The Honorable Connie Mack IV
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The Venezuelan Crisis, Regional Dynamics and the Colombian Peace Process by David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive Summary
Report August 2016 The Venezuelan crisis, regional dynamics and the Colombian peace process By David Smilde and Dimitris Pantoulas Executive summary Venezuela has entered a crisis of governance that will last for at least another two years. An unsustainable economic model has caused triple-digit inflation, economic contraction, and widespread scarcities of food and medicines. An unpopular government is trying to keep power through increasingly authoritarian measures: restricting the powers of the opposition-controlled National Assembly, avoiding a recall referendum, and restricting civil and political rights. Venezuela’s prestige and influence in the region have clearly suffered. Nevertheless, the general contours of the region’s emphasis on regional autonomy and state sovereignty are intact and suggestions that Venezuela is isolated are premature. Venezuela’s participation in the Colombian peace process since 2012 has allowed it to project an image of a responsible member of the international community and thereby counteract perceptions of it as a “rogue state”. Its growing democratic deficits make this projected image all the more valuable and Venezuela will likely continue with a constructive role both in consolidating peace with the FARC-EP and facilitating negotiations between the Colombian government and the ELN. However, a political breakdown or humanitarian crisis could alter relations with Colombia and change Venezuela’s role in a number of ways. Introduction aimed to maximise profits from the country’s oil production. During his 14 years in office Venezuelan president Hugo Together with Iran and Russia, the Venezuelan government Chávez Frias sought to turn his country into a leading has sought to accomplish this through restricting produc- promotor of the integration of Latin American states and tion and thus maintaining prices. -
The Effect of External Actors on the Courses of Asymmetric Conflicts: Pkk, Ltte, and Farc
KADİR HAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES PROGRAM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL ACTORS ON THE COURSES OF ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS: PKK, LTTE, AND FARC TUĞBA SEZGİN MASTER’S THESIS ISTANBUL, MAY, 2019 THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL ACTORS ON THE COURSES OF ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS: PKK, LTTE, AND FARC TUĞBA SEZGİN MASTER’S THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Kadir Has University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s in the Program of International Relations ISTANBUL, MAY, 2019 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………...……………………………………………....vi ÖZET………………………………………………………………………………......vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….viii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………....xi ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………..…..………………...xii 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...……1 1.1 The Origin and Development of the Concept of Asymmetric Conflict……………...1 1.2 Empirical Puzzle and Theoretical Overview of Competing Explanation……………3 1.3 Research Questions………………….…………………………………..…………...5 1.4 Research Design and Methodology………….…………………………...………….6 1.5 The Plan of the Study…………………………………………………..……………8 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 9 2.1 The Theories of Asymmetic Conflict…. -
Terrorism, Insurgency, and Drugs Still Threaten America's Southern
No. 2152 June 30, 2008 Terrorism, Insurgency, and Drugs Still Threaten America’s Southern Flank Ray Walser, Ph.D. On March 1, 2008, the Colombian military sanctions against individuals who are illegally sup- attacked a jungle encampment of the Revolution- porting the FARC. ary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), located less In addition, Chávez’s growing ties with Iran than two miles inside Ecuadorian territory. It was appear to open a door for Islamist terrorism and an important operating hub for the FARC, which raise the question of whether the U.S. has done the United States has designated as a foreign terror- enough since 9/11 to protect against backdoor terror- ist organization. Luis Edgar Devia (aka Raul Reyes), ist threats originating in the Western Hemisphere. the FARC’s second in command and top interna- The U.S. needs to explore ways to strengthen vigi- tional strategist, was killed in the raid along with 24 lance and to prevent Iran from exploiting this other guerrillas and supporters. Perhaps more potential conduit to the homeland. important, the Colombian military captured three laptop computers and additional memory devices FARC and drug-related terrorism still threatens belonging to Reyes. progress made in Colombia, the essential U.S. part- ner in the Andes. The U.S. should work to bolster The files on these computers and devices chron- Colombia’s capacity and will to defeat FARC terror- icle the thoughts and actions of the FARC and raise ism by continuing to fund Plan Colombia and by serious questions about the effectiveness of U.S. -
The Middle Eastern-Latin American Terrorist Connection
Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes A Catalyst for Ideas Distributed via Email and Posted at www.fpri.org May 2011 THE MIDDLE EASTERN-LATIN AMERICAN TERRORIST CONNECTION By Vanessa Neumann Vanessa Neumann is an Associate of the University Seminar on Latin America at the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University. A native Venezuelan, Dr. Neumann has worked as a journalist in Caracas, London and the United States. She is Editor-at-Large of Diplomat, a London-based magazine to the diplomatic community and a regular contributor to The Weekly Standard on Latin American politics. In a global triangulation that would excite any conspiracy buff, the globalization of terrorism now links Colombian FARC with Hezbollah, Iran with Russia, elected governments with violent insurgencies, uranium with AK-103s, and cocaine with oil. At the center of it all, is Latin America—especially the countries under the influence of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. The most publicized (and publicly contested) connection between Hugo Chávez and the Colombian narcoterrorist organization Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) was revealed after the March 2008 Colombian raid on the FARC camp in Devía, inside Ecuador, where a laptop was discovered that apparently belonged to Luis Edgar Devía Silva (aka, “Raúl Reyes”), head of FARC’s International Committee (COMINTER). The Colombian government under then- President Álvaro Uribe announced that Interpol had certified the authenticity of the contents of the computer disks, whose files traced over US$ 200 million funneled to the FARC through the Venezuelan state-owned, and completely Chávez- dominated, Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA). -
