DOCSLIB.ORG

Basement Control on the Development of Selected Michigan Basin Oil and Gas Fields As Constrained by Fabric Elements in Paleozoic Limestones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basement Control on the Development of Selected Michigan Basin Oil and Gas Fields As Constrained by Fabric Elements in Paleozoic Limestones Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1991 Basement Control on the Development of Selected Michigan Basin Oil and Gas Fields as Constrained by Fabric Elements in Paleozoic Limestones Robert Thomas Versical Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Versical, Robert Thomas, "Basement Control on the Development of Selected Michigan Basin Oil and Gas Fields as Constrained by Fabric Elements in Paleozoic Limestones" (1991). Master's Theses. 1010. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1010 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BASEMENT CONTROL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED MICHIGAN BASIN OIL AND GAS FIELDS AS CONSTRAINED BY FABRIC ELEMENTS IN PALEOZOIC LIMESTONES by Robert Thomas Versical A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BASEMENT CONTROL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED MICHIGAN BASIN OIL AND GAS FIELDS AS CONSTRAINED BY FABRIC ELEMENTS IN PALEOZOIC LIMESTONES Robert Thomas Versical, M.S. Western Michigan University, 1991 Hydrocarbon bearing structures in the Paleozoic section of the Michigan basin possess different structural styles and orientations. Quantification of the direction and magnitude of shortening strains by applying a calcite twin-strain analysis constrains the mechanisms by which these structures may have developed. The calcite twin-strain analysis and fracture orientations in Paleozoic rocks indicate that the mean direction of compression controlling structural development ranged from SE-NW to nearly E-W. This direction of compression nearly parallels the majority of structures in the basin, and provides insight into their origin. The structural geometries of fields considered in this study can be explained by models for deformation in the Paleozoic cover above basement faults with varying components of strike-slip and dip-slip motion. Variation in structural style appears to be related to reactivation of basement lines of weakness with different orientations in response to the same regional compression. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Christopher J. Schmidt, for his support, commitment, encouragement, and insight which aided me throughout the course of my study. Also, my committee members, Dr. W. Thomas Straw and Dr. William B. Harrison, proved invaluable in their discussions, assistance, and especially in their review of the manuscript. Appreciation is also extended to The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Grants in Aid Program, Tulsa, Oklahoma, The Graduate College of Western Michigan University, and the Michigan Basin Geological Society, Lansing, for providing monetary support which aided in the undertaking and completion of this project. Amoco Production Company, Houston, Texas, and William J. Hinze of Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, provided geophysical data for use in this study which was essential for its completion. My colleagues Barry McBride and Paul Genovese deserve special recognition and thanks for laying the foundations for the calcite twin-strain analysis, and sharing many discussions concerning mutual geologic problems. I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my ever growing family for their encouragement throughout the course of this study. Andrea Anderson deserves a special thanks for her understanding, support, and ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements-Continued encouragement throughout the latter stages of this project, as well as her help with editing the manuscript. Last, but not least, my appreciation is extended to my father, without whose support, patience, and understanding the completion of this study would not have been possible. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my mother. Robert Thomas Versical Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 1344708 Basement control on the development of selected Michigan basin oil and gas fields as constrained by fabric elements in Paleozoic lim estones Versical, Robert Thomas, M.S. Western Michigan University, 1991 Copyright ©1991 by Versical, Robert Thomas. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Robert Thomas Versical 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... ix LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Scope and Purpose of Investigation ............................................. 1 Sources of Data ................................................................................ 4 Previous Work .................................................................................. 7 II. REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING ..................................................... 11 Basement Geology ............................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................. 11 Basement Configuration of Michigan ............................................ 13 Introduction ................................................................................. 13 Penokean Province .................................................................... 15 Central Province ......................................................................... 18 Mid-Michigan Rift Zone ........................................................... 20 Grenville Province ..................................................................... 31 Paleozoic Structural Basins and Arches .......................................... 33 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Origin of Paleozoic Features .......................................................... 33 III. MICHIGAN BASIN GEOLOGY ............................................................ 39 Geometry of the Michigan Basin ................................................. 39 General Statement ...................................................................... 39 Subsidence History of the Basin ................................................... 42 Structures in the Phanerozoic Section of the Michigan Basin ................................................................................. 44 General Structural Style and Orientation ............................. 44 Timing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambrian Ordovician
