Table of Contents 1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP

Table of Contents 1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Location and Area ...... 3 1.1.1 Accessibility ...... 5 1.1.2 Delineation of Impact Areas ...... 5 1.2 Project Rationale...... 5 1.3 Project Alternative ...... 8 1.4 Project Components ...... 8 1.4.1 Proposed Plant Expansion ...... 8 1.4.2 Pollution Control Devices...... 10 1.4.3 Waste Management ...... 10 1.5 Process/Technology ...... 16 1.5.1 Cement Manufacturing/Processing ...... 16 1.5.2 Dispatch Outbound Materials ...... 17 1.6 Project Size ...... 24 1.6.1 Project Area ...... 24 1.6.2 Production Capacity ...... 24 1.7 Development Plan, Description of Project Phases, and Corresponding Timeframes ..... 27 1.7.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 27 1.7.2 Construction Phase ...... 27 1.7.3 Operation Phase ...... 27 1.7.4 Abandonment/Decommissioning Phase ...... 27 1.8 Manpower ...... 27 1.9 Project Costs ...... 29 2.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 30 2.1 The Land ...... 30 2.1.1 Land Use and Classification ...... 30 2.2 The Water ...... 38 2.2.1 Hydrology – Water Resource Use and Competition ...... 38 2.2.2 Water Quality ...... 42 2.2.3 Marine Ecology ...... 86 2.3 The Air ...... 164 2.3.1 Meteorology/Climatology ...... 164 2.3.2 Ambient Air Quality ...... 176 2.3.3 Ambient Noise ...... 195 2.3.4 Work Environment Measurement ...... 211 2.4 The People ...... 212 2.4.1 Demographic Baseline Informatioin of Impact Areas ...... 212

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2.4.2 Perception Survey ...... 236 2.4.3 Focus Group Discussion ...... 260 2.4.4 Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of the Project ...... 263 2.4.5 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures ...... 264 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 268 3.1 Rationale/Background ...... 268 3.2 Information Relating to the Operator and the Establishment ...... 270 3.3 Scope of Analysis Employed/Used ...... 270 3.3.1 General Risk Assessment Process ...... 270 3.3.2 Methodology for the Proposed Project ...... 271 3.4 Hazardous Substance or Situation Present in the Establishment ...... 272 3.4.1 Identification of the hazardous substances ...... 272 3.4.2 Physical and chemical properties of the hazardous mixtures and substance ...... 273 3.4.3 Physical and chemical properties of the hazardous mixtures and substance ...... 277 3.4.4 Hazards imposed by the hazardous mixtures and substance...... 277 3.5 Safety Management System of the Establishment ...... 290 3.5.1 Occupational Health and Safety Policy ...... 290 3.5.2 Trainings Conducted ...... 291 3.5.3 Emergency Response Procedures ...... 291 4.0 IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 292 4.1 Land Resources ...... 292 4.2 Water Resources ...... 292 4.3 Air Quality ...... 292 4.4 People ...... 292 5.0 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND IEC IMPLEMENTATION ...... 310 5.1 Indicative Social Development Program (SDP) ...... 310 5.2 Information and Education Campaign (IEC) ...... 325 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING ...... 340 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan...... 340 6.2 Multi-sectoral Monitoring Framework ...... 340 6.3 Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund Commitment ...... 341 7.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE POLICY AND GUIDELINES ...... 347 7.1 Scope of the Program ...... 347 7.2 Duties and Responsibilities ...... 348 7.2.1 Plant Manager...... 348 7.2.2 Plant Manager’s Administrative Assistant ...... 348 7.2.3 Site Safety Manager ...... 348 7.2.4 Emergency Call Receiver ...... 348 7.2.5 Incident Commander ...... 348 7.2.6 Emergency Response Team Leader ...... 348

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7.2.7 Incident Command Team Assistants ...... 349 7.2.8 Administration Coordinator ...... 349 7.2.9 Security Coordinator ...... 349 7.2.10 Fire and Ambulance Drivers ...... 349 7.2.11 Medical Coordinator ...... 349 7.2.12 Area Controllers ...... 349 7.2.13 CCR Operator ...... 349 8.0 ABANDONMENT/DECOMMISSIONING/REHABILITATION AND GENERIC GUIDELINES 350 8.1 Decommissioning Plan ...... 350 9.0 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 352

List of Figures Figure 1.1.Location Map of Holcim Davao Plant ...... 7 Figure1.2. Holcim Davao Plant General Layout with the proposed modification ...... 11 Figure1.3. Illustration of Holcim Davao Plant General Layout with the proposed modification .... 12 Figure1.4. Process flowsheet diagram with pollution control devices ...... 13 Figure1.5.Holcim Davao plant material flow balance ...... 19 Figure1.6.Existing plant operation along with the proposed expansion (highlighted in red) ...... 20 Figure1.7. Process flow diagram of the cooling water system of Finish Mill 2 ...... 25 Figure1.8. Process flow with the proposed modifications ...... 26 Figure 2.1. Davao City land use map ...... 32 Figure 2.2. ECA map of Davao City ...... 33 Figure 2.3. Landslide and flood susceptibility map of Davao City indicating the project site ...... 35 Figure 2.4. Liquefaction hazard map of Davao City indicating the project site ...... 36 Figure 2.5. Ground Shaking hazard map of Davao City indicating the project site ...... 37 Figure 2.6. HPI – Davao water quality sampling stations ...... 45 Figure 2.7. Stream water sampling locations pH ...... 53 Figure 2.8. Stream water sampling locations electrical conductivity ...... 54 Figure 2.9. Stream water temperature ...... 54 Figure 2.10. Stream water sampling locations Total Dissolved Solids content ...... 55 Figure 2.11. Stream water sampling stations Dissolved Oxygen content ...... 56 Figure 2.12. Stream water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content ...... 57 Figure 2.13. Stream water Oil and Grease content ...... 58 Figure 2.14. Surface water pH ...... 59 Figure 2.15.Surface water electrical conductivity ...... 60 Figure 2.16.Surface water temperature ...... 60 Figure 2.17. Surface water Total Dissolved Solids content ...... 61 Figure 2.18. Surface water Dissolved Oxygen content ...... 62 Figure 2.19. Surface water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content ...... 63 Figure 2.20. Surface water Total Suspended Solids content ...... 63 Figure 2.21. Surface water Oil and Grease content ...... 64 Figure 2.22. Surface water hexavalent chromium and arsenic content ...... 65 Figure 2.23. Surface water mercury content ...... 67 Figure 2.24. Ground water pH ...... 67 Figure 2.25. Ground water electrical conductivity ...... 68 Figure 2.26. Ground water temperature ...... 69 Figure 2.27. Ground water Total Dissolved Solids content ...... 69

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Figure 2.28. Ground water Dissolved Oxygen content ...... 70 Figure 2.29. Ground water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content ...... 70 Figure 2.30. Ground water heavy metal content ...... 72 Figure 2.31. Ground water fecal coliform content ...... 73 Figure 2.32. Holcim RC tank pH ...... 73 Figure 2.33. Holcim RC tank electrical conductivity ...... 74 Figure 2.34.Holcim RC tank temperature ...... 74 Figure 2.35. Holcim RC tank Total Dissolved Solids content...... 75 Figure 2.36. Holcim RC tank DO content ...... 75 Figure 2.37. Holcim RC Tank BOD content ...... 76 Figure 2.38. Holcim RC tank fecal coliform content ...... 77 Figure 2.39. Marine water pH ...... 77 Figure 2.40. Marine water electrical conductivity ...... 78 Figure 2.41. Ambient marine water temperature ...... 79 Figure 2.42. Marine water Total Dissolved Solids content ...... 80 Figure 2.43. Marine water Dissolved Oxygen content ...... 80 Figure 2.44. Marine water Total Suspended Solids content...... 81 Figure 2.45. Marine Water Oil and Grease content ...... 82 Figure 2.46. Marine Water Oil and Grease content ...... 82 Figure 2.47. Area of marine ecology baseline assessment in the Holcim jetty complex in Davao City...... 88 Figure 2.48. Manta tow stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters fronting HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017, (map by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 91 Figure 2.49. Map showing location of two line intercept stations investigated for detailed coral and benthic life form distribution during marine ecology baseline assessment, HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 92 Figure 2.50. Location of fish visual census (FVC) stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017 (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 94 Figure 2.51. Location of seagrass stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 95 Figure 2.52. Sampling stations for collection of commercially-important macro-invertebrates in a gleaning area near the Holcim port complex in Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 97 Figure 2.53. Location of mangrove stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 100 Figure 2.54. Location of plankton community sampling in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 101 Figure 2.55. Location of spot dive stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex, Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 103 Figure 2.56. Location of actual fishing operations documented during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal areas within the vicinity of the Holcim port complex, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 104

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Figure 2.57. Average distribution of coral life forms and substrate composition across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City...... 108 Figure 2.58. Distribution of live coral life cover across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07- 09 December 2016...... 109 Figure 2.59. Distribution of dead corals with algae across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016...... 110 Figure 2.60. Distribution of sand and other abiotics across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016...... 111 Figure 2.61. Results of spot dives for validation of presence of corals and other substrate during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016; (map by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 114 Figure 2.62. Distribution of coral life form categories, other fauna and abiotics across two LIT stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim jetty complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 08-09 December, 2017...... 116 Figure 2.63. Location and summary of results of coral life form and other fauna surveyed in two LIT stations during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City (08-09 December 2017; map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas) ...... 117 Figure 2.64. Distribution of coral communities, other fauna and abiotic components catalogued in two LIT stations surveyed during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City. Upper graph is for station 1 and lower graph is for station 2. (08-09 December 2017)...... 119 Figure 2.65. Fish abundance and species richness by family and number of individuals catalogued in two FVC stations during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed Holcim Port operations enhancement in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, 09 December 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo) ...... 121 Figure 2.66. Fish species richness by fish category catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, December 09, 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo) ...... 122 Figure 2.67. Average fish density/m2 by fish category catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, December 09, 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo) ...... 122 Figure 2.68. Fish biomass by fish categories catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 09 December 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo) ...... 123 Figure 2.69. Summary of results of fish visual census for species richness and abundance in tow stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of the Holcim Cement jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City...... 126 Figure 2.70. Distribution of seagrass species (in % of total transect cover) across two stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim Port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 128

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Figure 2.71. Salient results of seagrass community survey in coastal waters near the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas) ...... 129 Figure 2.72. Species diversity and relative abundance of mangrove trees catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City...... 130 Figure 2.73. Average crown cover of seven mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City...... 131 Figure 2.74. Average height of seven mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in the Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City...... 131 Figure 2.75. Proportion of trees, seedlings and saplings in mangrove patch surveyed in two quadrants in the Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City...... 132 Figure 2.76. Dominant mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City...... 137 Figure 2.77. Documentation of actual fishing encounters during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07- 09 December 2017...... 140 Figure 2.78. Macro-invertebrates catalogued during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)...... 143 Figure 2.79. Percentage composition of major phytoplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bgy Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 146 Figure 2.80. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness recorded in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 148 Figure 2.81. Percentage composition of major zooplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 151 Figure 2.82. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 152 Figure 2.83. Diversity of phytoplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 153 Figure 2.84. Percent composition of macrobenthos collected in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barangay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 155 Figure 2.85. Total macrobenthos abundance and richness in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barngay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 158 Figure 2.86. Macrobenthos abundance and richness in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barngay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.` ..... 159 Figure 2.87. PAGASA station near the Holcim Davao plant ...... 165 Figure 2.88.The Holcim Davao Plant on the Philippine Climate Map ...... 166 Figure 2.89. Tropical cyclone frequency map of the Philippines ...... 168 Figure 2.90. Potential monthly rainfall at the cement plant ...... 170 Figure 2.91. Potential monthly average temperatures at the cement plant ...... 171

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Figure 2.92.Potential monthly relative humidity at the cement plant ...... 171 Figure 2.93. Potential monthly cloud cover at the cement plant ...... 172 Figure 2.94. Potential monthly frequencies of wind direction at the cement plant ...... 172 Figure 2.95. Potential annual frequencies of wind direction at the cement plant ...... 173 Figure 2.96. Potential annual frequencies of wind speeds at the cement plant ...... 173 Figure 2.97. Potential projected quarterly temperatures at the cement plant ...... 174 Figure 2.98. Potential projected quarterly rainfall at the cement plant ...... 175

Figure 2.99. Specific net CO2 emissions per ton of cementitious product ...... 176 Figure 2.100. Ambient air monitoring station map of Holcim Davao ...... 178 Figure 2.101. Other emission sources within the model domain...... 179

Figure 2.102. Graph of 24h SO2 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017) ...... 181

Figure 2.103. Graph of 24h NO2 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017) ...... 182 Figure 2.104. Graph of 24h TSP monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017) ...... 183 Figure 2.105. Graph of 24h PM10 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017) ...... 184

Figure 2.106. Predicted 1h NO2 potential hotspot ...... 188 Figure 2.107. Predicted 24h NO2 potential hotspot ...... 189 Figure 2.108. Predicted 1h TSP potential hotspot ...... 190 Figure 2.109. Predicted 24h TSP potential hotspot ...... 191

Figure 2.110. Boundary receptors where 1h NO2 GLC > CAA standard ...... 193 Figure 2.111. Boundary receptors where 24h NO2 GLC > CAA guideline value...... 193 Figure 2.112. Boundary receptors where 1h TSP GLC > CAA standard ...... 194 Figure 2.113. Boundary receptors where 24h TSP GLC > CAA guideline value ...... 194 Figure 2.114. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017) ...... 199 Figure 2.115. Morning noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017) ...... 200 Figure 2.116. Evening noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 – 2017) ...... 201 Figure 2.117. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017) ...... 202 Figure 2.118. Morning noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017)203 Figure 2.119. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017) 204 Figure 2.120. Evening noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017) 205 Figure 2.121. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017) ...... 206 Figure 2.122. Morning noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017) ...... 207 Figure 2.123. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017) ...... 208 Figure 2.124. Evening noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017) ...... 209 Figure 2.125. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017) ...... 210 Figure 2.126. Population Pyramid Barangay Ilang ...... 215 Figure 2.127. Population Pyramid Davao City ...... 215 Figure 2.128. Gender of the respondents ...... 238 Figure 2.129. Place of birth of respondents ...... 238 Figure 2.130. Age of respondents ...... 239 Figure 2.131. Civil Status of respondents ...... 239 Figure 2.132. Religion of the respondents ...... 240 Figure 2.133. Highest Educational Attainment ...... 240

