reproductive liberatory-alternative, 167, 168, Rights Studies Commission 232 (CEDRH, Brazil) Collins, Harry, 206, 207 Centre for Bioethics and Culture Committee to Consider the Social, (US), 164 Ethical and Legal Issues Centre for Contemporary Cultural Arising from In Vitro Studies (Birmingham), 196 Fertilisation (Australia), see Choice Waller Committee constraints on, 104, 107, 112, Conceptive technologies, see In vitro 113, 152, 194, 242, 243 fertilisation (IVF) versus control, 193–194 Conference on the New and NRT, 42–44, 91–93, 95, 97, Reproductive Technologies, 164, 198, 242 72, 77 as a reproductive right, 114, 116, Conscienceness, see Oppositional 151 consciousness in Southern context, 106, 112, Consciousness raising 113, 138, 151 in FINRRAGE, 80, 227, 239 Cloning, 35, 189 and identity politics, 17 Coalition Against Trafficking in in social movements, 89, 227 Women (US), 158, 212n13 in the WLM, 19, 113, 227, 230, Cognitive liberation, 15, 228, 230 231, 233, 239 Cognitive praxis See also Oppositional in epistemic communities, consciousness 121n88 Constructivist science studies, see of FINRRAGE, 17–19, 137, 139, Science and technology 163, 165–169, 182, 184, studies (STS), and 204, 205, 229–243, 247, 250 FINRRAGE Index 295

Contraception women taking back, 39, 46, 73, in developing countries, 72–74, 95, 190, 232, 234, 243 97, 115n12, 138, 142, 143, Corea, Gena 150, 156 at Amherst (1979), 37–39 FINRRAGE research on, 108, in Germany, 92, 186, 187 109, 112, 201, 208, 247 as journalist, 37, 208, 229 natural methods of, 150–151 political consciousness of, 232 and population policy, 102, 148, resistance to surrogacy, 146, 189, 154 212n7 resistance to, 109, 154, 211n6, speaking events, 78, 87, 92, 99, 241–243 121n87, 153, 200 and state interests, 76, 152, 243 in Sweden (1985), 82, 84, See also Population policy; 117n35, 188 individual technologies at Women’s Worlds (1984), 54–56 Control writings of, 40, 41, 84, 118n42, exercising through NRT, 42, 150, 186–189, 191, 241 (see also 195 books by title) in FINRRAGE, 114, 137, 201 Corral, Thais, 141, 143, 170n20, of knowledge, 12, 49, 232, 233 170n24, 203 and male power, 44, 166, 168, Crawshaw, Marilyn, 163, 172n59, 229, 235 208, 234 of motherhood by the state, 76, Crowe, Christine, 83, 84, 101, 78, 151, 153, 186 118n42, 208 of NRT debate by women, 44, writings of, 188, 191, 197, 198, 191, 193 200 over NRT via legislation, 91, 103, Crowley, Rosemary, 60n31, 119n65 194, 231 of own fertility by women, 32, 33, 103, 151, 193, 243 D political consciousness and, 15, Dacach, Solange, 143 17–19, 166, 228–230 Danish Council of Ethics, 210 of reproduction through Daswani, Mona, 87 technology, 33, 86, 110, Davies, David, 78–79 151, 186, 189, 192, 249 Davis, Kathy, 17, 117, 158, 182, 231 of science and technology by Deakin University, 50, 78, 134, 161 women, 103, 106 Death of the Female? panel, see Women’s technology as, 42, 246 Worlds (Groningen 1984) over women’s bodies through Declaration of Comilla, 145 NRT, 36, 43, 48, 72, 79, See also FINRRAGE meetings, 80, 95, 110, 192, 241, 242 Comilla (1989) 296 Index

Degener, Theresia, 201 Embodied Progress: A cultural account Denmark, 82, 200 of assisted conception See also Koch, Lene (Franklin), 196 Department of Health and Social Embryo Protection Law 1990 Security (DHSS, UK), 43, (Germany), 91 59n14 See also Germany, NRT in Department of Health, Education Embryos and Welfare (HEW, USA), access to, 2, 35, 193, 195 36, 46 disposition of surplus, 60n31, 79, Depo-Provera, 87, 202, 211n6 98 Depopulating Bangladesh (Akhter), donation of, 51, 53, 70 115n10, 171n45 engineering of, 2, 21n1, 21n4, 35, Development Alternatives with 189, 249 Women for a New Era experimentation on, 46, 48, 71, (DAWN), 152, 154 101, 106, 109, 198, 207 de Wit, Cynthia, 146, 202, 207 flushing of, 51–53 Disability freezing of, 48, 50, 51, 58n1, 80 babies with, 91, 119n63 as global commodity, 2, 21n3, and Bhopal, 110 194, 247, 248 and Nazism, 90, 91, 107, 196 and IVF, 31, 32, 35, 48, 70, 71, rights movements, 91, 107, 167, 200 201, 243 moral obligation to, 86, 161, 162 women and, 44, 82, 84, 88 as ‘orphans’, 51–52 See also Eugenics personhood of, 46, 103, 202 Dixon, Bernard, 42, 59n12 regulation of research on, 43, 50, Dumble, Lynette, 204 60n31, 78, 79, 83, 86, 87, Dworkin, Andrea, 43, 55 91, 92, 94, 103, 104, 200 and right to abortion, 101, 116–117n21 E sanctity of, 71, 79, 91, 98 Earth Summit, see United Nations transfer between women, 35, 55, Conference on 70, 188, 212n12 Environment and verifying health of, 2, 70 Development (UNCED) Environmental Protection Agency Edwards, Robert, 30, 31, 34, 35, 42, (USA), 189, 250n6 47, 77, 79, 117n26, 197, Epistemic authority, 75, 105 198, 212n12, 213n14 Epistemic community, 122n88, 159 Eggs, see Human ova of NRT, 102, 107, 159 Index 297

