Understanding the new wave of the open access movement Sunshine Carter Jodi Carlson Grebinoski Allison Langham-Putrow Presented on October 4, 2019 at Electronic Resources Minnesota (ERMN) Silvia template from SlidesCarnival in St. Paul, MN Agenda for today ◦ Overview of open access ◦ Waves of open access ◦ Plan S ◦ Transformative Models Overview of Open Access What is Open Access? “Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder.” —Very Brief Introduction to Open Access by Peter Suber Types of Open ◦ Journals ◦ Books ◦ OER (Open Education Resources) ◦ Open Science/Open Research ◦ …and more Open Journals ◦ Fully OA journals ◦ All articles are OA ◦ Find them in Directory of Open Access Journals (13,771 journals; 130 countries; 4.3 million articles) ◦ “Hybrid” OA journals ◦ Subscription journals with an option for authors to pay an article processing charge (APC) to make their individual article open. ◦ Most subscription journals from large publishers have a hybrid option Understanding the “Colors” of OA ◦ Green ◦ Materials made openly available somewhere other than the original place of publication ◦ Gold ◦ “Born open” ◦ May or may not require author to pay ◦ Fully Gold OA v. Hybrid OA ◦ Diamond/Platinum ◦ “Born open” ◦ Does not require authors to pay ◦ Bronze ◦ Free to read from publisher site, but not really OA because of lack of re-use rights Where does the money come from? ◦ Authors pay an article processing charge or book processing charge ◦ Can be as high as $5,200 for a single article! ◦ Libraries pay processing charge ◦ Some universities have a fund to pay on behalf of authors ◦ Libraries, research funders, universities pay to build and operate publishing infrastructure Open Books ◦ E-books, with permissions to reuse ◦ Find them in Directory of Open Access Books ◦ 19,193 Academic peer-reviewed books and chapters from 320 publishers ◦ Examples of open book publishers & initiatives ◦ Knowledge Unlatched ◦ Punctum Books ◦ Open Book Publishers ◦ Luminos Open Education Resources “OER are free and openly licensed educational materials* that can be used for teaching, learning, research, and other purposes.” —https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/What_is_OER *Materials may include course content or materials, textbooks, videos, software, etc. Open Education Resources ◦ OER Commons ◦ http://oercommons.org ◦ Merlot (Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online teaching) ◦ http://merlot.org ◦ Open Stax Connexions ◦ http://cnx.org ◦ Open Textbook Library ◦ http://open.umn.edu Open Science/Open Research Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods. —Foster Open Science https://www.fosteropenscience.eu Waves of Open Access 1st Wave: 2002-2008 “B” definitions of open access — driven by electronic publication ◦ Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) ◦ Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (2003) ◦ Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) 2nd Wave: 2008-2014 ◦ National Institutes of Health (NIH ) ◦ Public Access Policy (2008) ◦ Compliance Monitor (2013) ◦ Federal public access policies ◦ White House Office of Science Technology Policy (OSTP) Memo (February 2013) 3rd Wave: 2015-2017 ◦ Max Planck Digital Library white paper (2015) ◦ “[T]he money already invested in the research publishing system is sufficient to enable a transformation” ◦ Open Access 2020 (2015) ◦ Convert “resources currently spent on journal subscriptions into funds to support sustainable OA business models” ◦ Pay It Forward (2016) ◦ For Research-intensive institutions, library budgets are not enough to fund APC-driven OA ◦ The cost difference can be covered by research grants ◦ APCs costs will be constrained if authors have “some skin in the game” 4th Wave: 2018-current ◦ Plan S (2018) ◦ Society Publishers Accelerating Open Access and Plan S (2018-2019) ◦ Projekt DEAL/Wiley (2019) ◦ UC/Elsevier (2019) Plan S “Making full and immediate Open Access a reality” Plan S Accelerate the transition to open access for published research. Immediate online access to scholarly publications, free of charge to the reader, and accompanied by licenses that enable re-use. Key Principle “With effect from 2021, all scholarly publications* on the results from research funded by [cOAlition S] must be published in Open Access Journals, on Open Access Platforms, or made immediately available through Open Access Repositories without embargo.” *Peer-reviewed publications, but not monographs and book chapters (yet) cOAlition S ◦ Science Europe ◦ 16 national funding agencies ◦ European Commission ◦ European Research Council ◦ Wellcome Trust ◦ Gates Foundation ◦ World Health Organization ◦ Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) https://www.coalition-s.org/funders/ Why should we care? ◦ Applies to research funded in whole or in part by cOAlition S members ◦ USA is (in absolute terms) the second largest producer of papers that acknowledge cOAlition S funding ◦ cOAlition S has and may continue to grow ◦ China announced support for the goal of Plan S and that it will implement a requirement for immediate open access “soon” ◦ India’s Principal Scientific Adviser announced that India will “very likely” join cOAlition S is serious about Plan S! ◦ cOAlition S members will align their agreements/contracts with Plan S and monitor compliance and sanction non-compliance by: ◦ Withholding grant funds, discounting non-compliant publications from grant applications, excluding non-compliant grant holders from future grants All paths to OA are acceptable “The funders support the diversity of business models for Open Access journals and platforms.”* “Authors (or their institutions) retain copyright of their publications. All publications must be published under an open license.” *Green OA is allowed with a zero-month embargo. All business models are okay, except! Hybrid journals are only tolerated as a temporary, transitional measure Funding for hybrid journal APCs stops in 2024 ...unless there is a transformative arrangement with a defined timeline for full transition to OA. Criticisms of Plan S ◦ Implementation guidance focuses on APC model ◦ Green and diamond/platinum OA are mentioned in the final version ◦ Final guidance weakened language around APC caps ◦ Caps “may” be instituted in the future ◦ Might further entrench commercial publishing systems ◦ Scholarly society publishers may face insurmountable challenges moving to fully OA models (fast enough) ◦ Reinforces focus on research from the “Global North” Global open access Publishing has been ◦ Eurocentric ◦ Elsevier (Netherlands) ◦ Wiley (US) ◦ Springer (Germany) ◦ Taylor & Francis (UK) ◦ Sage (US) ◦ Anglophone ◦ “English is the language of research” “The sun never“ set on the British empire.” Charlotte Roh, Scholarly Communications Librarian, University of San Francisco Publishing and the Gatekeepers: https://youtu.be/Yp7T_x6gmVM Latin America has “created and maintains a non-commercial structure where the scientific publication belongs to the academic institutions and not to large publishers. Arianna Becerril-García, SciELO http://amelica.org/index.php/en/2019/02/10/amelica-vs-plan-s- same-target-two-different-strategies-to-achieve-open-access/ OA in the “Global South” ◦ SciELO and Redalyc ◦ Bibliographic databases, digital libraries, and a cooperative electronic publishing model of open access journals ◦ SciELO (Brazil) dates back to 1997 “0th” wave of ◦ Redalyc (Mexico) dates back to 2002 Open Access ◦ AmeliCA ◦ “AmeliCA revolves around strengthening editorial teams within academic institutions through providing technology and knowledge to ensure low costs in scholarly publishing which guarantees Open Access sustainability without APCs” ◦ Contrast to Plan S Transformative Models “Repurpose existing spend to open content” Transformative Models ◦ Repurpose existing spend to open content ◦ Rebalancing from pay-to-read to pay-to-publish (which can be shocking) ◦ Consortia play important role (leverage) ◦ Many different models………. Offsetting Subscribe to Open What institutions pay Subscription costs (library paid; to read) +Article processing charges (author paid; to publish) +Administration and management (staff time) Total institutional cost “Double dipping”: double payment by an institution for the exact same content (library + APC for same article) Transformation —Offsetting What is an offsetting agreement ◦ Publisher and library arrangement ◦ Incorporates reading and author publishing costs ◦ Intended to support transition to fully gold open access *Note: Offsetting agreements may end up not costing less than current institutional spend. Offsetting benefits ◦ Immediate OA upon publication ◦ Reduced author barriers ◦ Not paying twice for content (maybe?) ◦ Increased transparency and accurate record keeping ◦ Moves publishers towards tipping point ◦ Often considered to be when more than 50% of articles are OA ◦ Sparks discussion and deep dive into the details JISC's Principles for Offset Agreements https://www.jisc-collections.ac.uk/Global/News%20files%20and%20docs/Principles-for-offset-agreements.pdf 37 Offsetting critiques ◦ From "big" deal to "bigger" deal; ties