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Figure 2.134. Years of stay of the respondents ...... 241 Figure 2.135. Monthly income of the respondents ...... 242 Figure 2.136. Household size of the respondents ...... 243 Figure 2.137. Household Composition of the Respondents ...... 243 Figure 2.138. Number of household members of the Respondents that got sick ...... 244 Figure 2.139. Health seeking behavior of the respondents ...... 245 Figure 2.140. Where the respondents are treated...... 245 Figure 2.141. Waste disposal of the respondents ...... 246 Figure 2.142. Sources of drinking water...... 247 Figure 2.143. Types of toilets of the respondents...... 248 Figure 2.144. Sources of entertainment of the respondents ...... 248 Figure 2.145. Ownership of houses of the respondents ...... 249 Figure 2.146. Land ownership of respondent’s houses ...... 249 Figure 2.147. Awareness of the respondents on the operation of Holcim ...... 251 Figure 2.148. Residence of the respondents ...... 252 Figure 2.149. Respondent’s familiarity with the existing projects ...... 253 Figure 2.150. Family’s direct involvement with the projects ...... 254 Figure 2.151. Awareness of modification of Project ...... 255 Figure 2.152. Acceptability of the proposed modification ...... 258 Figure 3.1. Logic diagram of the risk assessment process ...... 271 Figure 3.2.Chemical effect pathway ...... 277 Figure 3.3. Physical effect pathway ...... 289 Figure 7.1. Overview of Holcim Davao Emergency Response Procedure ...... 347 Figure 9.1. Organizational structure of Kalayaan Project (left) and Holcim-Davao ...... 353

List of Tables Table 1.1. Geographic Coordinates Encompassing the Cement Plant ...... 3 Table1.2. Geographic Coordinates Encompassing the Port Facility ...... 4 Table1.3. Existing Facilities/Equipment for Rehabilitation, Modification, and Upgrade ...... 9 Table1.4. Manpower Requirement ...... 27 Table1.5. Project Costs ...... 29 Table 2.1. Land Use distribution of Davao City ...... 30 Table 2.2. Holcim Davao water source ...... 38 Table 2.3. Annual b alance of Holcim Davao Cement Plant ...... 38 Table 2.4. Projected annual water use of the proposed addition of Finish Mill 2 of Holcim Davao Cement Plant ...... 39 Table 2.5. Annual water use assumptions ...... 40 Table 2.6. PAGASA Climate Change Projection for Region 11 ...... 41 Table 2.7. Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium – range emission scenario in Davao del Sur ...... 42 Table 2.8.Stream and surface water quality sampling stations ...... 43 Table 2.9. Ground water quality sampling stations ...... 44 Table 2.10. Marine Water Quality Sampling Stations ...... 44 Table 2.11. BSWM Electrical Conductivity Standards ...... 46 Table 2.12. PNSDW 2007 Standards ...... 46 Table 2.13. Parameters analyzed for ground, stream and marine water quality ...... 48 Table 2.14. Container requirements and sample maximum holding time ...... 50 Table 2.15. Laboratory analytical methods ...... 51 Table 2.16. DENR AO 2016-08 Water Usage and Classification Guidelines for Fresh Surface Waters ...... 51 Table 2.17. Water Body Classification and Usage of Marine Waters ...... 52

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Table 2.18. Approximate EC Values that can be Expected Based on Source* ...... 78 Table 2.19. Coordinates of LIT stations surveyed for coral cover distribution during the Holcim marine ecology baseline assessment; Davao City; 08-09 December 2017...... 93 Table 2.20. Fish visual census (FVC) stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 94 Table 2.21. Coordinates of seagrass assessment stations in the inter-tidal area fronting Barangay Ilang, Holcim complex, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017...... 96 Table 2.22. Coordinates of macro-invertebrate sampling stations in a shellfish gleaning area in the inter-tidal flat fronting Barangay Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017...... 96 Table 2.23. Coordinates of mangrove community assessment stations beside the Holcim compound in Barangay Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017...... 97 Table 2.24. Coordinates of plankton sampling stations investigated during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 98 Table 2.25. Location of spot dives for substrate verification undertaken during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 102 Table 2.26. Coordinates of actual fishing stations documented during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 103 Table 2.27. Results of seventeen manta tows for coral and benthic substrate profiling over a 3- kilometer stretch of coastal waters in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex; 29-30 January 2017 (Observers: Benj Francisco, Michael Chester Francisco and Jose Rene Villegas)...... 106 Table 2.28. Average percentage cover of the different coral lifeform categories across two (2) LIT transects investigated during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of the Holcim Port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 08-09 December 2017. (Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon)...... 115 Table 2.29. Distribution (in % of total coral cover per station) of coral life forms in two LIT stations surveyed within the coastal impact area of the Holcim jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, 08-09 December, 2017 (Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon)...... 118 Table 2.30. Coral colonies in two (2) coral LIT stations observed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal area around the Holcim Jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 ...... 118 Table 2.31. Fish Abundance Data Form ...... 124 Table 2.32. Summary of results of seagrass surveys in two stations conducted during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017...... 127 Table 2.33. Mangrove Habitat Assessment Data Sheet Marine Ecology Baseline Assessment, Holcim Davao; 07-09 December 2017 ...... 133 Table 2.34. Small-scale fishing gears and catch rates in the general impact area of the Holcim port complex; 08 December 2017...... 138 Table 2.35. Species diversity of macro-invertebrates encountered in two sampling stations in during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 (Researchers: Benj Francisco, Weng Quimpo, and Ronald Pocon)...... 141 Table 2.36. Phytoplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 145

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Table 2.37. Zooplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 150 Table 2.38. Macrobenthos composition, abundance and diversity (ind/m3) in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017...... 156 Table 2.39. Climatological normals at the Davao PAGASA station (1981-2010) ...... 167 Table 2.40. Climatological extremes at the Davao PAGASA station (2016) ...... 167 Table 2.41. Wind frequency data at the Davao PAGASA station (1981 – 2010) ...... 169 Table 2.42. Potential temperature projections at the cement plant ...... 174 Table 2.43. Potential rainfall projections at the cement plant ...... 175 Table 2.44. National ambient air quality standards and guideline values ...... 176 Table 2.45. Coordinates of the Holcim Davao AQM stations ...... 177 Table 2.46. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the grid receptors ...... 185 Table 2.47. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the discrete receptors ...... 186 Table 2.48. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the grid receptors ...... 186 Table 2.49. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the discrete receptors ...... 187 Table 2.50. Hotspot matrix of predicted GLCs ...... 187 Table 2.51. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the boundary receptors ...... 192 Table 2.52. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the boundary receptors ...... 192 Table 2.53. Environmental quality standards for noise in general areas, dB(A) ...... 195 Table 2.54. Maximum noise levels allowed during construction ...... 196 Table 2.55. Noise monitoring stations of Holcim Davao ...... 196 Table 2.56. Predicted sound levels of during construction ...... 197 Table 2.57. Population and Growth Rate of Impact Area, 2010 and 2015 ...... 213 Table 2.58. Household Population by Age Group and Sex, and Age Composition, and Sex Ratio: Barangay Ilang, 2016 ...... 213 Table 2.59. Household Population by Age Group and Sex, and Age Composition, and Sex Ratio: Davao City, 2016 ...... 214 Table 2.60. Dependency Ratio Barangay Ilang and Davao City ...... 215 Table 2.61. Population Density of Impact Area and Davao City, 2015 ...... 216 Table 2.62. Number of Households and Average Household Size Barangay Ilang and Davao City ...... 217 Table 2.63. Ethnicity in the Davao City 2010 ...... 217 Table 2.64. Household Population 18 Years Old and Over by Marital Status and Sex: Barangay Ilang, 2016 ...... 217 Table 2.65. Household Population 10 Years Old and Over by Marital Status and Sex:Davao City , 2015 ...... 218 Table 2.66. Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Highest ...... 218 Table 2.67. Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Highest Educational ...... 218 Table 2.68. Number of Households by Tenure Status of the Lot: Barangay Ilang , 2015 ...... 219 Table 2.69. Number of Households by Tenure Status of the Lot: Davao City 2010 ...... 219 Table 2.70. Occupied Housing Units by Construction Materials of the Road and Outer Walls: Davao City, 2010 ...... 220 Table 2.71. Housing Services. 2014 – 2015 ...... 220 Table 2.72. Population 5 years and over by place of residence in 2005 by region of residence in 2010 ...... 221 Table 2.73. Overseas Workers 15 Years Old and Over by Age Group and Sex: Davao City, 2015 ...... 221 Table 2.74.Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 2013 ...... 222 Table 2.75. Morbidity Barangay Ilang 2015 ...... 222 Table 2.76. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality, 2013 , Davao City ...... 223

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Table 2.77. Household Population 5 to 24 Years Old Who Were Currently Attending School by Age Group and Sex: 2015, Davao City ...... 225 Table 2.78. Early Childhood Care and Development, Davao City, 2014-2015...... 225 Table 2.79. Enrollment Elementary to Highschool, Davao City, 2014-2015 ...... 226 Table 2.80. Number of Schools, Davao City, 2013-2015 ...... 226 Table 2.81. Peace and Public Safety, Davao City, 2014-2015 ...... 229 Table 2.82. Water Supply, Davao City Water District, 2014-2015 ...... 230 Table 2.83. Power supply, Davao City, 2015...... 230 Table 2.84. Telecommunications, 2014-2015, Davao City ...... 230 Table 2.85. Communication Network, Davao City, 2014-2015 ...... 231 Table 2.86. Transportation, Davao City,2012-2013 ...... 231 Table 2.87. Road network, Davao City, 2014-2015 ...... 232 Table 2.88. Inventory of livestock and poultry production, Davao city, 2014-2015 ...... 233 Table 2.89. Fish Production in Metric Tons, Davao City, 2014-2015 ...... 233 Table 2.90. Gainful workers 15 years old and above by major occupational group and sex, Davao City,2015 ...... 234 Table 2.91. Labor force, Davao Region, 2014-2015 ...... 235 Table 2.92. Annual Monthly per capita poverty threshold, Davao Region ...... 235 Table 2.93. Annual Monthly per family poverty threshold, Davao Region ...... 235 Table 2.94. Poverty incidence, 2009, 2012, 2015 ...... 235 Table 2.95. Business establishments, Davao City, 2015 ...... 236 Table 2.96. Business establishments, Barangay Ilang, 2015...... 236 Table 2.97.Puroks and number of respondents, Barangay Ilang ...... 236 Table 2.98. Organizations in Barangay Ilang ...... 242 Table 2.99. Top Ten Diseases of the respondents ...... 244 Table 2.100. Top Ten leading causes of Death, Barangay Ilang...... 246 Table 2.101. Housing materials of the respondent’s houses ...... 250 Table 2.102. Common Community Problems and concerns of the respondents ...... 250 Table 2.103. Proposed solution from the identified concerns/problems ...... 251 Table 2.104. Positive effects of current operation ...... 252 Table 2.105. Negative effects of current operation ...... 253 Table 2.106. Community development Projects ...... 253 Table 2.107. Benefits directly recieved by the respondents ...... 254 Table 2.108. Sources of information about the modification of Holcim’s project ...... 255 Table 2.109. Percieved positive and negative effects of the modification ...... 256 Table 2.110. Proposed solutions to the negative impact ...... 257 Table 2.111. Highlights of Focus Group Discussions ...... 260 Table 2.112. Issues and concerns of the communities on the current operations ...... 262 Table 3.1. Level 1 and 2 threshold inventory table ...... 269 Table 3.2. Definition of hazardous substance categories ...... 269 Table 3.3. Mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant ...... 270 Table 3.4. NFPA hazard classification of mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant .... 273 Table 3.5. Potential hazardous substances at the Holcim Plant ...... 274 Table 3.6. Physical and chemical properties of the mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant ...... 275 Table 3.7. Stability and reactivity properties of mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant .... 278 Table 3.8.Occupational exposure limits of mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant ...... 283 Table 3.9.Routes of exposure and effects of the mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant ...... 284 Table 4.1. Impact Management Plan ...... 294 Table 5.1. List of previously implemented Social Development Program, 2012-2016 ...... 310

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Table 5.2. Social Development Program Framework ...... 319 Table 5.3. Impact assessment of SDMP projects (2012-2016) ...... 323 Table 5.4. List of previously conducted Information, Education, and Communication Program Activities, 2012-2016 ...... 325 Table 5.5. Documentation of Public Consultations ...... 330 Table 5.6. Information and Education Campaigns ...... 336 Table 6.1. Proposed environmental monitoring plan with EQPL for the project ...... 342

List of Annexes Annex No. Title/Description ES1 Technical Scoping Checklist ES2 Public Scoping Report 1.1 ECC No. 9402-004-302C: 3500TDP Cement Plant Expansion Project 1.2 ECC Port Facility Expansion Project 1.3 Proof of Authority over Project Site 2.1 NWRB Permit of Holcim Philippines Inc. – Davao’s Pumping Stations 2.2 Laboratory Results of Water Quality Sampling 2.3 Pie graphs of substrate and coral life form composition 2.4 Air dispersion modelling procedure 2.5 Ambient Air Monitoring Records of Holcim Davao Plant (2012 – 2017) 2.6 Noise Monitoring Records of Holcim Davao Plant 2.7 Work Environment Measurement Reports (2016-2017) 2.8 Perception Survey Form 2.9 Photo-documentation – Perception Survey 2.10 FGD Photo-documentation and attendance sheets 3.1 Sample MSDS of mixtures and substances at the Holcim Plant 3.2 Sample pages of trainings conducted at the Holcim Davao plant 3.3 Site Emergency Response Manual at the Holcim Davao Plant 3.4 Material, Oil, Chemical Spill, Gas Leaks Emergency Response Procedures (ERP) 3.5 Oil Spill ERP at the Holcim Davao Plant 3.6 Guidelines on Maintenance of Oil and Grease at the Holcim Davao Plant 6.1 Series of Communication with EMB 7.1 2018 Safety and Health Program of Holcim Davao

List of Attachments Attachment No. Title/Description 1 Accountability Statement of Preparers 2 Accountability Statement of Proponent 3 Duly Accomplished Project Environmental Monitoring and Audit Prioritization Scheme (PEMAPS) 4 Health Study on Host Communities of Holcim Philippines Inc. Barangay Ilang, Bunawan District, Davao City by Ridge to Reef Environmental Consultancy, Inc. November 2017

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. PROJECT FACT SHEET

I. Project Information

Project Name: Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project

Location: Barangay Ilang, Davao City Province of Davao del Sur

Cement Handling Mixing and grinding of raw materials. Sea terminal for raw Method: materials in-loading and for cement in-loading and out- loading/ dispatching

ECC No.: ECC No. 9402-004-302C

Total Area: 48.03 has. (cement plant: 29.80 has. + port facility: 18.23 has.)

Production Capacity: 6000 MTPD of clinker

The Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) granted Davao Union Cement Corporation (DUCC) an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) denominated as ECC- 9402-004-302C on April 11, 1996 for the 3,500 TPD Cement Plant Expansion, which increased the cement plant’s total daily production rate including its existing line to 6000 metric tons of clinker. Said ECC was amended on July 1, 2004 to include the use of alternative fuel. On May 5, 2016, it was again amended to change the name of the proponent from DUCC to Holcim Philippines, Inc.

The port facility is covered by a separate ECC, which was given to DUCC on June 20, 1995 by EMB Regional Office No. XI. An amendment to change the proponent’s name from DUCC to Holcim Philippines Inc. was granted on October 19, 2016.