Epstein, Steven, see ACT UP all women as, 44, 247 Ethical Issues in Human Reproduction communities of, 121 Technology: Analysis by in FINRRAGE, 8, 97–100 Women, see Amherst (1979) male, 44, 45, 96 Eugenics NRT as subject for, 40, 46, and disability activism, 167, 243 59n22, 79 and feminism, 101, 104, 110, qualified, 139, 205, 236 135, 152 and social movements, 3, 11, 205, in Germany, 82, 88, 89, 91, 107, 236, 244 167, 243 Exploitation of a Desire: Women’s in Japan, 82, 119–120n63, 167 experiences with in vitro science and, 34, 73, 199, 241 fertilisation, The (Klein), European Parliament, 98, 122n91, 121n87, 161, 190 139 See also Klein, Renate See also FINRRAGE meetings, Eyerman, Ron, 19, 20, 184, 185, Brussels (1986); Green 187, 204, 205, 223, 235, Alternative European Link 236 (GRAEL, Belgium) See also Cognitive praxis paradigm European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), 139, F 202 Family Law Council (Australia), 51, European Union Committee on 92, 159, 160 Legal Affairs and Citizen’s Federal Medical Council (Brazil), Rights, 96 142 Evans, Robert, 206, 207 Femicide, 149, 234 Ewing, Christine, 122n90, 147, Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 170n24, 207, 234 185 Expertise, 3, 4, 42, 52, 121n74, Feminism, 227, 230 172n50 and FINRRAGE women, 40, 77, in FINRRAGE, 9, 45, 81, 97, 236 140, 144, 192, 206–211, forms of, 16–18, 231, 235 233, 239, 245 global, 18, 134, 168 forms of, 12, 38, 45, 159 shifts in, 113, 114, 134, 145, 146, interactional, 206, 208 156–158, 168, 182 in social movements, 5, 12, 205, waves of, 133, 181, 182, 185 206, 244, 245 See also Cognitive space, of Experts feminism; Feminist 298 Index

Feminist Ferber, Sarah, 162, 208 activism, 2, 16, 156–158, 229, Feyerabend, Erika, 103, 106, 231, 232, 237 123n102, 133, 137, 140, critiques of science and 160, 161, 202, 210 technology, 17, 165, 168, FINNRET 197, 198, 221, 235 becomes FINRRAGE, 80, 85, divisions over NRT, 90, 101–103, 232 106, 109, 135, 164, 191, in Britain, 72, 76–80 195, 213n22 cognitive space of, 71, 232, 242 diversity of, in FINRRAGE, 2, 73 emergence of, 8, 56, 71, 185–187 engagement with NRT, 2, 3, 8, workshops at IWHM 31–58, 59n15, 77, 81, 95, (Amsterdam 1984), 72, 73, 186, 187, 195, 211 141 epistemology, 11, 15, 226 FINRRAGE oppositional consciousness, in abeyance, 133, 134, 156–158, 16–18, 229 164, 165, 249, 250 population policy, 151–153, 155 and the academy, 168, 196, 197, position on NRT, 69, 91, 92, 97, 207, 208, 233, 234, 247 101, 103, 135–137, 140, aims of, 165, 189 164, 203, 243, 249 and consciousness raising, 97, 227 resistance to NRT, 79, 82–84, 88, effect of participation in, 160, 89, 91, 94, 95, 98, 103, 209, 210 104, 187–196 foundational texts of, 185–187 scholarship, 4–6, 136, 159, 239 importance of friendships in, 57, voices, 53, 95, 96, 161–164, 194 114, 167, 239, 240 writing on NRT, 181–185, International Co-ordinating 196–200 Group (ICG) of, 134, 144, See also Feminism 145, 147, 155, 160, 206, Feminist Hearing on Genetic and 210, 238, 240 Reproductive Technologies, see knowledge practices in, 101, 167, FINRRAGE meetings, 205, 206, 210, 233 Brussels (1986) membership of, 22n9, 85, Feminist International Network on 119n49, 137, 140, 141 New Reproductive and NGO status, 102, 145, 154, Technologies, see FINNRET 155, 238 Feminist International Network of origin story of, 39, 80–85, 114 Resistance to Reproductive organisational identity of, 114, and Genetic Engineering, 139–141, 144, 158, 159, see FINRRAGE 235–240 Index 299

