Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49925-5 — the Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 Charles W

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49925-5 — The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 Charles W. Ingrao Index More Information

Index

Accounting Office (Hofrechnungskammer), Augustus III, king of Poland (1734–63), 199 161, 163–4, 171 Admont monastery, 138 Aulic Council, see Imperial Aulic Council Adriatic, trade, 13, 106, 157, 160, 187–8, Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 259, 265, 267 240 “Austrian Clemency,” 22, 222 Agram (Zagreb), 14 Austrian crown lands, 3–5 Albert II, Emperor (1438–40), 3, 17 profile, 6–10, 28, 45 Albert of Saxe-Teschen, Prince, 245 Counter-Reformation in, 38–40 Alexander, Archduke, palatine, 237 impact of Thirty Years’ War on, 55 Alexander I, Tsar (1801–25), 259, 269 postwar recovery, 98–102 Allgemeines Gesetzbuch, see General Civil taxation in, 67, 142n, 147, 181, 194 Code agrarian reforms in, 209 see also Inner Almansa, battle of (1707), 128 Austria, Outer Austria Alsace, 9, 131, 175, 157 Avancini, Nikolaus, 109 Habsburg possessions in, 53, 59 Aviano, Marco d’, 65, 88, 116 Ampringen, Johann Kaspar, Hungarian governor, 76–7, 107 Bach, Johann Sebastian, composer, 242 Anna, queen of Hungary, 5 Bacon, Sir Francis, philosopher, 115 Anne, queen of England, 128 Baden Ansbach, duchy of, 220–1 Treaty of (1714), 133–4 Antwerp, 157, 233 electorate of, 258–9 Treaty of (1715), 133–4 Baden bei Wien, 90 Apafi dynasty, princes of Transylvania Balance of power, the monarchy’srolein, Michael I (1664–90), 72, 79, 81, 87, 89, 2–6, 28–9, 48, 60, 119, 121, 132, 93, 103 160–2, 171, 175, 177–8, 192, Michael II, 93, 149 217–19,221,259,271,278–9 Arad, 154, 200 Balázs, Éva, historian, 247 Arsenije III, Patriarch (1691–1706), 96–7, Balkans, in Habsburg policy, 15, 187, 153 217–19, 233–4, 273, 276–7 Arsenije IV, Patriarch (1737–48), 164–6, Banat of Temesvár, see Temesvár, banat of 183 Barcelona, 90, 118, 137, 167 Aspern, battle of (1809), 267 Baroque, 110–15, 134–40, 149, 242–4 Auersperg family, 67, 148 Barrier Augarten, public park, 206 fortresses, 121, 132, 147, 184, 232 Augsburg treaty, 133, 158 Peace of (1555), 28–9, 49, 55 Bartenstein, Johann Christoph, Privy League of, 81, 87, 88, 91 Conference secretary, 164–5, Augustus II (“the Strong”), elector of 172–3, 199, 203 Saxony, 89–90 profile, 179 king of Poland (1697–1733), 90, 92, Basque provinces, 119 110, 128, 161, 163 Batavian Republic, 255

294

Index 295

Bauernschutz, 106, 191, 207 cooption of aristocracy, 46–7, 69–70, 75, Bavaria: electorate 112 in Thirty Years’ War, 29, 34–5, 39, 41, diet, 32–3, 47, 69, 142, 147–8, 150, 190, 45, 48–9, 52–3 237–8 and imperial elections: 1658, 60–2 impact of Thirty Years’ War, 54, 98–9, and imperial elections: 1689, 79 101 in Turkish wars, 72, 82–7 and postwar recovery, 100, 102, 114 and Dutch War, 79 estate capitalism in, 99–100, 156, 190–1 and Spanish succession, 118–19, 123–5, manufacturing in, 25, 138–9, 142, 128, 135 155–9, 187, 212–13, 239 and Austrian succession, 161–3, 167–8, agrarian conditions/reform in, 99, 104–7, 171–2, 174–7, 192–3 142, 151, 208–9, 226, 231–2, 241 exchange projects, 119, 123, 177, 220–1, high culture in, 110, 115, 140, 243–4 233, 252 population, 135, 182, 210n, 242n allies with revolutionary France, 259, and Theresian succession, 150, 172, 266–7 175–8, 181 Bavarian Succession, war of, 219–21 Prussian invasions of, 175, 196, 220, 224 Bayer, Johannes, rector, 115 Bonn, 243 Bayreuth, duchy of, 220 Borek, Johann Christoph, Kammerrat, 104 Beccaria, Cesare, philosopher, 207, 215, Bosnia, 95–6, 237 222 Brandenburg-Prussia, 18, 20, 29, 62, Becher, Johann Joachim (1635–82), 162–3 cameralist, 103–5, 110, 116, 154 compared to monarchy, 21, 180, 184–5, Beethoven, Ludwig van, composer, 243, 189, 197, 205, 211–12, 214, 216, 245, 262, 265, 269–70 219, 248, 264, 275 Beller, Steven, historian, 278–9 in Thirty Years’ War, 49, 53 Belgium, see Netherlands in Polish war (1655), 59, 61 Belgrade, 87–9, 133, 159, 165–6, 171, 234 in Turkish wars, 72, 86 and Peace of (l739), 167 fights Louis XIV, 78–9, 120–1 Belvedere palace, 139 trade with, 12, 157, 187–8, 208, 240 Berlin and Silesian wars, 168–77, 192–7 Treaty of (1742), 175–6 threat from, 161, 169, 178, 180–1, 189, occupied, 196 192, 198, 202–3, 216–18, 233–5, Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, architect, 140 250–1, 260, 273–5 Bethlen, Gabriel, prince of Transylvania and Polish partitions (1613–29), 33–4, 37, 43–4 1st: 218–19 Bismarck, Otto von, statesman, 19, 54 2nd: 252–3 impact on monarchy, 277–8 3rd: 255 Black Legend, 22 opposes Bavarian exchanges, 220–1, 233 Blenheim, battle of (1704), 125, 127–8, and Belgian revolt, 234–6 142, 171, 195 anti-revolutionary coalitions, 251–3, Bocskai, Stephen, prince of Transylvania 255, 257–9, 266, 269–71 (1604–6), 43 at Congress of Vienna, 271 Bohemia, 3, 5, 7, 92, 157, 190, 280 Branković, Djordje, 96 profile, 10–17, 41, 121 Breisach, 90 cottage industry in, 26, 89, 139, 156, Breiten feld, battle of (1631), 49 187, 214 Bremen, bishopric of, 53 fiscal contribution, 66–7, 70, 86, 109, Brenner Pass, 157 142–3, 147–8, 151, 180–4 Breslau (Wroclaw), 11, 155 religious conflict/revolt in, 30–5 bishop of, 38, 69 Counter-Reformation in, 39–43, 55, religious liberties of, 51, 56, 68 68–9 impact of Thirty Years’ War, 54, 100, subjugation of, 36–42, 45–6, 48–50, 56, 102 66, 112, 115–16 university of, 68, 116, 138 Swedish occupation of, 52, 54, 59, 111 in Silesian wars, 169, 196