II. Proponent Profile

Proponent Name: Holcim Philippines Inc. (HPI)

Office Address: 7th Floor, Venice Corporate Center No.8 Turin Street McKinley Hill Town Center Fort Bonifacio, 1634 Taguig City, Philippines

Plant Address: Barangay Ilang, Davao City, Davao del Sur

Contact Person: XAVIER ARUL KENNEDY SAVARIMUTHU Vice President. Plant Manager

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Contact Number: Head Office: (+632) 459-3333

III. Preparer Profile

Office Address: Unit 10C, Lansbergh Place 170 Tomas Morato, Quezon City

Authorized Representative/ ENGR. PAULO NONI T. TIDALGO Contact Person (s): Managing Director

Contact Number (02) 376-0043

IV. Existing and Proposed Project Components

Listed below are the existing project components along with the equipment for rehabilitation, modification and upgrade.

Plant Department Equipment Capacity MAIN STORAGE CAPACITIES CEMENT GRINDING Receiving of Clinker - Storage Clinker Hall Mill 2 (existing) ~40,000 t Limestone Hall Mill 2 (existing) ~2,000 t Gypsum Hall mill (existing) ~10,000 t Hall Mill 3 (existing) ~20,000 t Slag Hall Mill 3 (existing) ~5,000 t, balance outdoor Pozzolan Clinker storage #3 (existing) ~2,000t Cement Mill Feed Clinker Feed bin (existing) 390t Limestone Feed bin (existing) 70t Gypsum Feed bin (existing) 70t Cement Transport/Storage Storage: Cement Silos Silo 1 (existing) 4,000 t Silo 2 (existing) 4,000 t Silo 6 (existing) 15,000 t Silo 7 (existing) 15,000 t Silo 8 (existing) 2,000 t Silo 5 (for reconstruction) 5,000 t Storage – Fly ash Fly ash silos 300t MAIN EQUIPMENT CAPACITIES CEMENT GRINDING Clinker Receiving Eco hoppers Hoppers 2 x 700 tph Conveyors Raw material belt conveyors 700 tph

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Plant Department Equipment Capacity Tripper belt conveyor 700 tph Cement Grinding – “OPC” Cement Milling Ball Mill #2 (new) 3,300 kW New equipment: One mill ventilation filter,

including fan One mill discharge air slide One separator feed bucket

elevator Series of separator feed air slides One ball mill trap Separator (option of modifying

the existing separator) Separator fan Process filter, including fan Series of separator rejects air

slides One flow meter One grinding aid system (supplied by the Plant / grinding air supplier) One water injection system Mill internals (liners, diaphragm,

ball charge) Auxiliaries, such as dedusting filters, valves, hoists etc. as required Cement Transport/Storage Cement Transport Pneumatic (new) 110 tph SHIPPING STATION Cement Receiving Pneumatic (new) 110 tph

B. Process Documentation of the Conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment

In accordance with the Revised Procedural Manual (RMP) for Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order (DAO) NO. 2003-30, Implementing Rules and Regulations of Presidential Decree No. 1586 “Establishing the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System,” an Environmental Performance Report and Managemement Plan (EPRMP) must be submitted for this type of project. Said report provides the details of the proposed project (including existing project components), baseline condition of the environment (land, water, air and people), potential impact of the project and the corresponding mitigating measures, and monitoring plans. Consistent with Memorandum Circular 2010-14, the EPRMP is divided into the following sections:

 Project Description;  Assessment of Environmental Impacts;  Environmental Risk Assessment;  Impact Management Plan;  Social Management Plan and IEC Implementation;  Environmental Compliance Monitoring;  Emergency Response Policy and Guidelines;  Abandonment/Decommissioning/Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines; and

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 Institutional Plan for EMP Implementation.

I. EPRMP Team

The EPRMP Team is comprised of multi-disciplinary specialists/experts who have extensive training and experience on their respective fields and in the conduct of EIA for various industry sectors.

EPRMP Team Member Registration No. Field of Expertise Bernardo Valmonte Jr. IPCO-073 Mining and Geology Benjamin S. Francisco IPCO-038 Marine Ecology Dr. Wilfredo B. Sanidad IPCO-139 Water Quality, Agriculture Jethro Alden C. Hipe IPCO-005 Air Quality, ERA Paulo Noni T. Tidalgo IPCO-103 Environmental Management Czarina May M. Olores IPCO-075 Environmental Management Gilbert A. Hernandez Social Development Thomas V. Tañedo IPCO-112 Agriculture Einre Jinji Elcid Quiambao IPCO-154 Environmental Specialist

II. EIA Study Schedule and Area

The scope of the study was discussed during the Technical Scoping Meeting held on 03 November 2017 at the EIA Conference Room, 2nd Floor EMB Building, DENR Compound, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. The meeting was facilitated by the EMB Case handlers and was attended by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Review Committee Members, representatives from HPI and Axceltechs. The Technical Scoping Checklist is included as Annex ES1.

Below is the EIA study schedule.

Activities Date Public Scoping August 30, 2017 Technical Scoping November 3, 2017 Marine Ecology Assessment December 7 – 9, 2017 Water Sampling December 5 – 7, 2017 Perception Survey/Focus Group Discussion December 4 – 7, 2017 Gathering of secondary data December 4 – March 30, 2018

The area subjected to the EIA was based on the perceived direct and indirect impact areas of the proposed project. As stipulated in DAO 2003-30, direct impact areas are areas where all project facilities are to be constructed/situated. Consistent with this provision, the direct impact barangay is Barangay Ilang while the indirect impact areas are Brgys. Alejandra Navarro (Lasang), Bunawan Proper, Gatungan, Mahayag, Mudiang, Pancan, San Isidro (licanan) and Tibungco.

III. EIA Methodology

The following are the sampling/assessment methodologies employed by the EPRMP team for the study:

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Component Methodology Land Land Use  Use of secondary information such as Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Davao City, maps from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) and Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and secondary data from the Davao City Environment and Natural Resources (CENRO) Water Hydrology  Inventory of the plant’s water resource  A simplified water balance equation (Input = Output; where Input = water withdrawal and Output = Consumption + Discharge + Losses) was used for the water balance

Water Quality  Primary baseline data water quality gathering and sampling  Hand held meters were used to determine pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ambient temperature and Electrical Conductivity (EC); Samples were also sent to the lab to analyze Oil and Grease (O&G) and heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Hexavalent Chromium and Mercury)

Marine Ecology  Baseline assessment of marine ecology employing methods/survey techniques prescribed by English et. al was conducted on December 7 – 9, 2017 by a team of fishery/marine biologists  For corals, manta survey method was conducted for observation of coral cover while Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method was done for detailed coral reef assessment. Fish visual census (FVC) was done to determine species diversity and abundance of reef-associate fish.  Seagrass beds and associated macro-benthic algae was assessed using the Saito- Atobe quadrate-transect method.  Species composition, abundance and density of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were determined using plankton net vertically lowered and towed from sub-surface depths.  Rapid fisheries appraisal was conducted through key informant interviews. Air and Meteorology, Air Quality, Noise Level and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Noise  For meteorology, use of secondary data and maps from Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)  For air quality, use of 24h monitoring records (2012 – 2017) of Holcim Davao Cement Plant  For ambient noise level, use of 24h hourly monitoring records (2015 – 2017) of Holcim Davao Cement Plant  For GHG Emissions, Tier 1 method of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories was used in the estimation  Tier 4 (AERMOD) approach of the EMB Air Dispersion Modelling Guidelines (EMB Memorandum Circular 2008 – 003) was used to predict the GLCs from the cement plant emissions People Socio-economics and Public Health  Conduct of Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Perception Survey and field obsevations  A total of 848 individuals participated in the perception survey from 18 puroks of Brgy. Ilang; target size for the perception survey was based on 90% confidence level and 10% margin of error  Use of secondary information from published survey and census reports of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Barangay Center data board, Municipal Health Office Data, City Health Office Data Davao City, Data from the Mayor’s office and latest Development Plans of Davao City

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IV. Public Participation

Stakeholders’ participation in the conduct of EIA study are as follows:  Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities on June 7, 2017 and July 10 to 11, 2017. Among the attendees of the first IEC were Barangay officials including the Chairman, Purok Leaders, Home Owners Association Leaders, representatives of nearby industries while the latter was participated by stakeholders from the government agencies.;  Initial perception survey on July 10 – 11, 2017 where a total of 22 individuals were surveyed (i.e. representatives from households, institutional leaders and industrial entities).;  Public scoping on August 30, 2017 at Sixto Babao Elementary School, Barangay Ilang, Davao City. The corresponding Public Scoping Report is attached as Annex ES2.;  Perception surveys in various puroks of Barangay Ilang on December 4 – 7, 2017 where a total of 826 individuals were surveyed.; and  Focus Group Discussions from December 4 – 7, 2017.

C. Summary of Baseline Characterization

omponent Description Land Land Use  The major land use in Davao City are grasslands/pasture, agriculture, forest/forest-use and residential while industrial area only comprises 0.35% of Davao City’s land area.  The Holcim Davao Cement Plant is located within an industrial zone as delineated by the Davao City government.  Potential ECAs identified near the project site are Ilang River and Davao Gulf. According to the hazard maps prepared by MGB XI, the project site is located along an area that has moderate susceptibility to flood, moderate to high susceptibility to liquefaction, likely to experience very destructive to devastating ground shaking with a PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale of VIII or higher. Water Hydrology  The plant currently consumes 286,888.90 m3 of ground water per annum that is used for the cooling system make-up water, water spray FMILL 3, water spray coal mill, domestic, GCT, water hydrants, cooler area and VRM area.  Without the proposed modification, the total annual use of the project is 319,028.17 m3 while the total annual output is 311,975.44 m3. Thus, there is a positive net annual water surplus.  Upon installation and operations of Finish Mill 2, there will be an increase of water use of about 36,310 m3.

Water Quality  Stream/Surface water: Most of the water quality parameters of all sampling stations were within the prescribed DENR standards except for DO (32.23 mg/L; standard is 5 mg/L) and BOD (8.5 mg/L; standard is 7 mg/L) of the sampling point located downstream.  Surface water (Weighbridge, Oil trap, Fort Steel and Cement Bodega): Measured pH at weighbridge and fort steel exceeded the prescribed limit, likewise the hexavalent chromium at weighbridge. The rest of the water quality parameters of the sampling stations were within standards.  Groundwater (Purok 2B, 3B and 12): All water quality parameters were within the prescribed limits in PNSDW 2007.  Holcim RC Tank: High fecal coliform thus suitable only for industrial use.  Marine waters (Pier 1, 2 and 3): Measured low DO which may be due to the time of

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omponent Description sampling. TSS of Pier 2 and O&G of Pier 1 were beyond the prescribed limit.

Marine Ecology  There is no marine protected area near the project site.  There are no indications of a healthy fringing reef along the coastline surveyed except for a small patch of reef located about one (1) kilometre north of the Holcim jetty.  A total of 24 species of corals and three (3) species of sponges were catalogued across the two line intercept transect (LIT) stations and in a spot dive area near LIT Station 1.  Fish visual census in the two (2) LIT stations counted a total of 376 individuals belonging to 20 species in 10 families. The density is low at 0.37 fish per square meter of surveyed area.  Seagrass meadows in the coastal impact area of the Holcim project show disparate distribution, although where they occur extensively, the seagrass species are diverse.  A total of 84 (mangroves) trees were catalogued in two quadrants laid across one transect in the estuary of the Ilang River beside the Holcim port complex. In spite of the small area of the mangrove patch, the mangrove crown cover, at 82% of the canopy, was rated as excellent.  Small-scale fishing operation in nearshore waters where only about twelve (12) small fishing boats observed in the three days of survey. Reported catch rates and catch per unit effort (CPUE) is low.  Diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates was extremely low although the macro-invertebrates collected in the seagrass gleaning area consisted of lucrative, high value species. Overall, twelve (12) species of macro-invertebrates were catalogued, including nine species that are considered edible and of commercial value.  For plankton community, a total of 213,596 cells/L belonging to 30 genera and 2 individualized species that were identified for all sampling stations.  A total of 929,059 ind/m3 distributed among 28 zooplankton groups (in adult and larval forms) were identified and recorded from eight sampling stations in order to assess and compare the microscopic biota located along the vicinities of Holcim Philippines – Davao City Plant on 09 December 2017. Air and Meteorology Noise  The project site is under Type VI climate based on the Modified Coronas Classification of the Philippine Climate, which is characterized by rainfall that is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. The cement plant and its vicinities may experience a monthly rainfall of 108 mm (minimum occurring in March) to 187 mm (maximum occurring in June).  The cement plant is located in an area with a very low typhoon risk with a frequency of one cyclone every 12 years.

Ambient Air Quality  The nearest stations to the cement plant that are likely to be affected by its emissions are Stations 4 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), 6 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), and 7 (Kobbler). Based on the 24h monitoring records from 2012 to 2017 of Holcim Davao, these three stations showed: - No exceedances to CAA 24h guideline value for NO2 and SO2 - Four (4) execeedances to CAA 24h TSP guideline value - Five instances of exceedances to CAA 24h PM10 guideline value

Ambient Noise  The stations that are likely affected by noise impacts from the cement plant are Stations 3 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), 6 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), and 7 (Kobbler). Based on the monitoring records of Holcim Davao, these three stations showed: - Sixto Babao Elementary School (Class AA): About 96% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality Standards for

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omponent Description Noise at all time frames (morning, daytime, evening, night-time). - Union Galva Steel Corp. Area (Class C): About 38% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality Standards for Noise during morning, evening, night-time. - Kobbler station (Class A): About 60% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality Standards for Noise at all time frames. People Socio-economics and Public Health  The population of Barangay Ilang is rapidly increasing every year, which may have implications in the economic situation as well as the delivery of basic services to each families in the community.  There is a health center, with ten (10) BHWs and three (3) BNS for a population of 24, 947 people. Each BHW takes care of about 2500 people or around 600 families.  In Barangay Ilang, only 3 out of 10 diseases are communicable (Dengue, PTB and Pneumonia), while the remaining are non-communicable and lifestyle related ailments.  In Barangay Ilang, it is estimated that 83% have sanitary toilets or 4,311 household have access to clean toilets, while 883 households lack sanitary latrines.  In Barangay Ilang, residents dispose solid waste thru daily collection of CENRO, while some practice composting, throwing of trash in sea and burning.  In Barangay Ilang last 2010, only 75% of the household have access to safe potable water through the Davao City Water District.  Based on the perception survey: - Majority of the respondents or 86% expressed awareness on the current operation of Holcim Davao while 11% are unaware of the operation of Holcim, and 3% gave no answer on the question. - The respondents mentioned about the positive effects of the presence of Holcim Davao operation in their community. Employment (25%) and availability of livelihood opportunities (13%) in relation to the operation of Holcim Davao were mentioned. - More than half or 51.6% of the respondents saw dust pollution as one of the negative effects of the current operation of Holcim Davao followed by health hazard (16.56%). - There were 81% or 687 of the respondents are familiar with the different community developmental projects of Holcim, 12% or 102 are unfamiliar while 7% or 59 did not specify their response. - The majority (73%) or 621 respondents were aware of the proposed project modification of Holcim Davao. There were 163 respondents or 19% that were not yet aware and 8% or 64 respondents that refused to give an answer. For those who were aware of the proposed project modification, most of the information sources were from the government /barangay officials (30.93%). - The majority of the respondents (66%) or 557 were in favor of the proposed project modification while 44 or only 5% do not agree with the modification.  Based on the Focus Group Discussions: - The community perceived that they will benefit from the project in terms of employment opportunities, scholarship programs, community projects and medical assistance. - Sickness/Diseases due to dust generation, noise generation, displacement of community due to the expansion and negative effect on the livelihood of fisherfolks are among the perceived negative impacts of the project. - Majority of the participants expressed their support in the realization of the project as Holcim-Davao will continue to bring progress and development to their barangay as in the past.