Curbing the Threat to Venezuela from Violent Groups
A Glut of Arms: Curbing the Threat to Venezuela from Violent Groups Latin America Report N°78 | 20 February 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Armed Groups, Crime and the State ................................................................................ 4 A. Guerrillas ................................................................................................................... 4 B. Colectivos ................................................................................................................... 7 C. Paramilitaries ............................................................................................................. 11 D. Criminal Groups ........................................................................................................ 12 III. Armed Groups in a Political Agreement .......................................................................... 16 IV. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 18 APPENDICES A. Map of Venezuela ............................................................................................................ -
Critical Reflections on Opening Governance and Strategy in the Recent Case of the Colombian Peace Process
The University of Manchester Research Governing with an open strategy? Critical reflections on opening governance and strategy in the recent case of the Colombian peace process Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Serrano Tamayo, L. J., Chan, P., & Blackwell, P. (Accepted/In press). Governing with an open strategy? Critical reflections on opening governance and strategy in the recent case of the Colombian peace process. Paper presented at 33rd European Group for Organization Studies (EGOS) Colloquium, Copenhagen, Denmark. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:30. Sep. 2021 Governing with an open strategy? Critical reflections on opening governance and strategy in the recent case of the Colombian peace process Luis Javier Serrano Tamayo, [email protected], PhD Student University of Manchester Paul W. -
Colombia Launches Attack Iinto Ecuador, Killing FARC Leaders LADB Staff
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiSur Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 3-7-2008 Colombia Launches Attack iInto Ecuador, Killing FARC Leaders LADB Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur Recommended Citation LADB Staff. "Colombia Launches Attack iInto Ecuador, Killing FARC Leaders." (2008). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur/ 13670 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiSur by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 51172 ISSN: 1060-4189 Colombia Launches Attack iInto Ecuador, Killing FARC Leaders by LADB Staff Category/Department: Region Published: 2008-03-07 Colombia's military launched an attack into Ecuador on March 1, killing top leaders of the rebel group Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). The governments of Colombia's neighbors Ecuador and Venezuela condemned the attack and sent armed forces to the Colombian border, warning that further hostile action from Colombia would result in war. Both countries broke diplomatic ties with Colombia, sending Colombia's ambassadors home and recalling their ambassadors from Bogota. The Organization of American States (OAS) censured Colombia on March 5 for the incursion into Ecuador, while the US government said it backed Colombia's President Alvaro Uribe. Uribe's government claimed to have captured FARC files showing Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez had received help from and given funding to the FARC. The attack on the FARC came very shortly after the rebel group had released four ex-congressmembers it had been holding captive (see other story in this issue of NotiSur). -
Internal Control Codes of Conduct Within Insurgent Armed Groups
31 Internal Control Codes of Conduct within Insurgent Armed Groups By Olivier Bangerter An Occasional Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2012 First published in November 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permit- ted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copy-edited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]), Exile: Design & Editorial Services Printed by coprint in Geneva ISBN 978-2-9700816-8-5 ISSN 1661-4445 ii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 31 Bangerter Internal Control iii The Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and current contributions from the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of France, New Zealand, and Spain. -
Brokers and Key Players in the Internationalization of the FARC