perceived impact of, 158–164, meeting women at, 141, 142, 169, 181, 184, 248 186 positions in, 103, 110, 112, organisation of, 56, 78, 81, 99, 135–140, 145, 150, 153, 100 155, 160, 169, 182, 183, papers given at, 94, 95, 188, 186, 205 189, 200 (see also Made to technological topics of, 167, Order: The myth of 240–243 reproductive and genetic tensions in, 110, 111, 113, 114, progress (Spallone and 135–138, 167, 168 Steinberg)) women in, 5–9, 57, 75, 76, 90, FINRRAGE News, 146, 207 97, 98, 103, 108, 138, 148, Finrrage-no-kai, 165, 191, 212n10, 149, 205, 210 227, 250n2 writing by, 98, 147, 184–211, See also Infertility, self-help groups 213n18 (see also individual FINRRAGE-UBINIG International books and authors) Conference, see FINRRAGE FINRRAGE chapters, See individual meetings, Comilla (1989) countries and women FINRRAGE-UBINIG Regional FINRRAGE meetings Meetings, see FINRRAGE Berlin (1988), 102 meetings, Comilla (1990) Boldern (1990), 134–141, 147, Firestone, Shulamith, 33, 34, 42, 43 169n1, 169n3, 169n9, First European Feminist Conference on 172n53 Reproductive and Genetic Brussels (1986), 96–99, 102, 107, Technology, see FINRRAGE 147, 209 meetings, Mallorca (1986) Comilla (1989), 108–114, Fonseca, Lariane, 92, 120n66, 147, 134–139, 143–146, 160, 209, 221, 238 148–150, 167, 235, 238, 239 Ford Foundation, 31, 60n32, 155 Comilla (1990), 150–153 Forum Against Oppression of Comilla (1993), 153, 154, 203 Women (India), 148 Mallorca (1986), 99–102, 206 Forum Against Sex Determination Rio (1991), 141, 143–146, and Sex Pre-Selection 170n20, 183 (India), 110 Sweden (1985), 80–86, 118n44, Foster, Patricia, 212n9 188, 189, 193, 201, 234, France, 37, 69, 70, 82, 139, 140, 237, 238 240 cognitive praxis shaped by, 135, Franklin, Sarah, 100, 196, 197, 200, 136, 138, 166, 167, 182, 231 233, 239 Declaration of Lund, 94, 136, writings of, 137, 185, 198, 208, 138, 145, 146 243 300 Index

FrauenAnstiftung, 141, 143, 146, 203 Frankfurt Congress (1988), Frazer, Elizabeth (Liz), 43, 73, 102–108, 114, 160 115–116n6 Green Party in, 89–91, 160 Friedan, Betty, 185, 187 and Nazi past, 89–91, 186, 211n5 Friends of FINRRAGE, see NRT in, 37, 69, 86, 87, 91, 203 Finrrage-no-kai political landscape of, 88, 186, 187 resistance to eugenics in, 82, G 89–91, 105, 123n98, 167, Gabriela, 152 243 Gametes, 1, 50, 60n31, 92, 120n68, Global reproductive rights 247 movements, see sale of, 21n3, 98, 160, 192 Reproductive rights Gandhi, Indira, 148 Global South, 8, 138, 151, 168, 247 Gandhi, Sanjay, 148 See also Latin America, Caribbean, Gen-Archiv (Essen), 104–106, 202, Asia, Africa and Pacific 210 (LACAAP) countries; Third General Agreement of Tariff and World Trade, 154 Global women’s movement, 153, Generation Games: Genetic 155, 167, 246 engineering and the future for Goffman, Erving, 14, 16 our lives (Spallone), 193 Google Baby (film), 1 Genetic engineering Görlich, Annette, 96, 101, 122n91, agricultural, 109, 138, 207 140, 209 discussions in European Green Alternative European Link Parliament, 96, 98 (GRAEL, Belgium), 96, feminist scholarship on, 182, 185 122n91 in Germany, 87–90, 105, 107 See also FINRRAGE meetings, and military applications, 83, Brussels (1986) 189, 207, 242 Groningen (1984), see Women’s resistance to, 32, 85, 158, 193, Worlds (1984) 241 Grossman, Edward, 34, 36 Genetic testing and counselling, 189 See also Obsolescent Mother, The Germany (Grossman) Bonn Congress (1985), 87, 88, Groupe de recherche et d’evaluation 96, 102, 104 des pratiques médicales FINRRAGE in, 7, 8, 82, 90, 134, (GREPM, France), 135, 201, 202, 238 139–140 Index 301

Gupta, Jyotsna Agnihotri, 72, 106, Human Fertilization and Embryo 112, 115n7, 121n79, 165, Authority (HFEA, UK), 208, 212n7, 234, 235 21n1, 46, 119n46, 160, 200 Human ova H damaged by superovulation, Habermas, Jurgen, 3, 12, 14, 223, 213n14 225, 246 death during retrieval, 83 Hands Off Our Ovaries, 172n62, donation of, 2, 82, 92, 140, 211n6 194 Hanisch, Carol, 230, 250n4 for experiments, 30, 32, 35, 36, Hanmer, Jalna 78, 103, 164, 172n62, 195, in Britain, 29, 41, 43–45, 77, 78 211n6, 249 emergence of FINNRET, 54–56, process of retrieving, 31–33, 49, 59n15, 60n35 79, 80 and FINRRAGE, 7, 100, 107, Human Reproductive Rights Studies 111, 112, 146, 166, 209, Commission (CEDRH, 234 Brazil), 142–143 political consciousness of, 166, Hynes, Patricia, 189, 250n6 232, 233 writings of, 32–36, 56, 149, 187, 191, 193, 201 I Harradine, Brian, 92, 103 Ince, Susan, 84 Hawthorne, Susan, 204 India, 112, 121n79, 234 Hickel, Erika, 87, 160 and FINRRAGE activities, 81, Hidden Malpractice: How American 106, 108, 114, 148, 149, medicine mistreats women, 153, 238 The (Corea), 37–38 first IVF child in, 31, 58n1, 69, Hogg, Caroline, 161 124n108 Holmes, Helen Bequaert (Becky), population control in, 87, 97, 37–41, 54, 72, 202 148, 167 Hormonal stimulation, 31, 70 sex selection in, 54, 106, 149 Hoskins, Betty, 54, 72 surrogacy in, 1, 171n40, 212n7, House of Commons (UK), 78, 80 248 House of Lords (UK), 103 women’s groups in, 149, 165, Hubbard, Ruth, 41, 87 171n40, 238 Human Embryo Experimentation Bill See also Bhopal gas leak 1985 (Australia), 60n31, Indian Council of Medical Research, 92, 120n65 58n1, 171n39 302 Index

