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Additional Contributing Theories 95 Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs ’Localised creativity: a life span perspective’ Thesis How to cite: Worth, Piers J. (2000). ’Localised creativity: a life span perspective’. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2000 The Author Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.00004d91 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk “Localised Creativity: A Life Span Perspective” Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Developmental Psychology lothNovember 2000 Piers J. Worth M.Sc. The Institute of Educational Technology The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom Table of Contents Acknowledgements i << Abstract 11 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Research Area 1.3 Why is this an appropriate area of study? 1.4 The original contribution of this thesis 1.5 Thesis structure Chapter 2 - Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 12 Part 1 - Creativity 15 2.2 Definitions of Creativity 15 2.2.1 Characteristics of Creativity 15 2.2.2 Areas of Creative Work 18 2.2.3 Types of Creative Person 18 2.2.4 The Social System of Creativity 19 2.2.5 Is Creativity Available to All? 24 Part 2 - Theories of General Life Span Development 28 2.3 Theories of Life Span Development 28 2.3.1 Erik Erikson -The Life Cycle 29 2.3.2 Daniel Levinson - The Seasons of a Man’s and a Woman’s 35 Life 2.3.3 Roger Gould (1978) - “Transformations” 44 2.3.4 George Vaillant (1977) - “Adaptation to Life” 45 Part 3 - Theories of Life Span Development of the Exceptional Creative 48 Individual 2.4 The Early Years: Childhood and Adolescence 49 2.4.1 Early Roots or Signs of Later Creative Work 50 2.4.2 Parental Background and Social Class 51 2.4.3 Birth Order 52 2.4.4 Home Background and Environment 53 2.4.5 Schooling and Teachers 55 2.4.6 Influential Adults - Role Models - Mentors 58 2.4.7 Bereavement 59 2.4.8 I1 1ness 60 2.4.9 Interpreting the Contribution of the Childhood and Adolescent 60 Years 2.5 Early Adulthood 63 2.5.1 The Choice of Work Focus and Career 63 2.5.2 The Componential Theory of Creativity 65 2.5.3 Patterns of Learning a Domain 61 2.5.4 Influential Adults and Role Models 68 2.5.5 Productivity and Recognition 70 2.6 The Midlife Decade (35 - 45 years old) 74 2.6.1 The Characteristics of the Midlife Transition 75 2.6.2 Evaluation and Evidence of the Midlife Transition 83 2.7 Middle Age 86 2.7.1 The Quantity and Quality of Creative Work in Middle Age 86 2.7.2 The Late Life Style 88 2.7.3 Further Indications from Self-Report and Biographic Study 92 2.7.4 Conclusions from a Review of Middle Age Creative Activity 94 Part 4 - Additional Contributing Theories 95 2.8 The Relationship of Creativity to Other Theories 95 2.8.1 Self-Actualisation 96 2.8.2 Flow 99 2.8.3 Creativity, Flow and Self-Actualisation 102 2.8.4 Creativity as “Health” 103 Part 5 - Research Questions 106 2.9 Research Questions and Focus of Analysis 106 Chapter 3 - Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 1I4 3.2 The Research Paradigm 114 3.3 The Use of Interviewing as a Research Method 116 3.4 Research Design 119 3.4.1 Aims 119 3.4.2 Interviews 120 3.4.3 The Myers Briggs Type Indicator 122 3.4.4 Analysis 123 3.4.5 Participant Population 125 3.4.6 Ethics 129 3.4.7 Verification of Data 134 3.4.8 The Position of the Researcher 139 Chapter 4 - Exploration and Development of Empirical Work 4.1 Introduction 146 4.2 The Interviews 148 4.2.1 The First Four Interviews 153 4.2.2 Ten Interviews 158 4.2.3 Fifteen Interviews 167 4.2.4 Thirty Intcrvicws 173 4.2.5 Forty Interviews 175 4.3 Overview of Results 177 4.3.1 The Two Core Stones 177 Chapter 5 - Childhood and Adolescence (up to 18 years old) 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Early Roots of Later Creativity 183 5.3 Social Class and Occupational Background of Parents 189 5.4 Birth Order 191 5.5 Parental Influence 194 5.6 Disability and Illness 20 1 5.7 Bereavement 203 5.8 Schooling and Education 205 5.9 Role Models, Mentors or Influential Adults 212 5.10 The Experiences of Female Participants 216 a 5.11 Observations Drawn from Life Span Developmental Theory 217 5.12 Developmental Patterns of Creativity 218 5.13 Entry into the “Early Adult Transition” 224 Chapter 6 - Early Adulthood (18 - 35 years old) 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 The Twenties 227 6.2.1 The Early Adult Transition (18 - 22 years old) 227 6.2.2 The Life Structure 23 1 6.2.3 The Work Trajectory 235 6.2.4 A Componential Theory of Creativity 24 1 6.3 The Thirties, to the Start of the Midlife Decade 246 6.3.1 The Life Structure 246 6.3.2 Work Trajectory and Experiences 248 6.3.3 A Componential Theory of Creativity 253 6.4 