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L'histoire À L'école, Matière À Débats… L’histoire à l’école, matière à débats… Analyse des sources de controverses entourant les réformes de programmes d’histoire du Québec au secondaire (1961- 2013) Thèse Olivier Lemieux Doctorat en administration et politiques de l'éducation Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Olivier Lemieux, 2019 L’histoire à l’école, matière à débats… Analyse des sources de controverses entourant les réformes de programmes d’histoire du Québec au secondaire (1961-2013) Thèse Olivier Lemieux Sous la direction de : Abdoulaye Anne, directeur de recherche Jean-François Cardin, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Prenant pour point de départ la controverse de 2006 qui touche au programme d’Histoire et éducation à la citoyenneté de deuxième cycle du secondaire, cette thèse porte sur les finalités et les enjeux associés à l’enseignement de l’histoire du Québec. Plus précisément, elle jette un regard sur les sources de controverses qui entourent les réformes des programmes d’histoire du Québec au secondaire depuis la mise sur pied de la Commission Parent (1961) jusqu’à la création du Comité Beauchemin-Fahmy-Eid (2013), et ce, en se penchant sur trois principales étapes, soit la consultation, l’élaboration de programme et les réactions et/ou l’évaluation. Notre analyse s’appuie sur dix-huit entrevues menées auprès d’acteurs-clefs et sur un corpus formé d’archives de fonds publics et privés, de mémoires déposés dans le cadre des consultations publiques, de documents officiels et d’articles de journaux. Pour analyser ce corpus, nous nous appuyons sur un modèle identifiant les principaux enjeux au cœur de la controverse de 2006, chacun au centre d’une confrontation entre deux référentiels globaux ou sectoriels. Ce modèle, de même que les cadres d’analyse qui permettent d’observer le jeu politique entourant l’élaboration de programmes, s’inscrivent dans le champ des approches cognitive et néo-institutionnaliste de l’analyse des politiques éducatives. Enfin, nos résultats permettent de penser que si certaines controverses entourant les programmes d’histoire du Québec au secondaire sont provoquées par un décalage entre les référentiels demandés par les acteurs intéressés à ce domaine et les référentiels qui sous- tendent les documents officiels, certaines découlent davantage de problèmes d’ordre organisationnel, structurel, professionnel et matériel, par exemple le nombre d’heures consacré à son enseignement. Cela nous conduit en dernier lieu vers une réflexion sur la source des changements de référentiels dans notre société. Mots-clefs : enjeux et finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire ; cycle politique des programmes d’histoire ; analyse des politiques éducatives ; groupes d’intérêt ; opinion publique ; histoire de l’éducation iii Abstract Starting from the 2006 controversy about the History and Citizenship Education program at the senior high school level, this thesis focuses on the aims and issues associated with teaching the history of Quebec. More specifically, we examine the sources of the controversies surrounding the reforms of Quebec's high school history programs from the creation of the Parent Commission (1961) until the creation of the Beauchemin-Fahmy-Eid Committee (2013); by focusing on three main steps: consultation, program development, and feedback and/or evaluation. Our analysis is based on eighteen interviews with key stakeholders, public and private records, public consultation briefs, government documents and newspaper articles. To analyze this corpus, we applied a model to identify the main issues at the heart of the 2006 controversy, each at the center of a confrontation between two global or sectoral standards. This model, as well as analytical frameworks for observing the political game surrounding program development, falls within the field of cognitive and neo-institutionalist approaches to educational policy analysis. Lastly, our results suggest that while some of the controversies surrounding the reforms of Quebec's high school history programs are caused by a gap between the standards required by stakeholders in this field and the repositories that underlie official documents, some derive from more organizational, structural, professional and material problems, such as the compulsory nature of the program or the number of hours devoted to its teaching. This leads us ultimately to a reflection on the source of the changes of frames of reference in our society. Keywords: stakes and purposes of history teaching; political cycle of history programs; educational policy analysis; interest groups; public opinion; history of education iv Resumen Tomando como punto de partida la controversia de 2006 relativa al programa Historia y educación a