Infertility International Women and Health causes and prevention of, 84, 98, Meetings (IWHM) 189 Amsterdam 1984, 71–76, 81, counselling for, 162, 166, 190, 141, 150, 115n5–n8 201 Manila 1990, 151–152 feminist engagement with, 32, International Women’s Health 181 Coalition (IWHC), 155 high-tech solutions for, 37, 70 In vitro fertilisation (IVF) inducing for population in cattle, 55, 87 reduction, 57, 109, 149 and choice, 92–93 IVF as treatment for, 31, 71, 80, and control, 42, 43, 79, 95, 231 95, 161 development of, 29–31, 47, 48 male, 35, 51, 70, 118n43 doctors, 48, 52, 59n24, 76, 92, self-help groups, 82, 84, 93, 191, 140, 193 208 as experimentation, 69, 95, 192 women’s experiences of, 8, 83, feminist engagement with, 32, 161, 190 43–45, 149, 150, 164, Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act 213n22, 241 1984, 50 feminists for, 39, 42, 45, 78, 80, See also Australia, regulation of 92 IVF first children of, 29, 31, 37, 47, Infertility: Women speak out about 48, 58n1, 69, 70, 123n109, their experiences of 169n2 reproductive medicine (ed. lack of follow-up studies, 38, 58, Klein), 190, 191, 195 212n12, 213n14 Ingalsbee, Timothy, 15, 16, 222 media coverage of, 47, 50–52, 83, Institute for Cultural Action 93–95, 198 (IDAC), 203 process of, 32, 82, 198 Institute on Women and Technology public resistance to, 36, 51, 79, (US), 189 82, 120n71 International Co-ordinating Group public scrutiny of, 43, 91, 162, (ICG), see FINRRAGE 166 International Public Hearing on regulation of, 36, 50–52, 78, 86, Crimes Against Women 87, 91, 94, 97, 98, 100, Related to Population 103, 189, 231 (see also Policies, 156 individual countries) See also FINRRAGE meetings, research about, 48, 82, 84, Comilla (1993) 118n42, 196–201 International Tribunal of Crimes resistance to, 2, 41, 50, 88, 100, Against Women, 100 139, 154, 193, 241, 242 Index 303

success rates, 71, 84, 93, 95, 98, Jones, Georgeanna, 30, 36, 37, 118n46 117n26 as treatment, 3, 70, 71, 171n39, Jones, Howard, 30, 36, 37, 71, 189 117n26 women’s experiences of, 79, 83, Jones Institute for Reproductive 84, 134, 161, 162, 188, Medicine (Norfolk, 190, 191, 200, 208, 245 Virginia), see Jones, Howard See also New reproductive Journal of Feminist Theory and technologies (NRT) Practice, see Beitrage zur Ireland, 9, 82, 96 Feministischen Theorie und Israel, 60n32, 81, 82, 191 Praxis See also Solomon, Alison Israel, Giselle, 143 (Issues in) Reproductive and Genetic K Engineering: Journal of Kane, Elizabeth, 202, 212n9 International Feminist Karkal, Malini, 153, 171n44, 204 Analysis (IRAGE), 102, Kaupen-Hass, Heidrun, 107 122n92, 200–203, 213n22 Keane, Noel, 70, 90, 102, 115n2, advisory board and editors of, 7, 202 201 Kelly, Petra, 89 columns in, 172n57, 207 Kershaw’s Cottage Hospital, 31 conference reports in, 104, 152, Keyser, Loes, 203 202 Kishwar, Madhu, 54 IVF Australia, see Monash IVF Klein, Renate in Britain, 43–45, 77, 78, 103, 234 J and FINRRAGE-Australia, 134, Jamison, Andrew, 19, 20, 184, 185, 147, 161–164, 172n62, 187, 204, 205, 223, 226, 231, 232, 250n5 235, 236 at FINRRAGE meetings, 81, 82, See also Cognitive praxis paradigm 87, 100, 117n34, 153 Jansen, Sarah, 84, 86, 87 at Groningen, 54–56 Japan, 82, 201, 234, 250n1 political consciousness of, 111, and eugenics, 107, 119n63, 167 207, 232, 233 FINRRAGE in, 81, 82, 114, 191, writings of, 59n20, 76, 104, 106, 207, 212n10, 227, 238 109, 155, 156, 172n62, See also Finrrage-no-kai; Soshiren 188, 200, 201, 204, 213n14 Johnston, Ian, 162 (see also individual books) 304 Index