296 Index

Breuner, Sigfried, war commissar, 116 Catherine II (“the Great”), Tsarina Brieg, see Piast principalities (1762–96) Brixen, bishopric of, 257, 259, 271 succession, 197 Brno (Brünn), 187 and Polish partitions, 218–19, 252 Bruckenthal, Samuel, Transylvania alliance with, 222 governor (1777–87), 245 and Balkan designs, 233–5, 250 Brunswick, duke of, 252 Catholic League, 29, 34–7, 48–9, 96, 108 Manifesto (1792), 252, 271 Censorship Commission (1751), 186, 189 Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de, fights Turks, 86–7, 89 diplomat, 267 electorate, 92, 163 Chanceries, 11 succeeds Stuarts, 150, 161 Bohemian, 12, 37, 56, 111, 136, 179, in Silesian wars, 171–2, 193–5 181 Prussia annexes, 259 Hungarian, 13, 70, 76, 148, 201 joins Fürstenbund (1785), 233 Imperial, 18, 56, 60, 127, 179 Brussels, 147, 229, 231, 241 Austrian, 39, 56, 65, 127, 150, 163, 179, Bucharest, 89, 234 181 Buda, 14 Transylvanian, 93, 149, 181, 200, 206 pasha of, 74, 81–2, 87 Italian, 145 as capital, 228, 235, 241 State (Staatskanzlei), 179, 181, 185, 199 Bukovina, 246, 276 United (Austro-Bohemian), 199, 201 populaton, 210n, 242n Illyrian, 238, 253 annexed, 219 Charles, Archduke (1771–1847) and Galicia, 228 generalissimus, 255, 259–60, 262, 264, bureaucracy, Habsburg, 10, 110, 145, 266–8 184–5, 190, 206–7, 210, 219, 222, military reforms, 263 228, 235, 245–7, 253, 260, 262, 272, Charles, duke of Lorraine, field marshal, 278 82–3, 87–8, 90, 108, 117 Burgundy, 4–5, 78n Charles, duke of Zweibrücken, 220, 233 court protocol, 205 Charles, prince of Lorraine, 176, 184 Byng, admiral, 134 Charles II (“the Sufferer”), king of Spain (1665–1700), 63–4, 77, 90 Cameral sciences (cameralism), 103–6, death and testament, 118–20, 123, 144, 114–16, 37, 141, 151–2, 188, 191, 150 202–4, 206, 210, 214, 222, 262, 265, Charles V, Emperor (1519–56), 4–5, 28, 272–3, 280 41 Campo Formio, Treaty of (1 797), 255–7 Charles VI, Emperor (1711–40), 92 Caraffa, Antonio, general, 93–4 as Spanish claimant, 118–19, 121, 131–4 Carinthia elected emperor, 132 profile, 7–10 and Kaiserstil, 137–8, 149 Protestantism in, 69, 152 and succession crisis, 143–4, 150, 161–3 resists reform, 181, 189 profile, 145–6 Napoleon partitions, 267 administration and finance under, 145, Carlos, Don, of Bourbon-Parma, 133–4, 147, 160, 167 163, 165, 182, see also Charles III and Hungary, 148–51, 158–9 Carlowitz (Karlovci), Treaty of (1699), 91, religious policies, 151–4 94, 192 see also Karlovci mercantile projects, 154–60, 167, 238–40 Carniola, 26, 47, 151 weighs Bourbon alliances, 192–3 profile, 7–10 legacy, 160, 166–7, 239–40, 273–4 resists reform, 181, 209 Charles VII, Emperor (1742–5), see also Carolina resolutio (1731), 153 Charles Albert Carpi, battle of (1701), 121 Charles X Gustavus (1654–60), king of Carteret, Lord, prime minister, 175 Sweden, 59–62 Castile, 4–5, 56 Charles XII, king of Sweden (1697–1718), Catalonia, 88, 131, 133 128, 153

Index 297

Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, as and magnate conspiracy, 73–5 Emperor Charles VII (1742–45) economic development of, 102, 157, 161, 167–8, 171–2, 174, 176 263–4 Charles Theodore, elector of Palatinate and agrarian reform in, 187 Bavaria, 220, 233, 243 Napoleon partitions, 209 see also Military Chiari, battle of (1701), 121 Border Chotek, Austro-Bohemian chancellor, Czernin, Count, 125 232 Christian IV, king of Denmark, 49 Dalmatia, 133, 280 Cisalpine Republic, 255 Danube river, as trade route, 7–9, 105, Claudia Felicitas, Empress, 78 156, 240 Clement XI, Pope, 131 Danzig, 61 Clement XIV, Pope, 211 Daun, Leopold Joseph, Hofkriegsrat Coalitions, against revolutionary France president, 203, 205, 234 1st: 252–3, 255–7 as ﬁeld commander, 196 2nd: 257–8 army reforms, 184, 198, 205 3rd: 258–60 Decennial Recess (1715), 148, 180–1 4th: 259 Denmark, in Thirty Years’ War, 49, 51 5th: 266–8 in Northern War, 61 6th: 269 Dettingen, battle of (1743), 175 Cobenzl ministerial family Devolution, War of (l667–8), 78 Philip, 251–2 Dickson, P. G. M., historian, 248n Ludwig, 258, 262 Dietrichstein family, 100 Colloredo-Waldsee, Count, minister, 253, Ferdinand, 94 258, 262 Commission, 94–5, 97, 102, 106–7, Cologne, electorate, 18, 86, 87, 162 113 Commissio Neo Acquistica, 94, 113, 124, Diplomatic Revolution (1756), 191–4, 150, 159 198, 200, 217 Commission for Ecclesiastical Affairs, 253 Diplomum Leopoldinum (1690), 93, Confederation of the Rhine, see Rheinbund 124 Confraternities (religious brotherhoods), Directive Regulation (1783), 226 109, 185, 210, 224 Directory of Administration and Finance Consejo de España (Council of Spain), 145, (Directorium in Publicis et 147, 181 Cameralibus), 179, 199 Consortium of Associated Gentlemen, District captains (Kreishauptmänner), 12, 243, 262 37 Constantinople, 80, 82, 85, 89, 105, 178 Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, composer, Council of State (Staatsrat), 199, 201, 206, (1739–99), 243 211, 264 Donauwörth, 29 Counter-Reformation, 30–1, 35–46, 55, Donner, Georg Raphael, sculptor, 149 108–12, 113–16, 126, 137, 140, 185, Dresden, 176, 196 189–90, 212, 224, 249, 260, 276 Accord (1621), 38 Marian devotion, 41, 44, 64, 109, 115, Peace of (1745), 176–7 137 Dual Alliance (1879), 278 and science, 115 Dutch War (1672–9), 78, 89 Credit Deputation, 199 Crete, 85, 97 Education Commission Crimea, 233 (Studienhofkommission), 211, 224 Criminal Code (1803), 215, 225, 262 Eisenstadt, 149, 244 Croatia-Slavonia Eleonore, Empress, 79, 92 proﬁle, 13–16, 27, 30 Elizabeth, Tsarina (1741–62), 192, 194–6, diet, 14–15, 35, 81, 92, 95–6, 149, 215, 217–18 229, 235 Elizabeth Christine, Empress, 143 counties, 229 Emancipation Patent (1781), 26 and Bohemian revolt, 33–5, 44 England, see Great Britain