la ciudadanía de segundo ciclo del secundario, esta tesis trata sobre las finalidades y los desafíos asociados a la enseñanza de la historia de Quebec. Más precisamente, ella examina las fuentes de las controversias alrededor de las reformas de los programas de historia de Quebec en el secundario, desde la implantación de la Comisión Parent (1961) hasta la creación del Comité Beauchemin-Fahmy-Eid (2013), apoyándose sobre tres principales etapas: la consulta, la elaboración de programa y las reacciones y/o la evaluación. Nuestro análisis se apoya en dieciocho entrevistas llevadas a cabo con actores clave y en un corpus de fuentes conformado de archivos públicos y privados, de escritos presentados en el marco de consultas públicas, de documentos oficiales y de artículos de periódicos. Para analizar dicho corpus, nos basamos en un modelo que identifica los principales desafíos de la controversia de 2006, cada uno en el centro de una confrontación entre dos estándares globales o sectoriales. Este modelo, así como los marcos de análisis que permiten observar el juego político que rodea la elaboración de programas, se inscribe en el campo de los enfoques cognitivo y neoinstitucionalista del análisis de las políticas educativas. Finalmente, nuestros resultados permiten pensar que, si ciertas controversias alrededor de los programas de historia de Quebec en el secundario son provocadas por una brecha entre los estándares solicitados por las partes interesadas en esta área y las normas que subyacen en los documentos oficiales, algunas derivan más de problemas organizativos, estructurales, profesionales y materiales, como por ejemplo el número de horas dedicadas a la enseñanza. Esto nos lleva, en ultima instancia, hacia una reflexión sobre la fuente de los cambios de los marcos de referencia en nuestra sociedad. Palabras clave: desafíos y finalidades de la enseñanza de la historia; ciclo político de los programas de historia; análisis de las políticas educativas; grupos de interés; opinión pública; historia de la educación v Resumo Tomando como ponto de partida a controvérsia de 2006 sobre o programa de História e educação para a Cidadania, dos anos finais do ensino fundamental, esta tese trata das finalidades, dos propósitos e dos desafios associados ao ensino da história do Québec. De maneira mais específica, trata-se da análise das fontes de controvérsias em torno das reformas dos programas de história do Québec, do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental, desde a criação da Comissão Parent (1961) até a criação do Comitê Beauchemin-Fahmy-Eid (2013). Para tanto, são examinadas três etapas principais : consulta, concepção do programa e reações e/ou avaliação. Nossa análise é baseada em dezoito entrevistas dadas por atores-chave e em um conjunto de documentos formado por arquivos públicos e privados, relatórios que resultaram de consultas públicas, documentos oficiais e artigos de jornais. Nesta análise, tomamos por base um modelo que identifica as principais questões da controvérsia de 2006, cada uma estando no centro de uma confrontação entre dois referenciais globais e setoriais. Este modelo, assim como as análises que permitem observar o jogo político em torno da concepção de programas, enquadra-se no campo das abordagens cognitiva e neoinstitucionalista da análise das políticas educativas. Os resultados parcem indicar que se certas controvérsias em torno dos programas de história do Québec do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental são provocadas por uma discordância entre os referenciais solicitados pelos atores interessados nessa área e os referenciais que sustentam os documentos oficiais, algumas controvérsias decorrem muito mais de problemas organizacionais, estruturais, profissionais et materiais. Por exemplo, o número de horas consagradas ao ensino. Isto nos leva, em último lugar, a refletir sobre a fonte das mudanças de referenciais na sociedade quebequense. Palavras-chave : desafios e finalidades do ensino da história ; ciclo político dos programas de história ; análise das políticas educativas ; grupos de interesse ; opinião pública ; história da educação vi Table des matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................. iv Resumen ................................................................................................................................. v Resumo .................................................................................................................................. vi Table des matières ................................................................................................................ vii Liste des figures ....................................................................................................................
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