    Open File Report LXXVI the shale is also variously colored. Glauconite is generally abundant in the formation. The Eau Claire A Summary of the Stratigraphy of the increases in thickness southward in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan where it becomes much more Southern Peninsula of Michigan * dolomitic. by: The Dresbach sandstone is a fine to medium grained E. J. Baltrusaites, C. K. Clark, G. V. Cohee, R. P. Grant sandstone with well rounded and angular quartz grains. W. A. Kelly, K. K. Landes, G. D. Lindberg and R. B. Thin beds of argillaceous dolomite may occur locally in Newcombe of the Michigan Geological Society * the sandstone. It is about 100 feet thick in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan but is absent in Northern Indiana. The Franconia sandstone is a fine to medium grained Cambrian glauconitic and dolomitic sandstone. It is from 10 to 20 Cambrian rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan feet thick where present in the Southern Peninsula. consist of sandstone, dolomite, and some shale. These * See last page rocks, Lake Superior sandstone, which are of Upper Cambrian age overlie pre-Cambrian rocks and are The Trempealeau is predominantly a buff to light brown divided into the Jacobsville sandstone overlain by the dolomite with a minor amount of sandy, glauconitic Munising. The Munising sandstone at the north is dolomite and dolomitic shale in the basal part. Zones of divided southward into the following formations in sandy dolomite are in the Trempealeau in addition to the ascending order: Mount Simon, Eau Claire, Dresbach basal part. A small amount of chert may be found in and Franconia sandstones overlain by the Trampealeau various places in the formation.
    [Show full text]
  • AN OVERVIEW of the GEOLOGY of the GREAT LAKES BASIN by Theodore J
    AN OVERVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE GREAT LAKES BASIN by Theodore J. Bornhorst 2016 This document may be cited as: Bornhorst, T. J., 2016, An overview of the geology of the Great Lakes basin: A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum, Web Publication 1, 8p. This is version 1 of A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum Web Publication 1 which was only internally reviewed for technical accuracy. The Great Lakes Basin The Great Lakes basin, as defined by watersheds that drain into the Great Lakes (Figure 1), includes about 85 % of North America’s and 20 % of the world’s surface fresh water, a total of about 5,500 cubic miles (23,000 cubic km) of water (1). The basin covers about 94,000 square miles (240,000 square km) including about 10 % of the U.S. population and 30 % of the Canadian population (1). Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake entirely within the United States. The State of Michigan lies at the heart of the Great Lakes basin. Together the Great Lakes are the single largest surface fresh water body on Earth and have an important physical and cultural role in North America. Figure 1: The Great Lakes states and Canadian Provinces and the Great Lakes watershed (brown) (after 1). 1 Precambrian Bedrock Geology The bedrock geology of the Great Lakes basin can be subdivided into rocks of Precambrian and Phanerozoic (Figure 2). The Precambrian of the Great Lakes basin is the result of three major episodes with each followed by a long period of erosion (2, 3). Figure 2: Generalized Precambrian bedrock geologic map of the Great Lakes basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Lake Michigan Implementation Plan
    Illinois Lake Michigan Implementation Plan Creating a Vision for the Illinois Coast Photo credits: Lloyd DeGrane, Alliance for the Great Lakes and Duane Ambroz, IDNR Final December 2013 The Illinois Lake Michigan Implementation Plan (ILMIP) was developed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources in partnership with the Alliance for the Great Lakes, Bluestem Communications (formerly Biodiversity Project), Chicago Wilderness, and Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Developed by the Illinois Coastal Management Program, a unit of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and supported in part through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration This project was funded through the U.S. EPA Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national origin, disability, age, religion, or other non-merit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact the funding source’s civil rights office and/or the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, IDNR, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271; 217/785-0067, TTY 217/782-9175. Table of Contents I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 II. Illinois Lake Michigan Watersheds ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Paxton Quarry
    Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide— limestones followed by deep-water anaerobic black North-Central Section, 1987 shales of a euxinic basin. Devonian shelf-basin, Michigan Basin, Alpena, Michigan Raymond C Gutschick, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556- 1020 INTRODUCTION This chapter cites two localities, Paxton Quarry and Partridge Point (Fig. 1), and combines field observations from both to illustrate important stratigraphic relations and principles. Focus is on litho- and biostratigraphy of Middle and Late Devonian rocks as they relate to the Michigan Basin (Fig. 2). Black organic-rich shales deserve our attention due to Figure 2. Chart to relate the chrono- and biostratigraphy of the their energy potential a source rocks and fracture rock sequence in the Paxton Quarry and Partridge Point area reservoirs for petroleum and natural gas. The Paxton to standard accepted stratigraphic nomenclature. Chart shows relationship of the Antrim Shale to other widespread Late Quarry offers the opportunity to examine an exceptional Devonian black shale units for parts of the United States and exposure of black shale (large area in Fig. 3; thick Canada. In the conodont zonation column, Si stands for section in Fig. 4) as part of the formational sheet that Siphonodella; P,, Polygnathus, A., Ancyrognathus, and S., continues into the Michigan Basin subsurface. These Schmidtognathus; other zones refer to species of special rocks offer a challenge to observe and test their Palmatolepis. physical, chemical, and organic composition and structure to decipher origin, paleoenvironments, diagenesis, history, and economic value. A spectacular PAXTON QUARRY display of numerous, large calcareous concretions, in situ and free of shale matrix, is present in the quarry.