D. Summary of Key Environmental Impacts and Management and Monitoring

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Component Impact Assessment Land Impact on compatibility with existing land use The project is located in an area that is declared as an industrial zone by the municipal government. Thus, the project site is compatible with the current land use of the area.

Impact on compatibility with classification as an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) Potential ECAs identified near the project site are Ilang River and Davao Gulf. Contamination of these water bodies will affect the existing water quality. The company installed strategically located siltation ponds (along fortsteel, cement bodega and weighbridge) to ensure that the plant’s effluent meet the prescribed DENR standards before discharging to the water bodies. Regular water quality monitoring is also being conducted.

Possible tenurial/land use The project site is privately owned by Holcim Philippines Inc. The remaining informal settlers residing along the Holcim properties currently being managed by Holcim Mining and Development Corporation (HMDC) will be relocated thru a housing project organized by the the LGU of Ilang. Ongoing community organizing facilitated by the LGU is taking place. Water Depletion of water sources/competition in water use There is more than enough input water (withdrawal from the ground water pumping station) to supply the proposed modification in terms of water use. This will not affect the water supply of the neighbouring industrial sites and the nearby community.

Impacts on flooding The proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant does not contribute in any manner to flooding as there will be very minimal ground disturbance and there will be no change in land use. Thus, the runoff and water infiltration rate will not be altered.

Degradation of groundwater quality Human activities can alter the natural composition of ground water through the disposal or dissemination of chemicals and microbial matter at the land surface and into soils, or through injection of wastes directly into ground water.

Degradation of surface water quality Surface water resources includes the rivers, other streams, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands are a very dynamic part of the global water cycle. The climatic variability, both seasonal and annual, affects greatly the quantity and quality of surface waters. Basically, the input comes from rainfall, and the output from evaporation to the atmosphere and flow to the oceans. The water cycle also includes flow and storage in soil.

Surface water quality problems consist of several different issues. This is due to the great diversity of our lakes, reservoirs and rivers, the wide range of needs and preferences in the urban society for the utilization of surface water, and the complexity of aquatic ecosystems. The changes are caused by point source polluters such as industries and an existing very dynamic settlements that have a sewerage system; non-point polluters such as agricultural activities, or through the atmosphere. According to Varis (2006) the most common water quality problems are:

 Eutrophication caused by the abundance of nutrients and other agents of enhanced primary production;  Oxygen depletion caused by degradation of organic matter in water;  Hygienic problems due to pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria (Coliform bacteria) or protozoa;

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Component Impact Assessment  Salinization caused by high concentrations of ions such as calcium, sodium, chloride and sulphate;

 Acidification due to atmospheric deposition of SO2 and NOx or by industrial, mining or natural emissions;  Toxic or cumulative compounds such as heavy metals or other trace elements, radioactive compounds, halogenated hydrocarbons or water-borne toxins;  Suspended material and turbidity caused by inorganic or organic matter; and  Changed thermal conditions due to thermal pollution, flow control or changed climate.

The principal driving force in water quality management is the need to resolve the potential conflict arising from the specific demands and impacts of various activities on water quality, often under water scarcity. Many water users suffer from poor quality but have no direct influence on it, while many cause water quality problems but are not harmed by them.

Degradation of coastal/marine water quality Marine water quality degradation occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats (US Department of Commerce, 2015).

The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris, and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrates or phosphates, stimulate algae growth. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthic animals, most of which are either deposit feeders or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.

The coastal areas where the Holcim cement Piers are located are primarily for ship berthing activities. There are nearby fishing communities as well and, use the nearby coastal areas for contact recreational activities (public bathing and swimming), sustenance and commercial fishing and, tourism. The DENR AO 2016-08 water body classification and usage of marine waters guidelines for Class SB 1. Fishery Water Class II; 2. Tourist Zones; and Recreational Water Class I, were used as basis for assessing the water quality of these coastal areas.

Potential threats to existence or loss of important habitats of local species Potential coral damage due to increased marine vessel traffic and dock manuevering There are no coral colonies of significant susceptibility near the Holcim port complex. Remaining corals in small patch near the impact area of the project are too few and isolated and are already heavily stressed such that any anthropogenic issue emanating from the Project will have little incremental impacts on the few coral species.

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Component Impact Assessment Coral and benthos suffocation due to extreme episodes of sediment intrusion There were small patches of remaining fair coral reef about 1 kilometer northwest of the wharf and the primary threat to coral reefs in this site may come from inadvertent episodes of sediment plumes. It is a fact, however, that these corals are too distant from the project’s sphere of operations and sediment plumes are likely to be dissipated before it even reaches the corals.

Results from the macrobenthos survey also reveal the presence of important benthos in coastal waters, notably bivalve veligers, near the port complex and these communities may be affected by rapid sediment blanketing. Bivalves however, have locomotive capacity and can readily move away. Fish and bivalve larvae are mostly free-swimming animals.

Movement of pelagic fish away from sediment-impaired waters There is no significant earth moving activities in the Holcim port complex and extreme impairment of photosynthetic function and primary production due to siltation in coastal waters around the project site is unlikely. In any case, fish are known to simply evade such conditions and move out to more conducive coastal waters.

Possible threats to the benthic community The overall impression for the macrobenthic diversity assessment in the survey area is moderately good as indicated by the presence of some economically-important bivalves. However, the presence of pollution-tolerant shells along the Ilang River should be looked upon as it indicates that there is a factor causing the situation. Likewise, the low diversity as analyzed is indicative of an introduced localized disturbance which may be natural or anthropogenic. Air and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Noise The highest GWP of the plant was in 2001 and decreased from 2002 to a low of 649 CO2- e per ton of cementitious product in 2017. The decrease was due to the use of alternative fuels and improvements in the production process. It is expected that the GWP of the plant will continue to decrease with the continued use of alternative fuels and sustained operation improvements.

Results of air quality dispersion modeling: - Predicted SO2, NO2, CO, TSP, and HCl GLCs from the five-point sources across pollutants, averaging times, and receptors were less than their corresponding CAA standards and guideline values except for the 1h and 24h NO2 and TSP at the grid and discrete receptors Four (4) execeedances to CAA 24h TSP guideline value. - The predicted maximum GLCs of the regulated trace metals (Sb, As, CD, Pb, and Hg) were less than the CAA standards at the grid and discrete receptors with very low indices (nil to a max of 0.05) indicating likely compliance to the CAA limits.

The simulations showed four worst-case potential hotspots for the 1h and 24h NO2 and TSP and three areas of concern. The isopleths of the four potential NO2 and TSP hotspots were near the existing point sources (south perimeter of the plant). The monitoring

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Component Impact Assessment stations likely to be affected the Stations 4 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), 6 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), and 7 (Kobbler).

Increase in ambient noise level Operations phase: The monitoring records indicated potential noise impacts of the cement plant during operations. It is recommended that noise modelling be done to predict contribution of sound sources of the plant during operations. People In-migration, Proliferation of informal settlers, Threat to delivery of basic services/Resource Competition Residents of other barangays and municipalities who are seeking employment and livelihood or business opportunities may migrate to Barangay Ilang. This may lead to the proliferation of informal settlers. Although the Holcim-Davao in partnership with the City government have a housing program to address the issue of informal settlers, it is observed that it is not enough and must be sustained.

Influx of jobseekers from other areas is expected during the development and construction phase as well as during the operation phase with the introduction of other economic activities related to the cement operations. With the entry of in-migrants or increased day-time population, further competition in terms of local employment, public utilities, and access to basic services will be experienced. Immigrant workers may also introduce lifestyles and behaviors different from the locals which may lead to social tensions.

Threat to Public Health and Safety The most common concern of the community, attributed to the current operations of Holcim is the incidents of dust emissions from the cement plant. Based on the results of the perception survey and discussions with community sector representatives, it was perceived that the dust coming-out from the plant affects the health of the residents. There were also statements from the FGD that dusts affect their health and lead to health issues such as Tuberculosis and asthma affecting the old and the children of the community. The community may also be exposed to other health and safety hazards associated with Holcim-Davao activities.

One of the objectives of the proposed cement plant modification is to improve the efficiency of its operations that will address its effect to public health and safety. However, emission of dust may proliferate due to the implementation of modification works during construction phase. Holcim-Davao will implement dust suppression measures and equipment. Also, the current partnership of Holcim-Davao and the BLGUs on programs and projects on health services may be continued, strengthened and sustained.

Generation of Local Benefits from the Project (Increase in business opportunities) The influx of population and construction activities will increase demand for goods and services. The increase in income-earning opportunities will also increase spending potential, providing opportunities for further increased supply of goods and services, increasing the income of the people and indirectly increasing the overall wealth of the area. Introduction of new economic endeavors and establishment of new businesses will increase revenue collection of the LGUs from taxes and fees. Increase in revenue collection of the LGUs will mean improvement of basic services and infrastructure facilities. These will be experience during construction and operation phase.

Increase in traffic hazards The current operation and the proposed modification project causes additional pressure to road traffic. Construction activities will lead to significant increase in vehicular traffic. This will add up to the current volume of hauling trucks passing along the national road. During operation phase, traffic may still cause impacts to the local community.

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The Impact Management Plan and the corresponding Environmental Monitoring Plan to assess the effectivity of the proposed mitigating measures for the identified potential impacts of the project above are found in Section 4 and Section 6, respectively, of this EPRMP.

E. Multipartite Monitoring Team, Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund Commitment

The Memorandum of Agreement for the creation of a Multipartite Monitoring Team is currently for signature of the respective members.

Pursuant to Section 16 of DENR Administrative Order No. 2017 – 15 with subject “Guidelines on Public Participation under the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System,” the MMT shall be composed of the following: a. LGU Representatives  City Environment and Natural Resources Office;  City Health Office;  Brgy. Bunawan;  Brgy. Mahayag;  Brgy. Tibungco;  Brgy. Ilang;  Brgy. Mudiang; and  Brgy. Panacan. b. NGO: Kinaiyahan Foundation c. Representatives from locally recognized community leaders, namely: Sixto Babao Elementary School represented by the School Principal and Ilang Women’s Federation

Pursuant to the provision of the PEISS guidelines, Holcim Phils. Inc. – Davao Plant shall establish an Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) with an initial budget of PhP1,000,000.00, which shall be replenished regularly in accordance with the activities stated in the EMB-approved Annual Work and Financial Plan (AWFP) of the MMT.

Furthermore, Holcim-Davao shall allocate PhP1,000,000.00 for the establishment of an Environmental Guarantee Fund where the details of which shall be specified in the EGF Agreement that shall be made between Holcim – Davao and DENR-EMB.

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1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Holcim Philippines, Inc. (HPI) is one of the premier cement manufacturers in the Philippines and is a member of the LafargeHolcim Group, one of the world’s leading suppliers of cement, as well as aggregates, concrete, and construction-related services. HPI is mainly engaged in the manufacture, sale, and distribution of cement and cementitious products.

The incorporators of the company are:

 Mr. Alberto M. Meer  Mr. Alberto O. Villaraza  Mr. Ramon O. Reynoso, Jr.  Mr. Pedro T. Macatangay, Jr.  Mr. Senen M. Castillo

The company and its subsidiaries own four (4) production facilities, one (1) cement grinding mill, four (4) ports as well as multiple storage and distribution points across the country. HPI has the most extensive sales and distribution network in the Philippine cement industry.

The consolidated operations of the four (4) cement production facilities, in La Union, Bulacan, Davao, and Lugait in Misamis Oriental, have fortified HPI’s premier position in the Philippine cement industry with a total installed clinker production capacity of 6.1 million metric tons per year (MTPY) and cement production capacity of 11.5 million MTPY.

HPI was the first in the Philippine cement industry to receive ISO 9002 certification (Quality Management System Standards) from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Additionally, all four plants are ISO 14001 certified (Environment Management System Standards) and OH&S 18001 (Occupational Health & Safety Management) certified.

Project History and Acquisition by Holcim Philippines, Inc. In 1980, Bacnotan Cement Industries Inc. (BCII) spun off Davao Cement Plant and established the Davao Union Cement Corporation (DUCC). A new 1,250 tons per day dry process cement plant (Line 2) came on stream in 1983 and employed the latest technology in the cement industry. It was a joint venture among BCII, PHINMA, F.L. Smith and Company of Denmark and Japan, and the Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries, with BCII retaining 70% of its original holdings. In 1990 the dry process plant’s capacity was upgraded from 1250 tons per day to 1500 tons per day.

In June 1995, DUCC made the Philippines cement industry proud when it joined the world’s elite circle of manufacturers when it was certified by the Bureau of Products Standards (BPS) to ISO 9002:1994. This gave distinction to DUCC as the first Philippine cement manufacturer certified to ISO 9002. DUCC was also the first in the Philippine cement industry to receive the Global Seal of Excellence from DTI-BPS and the Buy Philippine Made Movement.

In January 1997, a new 1 million tons per year line (Line 3) started commercial operation. The new line was the country’s first fully automated cement production facility. Computer controlled facilities monitor production facilities and robotic equipment ensure consistent quality of the products. It was also a joint venture among BCI, PHINMA, F.L. Smith and Company of Denmark and Japan, the Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries, and Sumitomo Corporation of Japan. The plant then produces a daily output of around 152,000 bags of cement to meet part of the cement requirements of the Visayas and Mindanao areas, and also export markets South of the Philippines. It produced two types of cement – Portland and pozzolan types of cement.

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In July 1997, DUCC QA Laboratory became the first among Philippine cement manufacturers to get certified to PNS 1600 (ISO/IEC Guide 25). This accreditation for chemical and mechanical testing of cement was awarded by the BPS. This accreditation has been maintained up to the present year under DTI-PAO accreditation to ISO 17025:2005.

In 1998 – Holcim, formerly Holderbank, the biggest cement agglomerate in the world joined Union Cement Corporation. Holcim initiated systems and technology upgrading to DUCC with the aim of improving the efficiency of operations. One of these was Holcim’s maintenance management system – Maintenance Cement (MAC) – which was installed in 1999.

The company officially used the name Holcim Philippines Incorporated (HPI) in 2004.

In 2015, HPI completed the transfer of all its landholdings, mining claims, and foreshore leases to Holcim Mining and Development Corporation (HMDC) and the latter's subsidiaries, with the objective of exclusively focusing on its principal business of cement manufacturing. HMDC, which is an associate company of HPI, is engaged in the business of mining and quarrying and leasing real properties. HMDC and its subsidiaries are currently supplying HPI with the raw materials used by HPI in cement manufacturing and leases to HPI various real properties for its operations.