Knowledge from women’s experience, 3–6, access to, 47, 72, 73, 241, 242 136, 138, 144, 227, 230, credibility of holder of, 13, 98, 231, 233, 238, 239, 249, 161, 205, 244, 245 251n7 embodied, 75, 151, 232 Koch, Lene, 100, 135, 137, 200, and evidence, 122n88, 161 208, 210, 213n22, 234 FINRRAGE and collective, 9, Koval, Ramona, 160, 191 56–58, 95, 101, 141, 142, Krannich, Margret, 96, 101, 161–163, 183, 195, 203, 122n91, 140, 209 206–210, 232–235 Kuhn, Thomas, 205, 225 formal production of, 75, 208, Kumar, Anand, 58n1, 124n109, 149 233 Kumar, Corinne, 170n24 forms of, 3, 6, 14, 41, 75, 86, 106, 206–209, 237 increasing, generating, building, L 39, 44, 45, 71, 97, 108, Laborie, Francoise, 139–140 139, 166, 201, 249 Laparoscopy, 30, 70, 83 practices in FINRRAGE, 111, Lasch, Christopher, 36 133, 138, 139, 187–189, Latin America, Caribbean, Asia, 239, 240, 246, 247 Africa and Pacific radicalisation through, 41, 141, (LACAAP) countries, 153 229 See also Global South as resistance, 167, 182, 196, 229, Latin American and Caribbean 243 Women’s Health Network, about science and medicine, 32, 155 38, 231 Lavage, see Embryos, flushing of scientific, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 32, Law Reform Committee of the 205, 225, 235, 244 Family Law Council in social movements, 3, 4, 11–16, (Australia), see Family Law 19, 105, 123, 137, 161, Council 166, 199, 205, 222–228, Leeton, John, 30, 47, 59n24 230, 244–248 (see also Liberation or Loss? Women act on the Cognitive praxis) new reproductive technologies sociology of scientific, 10, 224, (Canberra 1986), 92, 99, 225 162 as strategy in FINRRAGE, 82, Lingam, Lakshmi, 149 98, 99, 165, 167 Living Laboratories: Women and warranting of, 6, 13, 84, 135, reproductive technologies 227, 230, 233, 234 (Rowland), 193–194 Index 305

Lublin, Nancy, 39, 211n3 political consciousness of, 111, Lund, see FINRRAGE meetings, 232 Sweden (1985) writings of, 109, 124n111, 145, 188, 203, 251n7 Minden, Shelley, 40, 41, 83, 188 M See also Test-Tube Women: What Made to Order: The myth of future for motherhood? (eds. reproductive and genetic Arditti, Klein and Minden) progress (Spallone and Monash IVF, 47–51, 70, 79, 83, Steinberg), 85, 117n34, 116n19, 118n46, 120n72, 118n44, 188, 189 191 Making of Oppositional Consciousness, as IVF Australia, 93, 94, 121n73 The (Mansbridge), see Monash University, 47, 93, 94, 191, Mansbridge, Jane 202 Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves, The See also Monash IVF (Davis), see Davis, Kathy Morgan, Robin, 37 Man-Made Women: How new Motherhood, 34, 90, 101, 230 reproductive technologies social pressure towards, 45, 76, affect women (Corea et al.), 97, 164, 166, 198, 242 56, 72, 188 Mother Machine: Reproductive Mansbridge, Jane, 15–17, 227, 228, technologies from artificial 236 insemination to artificial Matter of Life, A (Edwards and wombs, The (Corea), 37, Steptoe 1980), 29–31, 79, 186–188, 209, 211n4, 232, 80, 198 241, 249 Mazhar, Farhad, 153, 203 Movement intellectuals, 13, 186, McBain, John, 30, 59n24 204–211, 244, 245 McNeil, Maureen, 31, 185, 197, Munoz, Alejandra, 212n9 213n18 Medical Research Council (UK), 31 Medical Tribune, 84 N Merchant, Carolyn, 203 Nagaoki, Satoko, 153, 165, 204, Merton, Robert, 224, 226, 233 207, 212n10, 233 Mies, Maria See also Japan; Soshiren (Japan) career of, 6, 112, 136, 233, 235, Napier, Lindsay, 190, 191 250 Narigrantha Prabartana, 204 and FINRRAGE, 1, 85, 87, 153, National Bioethics Consultative 170n24, 209 Committee (Australia), 94 306 Index