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications Collection 2013-05-16 Brokers and key players in the internationalization of the FARC Cunningham, Dan Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Volume 36, Issue 6, 2013 http://hdl.handle.net/10945/47536 Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36:477–502, 2013 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1057-610X print / 1521-0731 online DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2013.784603 Brokers and Key Players in the Internationalization of the FARC DAN CUNNINGHAM SEAN EVERTON COLONEL GREG WILSON Defense Analysis Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, USA MAJOR CARLOS PADILLA Colombian Army MAJOR DOUG ZIMMERMAN United States Army The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—FARC) was originally founded to protect Colombian peasants from harsh landowner policies in exchange for food and supplies. Over time, it has evolved into an internationally connected, narco-trafficking organization that displays little concern for the peasants it once vowed to protect. In recent years, Colombian authorities have become more adept at countering the FARC, forcing it to operate increasingly outside of Colombia. The FARC’s transformation from a local insurgency into an internationally connected one is the focus of this article. Using social network analysis it identifies key leaders who are tied to this transformation and discusses implications concerning the FARC’s future. The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—FARC), an insurgent group based in Colombia, is believed to be the oldest and, at its height, the largest guerrilla group in the world, at least in the Americas. -
Study: Colombian Rebels Were Willing to Kill for Venezuela's Chavez CNN.Com
2/10/2017 Study: Colombian rebels were willing to kill for Venezuela's Chavez CNN.com Study: Colombian rebels were willing to kill for Venezuela's Chavez Recommend Be the first of your friends to recommend this. By Michael Martinez, CNN May 10, 2011 7:04 p.m. EDT STORY HIGHLIGHTS (CNN) Leftist guerrillas with Revolutionary Armed Forces of The Colombian rebels are called Colombia (FARC) offered Venezuela's intelligence agency "training the Revolutionary Armed Forces in urban terrorism involving targeted killings" and suggested they NewsPulse of Colombia, or FARC were willing to assassinate opponents of Venezuelan President Most popular stories right now They and Venezuelan officials Hugo Chavez, according to a new study of the Colombian rebels' talked about targeted killings, a records. Univision fires anchor for racist new study says Michelle Obama insult The findings come from emails At one point, Chavez even offered to provide FARC with $300 and records seized from a 'Star Wars Episode 8' to be FARC leader killed in a 2008 raid million and weapons, but those deals apparently fell through, released May 2017 according to a trove of emails and documents seized from a key FARC leader. Buffett's $1 billion NCAA bet goes bust The new analysis, which was immediately disputed by Venezuelan Talking Barbie is too 'creepy' officials, was provided by the Londonbased International Institute for some parents for Strategic Studies, which on Tuesday released a booklength dossier that examines in detail the Colombian rebels' relationship Scammer tries to swindle top taxcrime fighter with Venezuela and Ecuador. -
Completa Com Letra Ampliada E Sangria
V’ I H: , , C V A P"#$%&' F()(*'# - B*'+&# ( P",.&/$%&' U,&5(*+&)')( C'.:#&%' )( M&,'+ G(*'&+ - PUC/MG !BSTRACT Venezuela’s relations with Iran date back into the sixties when both were founding mem- bers of the OPEC. Iran’s influence in Latin America has become quite large since the Ira- nian revolution. Iran sees Latin America as a strategic priority for its global positioning. The Lebanese immigration towards South America has begun a while ago. But there’s a period, during the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) when a large number of Lebanese immigrants came to the continent. Back then, according to some experts , Hezbollah and Iran took advantage of this mass migration and infiltrated their agents and recruiters among the Muslim migrants. Hezbollah is probably the most organized terrorist orga- nization in the World in respect to its illegal financing activities. The group funds its re- gular operations through all sorts of crimes. Hezbollah has a tight relationship with Iran. Ever since Iran has established its covert operations in Venezuela, Hezbollah has come along, as its proxy. Venezuela is submerged in crime and corruption. The Venezuelan go- vernment has been infiltrated by transnational organized crime for more than a decade. The convergence of corruption, crime, violence and terrorism in Venezuela was enabled by a set of conditions and circumstances that basically got entrenched after Chávez was inaugurated as president in 1999. From that time onwards, Venezuela became a source of political, financial and logistical support for Hezbollah within Latin America. Their relationship impacts the neighboring countries, particularly Brazil. K! : Venezuela. -
Rethinking the Legality of Colombia's Attack on the Farc in Ecuador: a New Paradigm for Balancing Territorial Integrity, Self-Defense and the Duties of Sovereignty
RETHINKING THE LEGALITY OF COLOMBIA'S ATTACK ON THE FARC IN ECUADOR: A NEW PARADIGM FOR BALANCING TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY, SELF-DEFENSE AND THE DUTIES OF SOVEREIGNTY Frank M. Walsh* INTRODUCTION On March 1, 2008, the Amazon jungle's predawn quiet was shattered as the Colombian military executed Operation Phoe- nix, a combined arms attack on a Fuerzas Armadas Revolucion- arias de Colombia ("FARC") terrorist' base located in Ecuadorian territory.2 Colombian Super Tucano aircraft targeted the FARC base from a distance and fired upon the camp while remaining in Colombian air space. 3 Following the air strike, Colombian troops crossed the border and entered the FARC base to verify that the targets had been eliminated. Op- eration Phoenix accomplished its goals: the Colombian Air * Georgetown University Law Center, J.D. 2007; Yale University, B.A. 2004. This article is dedicated to Katia M. Walsh for her strength and support. 1 The FARC, a narcoterrorist organization with over 6,000 members, is listed on the Department of State's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. See U.S. State Department, Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (Apr. 30, 2001), http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm (last visited Feb. 24, 2009). Designation as a FTO triggers a number of sanctions, including visa restrictions and the freez- ing of funds of these groups in American financial institutions. Additionally, the designation is intended to raise public awareness of the concerns that the United States has about the FTO's. See MARK P. SULLIVAN, LATIN AMERICA: TERRORISM ISSUES, CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT FOR CONGRESS (2005), at CRS - 4, http://www.fas.