Also, with the global merger of Lafarge and Holcim in 2015, HPI became a member of the LafargeHolcim Group, which is a global network of two thousand three hundred (2,300) plants in eighty (80) countries with an estimated ninety thousand employees.

From 2012 to 2017, the company has received various local and international awards.

Local  Top 10 Real Property and Business Tax Payer, (Davao City LGU), yearly  Best Convergence Initiative, (DSWD), 2015  Sustainable Livelihood Programs, (DSWD), 2015  Awards for Social Services contributions to Environment and Beautification, 2018

DENR, MGB and EMB  Presidential Mineral Industry Environmental Awardee, 2010 and 2012  DENR EMB Philippine Environmental Partnership Program (PEPP) Awardee, 2011 and 2012  Presidential Mineral Industry Environmental Award Selection Committee Achievement Awardee 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015  DENR MGB and PMSEA Safest Mines Award, 2010, 2012  Mining Forest Program Awardee, 2010 (2nd runner-up), 2011 (3rd runner-up), 2015 (3rd runner-up) and 2016 (1st runner-up)

National  Don Emilio Abello Energy Efficiency Outstanding Award, (DOE) 2015  The Quill, Professional Merit Award, (PRSP), 2015  Anvil Gold Award (IABC)

International Recognitions  Green Apple Award, (Green Organization, London) 2010, 2011, 2012  Asia Responsible Entrepreneurship Award, (Investment in People Category) 2016

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With the plant’s commitment to using the highest standards of operations, it continues to maintain and upgrade its certifications and accreditations to the latest ISO management systems. On April 7, 2017, the plant has been awarded and certified to ISO 9001:2015 version (Quality Management System) and ISO 14001:2015 version (Environmental Management System). Certification to OHSAS 18001:2007 and accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025:2005 have been also been maintained since initial attainment.

An Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) denominated as ECC-9402-004-302C was issued to Davao Union Cement Corporation (DUCC) on April 11, 1996 for 3,500 TPD Cement Plant Expansion. The ECC was amended on July 1, 2004 to include the use of Alternative Fuel. Another amendment was granted on May 5, 2016 to change the name of proponent from DUCC to Holcim Philippines, Inc. (see Annex 1.1)

An ECC was also granted to DUCC on June 20, 1995 for the Port Facility Expansion within the issued foreshore lease area. On October 19, 2016, the ECC was transferred to Holcim Philippines, Inc. (see Annex 1.2)

For this EPRMP, Holcim Philippines, Inc. is requesting to obtain an amendment on the issued ECCs from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) to cover the following activities:

1. Rehabilitation of Cement Mill #2; 2. Installation and operation of 2 Ecohoppers with mobile conveyor; 3. Installation and operation of Belt Conveyor Systems to transport materials from the jetty to the plant area; 4. Increase of existing cement in-loading capacity by installing a second transport pipe; and 5. Reconstruction of Cement Silo #5.

1.1 Project Location and Area The Project is located in Barangay Ilang, Davao City. The Cement Plant location is within the geographical coordinates presented in Table 1.1, with the total area of 29.80 hectares. The geographical coordinates of the Port Facility are shown in Table 1.2, with a total area of 18.23 hectares.

Table 1.1. Geographic Coordinates Encompassing the Cement Plant Corner Latitude Longitude 1 7° 10’ 23.47’’ 125° 39’ 11.98’’ 2 7° 10’ 21.23’’ 125° 39’ 04.50’’ 3 7° 10’ 24.35’’ 125° 38’ 53.71’’ 4 7° 10’ 28.77’’ 125° 38’ 55.22’’ 5 7° 10’ 28.97’’ 125° 38’ 56.01’’ 6 7° 10’ 30.56’’ 125° 38’ 56.62’’ 7 7° 10’ 35.69’’ 125° 38’ 57.44’’ 8 7° 10’ 36.21’’ 125° 38’ 57.87’’ 9 7° 10’ 35.70’’ 125° 39’ 01.21’’ 10 7° 10’ 34.15’’ 125° 39’ 01.13’’ 11 7° 10’ 33.64’’ 125° 38’ 59.97’’ 12 7° 10’ 32.23’’ 125° 39’ 00.19’’ 13 7° 10’ 33.05’’ 125° 39’ 02.08’’ 14 7° 10’ 35.26’’ 125° 39’ 03.52’’ 15 7° 10’ 38.42’’ 125° 39’ 03.37’’ 16 7° 10’ 37.61’’ 125° 39’ 05.38’’

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Corner Latitude Longitude 17 7° 10’ 40.66’’ 125° 39’ 07.34’’ 18 7° 10’ 41.08’’ 125° 39’ 07.57’’ 19 7° 10’ 42.37’’ 125° 39’ 08.99’’ 20 7° 10’ 43.46’’ 125° 39’ 08.98’’ 21 7° 10’ 43.97’’ 125° 39’ 08.91’’ 22 7° 10’ 44.75’’ 125° 39’ 09.24’’ 23 7° 10’ 45.71’’ 125° 39’ 09.39’’ 24 7° 10’ 46.11’’ 125° 39’ 08.82’’ 25 7° 10’ 45.25’’ 125° 39’ 09.29’’ 26 7° 10’ 44.11’’ 125° 39’ 08.65’’ 27 7° 10’ 43.69’’ 125° 39’ 08.69’’ 28 7° 10’ 43.74’’ 125° 39’ 08.54’’ 29 7° 10’ 43.43’’ 125° 39’ 07.00’’ 30 7° 10’ 46.17’’ 125° 39’ 05.93’’ 31 7° 10’ 55.92’’ 125° 39’ 02.54’’ 32 7° 10’ 53.90’’ 125° 39’ 04.15’’ 33 7° 10’ 53.07’’ 125° 39’ 05.46’’ 34 7° 10’ 51.04’’ 125° 39’ 07.29’’ 35 7° 10’ 49.68’’ 125° 39’ 08.32’’ 36 7° 10’ 46.49’’ 125° 39’ 07.76’’ 37 7° 10’ 46.04’’ 125° 39’ 08.33’’ 38 7° 10’ 46.11’’ 125° 39’ 08.82’’ 39 7° 10’ 46.70’’ 125° 39’ 08.01’’ 40 7° 10’ 50.56’’ 125° 39’ 11.99’’ 41 7° 10’ 51.35’’ 125° 39’ 13.14’’ 42 7° 10’ 47.84’’ 125° 39’ 15.41’’ 43 7° 10’ 44.53’’ 125° 39’ 13.76’’ 44 7° 10’ 40.14’’ 125° 39’ 12.55’’ 45 7° 10’ 33.90’’ 125° 39’ 10.82’’ 46 7° 10’ 29.99’’ 125° 39’ 11.58’’ 47 7° 10’ 29.67’’ 125° 39’ 11.67’’ 48 7° 10’ 29.51’’ 125° 39’ 10.79’’ 49 7° 10’ 18.42’’ 125° 39’ 10.67’’ 50 7° 10’ 18.63’’ 125° 39’ 13.50’’

Table1.2. Geographic Coordinates Encompassing the Port Facility Corner Latitude Longitude 1 7° 10’ 31.26’’ 125° 39’ 11.34’’ 2 7° 10’ 33.90’’ 125° 39’ 10.83’’ 3 7° 10’ 40.14’’ 125° 39’ 12.55’’ 4 7° 10’ 44.54’’ 125° 39’ 13.76’’ 5 7° 10’ 47.85’’ 125° 39’ 15.41’’ 6 7° 10’ 51.36’’ 125° 39’ 13.14’’ 7 7° 10’ 53.63’’ 125° 39’ 15.42’’ 8 7° 10’ 54.69’’ 125° 39’ 24.81’’ 9 7° 10’ 46.71’’ 125° 39’ 27.14’’ 10 7° 10’ 44.89’’ 125° 39’ 21.06’’ 11 7° 10’ 33.41’’ 125° 39’ 16.26’’ 12 7° 10’ 30.57’’ 125° 39’ 16.61’’ 13 7° 10’ 30.16’’ 125° 39’ 14.36’’ 14 7° 10’ 29.67’’ 125° 39’ 11.67’’ 15 7° 10’ 29.98’’ 125° 39’ 11.58’’ 16 7° 10’ 30.10’’ 125° 39’ 12.22’’ 17 7° 10’ 31.38’’ 125° 39’ 11.98’’

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The plant site is situated within the industrial zone of the city and with residential communities in the north and western boundaries. The Jetty area is located close to the plant and is hosted by the Davao Gulf. A national highway road separates the Jetty area and the Davao Plant cement manufacturing facilities. The location map is shown in Figure 1.1.

1.1.1 Accessibility The project is located along the National Highway in Davao City, about 5 kilometers away from Davao International Airport. It is accessible by land through the Pan-Philippine Highway stretching from the northern side to the center of the city. It is also accessible by air mainly through commercial flights and by sea through the Davao Gulf.

1.1.2 Delineation of Impact Areas The area subjected to the EIA was based on the perceived direct and indirect impact areas of the proposed project. As stipulated in DAO 2003-30, direct impact areas, in terms of physical environment, are those where all project facilities are to be constructed/situated and the designated project area. On the other hand, areas not directly subjected to any activities/construction and those outside the project area but are within the jurisdiction of Davao City (e.g. stretch of the river draining the project area, communities along haul roads) are considered as indirect impact areas. Consistent with the provision of DAO 2003-30, the direct impact barangay is Barangay Ilang, while the indirect impact area is the administrative district of Bunawan, which includes the following barangays:

1. Bunawan Proper 2. Ilang 3. Mahayag 4. Mudiang 5. Panacan 6. Tibungco

The proposed project modification will not cause displacement to existing households, business activities, industries, as well as local institutions.

1.2 Project Rationale The continuous growth in the infrastructure sector resulted to 6.6% annual increase in the sales of cement in 2016. The increase in the demand for cement is expected to be sustained as the Philippine Government accelerates infrastructure development in the next six (6) years. The 2017-2022 Philippine Development Plan characterized the next six (6) years as the “golden age of infrastructure”, in which the Philippine Government identified infrastructure development as one of its top priorities and will implement several projects that will spur further socio-economic growth.

To respond to the needs and to support further development specifically in Southern Mindanao, Holcim Philippines, a member of Lafarge Holcim, shall increase the cement grinding capacity of its Davao Plant. This requires the rehabilitation of existing Cement Mill #2 as well as the modification and upgrading of existing storage and port facilities.

The proposed project aims to reduce the transport costs between the cement producer and consumer in order to provide a more reasonable market price for cement. The installation of the conveyor belt systems shall likewise reduce the number of trucks plying along the national

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP highway. Thus, fugitive dust produced by hauling of materials will decrease and safety of the other road users will be assured as the number of road accidents involving trucks will be reduced.

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Figure 1.1.Location Map of Holcim Davao Plant

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Further, the proposed project will increase employment opportunities and bring additional revenue to local government through an increase in tax collection.

1.3 Project Alternative The nature of the proposed increase in cement grinding capacity of Davao Plant will focus on the rehabilitation, modification and upgrading of the existing project components of the Cement Plant and Port Facility, thus, the proponent has not considered any alternative project site.

1.4 Project Components The Davao Cement Plant is a cement processing and dispatching center. The dry process of cement production basically involves raw meal preparation, clinker production, cement grinding, cement storage, packing, and dispatching. The port area has three (3) ship berthing facilities with drafts ranging from 5.0 meters to 10.5 meters. The Holcim Davao Plant General Layout is shown in Figure 1.2. An illustration of the plant layout along with the proposed modification is presented in Figure 1.3.

The components of the existing operations are:

A. Production Facilities

1. Raw Material Crushing 2. Overland Conveyor 3. Raw Material Grinding 4. Clinker Production 5. Fuel preparation including AFR feeding and storage facilities 6. Clinker cooling 7. Cement grinding including cement silos 8. Packaging and loading (25 kg bags, tonner bags, bulk truck) 9. Cement dispatching 10. Port In-loading facilities

B. Non-Production Facilities 1. Administration office 2. Machine shop 3. Warehouses 4. Training center 5. Clinic 6. Fitness gym 7. Employee’s assembly hall (sports facilities) 8. Guard houses 9. Substations 10. Parking area 11. Locker rooms 12. Canteen

1.4.1 Proposed Plant Expansion The Project will focus on the rehabilitation, modification, and upgrading of existing facilities. It involves increasing the cement grinding capacity of Davao plant by restarting the idle existing 90 t/h capacity Cement Mill #2, utilizing clinker brought into the plant's jetty by ship. The existing raw materials handling and storage infrastructure between the Davao jetty and plant will be

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP upgraded to accommodate the additional materials volumes to be imported. Table 1.3 details the existing facilities/equipment for rehabilitation, modification, and upgrading.

The project encompasses installation of two (2) units eco-hopper at the plant’s jetty, a conveying system towards an existing storage materials facility and rehabilitation and activation of an existing ball mill with an output capacity of ninety tons per day cement. The project will also install a second transport pipe for the existing in-loading facility and reconstruction of a cement silo (Cement Silo #5).

A total of eighteen (18) bag filter type dust collectors will be installed across the key transfer points. All filters are adequately designed and provided with a filter-to-cloth ratio of no less than 1 m3/m2-min to ensure adequate surface area for capturing dust and pollution abatement. Table 1.3 details the existing facilities/equipment for rehabilitation, modification and upgrading.

Table1.3. Existing Facilities/Equipment for Rehabilitation, Modification, and Upgrade Plant Department Equipment Capacity MAIN STORAGE CAPACITIES CEMENT GRINDING Receiving of Clinker - Storage Clinker Hall Mill 2 (existing) ~40,000 t Limestone Hall Mill 2 (existing) ~2,000 t Gypsum Hall mill (existing) ~10,000 t Hall Mill 3 (existing) ~20,000 t Slag Hall Mill 3 (existing) ~5,000 t, balance outdoor Pozzolan Clinker storage #3 (existing) ~2,000t Cement Mill Feed Clinker Feed bin (existing) 390t Limestone Feed bin (existing) 70t Gypsum Feed bin (existing) 70t Cement Transport/Storage Storage: Cement Silos Silo 1 (existing) 4,000 t Silo 2 (existing) 4,000 t Silo 6 (existing) 15,000 t Silo 7 (existing) 15,000 t Silo 8 (existing) 2,000 t Silo 5 (for reconstruction) 5,000 t Storage – Fly ash Fly ash silos 300t MAIN EQUIPMENT CAPACITIES CEMENT GRINDING Clinker Receiving Eco hoppers Hoppers 2 x 700 tph Conveyors Raw material belt conveyors 700 tph Tripper belt conveyor 700 tph Cement Grinding – “OPC” Cement Milling Ball Mill #2 (new) 3,300 kW New equipment: One mill ventilation filter,

including fan One mill discharge air slide One separator feed bucket

elevator Series of separator feed air slides One ball mill trap Separator (option of modifying

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Plant Department Equipment Capacity the existing separator) Separator fan Process filter, including fan Series of separator rejects air

slides One flow meter One grinding aid system (supplied by the Plant / grinding air supplier) One water injection system Mill internals (liners, diaphragm,

1.4.2 Pollution Control Devices The project has three (3) units electrostatic precipitators serving the existing finish mill (FM3), clinker cooler and kiln and VRM areas. Jet pulse dust filters are also installed across the process line at identified points to control dust emissions. Figure 1.3 presents the installed pollution control devices along the process line.