National Coalition Against resistance to, 74, 77, 97, 104, Surrogacy (US), 146, 212n9 165, 187, 190, 229, 232, National Feminist Network on New 233, 241 Reproductive Technology, See also Contraception; In vitro see Australia, FINRRAGE in fertilisation (IVF); National Health and Medical individual technologies Research Council New South Wales Women’s Advisory (NHMRC, Australia), 51, Council, 94 53 Nogerete (Switzerland), 134 National Health Service (NHS, UK), Non-Aligned Women’s Movement of 31, 78, 209 Greece, 238 National Perinatal Statistics Unit Norplant (NPSU, Australia), 93 in Bangladesh, 75, 108, 109, National Science Foundation, 37, 116n10, 204 60n32 in Brazil, 142, 143, 207 National Women’s Studies international campaigns against, Association, 202 108, 211n6, 236 Nayakrishi, Andolon, 124n115, 251n7 New Jersey Supreme Court, 212n8 O New Reproductive Technologies (eds. Oakley, Ann, 4–5 McNeil, Varcoe, and O’Brien, Mary, 199 Yearley), 197 Obsolescent Mother, The (Grossman), New reproductive technologies 34 (NRT) off our backs, 8 affect on all women of, 72, 73, Ohana, Graça, 143 243 Oldham Area Health Authority, 31 ethical, legal and social Oliveira, Rosiska Darcy de, 153, implications of, 58, 159 170n24, 203 feminist engagement with, 43, 53, Oppositional consciousness 54, 56, 57, 72, 81, 135, alternative, 35, 36, 85 164, 186 as conscienceness, 19, 20, 22n10, feminist writing on, 40, 182–184, 76, 136, 163, 228, 229, 186, 192–200 232, 243 in East/West, North/South, 109, definitions of, 16–20, 229 149 forms in FINRRAGE, 95, 136, epistemic community around, 166–168, 226, 227, 100–102, 107 231–235, 242, 243 knowledge about, 3, 4, 40, 58, egalitarian, 39, 45, 157, 239, 245 165, 166, 169 and identity politics, 16, 17, 113 Index 307

liberatory, 39, 89, 113, 153, 158, People’s Perspectives on ‘Population’ 191, 226 Symposium, see FINRRAGE liberatory-alternative, 111, 113, meetings, Comilla (1993) 237, 242 Pfeffer, Naomi, 32 relationship to control, 17, 166, Philippines Organising Committee 229 Coalition, 151 Orland, Barbara, 202–203 Policy Research for Development Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS, Alternative (Bangladesh), see Boston Women’s Health UBINIG Collective), 114, 158, 187, Politics of Innovation: The discovery, 230, 231 dissemination and regulation See also Davis, Kathy of in vitro fertilisation in Overseas Development Britain, The (Burfoot), Administration (UK), 156 199 Population control coercive policies for, 73, 144, 154, P 155 Palacios, Marcelo, 100 FINRRAGE research on, 73, 101, Pappert, Ann, 190 108, 109, 142, 146, 204 Pareda, Sixto, 100 embodied perspectives on, 73 Parliamentary Inquiry into Surrogacy methods of, 87, 97, 156, 204 (Australia), 250n5 Population Council, 155 Parliament of Australia, 92, 94, 103, Population policy 250n5 in Bangladesh, 73, 74, 76, 211n6 Parliament of Germany (Bundestag), donor organisations and, 112, 87, 90 148 Parliament of the United Kingdom, feminist, 152, 154, 155 46, 54, 78, 80, 94, 95, in India, 148 117n28, 198 in Japan, 119n63 Patel, Vibhuti, 106, 148, 149, 209, mainstream, 73, 74, 155, 170n20 234 resistance to, 88, 203, 211n6 Penselin, Ulla, 105 as topic for FINRRAGE, 167, See also Rote Zora 247 People’s Health Network (India), Postgate, John, 34 153 Powell, Enoch, see Unborn Children People’s Perspectives on ‘Population’ Protection Bill (periodical), 153, 155, 203, Preimplantation (genetic) diagnosis, 204 35, 82, 91, 167, 189, 242 308 Index

Prenatal diagnosis Reagan, Ronald (President), 36 in Germany, 91, 104, 167, 203 Reconstructing Babylon: Women and in India, 109–111, 135 technology (ed. Hynes), 189 in Japan, 82, 167, 208 Rede de Defensa da Espécie Humana for sex determination, 33, 109 (REDEH), 143, 146, Professionalisation 170n20, 203 and activism, 158, 159, 233, 236, Reed, Candice, 47, 162 246 See also Australia, IVF in and FINRRAGE, 158, 159, 168, Reis, Ana Regina Gomes dos 246 in Brazil, 83, 106, 140–143, 207 and social movement theory, 233, in FINRRAGE, 83, 106, 138, 236, 246 170n24, 182, 186, 240 Project Group on Assisted organising Rio, 138, 141, 143, Reproduction (PROGAR), 144, 146, 203 163, 172n59 Reproductive Brothel, The (Corea), 54, Protiroadh/Resistance Network 87, 188 (Bangladesh), 150, 204 Reproductive rights, 41, 56, 114, 115n5, 142, 151 Research Foundation for Science and Q Ecology (India), 153 Queen Victoria Medical Centre Resource mobilization theory (QVMC, Australia), 47–49, (RMT), 222, 223, 226 52, 162, 244 Richardson, Jo, 80 Qureshi, Sabera, 150 Riegler, Johanna, 99, 121n82, 140, 200 Rights of Women (UK), 43, 77 R Right-to-life movements, 36, 46, 51, Rans, Martha, 170n24 71, 188 Raymond, Janice Rivkin, Jeremy, 146 at Amherst, 37–39 Rose, Hilary, 4, 32–35, 56 career of, 37, 40, 41, 158, 208, Rote Zora, 88, 89, 104, 105, 212–213n13 119n57, 123n102 in FINRRAGE, 77, 92, 146, 167 See also Penselin, Ulla; Strobl, at Groningen, 54, 56, 57 Ingrid political consciousness of, Rowland, Robyn 232–233 in Britain, 78, 103, 116–117n21, writings of, 43, 123n94, 189, 234 194, 195, 201, 202, 204 expertise on IVF of, 208, 245 Index 309

