HORE MINNE in DEN CARMINA BURANA Von Marianne Piitz - Maastricht

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HORE MINNE in DEN CARMINA BURANA Von Marianne Piitz - Maastricht HORE MINNE IN DEN CARMINA BURANA von Marianne Piitz - Maastricht Die Minne, wie sie im deutschen Minnesang zu Tage tritt, ist keine einfach und allgemeingtiltig zu definierende Erscheinung. Ihr Auftreten in den einzelnen Phasen des Minnesangs ist auBerst verschiedenartig. Gerade die Bliitezeit kennzeichnet sich durch feine Differenzierungen und personliche Problematik. Der Minnesang ist die erste, wirklich volkssprachliche Ich-Dichtung in Deutschland und im mittelalterlichen Europa iiberhaupt. Literarische Erzeugnisse im Ich-Stil der vorhOfischen Zeit in Gebet, Beichte, Siindenklage usw. standen nicht fiir personliche Gefiihle, sondern brachten die Siindhaftigkeit des Menschen schlechthin zum Ausdruck. Die Literatur des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts war ganz auf das Jenseits, auf Gott gerichtet. Innerweltliche Beziehungen - und gewiB die die Geschlechter verbindende Liebe, sofern sie nicht auf Gott gerichtet war - galten als Todessiinde der Fleischeslust. Plotzlich aber bricht ein neues Lebensgefiihl und mit ihm eine neue Lyrik durch, deren einziges Thema die Liebe zwischen Mann und Frau ist. Diese Thematik fiigt sich in den Wechsel des Denkens gein, der eine neue Diesseitswertung und ein neues Menschenbild zur Folge hatte. Am Anfang des deutschen Minnesangs, urn 1160nO, steht die donauHindische Lyrik, der man eine gewisse EigensHindigkeit dem spateren Minnesang gegeniiber nicht absprechen kann. Die Minneauffassung ist von einem unbefangenem Begehren und Erfiillen gepragt. Der Frau kommt eine selbstbewuBte, aktiv werbende Rolle zu. Bei der Begriffsbestimmung der hohen Minne, die in der Lyrik der fiinf GroBen und auch im oberrheinischen Minnesang, also in der Gruppe urn Friedrich von Hausen, zum Ausdruck kommt, gehe ich von Schweikles Auffassung aus (Schweikle 1989: 168 ff.). Die hohe Minne kennt viele verschiedene Aspekte. Der Mann, d.h. der Ritter, wirbt urn eine standisch hochgestellte (verheiratete) Dame und dient ihr, vergleichbar dem Dienst, den er in der feudalen Wirklichkeit seinem Lehensherrn leistet. Hohe Minne wird damit zur Dienstminne. Die Dame hingegen lehnt seinen Dienst ab, ein Lohn wird nicht gewahrt. Trotzdem beharrt der Ritter bestandig in seinem Dienst, er versichert der Dame seiner ewigen Treue und preist ihre guete, tugent, ere und schoene. Somit ist hohe Minne auch Frauenpreis. Das Ausbleiben des erhofften Lohns begriindet den Ausdruck des Leids und der Klagen urn den ungelohnten Dienst, von dem die meisten Lieder getragen werden: Minnesang als Leidsang. Betont wird auBerdem das zwar leidvolle aber doch unwandelbare Festhaltcn an 52 einer vergeblichen oder vagen Roffnung: Rohe Minne erscheint so als wan-Minne. Der erzieherische Wert und die Hiuternde Kraft der hohen Minne bilden ein weiteres Charakteristikum, das m.E. allerdings von der Forschung oft mit der hohen Minne schlechthin gleichgesetzt und damit liberbewertet wurde. In der Nicht-Erftillung seines Dienstes liegt ein edukativer Wert, den der Mann anstrebt; in dem erfolglosen Werben sucht der Mann gleichsam den Sinn seines Lebens, und durch die Zuruckweisung durch die Frau erzieht er sich auf ein hoheres Niveau. Diese veredelnde Wirkung der hohen Minne wird zwar im deutschen Minnesang explizite genannt, doch sind .AuBerungen dieser Art selten. Eines der bertihmtesten Beispiele ist die Antwort einer hofischen Dame, in einem Lied Albrechts von Johansdorf, auf die Frage des Ritters, worin denn der Lohn ftir sein langes Werben bestehe: daz ir dest werder sint unde da bf hOchgernuot (MF 94,14). Andere wichtige Aspekte der hohen Minne liegen in der Suche nach der rechten Minne, in dem Zwiespalt zwischen arnor und caritas, zwischen Gott und Welt. Der Begriff der niederen Minne wurde von Walther von der Vogelweide gepragt. Er bezeichnet erstens, rein standisch gemeint, Liebesbeziehungen zu Frauen oder Madchen nicht ritterlichen Standes, und das kann nur heiBen zu Bauernmadchen, und zweitens erotisch erftillte Liebe. Aber auch in diesen Liedern bleibt, wie in den herkommlichen Minneklagen, die erhoffte Erftillung in den meisten Fallen aus. Ais eine weitere Minnevariation postulierte die Forschung die 'ebene Minne'. Diese bezeichne den Versuch, hohe und niedere Minne miteinander in Einklang zu bringen, jener die Erstarrung, gieser das bloB Sinnliche zu nehmen. Die Minne wird als AuBerung gleichberechtigter Partner gesehen. Der Begriff 'ebene Minne' taucht im Minnesang jedoch nicht auf. Nur Walther (L 46,32) spricht von ebene werben und bezeichnet damit eine Utopie: "Denn ebene werben - und eine dazu gedachte ebene Minne - mtiBte liep ane leit, Leidfreiheit garantieren. Und genau dies ist nach der Minnekonzeption nicht nur Walthers Gedicht - und nicht nur bei ihm - nicht moglich." (Schweikle 1989: 175). SchlieBlich wurde in der friihhofischen Epik, zum Teil auch in der When Lyrik und bei Heinrich von Morungen, die entbundene Allmacht des Eros zunachst eher als eine Erschtitterung und Bedrohung, ja Zerstorung des alten Ordnungsgefliges erlebt. Minne war hier nicht die gottliche Verklarung, sondern eine schicksalhafte Macht, der der Mensch preisgegeben war. Die erotisch erftillte Liebe, die korperliche Vereinigung der Liebenden, spielt in der donaulandischen Lyrik, in den Liedern des fruhen Minnesangs vor den ftinf GroBen, zum Teil auch bei den flinf GroBen, in der niederen wie in der 'ebenen' Minne eine bedeutende Rolle. Das .
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