1.4.3 Waste Management Solid wastes are segregated at source through the use of waste bins. The bins are labeled with paper and plastics, metal scrap, wood scrap and biodegradeable waste. All domestic wastes under the category of paper and plastics are co-processed in the kiln as alternative fuels. Scrap wood and metal are disposed thru an accredited scrap buyer for downcycling.

The plant is also an accredited Treatment, Storage and Disposal (TSD) Facility of the DENR-EMB. Hazardous wastes such as used oils and oil-contaminated rags are also co-processed as alternative fuel. Other hazardous wastes that are not covered by the plant’s TSD permit are treated and disposed thru a third party EMB accredited facility.

The main sources of wastewater from the plant are discharges from the plant’s cooling tower and rainwater run-off. Drainage system of the cooling waster leads to an oil trap to ensure separation of any residual oil. Runoff water are de-silted thru the use of gravel filters installed in the siltation ponds.

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Figure1.2. Holcim Davao Plant General Layout with the proposed modification

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Figure1.3. Illustration of Holcim Davao Plant General Layout with the proposed modification

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Figure1.4. Process flowsheet diagram with pollution control devices

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Plate 1.1 Holcim Davao Plant main entrance

Plate 1.2. Crusher materials is conveyed to the plant through a 7 km belt conveyor at 500 tph

Plate 1.3. Fuller vertical roller mill being used for raw material grinding.

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Plate 1.4. Kiln being used in clinker production (left photo); IKN Pendulum Clinker Coller (right photo)

Plate 1.5. Ball mill being used in cement grinding

Plate 1.6. Cement dispatch area

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1.5 Process/Technology

1.5.1 Cement Manufacturing/Processing Limestone a major raw material component of cement manufacturing is sourced from the Holcim Mining Development Coporation quarry and are transported to Holcim Davao cement plant’s crusher through dump trucks. The crusher is designed to have a capacity of 1,000 tons/hr. The crushed raw materials will then be transported to the portal storage by a 7-km belt conveyor that has a capacity of 500 tph. The raw materials are then fed to Fuller Vertical Roller Mill (Fuller Loesche Mill 48.4) at the rate of 300 tph. Next is clinker production in the kiln. The kiln has a capacity of 3770 tpd with 2,500 kW power. The clinker is being cooled in the IKN Pendulum Clinker Cooler with a capacity of 3,770 tpd. The cooled clinker is then conveyed to the clinker silo. Clinker withdrawn from the silo will be fed to the ball mill for the cement grinding process. The grinding process comprises 90% of clinker, 5% gypsum, and 5% mineral filler. The ball mill has a designed capacity of 210 tph.

Figure 1.5. presents the material balance of Holcim Davao plant.

1.5.1.1 Raw Materials The average annual quantities of raw materials required for the current and proposed expansion are as follows:

Finish Mill 2 will primarily utilize imported clinker from Vietnam.

Raw Materials Current Operations Proposed Expansion Combined (Quantity) Limestone 1.6 million MTPY for clinker buring + 26.8K MTPY 1.7 mio MTPY 108k MTPY for cement milling Silica 66k MTPY 0 66k MTPY Pozzolana 86k MTPY 0 ** 86k MTPY Gypsum 38k MTPY 33.5k MTPY 71.5 MTPY *Silica is only used in clinker production **Pozzolana is only used in Excel

All the above raw materials are to be purchased from third party sources and will be stockpiled in designated sites.

1.5.1.2 Resource Utilization The average volumes of resources being utilized by the current operation along with the proposed expansion are as follows:

Current Proposed Resource Source Combined Operations Expansion Water Plant owned groundwater pump and 306k cum per 36.1k cum 351k cum local water district for domestic water year per year per year *Coal Indonesian Coal, US Petcoke, Indian 125k MTPY 0 125k MTPY Petcoke (transported via vessel/barge) Bunker Fuel Local suppliers such as Petron 1.1 million LPY 0 1.1 million (transported via lorry) LPY Electricity/ Aboitiz Group 124 million 48 mio 181 mio Power Usage KWPY KWPY KWPY *Note: Coal and petcoke are delivered to the plant in barges or vessels, which are then transported to the storage areas of the plant using dump trucks upon unloading.

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Water Supply The water requirement for cement plant processing and manufacturing is sourced from the existing deep well pumping station located 2-3 km away from the plant. An NWRB permit was secured for both deep wells to pump water at the known source of 8.5 and 4.25 liter per second (LPS) for RC1 and RC2, respectively.

The domestic water need of the project of 32,139.27 m3 per annum is being supplied by the Davao City Water District (DCWD). This exclude domestic water use for drinking purposes that is being supplied by local water purifiers of Davao City.

At present, the plant consumes 286,888.90 m3 of ground water per annum or an average equivalent of 786.00 m3 per day. The ground water is mainly used for the cooling system make- up water, water spray FMILL 3, water spray coal mill, domestic, GCT, water hydrants, cooler area, and VRM Area.

Upon installation and operations of Finish Mill 2, there will be an increase in water use of about 36,310 m3. Bulk of the additional water use will be utilized as water spray (99.9%) while the remainder will be used as cooling water (0.98%).

Bunker Fuel Bunker Fuel is mainly used as fuel during start-up of kiln operations by firing. Generally, start-ups last for around eight (8) hours with a usage rate of 25-40 liters per minute of BFO. The annual consumption of BFO is directly proportional to the number of shutdowns in a year.

For the proposed expansion, there is no expected increase in BFO consumption. Finish Mill operation only requires the use of electricity to run the motors and auxilliary equipment. Fuel combustion is only applied in operating a kiln.

1.5.2 Dispatch Outbound Materials Davao Plant produces three (3) types of cement, namely: OPC, Excel (blended cement) and Wallright (masonry cement). The products are being dispatched either in bulk, bagged, or tonner. Bagged cement are packed in a 40 kgs bag using the roto-packers and loaded into trucks.

1.5.2.1 Ship Offloading Imported raw materials such as coal, clinker, slag etc. will be offloaded from up to 25,000 DWT ships at the port facilities.

Two (2) ECO-hoppers will be installed to run on rails on the quayside to receive the material from the ship's cranes, for transport to the appropriate storages at the plant. To facilitate this, the existing (currently unused) belt conveyor system will be upgraded to meet the 700 t/h ship offloading capacity requirement.

The proposed expansion is illustrated in Figure 1.6.

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1.5.2.2 Materials Handling, Transport and Storage The existing belt conveyor system will be modified, rehabilitated, and upgraded for the transportation of raw materials and coal to the existing plant storages.

A 700 t/h capacity conveyor system will transport clinker and other non-coal raw materials from the existing raw material transport system to the existing clinker and additives storage building.

This new tripper belt conveyor in the existing clinker storage building will be installed along one side of the building, under a new semi-automated grab crane system which will reclaim clinker and additives gypsum and limestone from the storage for feeding to the Cement Mill #2 feed bins.

The existing gypsum and slag tripper belt conveyor in the existing additive storage will be replaced by a new conveyor to cope with the increased transport capacity from the jetty.

The capacity of the coal transport conveyors to the existing storage, including the reversible conveyor inside the hall, will be increased by replacing the conveyors. Existing conveyor support galleries will be extended /reinforced as required.

1.5.2.3 Cement Mill#2 Rehabilitation All the mechanical process equipment components will need to be overhauled or replaced dependent on the current condition. Cement Mill #2 has an overall cement grinding capacity of 90 tph (OPC) that will result in the increase of the plant’s Standard Cement Production Capacity from 1,600,000 metric tpa to 2,270, 000 metric tpa. The increase is still within the approved plant’s total daily capacity production rate of 6,000 metric tons of clinker which is equivalent to 2,700,000 metric tpa of cement at 81% clinker factor.

Technical Description of Proposed Equipment Modification Cement Grinding The idle cement mill #2 will be restarted by upgrading and/or replacing equipment as required.

Receiving of Clinker Imported raw materials such as coal, clinker, slag etc. are offloaded from up to 25,000 DWT ships at the Holcim Davao port facilities.

Holcim Davao will employ two ECO-hoppers running on rails on the quayside to receive the material from the ship's cranes, for transport to the appropriate storages at the plant. In order to facilitate this, the existing (currently unused) belt conveyor system needs to be upgraded to meet the 700 t/h ship offloading capacity requirement. The system requirements are:  Two Eco-hoppers on rails, including dedusting equipment as required;  Two new clamshells for ship unloading;  Two belt conveyors extracting materials from the Eco-hoppers;  Series of new belt conveyors running from the port facility to the plant, support gallery partially reutilized;  One new tripper belt conveyor installed along one side of the existing clinker and additive storage hall;  Replacement of the existing grab crane in the existing storage hall; and  Dedusting and auxiliary equipment as required.

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Figure1.5.Holcim Davao plant material flow balance

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Figure1.6.Existing plant operation along with the proposed expansion (highlighted in red)

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Clinker Transport to Mill Feed Bin Clinker and additives will be fed to their respective existing feed bins by the new grab crane in the storage hall.

Cement Mill Feed Clinker and additives will be extracted from the existing feed bins by means of belt weigh feeders discharging on a collecting belt apron conveyor feeding the existing ball mill. The system requirements are:  One existing clinker feed bin o One new belt weigh feeder  Additive feed bins o One existing Limestone feed bin o One new Limestone belt weigh feeder o One existing gypsum feed bin o One new Gypsum belt weigh feeder o One new belt pan conveyor feeding the existing ball mill o One new belt apron conveyor feeding the ball mill o Dedusting and auxiliary equipment as required

Cement Mill The existing 90 t/h #2 cement ball mill at Davao has been standing idle since 2006 and is now to be restarted. In order for the mill to be restarted for service at its original 90 t/h nominal OPC production capacity, all the mechanical process equipment components will need to be overhauled or replaced depending on their current condition.

Cement Mill #2 was installed by FLS 1984 and its original first generation separator was replaced by a Polysius SEPOL 230/4 in 1997.

A preliminary assessment of the installation performed in March 2015 showed that some parts of the existing installation could possibly be reused to restart the mill. The major findings were:  Equipment in reasonable conditions, but requiring reconditioning: o Mill shell, trunnion, gear box o Separator casing, gear box, separator fan, separator shaft completely submerged in dust o Bucket elevator casing, gear box  Equipment in poor conditions and to be replaced o Mill trunnion lubrication unit o Mill ventilation fan o Bucket elevator chains o All electrical equipment, including cabling o Among others

For the preparation of the Feasibility study, a detailed assessment was performed by Cemtech International, Thailand. The assessment revealed that only limited equipment can be reutilized or reconditioned at a reasonable cost. Additionally, all electrical equipment, including main mill motor, cabling, MCC’s etc. is to be replaced.

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The upgraded cement mill #2 will be fed by a pan conveyor. At the mill, discharge material will be transported by an air slide to a bucket elevator feeding the separator via a series of air slides. A ball trap will be installed in one of the air slides. Separator rejects will be recirculated by means of air slides to the mill inlet.

The system requirements are:  Equipment rehabilitation o Ball mill shell o Ball mill gear box o Ball mill service crane  New equipment o One mill ventilation filter, including fan o One mill discharge air slide o One separator feed bucket elevator o Series of separator feed air slides o One ball mill trap o Separator, Option of modifying the existing separator to be discussed with suppliers o Separator fan o Process filter, including fan o Series of separator rejects air slides o One flow meter o One grinding aid system (supplied by the Plant /grinding aid supplier) o One water injection system o Mill internals (liners, diaphragm, ball charge) o Auxiliaries, such as dedusting filters, valves, hoists etc. as required

Cement Transport and Storage Finish product from the process filter will be transported by means of air slides to a new pneumatic cement transport system. Cement from the restarted mill will be transported to existing cement silos # 1, 2 and new silo # 5 in a new transport pipe.

The system requirements are:  Reconstruction of cement silo #5  New series of air slides, including blowers  One new automatic sampler (manual sample collection)  One new pneumatic cement transport system (pressure vessel type), including compressors  One new cement transport pipe on existing structure to silos # 1, 2 and new # 5, including diverter gates  One new bag filter for each silo # 1 and 5 (existing filter on silo #2 reused)

Shipping Station Receiving of Cement Imported Cement will be offloaded from up to 11,000 DWT self-offloading ships at the port facilities at the Davao plant site from where Cement will be transported pneumatically to existing silos # 6 and 7. The system requirements are:  One new Cement transport pipe (installed along the existing pipe) from the port to silos # 6 and 7, including diverter gates  One new bag filter for each silo # 6 and 7

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Gypsum and Additive Preparation and Handling Unloading and Storage At one end of the clinker storage hall, gypsum and slag will be fed from the tripper belt conveyor via a chute onto a new belt conveyor running to the existing storage hall. The existing tripper belt conveyor in the storage hall will be upgraded as required.

The system requirements are:  One new chute  One new belt conveyor  Upgrade of existing tripper belt conveyor in the existing storage hall

Traditional Fuels Preparation and Handling Fuel Unloading and Storage From the new transfer tower at the port, coal will be diverted onto a series of new belt conveyors feeding a new reversible discharge belt conveyor in the existing storage hall. The belt conveyor capacity will be upgraded to cope with the ship offloading capacity of 460 tph. The conveyor galleries will be extended/reinforced as required.

The system requirements are:  Series of three new belt conveyors running from the transfer tower at the port to the existing storage hall  One new reversible belt conveyor in the storage hall  Extension and reinforcement of existing conveyor galleries as required

General Plant Services Compressed Air Systems The plant compressed air system will be extended to the additional consumers as required. The system requirements are:  One new compressed air system for “jetty area” consumers  One new compressed air system for “mill area” consumers

Water System Process Water Treatment and Distribution The plant process water system will be extended to the additional consumers as required. The system requirements are:  One cooling water system (cooling tower) installed in Mill area

The proposed Finish Mill 2 reactivation will require a cooling system using groundwater (Figure 1.7 and Plate 1.7). The system will be needing a supply of 57.1 m3/hr of which will be supplied from the existing groundwater well of Holcim. Water from the well will be pumped to a tank with a capacity of 200 m3 of water. From the tank, a pipeline will be installed connecting to a cooling tower, which is designed to hold up to 100 m3 of water. The system will be equipped with two (2) units water pump with a rating of 100 m3/hr and a 22 kilowatt drive motor. The cooling system is designed to be closed-loop hence it will only require 10 m3 per month of make-up water in its operation.

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Plate 1.7. Illustration of the proposed cooling water system

Inherent to the operation of the ball mill in producing cement, a water spray will also be necessary in its milling activity. The estimated consumption of water per month is 3,000 m3. The source of this will be the same as the cooling water.

The process flowsheet highlighting the proposed modification of Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility is presented in Figure 1.8.

1.6 Project Size

1.6.1 Project Area The cement plant is located in Barangay Ilang, Davao City covering a total area of 29.80 hectares (previous ECC area, no area expansion). Adjacent to the cement plant is the port facility with a total area of 18.23 hectares.