and Family Law Council, 51, 92, and FINRRAGE women, 83, 96, 159 101, 206–208, 233, 234, in FINRRAGE, 7, 69, 77–79, 82, 239 120n66, 134, 140, 147, and Nazism, 90, 107 160, 161, 163 normative, 10–13 at Groningen, 54–56 of NRT, 4, 29, 30, 39, 69, 194, political consciousness of, 161, 195 231–233 as progress, 46, 71, 87, 246 research on AID, 48–50, 52, and the public, 11, 44, 46, 88 118n43 and social movements, 13, 14, resignation from ethics 205, 223, 245 committee, 49–53, 59n22, and society, 3, 33, 90, 165, 192, 59n24, 77, 116n19, 244 235 writings of, 54, 91, 92, 111, 188, as value-free and neutral, 3, 102, 189, 193–195, 201, 250n5 196, 246 Royal Commission on New women’s bodies used for, 30, 36, Reproductive Technologies 43, 164, 189, 192, 211n6 (Canada), 146, 147, 160 Science and technology studies Royal Women’s Hospital (RWH, (STS), 15 Australia), 47, 48, 162 feminist contribution to, 3, 4, 17, RU 486, 204, 211n6 183, 197, 198 and FINRRAGE, 183, 184, 199, 233, 234 S and social movement studies, 3, 4, Saheli (India), 110 12, 224, 235, 236 Sama (India), 149, 150, 164, Science for the People, 41, 88 171n40 Scientific freedom, 36, 192 Sandoval, Chela, 16–17 Scientific knowledge, see Knowledge, Sarachild, Kathie, 230 scientific Satzinger, Helga, 87–90, 207, 248 Scutt, Jocelynne, 163, 172n57, 191, Scarlet Woman, 32 202, 208 Schleiermacher, Sabine, 107 Second International Interdisciplinary Science Congress of Women, see constructivist approaches to, 14, Women’s Worlds (Groningen 182, 224–226, 235 1984) disillusion with, 40, 41, 233 Self-determination, 101, 104, 106, feminist critique of, 17, 53, 106, 111, 113, 114, 150, 152, 168, 197, 221, 242 158, 210, 243 310 Index

Senate Select Committee on Human writings of, 85, 98, 189, 192, Embryo Experimentation 193, 196, 200, 210, 212n12 (Australia), 160 Spanish Parliamentary Commission Sex determination, 37, 167 for IVF, 100 See also Sex selection Spare Rib, 8, 45 Sex selection, 33, 36, 44, 167 Spender, Dale, 40 in India, 106, 109, 111, 148, 149, Sperm donation, 33, 48, 120n68, 171n40 190 See also Sex determination Spinifex Press, 204 Shakti Collective (India), 149 Steinberg, Deborah Lynn, 84, 85, Shiva, Vandana, 153, 203 100, 134, 197–199 Silent Spring, The (Carson), 185 Steinem, Gloria, 37 Skaggs Foundation, 201 Steptoe, Patrick C., 30, 31, 34, 35, Smelser, Neil, 13, 221, 222, 225, 42, 47, 77, 79, 198 244 Stichting Rhea (Netherlands), 238 Social movements, 204, 223 Stolcke, Verena, 99, 103 difficulty in defining, 236, 244 Strobl, Ingrid, 105 as knowledge-producers, 226, See also Rote Zora 244, 245 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The and oppositional consciousness, (Kuhn), see Kuhn, Thomas 227–228 Stop Surrogacy Now, 172n62 and science, 12, 13, 225, 235 Superovulation, 48, 79, 162, 201, study of knowledge in, 3, 10–15, 213n14 184, 222, 223 Surrogacy Social Movements: A cognitive in Australia, 50, 51, 152, 173n63, approach (Eyerman and 250n5 Jamison), see Cognitive campaigns against, 146, 173n62, praxis paradigm 202, 211n6, 212n9 Social movement theory (SMT), 3, commercial, 51, 70, 90, 98, 108, 11, 12, 205, 222, 225, 244 160, 164, 189, 190, 194 Society for the Protection of the enforceability of contracts, 90, Unborn Child (SPUC), 78 115n2, 249 Solomon, Alison, 190, 191 feminist support for, 45, 92 See also Israel in Germany, 90–91 Soshiren (Japan), 119n63, 165, 191, in India, 1, 171n40, 212n7, 248 207, 212n10 in the US, 70, 90 (see also Keane, Spallone, Patricia (Pat), 136, 137, Noel; Whitehead, Mary 201, 207, 234 Beth) Index 311