298 Index

Enlightenment, 114–16, 126, 151, 189, creates standing army, 66, 98–9, 114 191, 199, 203, 206, 214, 222, 225, consolidates Silesian principalities, 67 236, 243, 268, 272, 276, 280 mercantile initiatives, 104, 114 central European Aufklärung, 204, 243 and the arts and sciences, 110–11, 115 French Revolution and, 249, 260, 268 Ferdinand IV, king of Naples, 217 Eperjes, 93–4, 115 Ferdinand IV, Roman king (1653–4), 60, Erdödy, Miklós, ban, 96 56, 63 Ernest August, duke of Brunswick- Fertöd, Esterházy palace, 244 Lüneburg, 89 Fifteen Years’ War (1593–1606), 14, 25, Estate capitalism, 25–7, 46–7, 98–100, 31, 43, 95 103, 106, 156 Finland, 234–5 Esterházy family, 102, 158, 244 Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernard Pál, palatine, 86, 94, 115, 139, 149 (1656–1723), architect, 136–8, 140 Eugene, Prince, of Savoy, 144, 160–1, 166, Joseph Emanuel, 156 178, 274 Fiume (Rijeka), 15, 157, 187–8, 240 campaigns, 90, 120–1, 125, 127–8, 131, ceded to Hungary, 228, 240 133–4, 164 Fleury, Cardinal, French foreign minister as Hofkriegsrat president, 125, 146 (1726–43), 160, 163, 168 and high culture, 138–40 Fogaras, 93 Evangelical Union, 29, 33, 35 Fontainbleau, Treaty of (1785), 233 disbands, 48 France, 1–2, 5–6, 20, 21, 24–5, 28, 31, 45, Evans, R. J. W., historian, 7 51, 53, 58, 59, 60, 62, 72, 79–81, Explanatio Leopoldina (1691), 98 85–91, 98, 101, 103, 113–14, 121, 123, 132–3, 160–5, 171, 175, 189, Farnese, Elizabeth, queen of Spain, 133–4, 192, 216–17, 221–2, 233, 239, 242, 162–3, 176 247–54, 245, 273–4, 279 Favorita palace, 137, 167, 186 and Bohemian revolt, 34 Felbiger, Ignaz, bishop of Sagan, 212, 214 in ‘Thirty Years’ War, 51–3, 57 Ferdinand, king of Aragon (1479–1517), and peace of Pyrenees (1659), 57, 63 4–5 and Turkish wars (1664), 72 Ferdinand, Archduke, Milan governor, 229 and Spanish partitions, 78, 118–20 Ferdinand, Cardinal-Infante,50 at Nijmegen, 79 Ferdinand I, Austrian Emperor (1835–48), and Hungary, 79, 129 274 and Austrian succession, 162–3, 171, Ferdinand I, Emperor (1556–64), 5, 7, 175–6, 178 11–12, 16–17, 20, 23, 28, 32n, 49, and Polish Succession, 163–4 56, 65 and Seven Years’ War, 192–5, 197–8 Ferdinand II, Emperor (1619–37) revolution in, 249–51 rule in Inner Austria, 31–2, 36 and revolutionary wars, 255–69, 277 elected emperor, 32 at Congress of Vienna, 271 and Bohemian revolt, 33–5, 173 Franche Comté, 79 profile, 35–6 Francis I Stephen, Emperor (1745–65), and the Turks, 36 duke of Lorraine, grand duke of political reforms, 37–9, 45–7, 67 Tuscany religious policies, 38–43, 46, 56 and Habsburg match, 163, 165, 167, 172 German policy, 48–51, 54 elected emperor, 176 legacy, 56–7, 202, 273, 275 as advisor, 168–9, 173, 178 Ferdinand III, Emperor (1637–57) as general, 172, 184 religious policies, 41, 68–70, 101, 273 death, 202 replaces Wallenstein, 50 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, profile, 51 (1792–1806), and Francis I, and peace settlements, 52–3, 63, 68, 71 Austrian Emperor (1804–35), legacy, 57, 113–14 223–46 passim and Northern War, 59, 61 profile, 251, 262 death, 59, 63 scales back reforms, 253–4

Index 299

and Jacobin trials, 254–5 “General Crisis,” 24 creates Austrian empire, 258 General School Ordinances, 212–13 censorship under, 260–1 General Seminaries, 225, 229–30, 236–7 administrative record, 262–3 General War Commissary fear of Jacobinism, 261–2, 272 (Generalkriegskommissariat), 65, and Metternich, 268 116, 179 Francis Joseph I, Austrian Emperor Gentz, Friedrich, publicist, 265 (1848–1916), 274–5, 279 George Louis, elector of Hanover, 87 Franconian imperial circle, 42, 82–3 George II, king of England, elector of Frangepáni, Ferenc, ban, 73–5, 112 Hanover, 165, 171–2, 175, 193 Frankenberg castle, 41 German Confederation, 272 Frankfurt, 62, 116, 175–6 Germanization, 69–70, 112–13, 229, Franklin, Benjamin, 203 247 Frederick I, king of Prussia (1701–13), as Gertruydenberg, peace talks (1710), Prussian crown prince, 86n 131 Frederick II (“the Great”), king of Prussia Gian Gastone, grand duke of Tuscany (1740–86) (1723–37), 165 profile, 169 Giannone, Pietro, historian, 140 in first Silesian war, 168–9, 171, 174–6, Glatz, 175 183, 278 Glogau, 54, 68, 63 fear of, 178, 180, 189, 216, 221, 273 Gluck, Christoph Willibad (1714–87), in Seven Years’ War, 193–7 court composer, 243–4 emulated, 204, 218, 234 Gorizia, 7, 10, 47, 112 and Polish partition, 218–19 Gottweig monastery, 138 opposes Bavarian exchange, 220–1 Gran, Daniel, painter, 136 death, 234 Grand Alliance, against Louis XIV, 88, Frederick III, Emperor (1440–93), 3–4 121–3, 128, 132, 252 Frederick V, elector palatine (“Winter Graz, 7, 15–17, 111, 141–2, 156, 254 King”), 29, 33–5, 273 university of, 40, 186 banned, 48, 53 Great Britain, 1, 2, 5, 25, 34, 59, 79, 88, 91, Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony, see 105, 114, 132, 150, 154, 156, 161–4, Augustus II, Augustus III 169, 178, 192–3, 197, 216, 264, 269 Frederick William (the “Great Elector”) and Spanish succession, 118, 121, 131, (1640–88), 59, 61, 79, 86 133–4, 192 Frederick William I, king of Prussia financial aid from, 125, 127–8, 171, (1713–40), 169 175–6, 198, 248, 258, 266 Frederick William II, king of Prussia and war of Austrian Succession, 175–8 (1786–97), 234, 236, 250 and Pillnitz Declaration, 251 Freemasonry, 245, 260–1, 268, 272 and anti-French coalitions, 252, 257–9, Freiburg, 79, 90, 186 266, 269 French Revolution Grillparzer, Franz, playright, 245 impact of, 235, 237, 259 Gremonville, Jacques Brethel de, diplomat, on Austria, 249–54, 260–3, 272 73 Freudenberger, Herman, historian, 187 Gubernium. Hungarian, 76, 80, 107 Fronde, revolt of the, (1648–51), 59, 74 Guilds, Habsburg, 99–100, 104–5, 155, Fürstenberg, Egon von, coadjutor of 187, 223, 239, 241–2 Cologne, 88 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 49– Füssen, Treaty of (1745), 176 50, 273

Galicia and Lodomeria Hadik, András, Hofkriegsrat president, proﬁle, 219, 210n, 242n (1774–90), 247 reforms in, 226, 228, 239 Hague, The, 121 resisted, 232, 246, 266, 280 peace talks (1709), 131 West, 257, 264, 266–7 Halberstadt, bishopric of, 53 Gates-Coon, Rebecca, historian, 205n Hamburg, 99