    [Show full text]
  • Detroit River Group in the Michigan Basin
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 133 September 1951 DETROIT RIVER GROUP IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN By Kenneth K. Landes UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director Washington, D. C. Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Introduction............................ ^ Amherstburg formation................. 7 Nomenclature of the Detroit River Structural geology...................... 14 group................................ i Geologic history ....................... ^4 Detroit River group..................... 3 Economic geology...................... 19 Lucas formation....................... 3 Reference cited........................ 21 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Location of wells and cross sections used in the study .......................... ii 2. Correlation chart . ..................................... 2 3. Cross sections A-«kf to 3-G1 inclusive . ......................;.............. 4 4. Facies map of basal part of Dundee formation. ................................. 5 5. Aggregate thickness of salt beds in the Lucas formation. ........................ 8 6. Thickness map of Lucas formation. ........................................... 10 7. Thickness map of Amherstburg formation (including Sylvania sandstone member. 11 8. Lime stone/dolomite facies map of Amherstburg formation ...................... 13 9. Thickness of Sylvania sandstone member of Amherstburg formation.............. 15 10. Boundary of the Bois Blanc formation in southwestern Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Hydrogelogic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan. Apple, B.A., and H.W. Reeves 2007. U.S. Geological Surve
    In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michigan By Beth A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves In cooperation with the State of Michigan, Department of Environmental Quality Open-File Report 2007-1236 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation Beth, A. Apple and Howard W. Reeves, 2007, Summary of Hydrogeologic Conditions by County for the State of Michi- gan. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1236, 78 p. Cover photographs Clockwise from upper left: Photograph of Pretty Lake by Gary Huffman. Photograph of a river in winter by Dan Wydra. Photographs of Lake Michigan and the Looking Glass River by Sharon Baltusis. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan Fossils - Student Worksheets – Larger Format – Page 1 of 6
    A1 - BRACHIOPOD, invertebrate - A2 - BRACHIOPOD, invertebrate - Pentamerus sp. - Cordell dolomite - Mucrospifier profundus - Silica formation Silurian age - Chippewa Co. - 65 mm, - Devonian age - Washtenaw Co. - 50 mm, internal cast or steinkern - R. Elowski calcite replacement - R. Milstein A3 - TRILOBITE, invertebrate - Phacops A4 - CORAL or COLONIAL CORAL, rana - Silica formation - Devonian age - invertebrate - Syringopora sp. - Cordell Washtenaw Co. - 70 mm, calcite dolomite - Silurian age - Chippewa Co. - replacement - S. Wilson 125 mm, siliceous replacement - R. Milstein Michigan Fossils - Student Worksheets – larger format – page 1 of 6 C1 - MASTODON Tooth, vertebrate - C2 - EUCARYOTIC algae filaments, plant - Mammut americanum - Glacial deposit - Grypania spiralis - Negaunee Iron Quaternary age - 200 mm long, the Formation - Precambrian age - Marquette “Michigan State Fossil” - Central Michigan Co. - large loop about 20 mm , oldest Univ. Rowe Museum macrofossil - GSD C3 - FISH plate, vertebrate - genus not C4 - Septarian nodule - pseudo fossil - - determined - Alpena Limestone - Devonian Ottawa Co. - 75 mm, Looks like a fossil, it age - Alpena Co. - 200 mm at widest point, is not. - S. Wilson calcite replacement - S. Wilson Michigan Fossils - Student Worksheets – larger format – page 2 of 6 E2 - CORAL or COLONIAL CORAL, E1 - CRINOID, invertebrate - Megistocrinus invertebrate - Favosites sp. - Alpena concava - Thunder Bay limestone - Devonian Limestone - Devonian age - Charlevoix Co. - age - Alpena Co. - 30 mm, calcite 100 mm (shown), siliceous replacement - R. replacement - S. Wilson Reszka E3 - BRACHIOPOD, invertebrate - E4 - CEPHALOPOD, invertebrate - Mucrospifler mucronatus - Silica formation - Michelinoceras sp. - Ogontz limestone - Devonian age - Washtenaw Co. - 90 mm, Ordovician age - Alger Co. - 100 mm, calcite replacement - R. Milstein internal cast or steinkern - R. Milstein Michigan Fossils - Student Worksheets – larger format – page 3 of 6 B1 - CORAL or CHAIN CORAL, B2 - CRINOID pieces, invertebrate - invertebrate - Halysites sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes
    35133_Geo_Michigan_Cover.qxd 11/13/07 10:26 AM Page 1 “The Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes” is written to augment any introductory earth science, environmental geology, geologic, or geographic course offering, and is designed to introduce students in Michigan and the Great Lakes to important regional geologic concepts and events. Although Michigan’s geologic past spans the Precambrian through the Holocene, much of the rock record, Pennsylvanian through Pliocene, is miss- ing. Glacial events during the Pleistocene removed these rocks. However, these same glacial events left behind a rich legacy of surficial deposits, various landscape features, lakes, and rivers. Michigan is one of the most scenic states in the nation, providing numerous recre- ational opportunities to inhabitants and visitors alike. Geology of the region has also played an important, and often controlling, role in the pattern of settlement and ongoing economic development of the state. Vital resources such as iron ore, copper, gypsum, salt, oil, and gas have greatly contributed to Michigan’s growth and industrial might. Ample supplies of high-quality water support a vibrant population and strong industrial base throughout the Great Lakes region. These water supplies are now becoming increasingly important in light of modern economic growth and population demands. This text introduces the student to the geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes region. It begins with the Precambrian basement terrains as they relate to plate tectonic events. It describes Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks, restricted basin salts, and Niagaran pinnacle reefs. Quaternary glacial events and the development of today’s modern landscapes are also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvanian Pewamo Formation and Haybridge Strata of Central Michigan: the Youngest Rocks of the Michigan Basin?
    The Geological Society of America Special Paper 531 Pennsylvanian Pewamo Formation and Haybridge strata of central Michigan: The youngest rocks of the Michigan Basin? Kathleen C. Benison* Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, 98 Beechurst Avenue, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6300, USA ABSTRACT Pennsylvanian red beds are the youngest known rocks in the Michigan Basin. Two new formation-level units, the Pewamo Formation and the Haybridge strata, have recently been described. The Pewamo Formation, composed of Pennsylvanian red sandstones and minor laminated mudstones, is known from outcrops, abandoned quarries, and one core in Ionia County. The Haybridge unit is located in the shal- low subsurface and in coal mine tailing piles in Shiawassee County. It consists of red sandstone, red mudstone, coal, and gray mudstone, all hosting Pennsylvanian macroscopic plant fossils. Neither the Pewamo nor the Haybridge rocks have any demonstrated relationship to red core cuttings reported as Jurassic from the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. No fi rm evidence exists for Jurassic, or any other post- Pennsylvanian rocks in the Michigan Basin. The red core cuttings may be glacial sediments with reworked palynomorphs from rocks transported from elsewhere. A shallow coring project, followed by detailed sedimentologic, petrographic, miner- alogic, and paleontologic studies, is necessary to: (1) refi ne the vertical and lateral stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian rocks in Michigan; (2) solve the “Jurassic red bed problem”; and (3) understand the late Pennsylvanian–Pleistocene history of the Michigan Basin. INTRODUCTION This time has been referred to as the “missing interval” for the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Michigan Basin is rich in geologic resources, including The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to provide an over- oil, gas, salt, groundwater, and sand and gravel.