T population policy in, 97, 108, Taboada, Leonore, 99, 100, 209 112, 203 Technologies of confirmation, 167, women, 55, 72, 73, 188 189, 196, 241 women in FINRRAGE, 75, 86, See also Amniocentesis; 99 Preimplantation (genetic) See also Global South diagnosis; Prenatal diagnosis Third World Network (Malaysia), Technology, 36, 106, 113, 154 153 as liberation from childbirth, Tonti-Filippini, Nicholas, 52, 161 33–34 Trafficking, 89, 159, 194, 213n13 as neutral, 11, 15, 17, 42, 101, Tribunal of Medical Crimes Against 102, 168, 182 Women, 100, 107, 147 and society, 3, 44, 192, 237 Trouble and Strife, 8, 32, 45, 103 as a tool of domination, 90, Trounson, Alan, 30, 48, 59n24, 83, 166 116n19, 188 See also In vitro fertilisation (IVF); Tsuge, Azumi, 165, 195, 208, New reproductive 212n10, 250n1 technologies (NRT) Terra Femina (Brazil), 156, 203 Test-Tube Under Test (Éprouvette U l’éprouvée), see FINRRAGE UBINIG meetings, Paris (1991) and FINRRAGE, 123n108, 146, Test-Tube Women: What future for 152, 153, 156, 165, 236, motherhood? (eds. Arditti, 238 Klein and Minden) as research organisation, 73–75, influence of, 54, 56, 74, 167, 112, 115n9, 123n115, 203, 172n57, 185, 186, 212n10, 204, 211n6 232 See also Akhter, Farida; FINRRAGE writing of, 40–42, 78, 87, 189, meetings, Comilla 190 Ullerstam, Martha, 56 Thatcher, Prime Minister Margaret, Unborn Children Protection Bill, 103 76–77 Union Carbide, 109–110 Theories of Women’s Studies (Bowles United Kingdom (UK), 7, 8, 96, and Klein), 40 191, 197 Third party reproduction, 51, 194, IVF in, 31, 36, 69, 169 248 regulation in, 21n1, 43, 160, See also individual technologies 172n59, 198 Third World, 16, 55, 72, 73, 89 See also Britain 312 Index

United Nations Conference on Victorian Standing Review and Environment and Advisory Committee on Development (UNCED), Infertility (VSRACI), 50, 144, 170n22 161, 162 United Nations Decade for Women Voluntary Licensing Authority (UK), (1975–1985), 151, 155, 46 156 United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), 155 W United Nations International Wagner, Marsden, 100, 102, Conference on Population 122n87, 139 and Development (ICPD, Waldschmidt, Anne, 139, 201 Cairo 1994), 144–146, Waller, Louis, see Waller Committee 151–156, 158, 203, 240, Waller Committee, 50–52, 92, 246 120n68, 162 Université des Femmes, 96 Warnock, Dame Mary, see Warnock Unnayan Bikalper Nitinirdharoni Committee Gobeshona, see UBINIG Warnock Committee, 43–46, 59n15, United States of America (US) 69, 77–80, 98, 198 feminism in, 16, 158 Watson, James, 35 feminist engagement with NRT Weikert, Aurelia, 99, 121n82, 140, in, 41, 56, 146, 186, 187 199, 200, 213n21 NRT in, 36, 37, 93, 94, 189 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 115n2, 189, political context of, 37, 182, 223, 212n8, 212n9 224, 232 (see also Amherst See also Surrogacy (1979)) Wilkens, Linda, 72, 100, 134 United States Agency for Winkler, Ute, 170n24 International Development Women Against Gene and (USAID), 155 Reproductive Technologies, see US National Academies of Science Germany, Frankfurt and Medicine, 21n4 Congress (1988) Women Against Genetic and Reproductive Engineering, see V Germany, Bonn Congress Vandelac, Louise, 139, 140, 146, (1985) 160, 240 Women Against Pit Closures, 76 Victorian Law Reform Committee Women and Labour conference (Australia), 81 (Australia), 91–92 Index 313

Women as Wombs: Reproductive legacy of, 16, 106 technologies and the battle Women’s Reproductive Rights over women’s freedom Campaign (WRRC, UK), (Raymond), 194, 196, 43, 45 212n13 Women’s Rights Junior Ministry Women in Medicine (UK), 43, (France), 139 59n15, 77 Women’s studies, 4, 40, 60n32, 77, Women, Procreation, and 157, 235 Environment, see and FINRRAGE, 113, 200, 233, FINRRAGE meetings, Rio 234, 238 (1991) Women’s Studies International Forum Women’s Centre (Bochum), 104 (WSIF), 40, 42, 188, 201 Women’s Declaration on Population Women’s Worlds (Groningen 1984), Policies, 155 60n32, 81, 92, 100, Women’s Emergency Conference on the 116n19, 121n82 New Reproductive ‘Death of the Female?’ panel at, Technologies, see 54–58, 182, 183 FINRRAGE meetings, emergence of FINRRET from, Sweden (1985) 71, 72, 185–187, 242 Women’s Global Network for proceedings of (see Man-Made Reproductive Rights Women: How new (WGNRR), 115n5, reproductive technologies 150–152, 158 affect women (Corea et al.)) Women’s Health Centre (Frankfurt), Wood, Carl, 47–51, 59n24, 93, 94, 104 188 Women’s health movement, 57, 111, World Bank, 74, 154, 155 149, 150, 158, 231, 243 World Health Organisation (WHO), Women’s liberation movement 100, 122n87, 139 (WLM) and consciousness-raising, 19, 56, 227, 230 Z influence on FINRRAGE, 85, Zakharov, Olive, 60n31, 120n65 113, 227, 239 Zmroczek, Christine, 45