300 Index

Hanover, see Brunswick-Lüneburg Hradcany Castle, 12, 31, 42 Harrach, Count Ferdinand Bonaventura, Hubertusburg, Treaty of (1763), 197 diplomat, 119–20 Hungary, 3, 5 Harrach, Friedrich, Bohemian. Chancellor, profile, 7–10, 11–16, 25–6, 30, 135n 180 diet in, 13–15, 52, 70, 72, 75, 80–1, Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm, minister, 92–4, 107, 148–51, 153, 158, 173, 179–81, 184–5, 187, 187, 191, 194, 182, 190, 200–1, 208, 228–9, 237, 198–9, 201–3 240, 246, 253, 266 Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), magnates in, 13–14, 27, 44–5, 70–1, 81, Kapellmeister, 244, 261–2 130, 148–9, 153, 174, 237, 240 Hayducks, 15, 26, 55, 96, 103, 129, 151, county government in, 14, 46, 76, 96, 154 148, 191, 208, 232 Hebenstreit, Franz, Jacobin, 254–5 and magnate conspiracy, 73–5, 79 Heidelberg, 35, 96 and Bohemian revolt, 32–3 Hermann, margrave of Baden, 75, 81, 87 Counter-Reformation in, 43–6 Hermannstadt (Sibiu), 241, 245 impact of Thirty Years’ War, 52, 55–6 Herrenhausen, League of (1726), 162, 164 taxation in, 70, 75–6, 86, 98, 108, 124, Hesse-Cassel, 194, 228, 252, 258 148, 150, 181–2, 194, 200–1 Hildebrandt, Johann Lukas (1663–1745), “Ten Dark Years,” 75–7 architect, 138–40, 149 Thököly revolt in, 76–83 Hochedlinger, Michael, historian, 248n reconquest of, 85–91 Hocher, Johann Paul, Austrian chancellor, post-reconquest conditions in, 102–3 75, 110 colonization of, 94–7, 103, 106, 129, Hochkirch, battle of (1758), 196 159, 166, 188, 241–2, 276 Hoditz, Franz Joseph, essayist, 115 agrarian reform in, 107, 207–8, 227, 231 Hofburg palace, 1, 35, 83, 91, 101, 110– and Rákóczi revolt, 124, 129–31, 158 11, 137, 188 and Pragmatic Sanction, 144, 150 Hofkammer (court treasury) 16, 38, 95 educational reforms in, 211–14 criticism of, 66, 116, 118 Josephine reforms in, 228–9 and Hungarian Kammer, 76, 80, 116n, opposition to Joseph II, 232, 235 148, 201 excluded from customs union, 240 and state debt, 120, 124, 141, 160, 168, foreign trade, 157–9, 240 198, 248, 263, 268 Hus, Jan, religious reformer, 30 restructured, 179, 199 Hussite Revolt, 12, 32, 38, 68 and paper money, 194, 263, 268 Hofkriegsrat (court war council), 16, 95, Illyrian: 101, 148, 150, 221, 248 Church Congress, 201, 210 restructured, 65, 179, 263 Commission/Deputation (1745–77), Hohenfriedberg, battle of (l745), 176 183, 200–1, 210, 228 Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 257 Chancery, 238, 253 Holy League (1684), 85–91 Imperial Aulic Council (Reichshofrat), 18, Holy Roman empire 127–8 profile, 17–18 Imperial Chamber Court Reichstag, 18, 60, 72, 86, 165, 178, 194 (Reichskammergericht), 18, 60, 127 electoral college, 18, 34, 62, 92, 127, Inner Austria: 163, 172, 176, 258 profile, 7–10, 25 effect of dualism on, 179, 217, 219, 221, and Hungary, 15 259 Counter-Reformation in, 28, 31–3, 42 demise of, 258–9 and Bohemian revolt, 33 Horia, Vasile Nicula, peasant leader, 227 autonomous offices in, 67, 95, 127, Horní Litvínov, 187 141–2 Hörnigk, Philipp Wilhelm von and military border, 95, 182 (1640–1714), cameralist, 104–5, economic developments, 99, 102, 156 116, 154 taxation in, 142, 147, 151, 181 Hoyer, Johann Paul, 227 agrarian reform in, 209, 226

Index 301

Napoleon partitions, 267 John, Archduke, 265–6, 269 Innocent XI, Pope, 83, 85 John Casimir, king of Poland, 59, 61, 67 Innsbruck, 7, 15–17, 111, 156 John George II, elector of Saxony, and offices, 141–2, 181 Bohemian revolt, 32, 34, 38 university of, 68, 186 John George III, elector of Saxony, 82–3, Institute for the Poor, 224 87 lnnviertel, 221, 267, 276 John Philipp, elector of Mainz, 60–2 Internal Conference (Conferenz in lnternis), John Sobieski, king of Poland, 83–5, 90 179, 199 John William, elector palatine, 92, 125 Isabella, queen of Castile (1474–1504), 4 Joseph I, Emperor (1705–11) Isabella, princess of Bourbon-Parma, 204 as crown prince, 88, 91–3, 118 Istria, 7, 10 and Young Court, 125 Italy, 5–6, 242, 245 profile, 126–7, 151–2, 222 commercial links, 9, 25, 102, 157, 239 and Germany, 126–7, 169 strategic value of, 34, 59–61, 99, 119–21, German patriotism of, 127, 136–7 125, 127, 132, 135, 166, 176, 272–3 and Hungary, 129–31, 150 imperial rights in, 128, 228, 239 death, 132 cultural influences from, 20–1, 111, 151, legacy, 135, 144 185 and the Baroque, 136–8 kingdom of, 258–9 patronage, 136 administrative and fiscal reforms, 141–2, Jacobin conspiracy, 254–5 147, 180 Jägerndorf, principality of, 11, 67, 175 and succession crisis, 143–4, 150, 161 annexed, 38, 48, 86 Joseph II, Emperor (1765–90), 173, 197 compensation for, 61, 169 profile, 203–6, 221–2, 228 James II, king of England (1685–88), 114, military reforms, 205, 216 121 reduces state debt, 205 James III, Stuart pretender, 121 agrarian reforms, 208, 225–7, 231–2 Jankau, battle of (l645), 52 educational reforms, 225 Jansen, Cornelius, religious reformer, religious reforms, 223–5 151–2 foreign policy, 216–20, 232–5 Jansenism/Jansenists, 152, 185 and censorship, 198, 208, 211 Jauer, 69, 101 legal reforms, 200–1 Jena: and Serbs, 200–1 university of, 116 administrative centralization, 228–9, and Äuerstädt, battles of (1806), 259 246, 277 Jesus, Society of (Jesuits), 30, 115, 126, repeals reforms, 235 168, 165–6, 181, 202 legacy, 237–8, 242, 245–8, 253, 262, 275 during Thirty Years’ War, 40, 44, 51, 46 mercantile policies, 238–9 and Leopold I, 64–5, 68, 97, 109–10, and the arts and letters, 243 112, 115–16 and French Revolution, 249–50 among the Orthodox, 89, 93, 154 Joseph Ferdinand, Bavarian prince, 118–19 and Joseph I, 126, 152 Josephinism (or “Josephism”), 223–5 under Charles VI, 138, 140 Joyeuse Entrée, 235 campaign against, 185–6, 211–13, 213 Juana, queen of Spain, 4 Jews, Habsburg Judson, Pieter, historian, 278 in Bohemian revolt, 35, 38 Jülich-Berg, duchy of, 169 and estate capitalism, 100 jus resistendi, 14, 93, 129 Leopold persecutes, 101 Justi, J. H. G. (1720–71), cameralist, 186, as financiers, 124, 160, 190 192, 194, 202–4, 206 in Hungary, 157, 159 Theresian persecution of, 170, 177, 190 Kahlenberg Heights, battle of (l683), 83–5 Galician, 219 Kammin, bishopric of, 53 under Joseph II, 223 Karlovci, 153, 166, 201, see also Carlowitz fate of, 279–80 Karlskirche, 137