    [Show full text]
  • LAKES of the HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD of RUNOFF from the LAURENTIDE ICE Sheetq[
    Quaterna~ ScienceReviews, Vol. 13, pp. 891-922, 1994. t Pergamon Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved. 0277-3791/94 $26.00 0277-3791 (94)00126-X LAKES OF THE HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD OF RUNOFF FROM THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETq[ C.F. MICHAEL LEWIS,* THEODORE C. MOORE, JR,t~: DAVID K. REA, DAVID L. DETTMAN,$ ALISON M. SMITH§ and LARRY A. MAYERII *Geological Survey of Canada, Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada B2 Y 4A2 tCenter for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. ::Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. §Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, 0H44242, U.S.A. IIDepartment of Geomatics and Survey Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., Canada E3B 5A3 Abstract--The 189'000 km2 Hur°n basin is central in the catchment area °f the present Q S R Lanrentian Great Lakes that now drain via the St. Lawrence River to the North Atlantic Ocean. During deglaciation from 21-7.5 ka BP, and owing to the interactions of ice margin positions, crustal rebound and regional topography, this basin was much more widely connected hydrologi- cally, draining by various routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, and receiving over- ~ flows from lakes impounded north and west of the Great Lakes-Hudson Bay drainage divide. /~ Early ice-marginal lakes formed by impoundment between the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the southern margin of the basin during recessions to interstadial positions at 15.5 and 13.2 ka BE In ~ ~i each of these recessions, lake drainage was initially southward to the Mississippi River and Gulf of ~ Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Lakes Around Michigan
    The Glacial Lakes around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan Bulletin 4, revised 1988 Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Bulletin 4 - Glacial Lakes Around Michigan By William R. Farrand, University of Michigan, 1967 revised 1998 Illustrated by Kathline Clahassey, University of Michigan Published by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Geological Survey Division Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Was There A Glacier?..................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1: The modem Great Lakes have a water surface area greater than 95,000 square miles, a total drainage area of about 295,000 square miles, and a shore line 8,300 miles long. ................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Features originating at a glacier front occur in a definite order. ...................................................................................5 Figure 3: Landforms of continental glaciation are unmistakable. Compare with figure 2 ............................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Stratagraphic Analysis of Upper Devonian
    1 68 Res OK J 0 * •ULLCTIN OF THK AMMICAN AMOCtATION Of PBTBOttUM OCOUOOIVTS VOC M. NO. It (NOVtMKM. IIM). M, 1H4-UM. \1 flO». STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF UPPER DEVONIAN AND MISSIS- P;; Rt SIPPIAN ROCKS IN MICHIGAN BASIN1 upcii cause . DUNCAN J. McGREGOR» fc '•V So mi; H BloomingtOQ, Indiana obtain AUSTRACT .*8«r coven Upper Devonian and MissUsippiaji nxkt in the Michigan baaia are ana!y«d by subsurface method). Sections from one hundred sixty-eight oil well) *<re itudied. L ^' er'n l(*j. T^* permit of nun •'**^M«a»|^is*iMi •v*M*MB»i« *««»4*»ij i« !• i*v^*-*w » »w a «i wij> ' >u% ^ u» *va*4 WV^IVH tttiv wu*«^*iw«*^ * v^^ i**i*\v A, B, ana C, whkb are recofniud on the biaij of litholo£ic criuiia. Respective units are then inter- F?r be pui preted io tetrni of tectonic and environmental conditioni respoaiible for patterni eihibited. Integra- Ujo ol three arbitrary units ol Upptr Devonian and Miui»ippi*a tcdimenution pretcatt the regional $• his ton geologic history. *;•< lion pi aftnd-shale ratio and per ctnt carbonate or cvaporite in the total atratigraphic unit are uaed in the statistical analyst. < %£"- larger, Interpretation of itopach and lithofaciea patterns reveals that tectonics of the deposi'tional area U a very important factor in controlling sedimentary facie*. Tectonic conditiou from shelf to open basin, to silled ba»a, are represented. INTRODUCTION A*- in the : and (I) Moit of the area withia the Michigan baiio U covered with a mantle of glacial iadvtii drift and only in a few placei is bedrock exposed.
    [Show full text]