Other Analytical Perspectives 256 6.4.1 The Contribution of Influential Adults in Early Adulthood 256 6.4.2 The Experiences of Female Participants 258 6.4.3 Pre-Midlife Relationship to ‘Domain’ and ‘Field’ 260 6.5 Research Questions and Summary of Results 264 Chapter 7 - The Midlife Period (from 35 - 45 years old) 7.1 Introduction 272 7.2 Midlife Experiences 273 7.2.1 The ‘External’ Experiences of the Midlife Decade 275 7.2.2 The ‘Internal’ Experiences of the Midlife Decade 279 7.2.3 Anticipating the Midlife 282 7.2.4 Conclusions on the Experiences of the Midlife Decade 284 7.3 Changes to Creative Activity as a Result of Midlife Experience 286 7.4 Experiences of Female Participants 29 1 7.5 Conclusions to the Review of the Midlife Period 293 Chapter 8 - Middle Age (45 - 60 years old) 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Repotted Changes to Creative Activity in Middle Age 298 8.2.1 Changes Internal to the Individual 300 8.2.2 Changes External to the Individual 302 8.3 Changes in Contrast to Earlier Ways of Working 305 8.4 The Future - Anticipated and Planned Changes in Work 309 8.5 The Life in Retrospect 317 8.6 The Experiences of Female Participants ‘319 8.7 ‘Decline’ in Activity in Middle Age 319 8.8 Conclusions 322 Chapter 9 - Other Factors 9.1 Introduction 326 9.2 Occupational and Organisational Influences 327 9.2.1 Occupations 327 9.2.2 When Might An ‘Influencer’ Become An ‘Influencer’ 329 9.2.3 Organisational Issues and Their Contribution to Development 330 9.2.4 Patterns in the Work of Enduringly Successful Individuals 331 9.3 Gender 332 9.4 Differences Within The Participant Age Range 333 9.5 The Influence of Disability in Shaping Creative Ability 335 9.6 Conclusions 331 Chapter 10 - “Localised Creativity” 10.1 Introduction 339 10.2 The Relationship of Research results to Other Theories 340 10.2.1 Positive Psychological Functioning 34 1 10.2.2 Self-Actualisation 344 10.2.3 “Flow” 346 10.2.4 Giftedness 348 10.2.5 Self-Image of Creative Ability 356 10.3 Characteristics of “Localised Creativity” 358 10.4 Conclusions 365 Chapter 11 - Conclusions 1I, I Introduction 368 11.2 Overview of Research Findings ’ 368 11.2.1 Methodological Approach 368 11.2.2 Childhood and Adolescence 37 1 11.2.3 Early Adulthood 373 11.2.4 Midlife 377 11.2.5 Middle Age 378 11.2.6 Additional Perspectives 379 11.3 Limitations of This Research 380 11.4 Further Research 383 11.5 Originality of This Thesis 385 Appendix 1 References 386 Appendix 2 Description of Participants 414 Appendix 3 Data and Analysis of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator 422 1 Introduction 422 2 Background to the MBTI 422 3 Data from Participants 423 4 MBTI Data Across Groups 1 and 2 428 5 Intuitive Types 432 6 Intuitive Feeling Types 433 7 Different ‘Styles’ of Creativity Across Type 435 8 MBTI Results Across The Three Broad Occupational Categories 437 List of Tables Table 2.1 Erikson’s Life Cycle Stages 30 , Table 2.2 A Summary of Erikson’s Life Stages 32 Table 2.3 The Eras of the life cycle and the developmental 38 periods within them. Table 2.4 A summary of Levinson’s Era’s and developmental periods 40 Table 2.5 Characterisitics of the “Flow” Experience 101 Table 2.6 “External” Midlife Experiences 110 Table 2.7 “Internai” Midlife Experiences 110 Table 2.8 Midlife characteristics in the personalhackground context 111 Table 2.9 Predicted changes to creative work following midlife 111 experiences Table 4. I Overview of exploration and development of empirical work 146 Table 4.2 Participant data by gender, age and occupation 149 Table 4.3 Gender 151 Table 4.4 Age distribution 151 Table 4.5 Sample, by broad occupational category, and numbers by 152 specific occupations Table 4.6 Source of contact 153 Table 4.7 Participant data by gender, age and occupation - first four 154 interviews Table 4.8 Interview structure at the start of the research project 156 Table 4.9 Participant data by gender, age and occupation - interviews 5 159 - 10 Table 4.10 Further explanatory questions included in the interview .160 structure Table 4.1 1 Participant data by gender, age and occupation -interviews 168 , 11 - 15 Table 4.12 Further additions to standard interview ‘open’ questions 168 Table 4.13 Interview analysis categories and sub categories 171 Table 4.14 Participant data by gender, age and occupation - interviews 173 16 - 30 Table 4.15 Participant data by gender, age and occupation - interviews 176 31 -41 Table 5.1 The described antecedents of creative work in childhood 183 Table 5.2 Social class and occupation of parent 190 Table 5.3 Birth order of participants 192 Table 5.4 Examples of parental or family influence described by 195 participants Table 5.5 The incidence of disability
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