302 Index

Károlyi, Sandor, Count, 130, 158 Laudon, Gideon, field marshal, 196, 220, Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Chancellor 234, 237, 250 and diplomatic revolution, 192–5, 198, Laxenburg palace, 137 200, 233 League of Princes (Fürstenbund), 233 profile, 203–4, 223 Legislative Assembly, declares war, 251 and domestic reform, 199–200, 207, Leipzig: 210, 214–16, 229, 234 battle of (“the Nations”) (1813), 269 expansionism, 216, 218–21, 233–4, 199, university of, 116 212 Lemberg (L’viv), 219 and French Revolution, 250–1 Leopold I Ignatius, Emperor (1658–1705): Kemény, János, prince of Transylvania and Habsburg succession crises, 59–64, (1661–2), 71 77–8, 80, 118–20, 143 Kepler, Johannes, astronomer, 29, 116 profile, 64–6, 113 Kesselsdorf, battle of (1745), 176 and maladministration, 66–7, 116–17, Khevenhüller, Ludwig Andreas, field 125 marshal, 174 religious policies, 67–70, 76–7, 80–1, Kiuprili family, grand viziers: 85–6, 93, 98, 101, 108–12, 124 Mehmed (1656–61), 70 and magnate conspiracy, 73–5 Fazil Ahmed (1661–78), 71 Hungarian repression, 75–7, 92–7, 124 Kara Mustapha (1676–83), 79–85, and Dutch War, 78–9 273 mercantile initiatives, 103–5, 155 Mustapha, Fazil (1689–91) 89 and peasantry, 106–7 Klein-Schnellendorf, convention of (1741), and the baroque, 110–13, 136 174 and Prussian crown, 120–1, 169 Klingenstein, Grete, historian, 188 Leopold II, Emperor (1790–2) Klosterneuburg monastery, 109, 136–8 as Tuscan grand duke Peter Leopold, Kolin, battle of (1757), 196 205, 217, 230, 235–6 Koller, Ferenc, 201 as emperor, 236–8, 242, 244–5, Kollonics, Leopold (1631–1707), cardinal 250–1 and archbishop-primate of Hungary, political acumen, 253, 264, 272, 275 97–8, 107, 113, 124 Leszczyński, Stanislaus, king of Poland, Komenský, Jan Amos (Comenius), 163–5 philosopher, 115 Letter of Majesty (1609), 31, 38 Königsegg, Leopold Wilhelm, imperial vice Leuthen, battle of (1757), 196 chancellor, 75 Lichnowsky, Prince, 243, 265 Kosovo, 87 Liechtenstein family, 67, 100, 148 Kremsier (Kroměrˇíž), 111 Karl, Bohemian governor, 37 Kremsmünster monastery, 138 Karl, bishop of Olmütz, 111 Krušedol monastery, 153 Karl Eusebius, 113 Küchük-Kainarji (1774), Treaty of, 219 Hans Adam (“the Rich”), 139 Kunersdorf, battle of (1759), 196 Florian Anton, 139n Kunst- und Werkhaus, 104–5 Liège, bishopric of, 230, 234 Kutuzov, Prince Mikhail, Russian general, Liegnitz, see Piast principalities 259 Linz, 9, 16–17, 100, 111, 140, 172, 174 textile industry in, 102, 105, 157, 159, Lacy, Moritz von, as Hofkriegsrat president, 239 205, 216 Treaty of (1645), 52, 56, 70, 81 as field marshal, 205, 220, 234 Lippay, György, archbishop-primate of Ladislas, king of Hungary (1491–1516), 5, Hungary, 73 10 Lisola, Franz, diplomat, 78 Lamberg, Leopold, Prince, 138 Lobkovic family, 42, 67, 243 Lamormaini, William, Jesuit confessor, 51 Wenzel, grand chamberlain, 75, 78, 81 Land Purchase Patent (1781), 226 Lombardy (Milan and Mantua) Landau, fortress, 126 population, 135n, 210n, 151, 242n, 171, Landwehr (militia), 265–8, 272 176–7, 180, 207, 210, 246

Index 303

finance and administration in, 180, 199, Mannheim, 220, 243 206 Mantua, duchy of, 128, 134–5, 229, see also economy, 135, 247 Lombardy reform in, 206–7, 210 Marchfeld, battle of (1278), 3 Lombardy-Venetia, kingdom of, 272 Marengo, battle of (1800), 257 London, 203 Margaret Theresa, Spanish infanta, Treaty of (1718), 134 empress, 63, 77–8, 101, 110, 118 Lorraine, duchy of, 78–9, 88, 90, 119n, Maria Amalia, Caroline archduchess, 143 163–6, 179 Maria Amalia, Josephine archduchess, 144, Louis, grand dauphin, 78, 118 161–2 Louis II, king of Hungary (1516–26), 5, 10, Maria Anna, Caroline archduchess, 143, 14 161 Louis XIII, king of France (1610–43), 51 Maria Anna, Spanish infanta,50 Louis, XIV, king of France (1643–1715), Maria Antonia, Leopoldine archduchess, 59, 90 78, 118 and French threat Maria Josepha, Josephine archduchess, to Germany, 60, 62, 85–9, 92, 102, 144, 161–2 123 Maria Luisa, Franciscan archduchess, weds to Europe, 91, 113, 117, 121, 132 Napoleon, 268 and Spanish Succession, 63, 78–9, 90, Maria Theresa, Spanish infanta, weds Louis 118–21, 131–2 XIV, 62–3, 118 and Hungary, 74–5 Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary and and Turks, 85, 87, 89 Bohemia (1740–80) death, 133, 150 as heiress presumptive, 143, 161, 163, Louis XV, king of France (1715–74), 133, 167 160, 163, 176, 193–4 reign of, 168–221 passim, 273, 275 Louis, XVI, king of France (1774–1793), profile, 172–3, 188–90 217, 222, 235, 248, 250–3 and Hungary, 173–4, 177, 182, 189, Louis William, margrave of Baden 201, 207–8, 228 (Türkenlouis), 87, 89, 125 fiscal and administrative reforms, 179–82, Low Countries, see Netherlands 198–200, 206 Louthan, Howard, historian, 41 military reforms, 182–3, 205 Löwenberg, 55, 100 education reforms, 185–6, 189–90, 206, Lower Austria, 26–7, 112 210–13, 246 profile, 7–10 mercantile policies, 187–8, 238–40 economy, 26, 104, 239 religious policies, 190, 210, 214–15 and Bohemian revolt, 33, 38 agrarian reforms, 191, 202, 207–10, 227 Counter-Reformation in, 38–9, 42–3, and Joseph II, 204–6, 221 46, 55, 68–9, 101 legal reforms, 215 agrarian reform in, 106, 209, 253 marriage policy, 217–18 population, 142 and Polish partition, 218–19 Lunéville, Treaty of, (1801), 257 and Bavarian succession, 220–1 Lusatia, 101 and the arts, 242–3 profile, 11–12, 26 Marianne, Theresian archduchess, 245 religious revolt in, 32, 34–43 Mariazell, pilgrimage church, 41, 64, 137 cession, 38, 53 Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 250, Luther, Martin, religious reformer, 30 252–3 Lützen, battle of (1632), 50, 96 Maritime Powers, see England, Netherlands Luxembourg (Luxemburg), duchy of, 86, (United) 233–5 Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, 125–8, 131 Macedonia, 87 Martini, Karl Anton (1726–1800), jurist, Mack, Karl, general, 258 186, 211, 215 Mainz, electorate, 18, 49, 72, 88, 233 Martinic, Jaroslav, Bohemian governor, 31, Malplaquet, battle of (1710), 131–2 40, 42

304 Index

Martinovics, Ignaz, Jacobin, 254–5 religious persecution in, 153–4, 200–1, Mary, duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), 4 215 Mary, queen of Hungary, 5, 14 Minden, bishopric of, 53 Matthias I, Emperor (1612–19), 31–3, 39 Ministerial Bank Deputation, 141, 146 Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary Modena, duchy of, 217, 257, 272 (1458–90), 4, 258 Mohács, battles of: Maulbertsch, Franz Anton, painter, 149 1526: 5, 10, 14 Maximilian, Archduke, count of Tyrol 1687: 87 (1602–18), 39, 32n Moldavia, 102, 166, 217, 233–4 Maximilian, duke/elector of Bavaria, 45 Mollwitz, battle of (1741), 171 and Bohemian revolt, 34–5, 37 Montagu, Mary Wortley, diarist, 140 and Upper Austria, 35, 41 Montecuccoli, Raimundo, field marshal, wartime gains, 48, 53 65, 108, 117, 184 Maximilian I, Emperor (1493–1519), 4–5, in Hungary, 71–2, 75, 82 40 on Rhine, 78 Maximilian II, Emperor (1564–76), 29 Moravia, 32, 69, 82, 100, 106, 209, 214 Max[imilian II] Emanuel, elector of Bavaria profile, 11–12, 25–6, 45, 151 (1679–1726) Counter-Reformation in, 37–8, 41–2 fights Turks, 83, 87 political subjugation of, 37, 46 and Spanish Succession, 118–19 diet, 47 as French ally, 123–7, 132, 135, 195 impact of Thirty Years’ War, 47, 54, seeks Austrian succession, 161–2 99–101 Maximilian III Joseph, elector of Bavaria taxation in, 66, 142n, 147–8 (1745–77), 176, 220 manufacturing in, 155–6, 239 Mazarin, Cardinal, 59 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), and imperial election (1658), 60, 62 court composer, 242–4 and Peace of Pyrenees (1659), 63 Munich, 174, 220 Mehmed IV, Sultan (1648–87), 71–2, Munkács, 102 85 Münsterberg, duchy of, see Podiebrad Melk monastery, 138–9 principalities Melton, James Van Horn, historian, 212 Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1672–1750), Mercy, Count, general, 164 religious reformer, 185–6, 203 Mesmer, Franz Anton, scientist, 254 Mustapha, Sultan, 90 Metastasio, Pietro, court poet, 140, 242 Metternich, Clemens Wenzel, chancellor, Nádasdy, Ferenc, chief justice, 73–5 1, 21, 165 Nantes, Edict of (1589), repealed, 86 ambassador, 264, 266 Naples, kingdom of, 78n, 128, 121, 134–5, profile, 268 147, 151, 165, 175, 182, 252 foreign minister, 268–72 Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor, 1, 255–8, Migazzi, Christoph Anton, archbishop of 264–9, 273 Vienna, 185–6, 212, 223 preserves Austria, 267, 278 Milan, duchy of National Assembly, French, 250–1 as dynastic pawn, 119–21, 128, 134, National Convention, French, 252 144–5, 164–5, 192 Neipperg, Reinhard, Wilhelm, general, domestic policy, 184, 207, 229–30 166, 169, 171 population, 135, 241, see also Lombardy Nelson, Horatio, admiral, 257–8 Military Border (Militärgrenze), 73, 180 Nemesis Theresiana, 215, 225 profile, 15, 27, 30, 34, 102, 246, 277 Nepomuk, Jan, saint, 40 Statuta Valachorum (1630), 44, 96 Netherlands campaigns, 72, 129, 173–4, 194, 196 Spanish, 4, 29, 59, 62, 78, 119–23, 132 and Magnate conspiracy, 74 United (Provinces): 48, 78–81, 91, restructured, 95–6, 149, 182–3, 200–1 131–2, 134, 162–4, 158, 192, 230 Privilegium (1690), 96, 154 loans from, 125, 127, 198 Grenzer, image, 96, 159, 182–3 and succession conflicts, 118, 121, sanitary cordon, 200 131–3

