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Les Jeunes Vestiges De Supernova Et INTEGRAL:Raies Du 44Ti Et

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Les Jeunes Vestiges De Supernova Et INTEGRAL:Raies Du 44Ti Et Les jeunes vestiges de supernova et INTEGRAL :raies du 44Ti et Emission non-thermique Matthieu Renaud To cite this version: Matthieu Renaud. Les jeunes vestiges de supernova et INTEGRAL :raies du 44Ti et Emission non- thermique. Astrophysique [astro-ph]. Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. Français. tel- 00107047 HAL Id: tel-00107047 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00107047 Submitted on 17 Oct 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE` DE DOCTORAT UNIVERSITE´ PARIS 7 – DENIS DIDEROT Pr´esent´eepour obtenir le grade de Docteur `es Sciences de l’Universit´eParis 7 Sp´ecialit´e: Astrophysique et M´ethodes Associ´ees par : Matthieu RENAUD Les jeunes vestiges de supernova et INTEGRAL : raies du 44Ti et ´emission non-thermique Soutenue le 09 octobre 2006 devant la commission d’examen compos´eede : M. Pierre BINETRUY . Pr´esident du jury M. Fran¸cois LEBRUN . Directeur de th`ese M. Etienne PARIZOT . Rapporteur M. Dieter HARTMANN . Rapporteur M. Andre¨ı BYKOV . Examinateur M. Jacco VINK . Invit´e `ama famille, amis, Dani`ele... ”Votre type est celui de l’observateur, de celui qui ´ecoute et lutte de mani`ere bienveillante et avec tendresse, afin d’avancer dans la compr´ehension de l’inqui´etanteimmensit´e.” ii Histoire d’observer ... L’astronomie est avant tout la science de l’observation des ph´enom`enes c´elestes. A pre- mi`ere vue, rien de plus naturel quand on sait que nombre de ces ph´enom`enes ne sont pas reproductibles sur Terre par l’exp´erimentation. Tout ce que nous savons ou supposons sur l’Univers a ´et´ed´eduit de l’analyse de la lumi`ere. Aucune exp´erience directe n’est possible et c’est ce qui fait de l’astronomie une science singuli`ere. Au-del`adu choix des plus critica- bles entre une vision m´ecaniste o`useul compte la r´ealit´epalpable des choses et une vision abstraite o`upriment th´eorie et ´equations, il ne devrait y avoir a priori rien de plus simple que d’observer. Mais la tˆache se complique quand l’homme s’essaie `acomprendre et mˆeme `apr´evoir l’ensemble des m´ecanismes physiques sous-jacents par volont´ed’expliquer ce qui l’entoure. Et ce n’est pas peu dire lorsqu’il s’agit du ciel tout entier... Vaste programme ! L’astronomie est alors aid´eepar la physique pour former l’astrophysique, et permettre ainsi au scientifique d’entrevoir les ´el´ements de r´eponse `ases innombrables questions. C’est `apartir de l’information re¸cue par l’observateur sous toutes ses formes : lumi`ere, rayons cosmiques mais aussi neutrinos, ou bien encore ondes gravitationnelles, et transfor- m´eeen signal, que s’´etablissent les classements, les mod`eles physiques et les pr´edictions qui finalement constituent cette science. Depuis maintenant quatre si`ecles et l’utilisation de la lunette par Galil´ee`ades fins c´elestes, l’astronome s’est dot´ed’instruments d’observation de plus en plus complexes et performants, lui permettant de sonder le cosmos et de re- pousser les fronti`eres de l’inconnu. Si, jusqu’au milieu du vingti`eme si`ecle, les outils presque exclusifs de l’observation astronomique se r´esument aux t´elescopes, spectrom`etres et plaques photographiques, la derni`ere moiti´edu si`ecle sera le th´eatre de nombreux changements : l’apparition successive de la radioastronomie, puis des astronomies in- frarouge, ultraviolette, X, et γ grˆace `al’av`enement du spatial, les d´eveloppements con- joints de l’informatique et des moyens de traitement de l’information repr´esent`erent une mutation radicale de l’observation en astrophysique. Jamais l’homme curieux des choses du ciel n’avait dispos´ed’une telle gamme d’instruments au sol et dans l’espace, avec l’´emergence ces derni`eres ann´eesde nouvelles fenˆetres astronomiques telles que les neu- trinos (ANTARES, AMANDA), les rayons cosmiques de tr`eshaute ´energie (AUGER) et les ondes gravitationnelles (VIRGO, LIGO). Tous ces nouveaux moyens d’observation, et iii iv les dures ´epreuves quotidiennes associ´eesau traitement de l’information, ne doivent n´ean- moins pas entˆacher l’enthousiasme et l’´emerveillement de l’astronome lorsqu’il d´ecouvre des mondes nouveaux. C’est cette mˆeme excitation qui lui permettra d’entreprendre la longue et difficile marche vers une compr´ehension des ph´enom`enes observ´es.Et r´ecipro- quement, cet ´emerveillement est d’autant plus fort qu’il est appr´eci´e`asa juste valeur, avec les implications de toute observation