The area is privately owned by Holcim Philippines Inc. (Annex 1.3 – Proof of Authority over Project Site). The informal settlers residing within the Holcim properties currently managed by Holcim Mining and Development Corporation (HMDC) will be relocated thru a housing project organized by the LGU of Ilang. There is an on-going community organizing facilitated by the LGU.

1.6.2 Production Capacity The project has an existing cement production capacity of 670,000 TPA to support the growing demand for cement in the country, the company will increase the production capacity to 2,272,000 TPA.

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Figure1.7. Process flow diagram of the cooling water system of Finish Mill 2

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Figure1.8. Process flow with the proposed modifications

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1.7 Development Plan, Description of Project Phases, and Corresponding Timeframes

1.7.1 Pre-Construction Phase  Planning of technical design and finalization of construction method for the installation of the plant facilities;  Soil investigation prior tendering of civil works; and  Securing of necessary permits.

In compliance with the commitment of environmental protection and community development, the activities stipulated in the existing Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP), and Social Development Plan (SDP) shall still be implemented.

1.7.2 Construction Phase Construction phase involves the following:  Hiring of qualified manpower required to complement the workers in the construction/rehabilitation works and mining and processing operation activities; and  Construction of new plant facilities to support the proposed expansion.

The construction activity for the proposed modifications is projected to commence after the acquisition of all regulatory permits from government offices. Construction activities will entail the use of heavy equipment and clearing of some facilities.

1.7.3 Operation Phase The operation phase encompasses all the activities for cement plant manufacturing and for port operations. Actual procedures in carrying out the activities were discussed in the preceding sections.

During this phase, Holcim Davao will also be implementing the activities stipulated in the EMP, EMoP, and SDP; simultaneous with its operations to ensure environmental protection and community development.

1.7.4 Abandonment/Decommissioning Phase The major activity involved in this phase is the decommissioning of Port Facility and Cement Manufacturing Plant. The closure and decommissioning activities will be implemented in consultation with the host communities through the Local Government Units.

1.8 Manpower The current operation of Holcim Davao Cement Plant has a total of 160 permanent employees. During the construction phase, fourteen (14) project-based employees will be hired. After completion of the project, additional ten (10) employees will be hired in accordance with the labor laws and based on qualifications and skills being required.

The current and estimated manpower requirement during construction and operation is listed in Table 1.4.

Table1.4. Manpower Requirement Position No of Personnel Construction Phase (Project Based) Project Manager 1

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Position No of Personnel Site Project Manager 1 Finance Controller 1 Project Support Staff 3 Mechanical Engineer 1 Civil Engineer 1 Automation Manager 1 Site Safety Manager 1 Site Civil Engineer 1 Site Safety Officer 1 Site Mechanical Engineer 1 Site Electrical Engineer 1 Total 14 Operations Phase Operations Manager (Existing) 1 Production Manager (Existing) 1 Maintenance Manager (Existing) 1 Shift Production Technician (New) 4 Shift OHC Operator (New) 4 Shift Electrical Instrument Technician (New) 1 Mechanical Maintenance Technician (New) 1 Quality Assurance Analyst (Existing) 1 Physical Analyst (Existing) 1 Production Planner (Existing) 1 Environment Officer (Existing) 1 CSR Manager (Existing) 1 Total 18

General Hiring Policy Personnel requirements are filled in with the most qualified applicants who possess the required skills, knowledge and behavior, and have the potential for growth within the organization. The company is an "Equal Opportunity Employer" and promotes Diversity and Inclusion, hence it shall not tolerate any form of discrimination on the basis of gender, age, race, religion or civil status. Internal candidates are given priority to align with the principle of employee development.

Employment of PWD/Women/Senior Citizen Persons with disabilities shall be considered following the concept of fit to job requirements in due consideration with compliance to Health and Safety standards.

On hiring women, the company provides a non-discriminatory workplace. Increasing women in the management team is part of Holcim's 2030 Goal.

Employees are given the option to retire on normal retirement age of 60 or an early retirement at age 55 with 10 years of service. Workers beyond 60 years old may continue to work on a case to case basis. Engaged contractors or consultants have no age requirement.

Direct-hired/Agency-hired and Contractors Regular employees are based on the approved manpower (Full Time Employee and Table of Organization). Work assigned are those necessary and desirable to the business. The company provides compensation and benefits way above the legal requirements.

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The company does not have agency hired workers but engages with valid contractors to provide products and services that can be validly contracted. The contracts of the company and the vendors includes stipulations on compliance with all labor and tax laws and all other related laws bearing on employment. The following are the key processes that a contracted vendor undergoes upon engagement with HPI: Accreditation; Selection; Identification of capable contractors; Tendering; Contract awarding; Pre-start Orientation; Safety Permitting; Project Implementation; and Contractor Performance Evaluation.

1.9 Project Costs The proposed project modification will require a total amount of PHP990.41 Million. The breakdown is provided in Table 1.5.

Table1.5. Project Costs Details Amount (In PHP Million) Steel Structure 123.96 Mechanical Equipment 428.15 Electrical Equipment 159.59 Civil Works 23.52 Construction and Installation 255.19 TOTAL 990.41

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2.0 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS This section discusses the current condition of land, water, air and people within the project area based on the collected primary and secondary data. Furthermore, possible impacts of the existing plant operations and proposed modification were identified along with the corresponding mitigating measures.

The foregoing discussion will not cover Geology/Geomorphology, Pedology and Terrestrial Ecology under Land and portions of Hydrology/Hyrdogeology and Oceanography under Water as these components were deemed not applicable during the technical scoping conducted on November 3, 2017.

2.1 The Land

2.1.1 Land Use and Classification 2.1.1.1 Methodology The land-use data of Davao City were sourced from the 2013-2022 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Davao City while the hazard maps were downloaded from the website of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office of Davao City (http://drrmo.davaocity.gov.ph/index.php/hazard-maps/). Secondary data were also obtained from the Davao City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) for the discussion on Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA).

2.1.1.2 Results and Discussion Davao City is divided into several Land Use Categories as shown in Table 2.1. The major land use in Davao City are grasslands/pasture, agriculture, forest/forest-use, and residential. Industrial area only comprises 0.35% of Davao City’s land area.

There are 2,420 small to large scale industries, most of which belong to agro-processing. Some of the industrial allocated areas lack proper infrastructures and utilities thus rapid population growth surpassed the utilization of industrial lands. This led to rezoning with some pockets of residential areas between industrial zones.

Table 2.1. Land Use distribution of Davao City Land Use Categories Area (in hectares) Percent to Total Urban Use Areas Residential 8,382.38 3.44% Commercial 1,583.32 0.65% Infrastructure/Utilities 208.62 0.09% Institutional 629.03 0.26% Parks/Playgrounds and other recreational spaces 61.73 0.03% Industrial 853.02 0.35% Planned Unit Development 76.86 0.03% Open Space 1,258.80 0.52% Agriculture 73,086.05 29.95% Forest and forest use categories 39,916.94 16.36% Mining/Quarrying 157.14 0.06% Grassland/Pasture 116,832.08 47.88% Agro-industrial 168.36 0.07% Tourism 200.08 0.08% Special Use 342.09 0.14% Water Uses (Fishponds / Mangroves)

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Land Use Categories Area (in hectares) Percent to Total Fishpond (Inland water use) 209.98 0.09% Mangrove forests 33.91 0.01% TOTAL 244,000.00 100.00% Water Use (Marine Protected Area) 415

Land Use Compatibility The project site is located on a coastal area, within the Davao City, facing the Davao Gulf. As delineated by the Davao City government, the area is an industrial zone (Figure 2.1). Adjacent to the site are other industries such as Union Galvasteel Corp. and Terminal Facilities and Services Corp. while a residential area (Brgy. Ilang) is situated along the northern boundary of the project site. Holcim-Davao maintains an open communication with the residents of Brgy. Ilang to address any concerns with regards to the operation of the cement plant.

Environmentally Critical Areas Presidential Proclamation No. 2146 series of 1981 categorizes Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) as follows: 1. Areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves and sanctuaries; 2. Areas set aside as aesthetic, potential tourist spots; 3. Areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered nor threatened species of indigenous Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna); 4. Areas of unique historic, archeological, geological and scientific interests; 5. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes; 6. Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities: Geologic hazard areas, Flood-prone areas, Areas frequently visited or hard-hit by typhoons and Areas prone to volcanic activities/earthquakes; 7. Areas with critical slope; 8. Areas classified as prime agricultural lands; 9. Recharge areas of aquifers; 10. Water bodies; 11. Mangrove areas; and 12. Coral reefs.

Thru EMB Memorandum Circular 2014 – 005, otherwise known as the “Revised Guidelines for Coverage Screening and Standardized Requirements under the Philippine EIS System,” ECA’s listed in the said proclamation were later amended to provide a clearer definition. According to the new definition of the categories stated therein, the nearest ECA to the project site are:

1. Watershed Reserve

According to the Davao City CENRO, there are nine (9) identified watershed areas within Davao City, namely: Tambobong Watershed, Suawan, Malagos, Manuel Guianga, Marangan Creek, Tagakpan River, Daliaon/Camansig/Tungkalan, Tungkalan/Tagluno and Bayabas Creek (Figure 2.2). Among the list, Malagos Wastershed is the closest, which is approximately 20 kilometers west of the project site.

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Source: http://map.davaocity.gov.ph/zoning/, accessed 2018 Figure 2.1. Davao City land use map

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Figure 2.2. ECA map of Davao City

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2. Water bodies

Under EMB Memorandum Circular 2014-005, all natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and bay are categorized as an environmentally critical area whether it has been classified or not. Accordingly, Ilang River and Davao Gulf are classified as environmentally critical areas.

3. Areas hard-hit by natural calamities

According to the hazard maps prepared by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau XI (MGB), the project site is located along an area which has low susceptibility to landslide and moderate susceptibility to flood (Figure 2.3) and moderate to high susceptibility to liquefaction (Figure 2.4). The project site is also likely to experience very destructive to devastating ground shaking with a PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale of VIII or higher (Figure 2.5).

2.1.1.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures Impact on compatibility with existing land use The project is located in an area that is declared as an industrial zone by the municipal government. Thus, the project site is compatible with the current land use of the area.

Possible tenurial/land issue The Ilang Relocation Housing Project was launched in 2015 where a total of 212 houses were built with road network and primary drainage in the 3-hectare land donated by Holcim Philippines. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) allocated PhP11M for the construction of houses covering labor and material while the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Ilang provided sand and gravel and led in family organizing, volunteerism and community engagement.

The remaining informal settlers residing along the Holcim properties currently being managed by Holcim Mining and Development Corporation (HMDC) will be relocated thru a housing project organized by the the LGU of Ilang. Ongoing community organizing facilitated by the LGU is taking place.

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Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. XI Figure 2.3. Landslide and flood susceptibility map of Davao City indicating the project site

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Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. XI Figure 2.4. Liquefaction hazard map of Davao City indicating the project site

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Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. XI Figure 2.5. Ground Shaking hazard map of Davao City indicating the project site

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2.2 The Water

2.2.1 Hydrology – Water Resource Use and Competition Holcim Philippines Inc. - Davao Cement Plant have an existing deep well pumping station about 2- 3 km away from the plant with geographic coordinates listed in Table 2.2. An NWRB permit (Annex 2.1) was secured for both deep wells to pump water at the known source of 8.5 and 4.25 liter per second (LPS) for RC1 and RC2, respectively. The ground water pumping station serves as the main industrial water source for cement plant processing and manufacturing.

Table 2.2. Holcim Davao water source Location Type Name Latitude Longitude Deep Well RC Tank 1 (RC1) 07o, 10’, 50” N 125 o, 33’, 30” E Deep well RC Tank 2 (RC2) 07o, 10’, 1 N 125 o, 33’, 350” E

The domestic water need of the project of 32,139.27 m3 per annum is being supplied by the Davao City Water Disctrict (DCWD). This exclude domestic water use for drinking purposes that is being supplied by local water purifiers of Davao City.

2.2.1.1 Methodology Water Balance Below is the simplified water balance equation that was used to calculate Holcim Davao Cement Plant’s water use:

Input = Output

where: Input = (Water withdrawal) Output = (Consumption + Discharge + Losses)

2.2.1.2 Results and Discussion Presented in Table 2.3 is the water balance of the cement plant without the proposed modification (i.e. addition of Finish Mill 2). The annual total input (withdrawal/total annual water use of the project) is 319,028.17 m3 (94.67%) while the annual total output is 311,975.44 m3 (5.33%) as seen in Column 6. Based on the water balance, Holcim Davao Cement Plant has a positive net annual water surplus.

Table 2.3. Annual b alance of Holcim Davao Cement Plant WATER BALANCE (m3 annum-1) Water Withdrawal Water Consumption Discharge Cooling Davao City System Blowdown Water Balance Summary % 9,955.00 Water District Make-Up 32,139.27 Water Water 9,955.00 84,370.15 Withdrawal 319,028.17 94.67 Spray

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WATER BALANCE (m3 annum-1) FMILL 3 Water Spray 7,172.02 Consumption 302,020.44 3.12 Coal Mill Discharge 9,955.00 2.21 GCT 14,400.00 Losses (Evaporation, 7,052.73 0.0 Ground Water Domestic 32,139.27 Leaks) (RC Pumping Unaccounted Station) Water Water 286,888.90 1,920.00 Hydrants Cooler 0.0 82,800.00 Area VRM 69,264.00 Area Total 319,028.17 302,020.44 9,955.00 319,028.17 100

Upon installation and operations of Finish Mill 2, there will be an increase in water use of about 36,310 m3 as shown in Table 2.4.

The projected yearly additional consumption of water from 2019 – 2021 is presented in Table 2.5. Bulk of the additional water use will be utilized as water spray (99.9%) while the remainder will be used as cooling water (0.98%).

The projected annual additional increase of the total water withdrawal coming from the ground water pumping station of 36,310.00 m3 for cooling water and water spray will be realized upon the completion of the proposed modification of the cement plant, which will commence on 2019. Note that the projected annual water consumption of 36,310.00 m3 will slightly decrease to 36,120.00 m3 on 2020 and 2021 (a decrease of about 200 m3 per annum).

Hence, there is still more than enough input water (withdrawal from the ground water pumping station) to supply the proposed modification in terms of water use. This will not affect the water supply of the neighboring industrial sites and the nearby community.