Index 305

and First Coalition, 252, 255 Outer Austria (Vorlande),31–2 Austrian: 135, 151–2, 157–8, 176, 178, profile, 7–9, 56, 147 187, 206, 214, 217, 229–30, 239, Swabian enclaves of, 181, 209, 257, 259, 246–7, 271 271, 276 economy, 200, 239 and state finances, 135, 147, 160, 180, Pactum mutuae successionis (1703), 143–4, 184, 194, 199–200 161 exchange projects, 106, 123, 194, 220, Palacký, František, historian, 2 233, 252, 276 Palatinate, electorate, 18, 29, 33–5, 48, 53, Belgian revolt, 229–32, 234–5, 237, 275 79, 88, 92, 162–3 in revolutionary wars, 252–3, 255 Upper, 33, 35, 48, 53, 127 Neuburg, duchy of, 92 Pálffy family: Neuhäusel fortress, 66–7, 79 Tamás, Hungarian chancellor, 75–6, 81 Neusohl (Banská Bystrica), diet, 33, 44 Marianne, 8 Newcomen, Thomas, inventor, 156 János, ban, 158 Nicholas I, Tsar (1825–55), 278 Pančevo, 159 Nijmwegen Treaty of (1678), 79–81, 86, Pandours, 183 90 Papal States, 122, 131, 257 Nikolsberg, Peace of (1622), 44 Paris, 193, 203, 222, 244, 266 Nine Years’ War (1689–97), 88–90, 121 parlement of, 150 Nördlingen, battle of (1634), 51 Treaty of (1763), 197 Northern Wars: fall of (1814), 239 1655–60: 59–61, 63, 65 Parma, duchy of, 134, 162–5, 176, 194, 1700–20 (“Great”): 128, 135 217, 252 Nova Kdyne, 187 Partition treaties Nymphenburg, Treaty of (1741), 171, 174 1st (1698), 119–20 2nd (1699), 121 Obradović, Dositej, educator, 243 Passarowitz, Peace of (l718), 134, 153, 156 Occidental Company, 105 Passau: O’Donnell, Joseph, finance minister, 264 city, 82 Oliva, Peace of (l660), 63, 71 bishop/ric of, 211, 257, 259 Olmütz (Olomouc), 111, 156, 174 Paul, Pope, 34 university of, 116 Paul, Tsar (1796–1801), 257 Öls, duchy of, see Podiebrad principalities Paulines (religious order), 44 Ónod diet, 130 Pavle Nenadović, Metropolitan (1749–68), Oppeln, duchy of, 38, 59, 67 213 Oppenheimer, Samuel, financier, 101, 124 Pázmány, Peter (1570–1637), cardinal- Oriental Academy, 186, 211 primate of Hungary, 44, 46 Oriental Company, 105, 157 Pergen, Johann Anton, minister, 211 Orsova, 237 and secret police, 234, 238, 245, 254, Ostend Company, 158, 162–3, 239–40 261 Otrokoczy, Ferenc, polemicist, 110 Pergine, Hippolito de, friar, 65 Ottoman Empire, 3, 5, 14, 24, 28, 58, 208, Pest, 241 217–19, 257, 273, 277 Peter, king of Portugal, 121 during the Thirty Years’ War, 36, 72 Peter I (“the Great”), Tsar, 218 and Northern War, 61 Peter III, Tsar (1762), and duke of conquers Transylvania, 70–2 Holstein-Gottorp, 195–6, 218 and magnate conspiracy, 74 Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany wars against, (1765–90), see also Leopold II 1683–99: 77–91 Peterwardein, battle of (1716), 133 1716–18: 133–4 Philip, duke of Parma, 176, 194 1737–9: 165–6 Philip I, king of Spain (the “Handsome”), 4 1788–90: 233–7 Philip II, king of Spain (1556–98), 28, 31 trade with, 105, 156–7, 240 Philip III, king of Spain (1598–1621), and Oudenarde, battle of (1706), 131 Bohemian revolt, 34

306 Index

Philip IV, king of Spain (1621–65), 50, 57, Privy Conference (Geheime Konferenz), 66, 60, 62–3 141, 145, 148, 161, 168, 172, 179, Philip V, king of Spain (1700–46), 120–1, 192 131–4, 145, 162 Privy Council (Geheimrat), 16, 49, 65–6, Philip Prosper, Spanish infante,63 75, 117, 141 Philippsburg fortress, 88, 164 Prussia, duchy of, 61, 194 Piast principalities (Liegnitz, Brieg, kingdom of, see Brandenburg-Prussia Wohlau) 11, 38, 51, 67, 69, 86, 142 Przehorsowsky, Count, 125 Pietism, 114, 211–13 Pufendorf, Samuel, philosopher, 203 Pillnitz Declaration (1791), 250–1 Pyrenees, 134 Pius VI, Pope, 223–4 Peace of (1659), 63 Podiebrad principalities (Münsterberg, Öls), 11, 38, 51, 67 Quadruple Alliance Poland, 12, 21, 83, 90, 111, 116, 125, 148, 1718: 134 174, 213, 239, 245 1815: 272 and Thirty Years’ War, 34, 38 and Northern Wars, 59, 61, 65 Raab, Franz Anton, and Raab system, 209, and Turkish wars, 74, 82–5 226–7 partitions of, Radetzky, Joseph, general, 269 1st: 218–19 Rákóczi, Ferenc, 73–4, 81 2nd: 250–3 Rákóczi, Francis II, kuruc leader, 124, 3rd: 255 129–30 Polish Succession, War of (1733–8), Rákóczi Revolt (1703–11), 124, 129–31, 163–6, 192 148, 151, 158, 228 Poltava, battle of (1709), 218 Rákóczi, George I, prince of Transylvania Pomerania, duchy of, 53, 61, 79, 194, 196 (1629–48), 58 Portocarrero, Cardinal, 119–20 Rákóczi, George II, prince of Transylvania Portugal, 121, 211, 252, 264, 269 (1648–60), 59, 61, 71, 111 Potato War, see Bavarian Succession, war of Rascians, 95–7, 129, see also Serbs Pragmatic Army, 175 Raška, 95, 129 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 144, 147, 150, Rastatt, Treaty of (1714), 133–4 152, 161–3, 165, 167–8, 171, 176, Rasumofsky, Andrey, Prince, 243 246, 274 Ratibor, duchy of, 38 Prague, 11–12, 16–17, 29, 47, 98, 100, Redlich, Oswald, historian, 145 106, 155–6, 237, 241 Reformation Commissions, 39, 41–2, 68, defenestrations of, 31–2 190 and the Thirty Years’ War, 35, 37, 52–3, Regensburg, 86–7 56 diet, 194 impact on, 37, 54, 100–1 Reichenbach Convention (1790), 236–7, Charles Bridge, 37, 56, 138 250 Peace of (1635), 51, 53 Religious Fund, 224 university of, 40–1, 103, 116, 186 Restitution, Edict of (1629), 49, 53, 60 in Silesian wars, 172, 174–5 Réunion, courts of, 79, 81, 86 Jews of, 35, 38, 177, 190, 219 Rheinbund: Prater, public park, 206 of 1658: 62, 72–3 Presidii Ports, 134, 165 of 1806: 259 Pressburg (Bratislava; Pozsony), 76, 133 Rhenish imperial circle, 86 as administrative center, 14, 16–17, 72, Rialp, marquis de, minister, 145 148, 214, 228, 241, 245 Richelieu, Cardinal, 50–1, 56, 273 diets of Richter, Joseph, journalist, 245 1687: 82–97, 107, 148 Robot, 26, 46–7, 100, 106–7, 139, 142, 1741: 173 151, 191, 207–9, 219, 226, 228, 231, 1791: 237 236–8, 241, 253, 262–3 1809: 266 Rojas y Spinola, Cristóbal de (1626–95), peace of (1805), 259, 264 diplomat, 104–5