d´ej`apressenties par l’astrophysicien. Dans ce va-et-vient incessant entre le monde r´eelpleinement autonome, et le monde abstrait r´egit par des lois physiques toujours en ´evolution, il est n´ecessaire d’appr´ehender le principe mˆeme d’observer sous sa forme la plus simple : observer pour rˆever, imaginer et se ques- tionner sans cesse. Tout au long de ce manuscrit, il sera question d’astronomie... gamma. Bien qu’elle soit l’une des plus jeunes sciences de l’observation du ciel, elle embrasse `aelle seule, au vu de son ´etendue spectrale, une multitude de domaines depuis l’´etude du Soleil jusqu’`a la cosmologie, et permet d’aborder les probl`emes les plus fondamentaux en physique et en astrophysique. Observer en astronomie revient apr`estout `amesurer la direction et l’´energie de la lumi`ere d´etect´ee. Cette phrase, simple au premier abord, n’est pourtant pas innocente et soul`eve d´ej`ade nombreuses questions comme : comment fait-on pour mesurer la direction d’un photon lorsque son ´energie est telle qu’il ne peut ˆetre focalis´e`a l’aide de miroirs conventionnels ? Nous verrons dans ce manuscrit qu’il existe une m´eth- ode, employ´eepour les t´elescopes `abord de l’observatoire INTEGRAL et bas´eesur la technique de l’ouverture `amasque cod´e,pour faire des images dans le domaine γ de basse ´energie (de 15 keV `a10 MeV). Par ailleurs, nous verrons aussi que mesurer l’´energie des photons γ d´etect´esavec le plan de d´etection ISGRI du t´elescope IBIS n’est pas chose ais´eeet demande un travail important de compr´ehension des principes de d´etection `a l’aide des semi-conducteurs. En posant ainsi les bases de l’astronomie gamma, le temps est maintenant venu de d´ecider d’un sujet d’´etude : il sera question dans cette th`ese des jeunes vestiges de supernova, o`ule terme de ”jeune” se rapporte ici `ades ˆages de quelques si`ecles, et celui de ”vestige”, plutˆot que ”reste”, est employ´epour rendre compte de l’aspect dynamique et autonome de ces objets. L`aencore, vaste programme, lorsque l’on sait que les supernovae sont l’un des sujets les plus transverses en astrophysique. Elles peuvent ˆetre ´etudi´ees pour des questions de cosmologie, ou bien encore en tant que rares manifes- tations c´elestes visibles `al’oeil nu. Ici, nous discuterons de ces objets en terme de sites principaux de nucl´eosynth`esedans les galaxies, ainsi que les lieux privil´egi´es d’acc´el´eration de particules. Les supernovae jouent un rˆole important en termes d’´ecologie galactique, par la lib´eration d’´energie colossale et de noyaux fraˆıchement produits, et sont les sources pressenties (tout du moins potentielles) des rayons cosmiques observ´essur Terre (tout du moins une partie d’entre eux). Abstract This thesis deals with the search for and the study of young galactic supernova rem- nants using the observations performed by IBIS/ISGRI, one of the two main coded-mask instruments onboard the european γ-ray satellite INTEGRAL. This research is based on i) the study of γ-ray lines coming from the radioactive decay of 44Ti, a short-lived nu- cleus (τ 86 y) exclusively produced during the first stages of stellar explosions, and ii) ∼ the study of the nonthermal continuum mechanisms which take place inside the young supernova remnants. I separate the manuscript in four main parts. The first one presents an overview of supernovae from an observational and theoretical point of view. The sec- ond part describes the INTEGRAL satellite with its instruments, the techniques used for analyzing the data collected by IBIS/ISGRI, and my personal investigations concerning different developments such as: the spectral calibration of the IBIS/ISGRI instrument, the correction of noisy pixels on the camera, the creation of background maps, and the development of an alternative pipeline useful for dealing with a large amount of data. I also present a method for imaging extended sources with a coded-mask instrument such as IBIS/ISGRI, and its first application on the Coma Cluster. The results obtained on historical supernova remnants like Cas A, Tycho, RX J0852-4622 (Vela Junior) are pre- sented in the third part. The first chapter of the last part is devoted to the study of the detectability of supernovae in the optical domain with a model of the interstellar extinc- tion. The second chapter reports on the search for missing and hidden young supernova remnants in the Milky Way with the IBIS/ISGRI galactic plane survey through the 44Sc γ-ray lines as well as with a multi-wavelength approach, from the radio domain (VLA) to the new observational window at TeV energies (HESS).
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