Index 307

Roma, 214 Swedes occupy, 128, 153 Rossbach, battle of (1757), 196 and Austrian succession, 161–3 Rudolph I, Emperor (1273–91), 3, 40 and Silesian wars, 171–2, 174–6, 193–7 Rudolph II, Emperor (1576–1612), 17, 29, trade with, 12, 99, 208, 240 31–2, 43, 111 at Congress of Vienna, 271 Rumburg (Rumburk), 156 Scheffler, Johannes (Angelus Silesius), Rummel, Franz Ferdinand, 126, 152 polemicist, 110 Russia, 20–1, 129, 150, 220–1, 248n Scheldt estuary, 157, 233 at Congress of Vienna, 1, 271 Schierendorff, Christian Julius Schierl von and Northern Wars, 59, 61, 128 (1661–1726), Hofkammer secretary, in Turkish wars of 104, 141–2, 147, 151, 154–5, 202 1687: 80–1, 87 Schlegel, Friedrich, polemicist, 265 1737: 165–6 Schönborn family: 1788: 233–5 Johann Philipp, archbishop-elector, 60, and Polish succession, 163–5 62 Silesian Wars, 171, 176, 193–7, 222, 233 Friedrich Karl, imperial vice chancellor, ties with Habsburg Serbs, 183, 201, 213– 127, 138, 161, 169 14 Schönbrunn: in Seven Years’ War, 193–7 palace, 113, 136–7, 242, 256 poses strategic threat, 217–19, 250, 257, Treaty of (1809), 267 273 Schroeder, Paul, historian, 219 and Polish partitions, 218–19, 250, 252– Schröder, Wilhelm von (1640–88), 3 cameralist, 103–6, 116, 138, 154, and anti-French Coalitions, 255, 257–9, 202 266–71 Schwarzenberg family: 100 Ryswick, Treaty of (l697), 89–90, 121, Adam Franz, 150 133, 192 Karl Philip, field marshal, 269 Schweidnitz, 55, 68, 100 Sachsen-Zeitz, Cardinal, primate of Schwiebus, Silesian enclave, 86n Hungary, 148, 150 Sedlmayr, Hans, art historian, 138 Şaguna, Adreiu, 201 Semmering Pass, 157 Salieri, Antonio (1750–1825), Serbia, Ottoman: 87, 96, 129, 166, 234 Hofkapellmeister, 242, 244 Habsburg: 134–5n, 156, 166 Salm, Prince, grand chamberlain, 126, 152 Serbs (“Rascians”), migrations: 15, 276 Salzburg, archbishopric of, 152, 243, 257– 1st (1690): 95–7, 129, 183 9, 267, 271 2nd (1737): 165–6 Sancta Clara, Abraham à, preacher, 106 Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 194–7 St. Florian monastery, 138 Origins, 191–4 St. Gotthard, battle of (1664), 72 impact of, 198, 250 Sandomierz, battle of (1657), 59 Seville, Treaty of (1729), 163 Saragossa, battle of (1710), 145 Sicily, kingdom of, 78n, 131–5n, 165 Sardinia: profile, 147, 151 island, 131–2, 134, 276 Sienell, Stefan, historian, 66 kingdom of, 161, 164–5, 175–7, 252, Sigismund, king of Poland, 34, 38 255 Silesia, 99, 135, 184 Savoy, duchy of, 88–9, 121, see also profile, 11–12, 25–6, 30, 45, 159 Sardinia, kingdom of and Bohemian revolt, 32, 34–5 Saxe, marshal de, 176 Counter-Reformation in, 38–40, 43, 51, Saxe-Hildburghausen, prince of, 243 68–9, 109, 112, 138, 153 Saxe-Weimer, duke of, 234 impact of Thirty Years’ War, 54–6, 100 Saxony,electorate of, 18, 29, 128, 221, 233 consolidation of, 67, 276 in Thirty Years’ War, 32, 34, 38, 49–51, as a cultural intermediary, 116, 180, 211 53, 56 in Silesian wars, 168–77, 192–7, 220 in Turkish wars, 72, 79, 82–90 Prussian, 180–1, 187, 217, 219, 238–40 and Dutch War, 79 Theresian reforms in, 179, 208

308 Index

Sinelli, Emmerich, bishop, 65, 85 Swabia, 39 Sinzendorf, Georg Ludwig von, Hofkammer Austrian lands in, 9, 135, 179, 181, 257, president (1665–79), 66, 104–5, 259, 271, 276 116 imperial circle, 82–3, 86 Sistova, Treaty of (l791), 237, 250 Sweden, 74, 115–16, 171, 178, 234 Sked, Alan, historian, 269 in Thirty Years’ War, 49–56 passim, 123 Slankamen, battle of (1691), 89, 97 and Northern wars, 59–62, 71, 103, 128, Slavata, Vilém, Bohemian governor, 31, 135 40, 42 and Silesian Protestants, 68, 153 Slavonia, 13–15, 87, 91, 94–5, 97, 103, and wars of Louis XIV, 79, 88 159, 191, 207, 213, 280, see also in Seven Years’ War, 193–7 Croatia-Slavonia joins Sixth Coalition, 269 Sonnenfels, Joseph (1733–1817), 202, 206, Swieten, Gerhard van, minister, 185–6, 211–12, 215, 227, 238, 243, 245, 211 262, 275 Swieten, Gottfried van (1733–1803), Soor, battle of (l745), 183 minister, 223–4, 243, 261–2 Sopron, diet, 80–1, 153 Szatmár, Peace of, 130, 132, 134, 138, 148, Spain, 2, 4–6, 22, 63, 91, 162 150, 159 and Bohemian Revolt, 34, 36, 50 Székely, Stefan, polemicist, 115 threatens balance of power, 28, 57, 60, Szelepcsényi, György, archbishop-primate 62 of Hungary, 75–6, 85 in Thirty Years’ War, 48–53, 56–9, 108 Louis XIV attacks, 79, 81, 88 Tabor, 105 in wars of Succession: Tarnopol, ceded, 267 Spanish: 128, 131–4 Tax and Agrarian Regulation (1789), 231, Polish: 164 262 Austrian: 171, 175 Court Commission, 232, 236 in anti-French Coalitions, 252, 255, 264, Temesvár, banat of, 91, 173, 178 269 acquired: 133–4 Spanish Succession, diplomacy of, 62–4, military rule in, 149, 184 77–9, 88, 90, 118–21 colonized, 159, 166 War of, 120–33, 164, 178, 192, 271 taxation in: 159, 166 Spielmann, Anton, foreign minister, 251–2 Turks raid, 165–6, 234 Sporck, Franz Anton, Count, 140 reorganized, 183 Stabaeus, polemicist, 110 schools in, 213–14 Stadion, Philipp, minister, 264–6, 268, returned to Hungary, 228 272, 277 prospers, 242 Stanislaus Poniatowski, king of Poland, expulsions from, 280 218 Temesvár, city of, 159 Starhemberg, Gundaker, Hofkammer Teschen, 67, 175 president, 125, 141, 146, 172 Treaty of (1779), 220–1 State and Conference Ministry Theresianum, 186, 206, 223, 228 (Staatskonferenzministerium), 263 Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), 35–53, 96, Stella, Rocco, minister, 145 123 Sternberg, Count, 125 impact on monarchy, 54–60, 65–8, Strassburg (Strasbourg), 81, 86, 90 98–105 Styria: Thököly, Imre, kuruc leader, 79–82, 87, 89, proﬁle, 7, 9–10, 12, 25, 88 93, 124 diets, 47, 181, 238 Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron, foreign Sudeten Mountains, 11, 195, 220 minister, 252, 254, 257–8 Supreme Judiciary (Oberste Justizstelle), Tilly, Count, general, 35, 49–50 179, 199 Tisza river, 90, 94–5, 103, 153, 182–3, 242 Suvarov, Alexander, Russian marshal, 234 Toleration, Edict of (1781), 230 Syrmia (Srem), 91, 134, 153, 200 Toulon, 128 Szabo, Franz, historian, 203 Transylvania:

Index 309

profile, 13–14 Upper Austria, 7, 139 and Bohemian revolt, 33–4 industry in, 25, 187 as guarantor of Hungarian liberty, 43–4, Bavarian occupations of 52, 56, 76–7, 79–80, 129 1626: 34–5, 38–9 and Northern War, 59, 61 1703: 123 Ottoman conquest of, 71–2 1741: 172, 174, 177 reconquest of, 87, 89–90 Counter-Reformation in, 41–2 Diplomum Leopoldinum, 93, 124 Thirty Years’ War: cultural life in, 115, 140, 245 impacts, 55 and Rákóczi revolt, 124, 129–30 recovery from, 99, 102 resettlement to, 152, 159, 166, 183, 190, Upper Hungary: 215, 242, 280 profile, 13–15, 25–6, 30, 112, 149, 159 direct rule over, 93, 149, 173, 181–4, and Bohemian revolt, 34 200, 228, 246 peasant conditions in, 47, 95, 107–8 military border in, 183 and magnate plot, 74 economy, 188, 241 Thököly revolt in, 80, 82 population, 242, 210n reconquest of, 87, 102 peasant unrest in, 124, 191, 202, 208, in Rákóczi revolt, 124 227 Upper Palatinate: Romanian rights in, 93, 229, 237, 245 and Bohemian revolt, 33, 35 Trautson, Johann Leopold, grand ceded to Bavaria, 48, 53, 127 chamberlain, 138 Utraquism/Utraquists, 30, 35, 41, 68 Trautson, Johann Joseph, archbishop, 185 Utrecht: Trenck, Franz, Baron, 183 Union of (1579), 33 Trentschin (Trenčin), battle of (1708), 130 Treaty of (1713), 132–4, 192 Trent, bishopric of, 257, 259, 271 Trier, electorate of, 18, 86, 88, 156, 162 Valmy, battle of (1792), 252 Trieste, 7, 10, 157, 214, 240 Vasvár, Treaty of (l664), 72–3, 80, 105 Trieste-Fiume company, 187 Vejvanovský, Josef, composer, 111 Triple alliance (1721), 144 Velletri, battle of (1744), 182 Troppau, duchy of, 67, 175 Venice, 140 Turin, battle of (l706), 128 republic of, 74, 79, 85, 133–4, 157 Turkey, see Ottoman Empire annexed, 255–7, 259, 271 Tuscany, grand duchy of Verneuerte Landesordnung (1627), 37–8, 45– Bourbon claim to, 134, 162–3 7, 70, 92, 147–8 as Habsburg secundogeniture, 165, Verri, Pietro, minister, 207, 230 176–7, 217, 230, 257, 272 Versailles palace, 88, 113, 120–1 Twenty Years’ Truce (1684), 86–7 Treaties of Tyrnau (Trnava), 44 1st (1756): 193 university of, 40, 44, 103 2nd (l757): 194 press, 110, 112 3rd (1759): 195 Tyrol: Via Carolina, 157 profile, 7–10, 25, 27, 67 Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, 121, separate status, 7, 32, 56, 62–3, 67, 150, 128, 133–4 216, 238 Vienna: taxation in, 67, 109, 142n, 147, 181 Congress of (1814–5), 1, 271–2 autonomous offices in, 141, 179 profile, 4, 9–11, 16–17, 30, 69–70, 241 conscription in, 230, 236–7 in Thirty Years’ War, 33–4, 37–8, 40, 52 resists Bavarian rule, 123, 259, 266, 269 Counter- Reformation in, 40–1, 110–11 university of, 40, 186, 206, 214 Ulm, battle of (1805), 258 peace treaties of: Unitarians, 43, 93 l606: 43, 80 Universal Bankalität, 146 1725 (“First”): 162 Universal Commercial Directory, 188 1731 (“Second”): 163 Universal Excise, 142, 147 1735/1738: 165–6

310 Index

Vienna: (cont.) Wesselényi, Ferenc, palatine, 73–4, 80 threatened in: Westminster Convention (1756), 193 1645: 52 Westphalia, Peace of (1648): terms of, 1664: 72 52–3, 68, 90, 153 1741: 172 impact of, 53–4, 58–9, 62–3, 70, 1683 siege of: 82–6, 97, 100, 104, 111, 100–2 141 White Mountain, battle of (1620), 35 1800: 257 aftermath, 35, 38–48 passim, 94, 108, and the Baroque, 40–1, 109–11, 137–40 115, 171 Chanceries in, 56, 60, 93, 111, 148 Wiener Neustadt, military academy, 186 Jews in, 101, 215 Wilhelmine Amalia, Empress, 136, 143, Commerce Commission in, 104, 155 152, 172 City Bank, 141–2, 146, 160 William III, of Orange, Dutch stadholder manufacturing in, 155, 157, 160, 241 and king of England (1688–1702), and classical music, 243–5, 271 89–90, 118–19, 121 and Jacobin conspiracy, 254 Wohlau, see Piast principalities Napoleonic occupations of, 258, 267 Wolff, Christian, philosopher, 116, 185–6, and Franciscan censorship, 261 203 Vlachs, 89, 95, 157 World War I, 1, 22, 57 Vorarlberg: Wratislaw, Count, Bohemian chancellor, proﬁle, 7, 10, 27 138 ceded, 229 Württemberg: duchy of, 257 Wagram, battle of (l809), 267 becomes electorate of, 258–9 Wallachia, 93, 102, 217, 233–4 “Little”, 134–5n, 149, 166, 218–19 Zápolya, János, 14, 33 Wallenstein, Albrecht von, generalissimus, Zeno, Apostolo, poet, 140 42, 49–51, 109, 117 Zenta, battle of (1697), 90, 97 Walpole, ministry, 171, 175 Zinzendorf, Karl, minister, 203, 232 Wangermann, Ernst, historian, 160 Zrenjanin, 159 War Commissary Zrinyi family: (Generalkriegskommissariat), 65, Helena, 81, 111 116, 179 Miklós, Croatian ban, 72–3 Warsaw, 90 Peter, 73–5, 112 duchy of, 267 Zsitvatorok, Peace of (1606), 31, 55, 71