Table 2.4. Projected annual water use of the proposed addition of Finish Mill 2 of Holcim Davao Cement Plant PROJECTION OF WATER CONSUMPTION 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (EXISTING + MODIFICATION), m3

Process Water Line 3 286,888.90 286,000.00 286,000.00 286,000.00 286,000.00 Finish Mill 2 0 0 36,310.00 36,120.00 36,120.00 Domestic Water Davao City Water District 32,139.27 32,000.00 32,000.00 32,000.00 32,000.00 Total 319,028.17 318,000.00 354,310.00 354,120.00 354,120.00

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Table 2.5. Annual water use assumptions Assumptions: FINISH MILL 2 WATER CONSUMPTION ASSUMPTION (m3) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 2019 Cooling Water 200 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 310 Water Spray 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 36,000.00 36,310.00 2020 Cooling Water 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 Water Spray 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 36,000.00 36,120.00 2021 Cooling Water 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 Water Spray 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 36,000.00 Total 36,120.00

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2.2.1.3 Potential Impacts and Mitigating Measures Climate Change Scenario Effects of Climate Change The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 of PAGASA (Climate Change in the Philippines, February 2011) under the medium-range emission scenario are shown in Table 2.6 and 2.7. According to the publication, there is a projected decrease of 2.4 mm in the average rainfall (baseline data) of the wettest quarter (i.e. months of June, July and August) in year 2020 for Davao del Sur while an increase of 18.1 mm in the average rainfall for the driest quarter (December, January, February) is expected for the period. This indicates a more distributed rainfall throughout the year which possibly lowers the number of frequent high flows in the Lipadas River basin. This is also the case for the 2050 projection where there is a decrease of 12.6 mm for June, July, August months and an increase of 15.2 mm for December, January and February.

The projection, however, shows a slight increase in the number of days when rainfall is more than 150 mm (Table 2.6), which can be associated to extreme flood events. In the years 2006 to 2035, PAGASA predicts the occurrence of three (3) extreme rainfall events while four (4) is expected during years 2036 – 2065 (Table 2.7).

Impacts to Floods and Droughts The proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant does not contribute in any manner to flooding as there will be very minimal ground disturbance and there will be no change in land use. Thus, the runoff and water infiltration rate will not be altered.

The original design of the drainage system and the water outfall of the Holcim Davao Cement plant are directed towards the Davao Gulf as shown in the site plant and port modification layout (Figure 1.2).

Because of the more evenly distributed rainfall projection for Davao, the number of dry days both for 2020 and 2050 projection has increased as shown in Table 2.6. This will be beneficial for the Lipadas River Basin as this will result to a decrease in flooding events and an increase in ground water recharge due to the more or less uniform rainfall depths. Thus, the basin will experience a higher baseflow during the dry months of the year as compared to historical records.

As for the project’s impact on groundwater recharge, there will be negligible effect or none at all since the project site development is near or along the coast line. Recharge in the ground water could occur along upstream of the project.

Table 2.6. PAGASA Climate Change Projection for Region 11 Seasonal temperature increases (oC) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-rainge emission scenario OBSERVED BASELINE CHANGE IN 2020 CHANGE IN 2050 Provinces 1971 - 2000 (2006 – 2035) (2036 – 2065) DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON Compostela Valley 26.7 27.8 27.6 27.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.1 Davao del Norte 26.7 27.8 27.4 27.4 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.1 Davao del Sur 26.9 27.8 26.9 27.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.0 Davao Oriental 26.8 27.8 27.5 27.6 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.0 Seasonal rainfall change (in %) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission scenario OBSERVED BASELINE CHANGE IN 2020 CHANGE IN 2020 Provinces 1971 - 2000 (2006 – 2035) (2006 – 2035) DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON

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Compostela Valley 748.1 559.0 546.7 586.6 10.2 -11.3 -2.7 0.3 6.6 -21.9 -6.5 0.0 Davao del Norte 637.0 496.5 535.6 556.2 9.2 -12.5 -3.6 -1.5 1.1 -22.2 -7.9 -2.2 Davao Del Sur 288.1 347.1 494.1 4422.3 18.1 -9.8 -7.8 -2.4 15.1 -12.0 -12.6 -4.5 Davao Oriental 827.3 611.8 540.4 599.2 12.3 -5.7 -4.7 1.2 15.9 -16.1 -9.9 4.9

Table 2.7. Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium – range emission scenario in Davao del Sur No. of Days No of Days w/Rainfall No of Dry Days w/ Tmax >35 oC >150mm Province Station Observed Observed Observed (1971 – 2020 2050 (1971 – 2020 2050 (1971 – 2020 2050 2000) 2000) 2000) Davao Del Davao 109 2981 5373 7930 4789 5368 2 3 4 Sur

2.2.2 Water Quality This section presents the results of primary baseline data water quality gathering and sampling activities held on December 5-7, 2017. The data gathered were intended to assess the potential impacts of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project located in Barangay Ilang, City of Davao, Province of Davao del Sur into the ground, stream/surface and marine waters within and outside of the project Location.

The potential environmental impacts of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and its port facility project on the very fragile water resources within the direct impact area (DIA) and the indirect impact areas (IIA) of the project site is a sensitive issue. Specifically, the water quality assessments have been undertaken to:  Describe the existing water resources conditions at the project site and the immediate vicinities; and  Assess the project impact on the water resources during the construction and operations phases.

2.2.2.1 Methodology Primary data collection of the water quality inside and outside the project site was conducted on December 5 - 7, 2017. The national and local regulations used in the water quality assessment, water quality sampling locations, sampling procedures, and laboratory analytical methods, and limitations of the study are presented in the succeeding subsections.

National and Local Regulations on Water Quality The national legislation for the protection and the preservation of water bodies of the Philippines is the Republic Act No. 9275, the Clean Water Act of 2004 (CWA 2004). Pursuant to Section 32 of this act, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) promulgated the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of CWA 2004 under the Administrative Order No. 10, Series of 2005 (DAO 2005-10) for the preservation and abatement of water pollution.

The DENR Administrative Order 08, Series of 2016: Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards of 2016 is issued to provide guidelines for the classification of water bodies in the country; determination of time trends and the evaluation of stages of deterioration/enhancement in water quality; pollution; and designation of water quality management areas (WQMA). In addition, the order is issued to set the general effluent standards (GES). The DENR AO 2016-08 details the classification of the Philippine waters and provides water quality criteria of our fresh, brackish and, marine waters. Further, DENR AO 2016-08 was the guideline used in assessing the water quality of the fresh and marine waters within or near the

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP project site. The ground water quality of the sampling locations was assessed according to the drinking water guidelines specified in the Department of Health (DOH) Administrative Order 2007 – 12, otherwise known as the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2007 (PNSDW 2007).

Sampling Locations A total of thirteen (13) sampling locations that include surface water (stream) ground and, marine waters were established within and outside the project area. Tables 2.8 – 2.10 and Figure 2.6 shows the established water quality sampling locations and their corresponding geographic coordinates.

Stream/Surface Water Quality Sampling Locations Six (6) surface water quality sampling Locations within and outside the project site were established. Surface water quality sampling stations included the upstream and downstream portion of the Ilang River (SW1; SW2, respectively) and, the three (3) Holcim silt ponds and one (1) oil trap namely SW3; SW4; SW5 and SW6, respectively were established. Table 2.8 shows the detailed description of the stream and Holcim Cement Plant environmental enhancement facilities water quality sampling sites. The type of waterway was determined based on the river morphology as described by Ramsey and Burckley (1966).

Table 2.8.Stream and surface water quality sampling stations Name and Station Waterway Location of Description of Sampling Station Coordinates ID Type Water Body The station is the upstream portion of the Ilang River. The water is clear and flow Ilang River slowly and, is not used for any domestic Latitude: Upstream Alluvial purposes. The narrow channel is 07° 10' 37.7" N SW1 Brgy Ilang, Gravel controlled by alluvial fine silt and sand. Longitude: Davao Various trees and grass species cover the 125° 38' 50.4" E Del Sur river banks. Presence of various organic and domestic debris was observed Ilang River The station is the Downstream portion of Latitude: Downstream Ilang River near the Holcim Cement plant. Valley fill 07° 10' 38.4" N SW2 Brgy. Ilang, The water is slightly turbid and flow very systems Longitude: Davao slowly. Few riparian vegetation is present 125° 39' 12.7" E Del Sur on both sides The station is one of the silt trap Latitude: Weigh Bridge strategically positioned within the Holcim 07° 10' 2.74" N SW3 Holcim Davao Davao plant for water quality Longitude: Cement Plant enhancement purposes 125° 39' 20.4" E The station is one of the silt trap Latitude: Fort Steel strategically positioned within the Holcim 07° 10' 27.3" N SW4 Holcim Davao Davao plant for water quality Longitude: Cement Plant enhancement purposes 125° 39' 18.8" E Cement The station is one of the silt trap Latitude: Bodega strategically positioned within the Holcim 07° 10' 32.7" N SW5 Holcim Davao Davao plant for water quality Longitude: Cement Plant enhancement purposes 125° 39' 17.9" E Latitude: Oil Trap The station is the lone oil trap to eliminate 07° 10' 27.0" N SW6 Holcim Davao oil contamination. Positioned inside the Longitude: Cement Plant plant beside Tefasco 125° 39' 18.5" E

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Ground Water Quality Sampling Stations The four (4) ground water (GW) quality sampling stations (GW1, GW2, GW3 and GW4) were all established outside the project site (Table 2.9). Three of the GW quality sampling stations (GW3, GW4, GW5) are located at Purok 2B, 3B and 12. All are used for drinking and other domestic uses by the Barangay DIA and IIA areas of the project. While the GW4 (RC Tank) is the company ground water source for its processing purposes only.

Table 2.9. Ground water quality sampling stations Station Location of Description of Sampling Station Coordinates ID Sampling Station Deep well, communal hand pump Purok 2B, Brgy. Latitude: 07° 10' 43.1" N GW1 faucet. Used for drinking and washing Ilang Longitude: 125° 38' 56.5" E purposes Deep well hand pump faucet Purok 3B, Brgy. Latitude: 07° 11' 1.4" N GW2 Constructed on 1972. Utilized for Ilang Longitude: 125° 39' 5.1" E drinking started on 1990 Used by the Muslim Purok 12, Brgy. mosque/community for cleansing Latitude: 07° 11' 14.9" N GW3 Ilang before prayer, for drinking, and other Longitude: 125° 38' 59.4" E domestic purposes Holcim Davao Cement plant ground RC Tank, Brgy. Latitude: 07° 10' 56.2" N GW4 water pumping station for processing Ilang Longitude: 125° 39' 00.9" E purposes only

Marine Water Quality Sampling Stations The three (3) marine water quality sampling stations (Table 2.10) are mainly located within the Holcim cement plant namely MW1 (Pier 1), MW2 (Pier 2) and MW3 (Pier 3) hosting the Davao gulf for ship berthing facilities with drafts ranging from 5.0 meters to 10.5 meters.

Table 2.10. Marine Water Quality Sampling Stations Station Location of Description of Sampling Station Coordinates ID Sampling Station Located near the Holcim Cement Plant Pier 1, Holcim Latitude: 07° 10' 28.2" N MW1 hosted by the Davao Gulf mainly for Davao Cement Plant Longitude: 125° 39' 20.5" E Ship Berthing Facility Located near the Holcim Cement Plant Pier 2, Holcim Latitude: 07° 10' 33.3" N MW2 hosted by the Davao Gulf mainly for Davao Cement Plant Longitude: 125° 39' 21.1" E Ship Berthing Facility Located near the Holcim Cement Plant Pier 3, Holcim Latitude: 07° 10' 38.4" N MW3 hosted by the Davao Gulf mainly for Davao Cement Plant Longitude: 125° 39' 24.5" E Ship Berthing Facility

Data Analysis The results of the laboratory analyses were compared to existing national water quality environmental standards that include the:

 Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM, Table 2.11)  PNSDW 2007 (Table 2.12)  DENR AO 2016-08 (Table 2.13)

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Figure 2.6. HPI – Davao water quality sampling stations

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Table 2.11. BSWM Electrical Conductivity Standards (S m-1) Very Low Low Medium High Very High <0.15 0.15 – 0.40 0.40 – 0.80 0.80 – 2.0 >2.00

Parameters and Analysis for Ground, Stream/Surface and, Marine Water Quality The physical and chemical properties, organic and inorganic composition, bacteriological properties and the presence of heavy metals was determined by subjecting all of samples to analyses and is presented in Tables 2.12 and 2.13. Same sets of analytes were examined for all ground, stream/surface and, marine water samples.

Table 2.12. PNSDW 2007 Standards PNSDW 2007 PARAMETERS STANDARDS pH 6.5 – 8.5 Temperature (°C) NA Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) NA Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) NA Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) NA Total Dissolved Solids (g/L) 0.50 Oil and grease NA Arsenic (mg/L) 0.05 Cadmium (mg/L) 0.003 Lead (mg/L) 0.01 Hexavalent Chromium (mg/L) NA Mercury (mg/L) 0.001 Fecal Coliform (MPN 100 ml-1) <1.1 Total Coliform (MPN 100 ml-1) <1.1

Sampling Methodology Sampling and Handling Procedures Water sampling and handling techniques are based on the water quality monitoring manual issued by the Environmental Management Bureau, DENR (2008).

In-situ Measurements Hand Held meters were used to determine the pH, Total dissolved solid (TDS), availability of dissolved oxygen (DO), ambient temperature (°C) and electrical conductivity (EC) of streams/surface, marine, and ground waters. The pH levels, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids and ambient water temperatures were determined using the Horiba LAQUAact- DO110 Model. Dissolved oxygen readings were obtained using the Horiba LAQUAactPC110 (Plate 2.1).

Stream/Surface Water Quality Sampling The middle portion of the selected sampling site (i.e., Ilang River) having the deepest water level and with fastest current was chosen as the sampling point. Grab samples were collected by first rinsing the stainless steel sampler at least three times using the stream water before the actual sample collection. Sampling were made by submerging the improvised stainless steel grab water sampler, facing downward at a depth approximately 20 cm or whenever the water depth of stream permits (Plate 2.2).

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The stream/surface water sampling activity was conducted between 9:00 am to 3:00 pm using the same improvised stainless steel grab water sampler. Again, to avoid any sample contamination it was initially rinsed, at least three times before obtaining the water samples for measurements (Plate 2.3).

Ground Water Ground water Samples were obtained directly from the main sources of water. Sampling containers provided by the testing laboratory were directly filled with water from the faucets (Plate 2.4).

Plate 2.1. In-situ Measurements Using Hand Held Water Quality Testers

Plate 2.2. Stream Water Sampling

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Table 2.13. Parameters analyzed for ground, stream and marine water quality DENR AO 2016-08 DENR AO 2016-08 STANDARDS DENR AO 2016-08 STANDARDS (Fresh/Surface, and Marine STANDARDS Parameters (Ground Water) Waters) (Effluents) Class Class Class Class Class Class Class C Class SB A C SB A C SB pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 9.0 6.0 -9.0 6.0 – 9.0 6.5 – 9.0 6.0 – 9.5 6.5 - 9 3°C 3°C 3°C 3°C 3°C Change Temperature (°C) 26 - 30 25 - 31 26 - 30 Change Change Change Change Physical Total Suspended Solids 30 100 70 100 70 50 80 50 and (mg/L) Chemical Dissolved Oxygen 5 5 6 NA NA NA NA NA Properties Biochemical Oxygen 20 50 30 50 30 3 7 NA Demand (mg/L) Total Dissolved Solids (g/L) - - - NA NA NA NA NA Oil and grease 1 2 2 5 5 5 5 Arsenic (mg/L) 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 Cadmium (mg/L) 0.003 0.005 0.003 NA 0.01 0.006 0.01 0.006 Lead (mg/L) 0.01 0.05 0.01 NA 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.02 Metals Hexavalent Chromium NA 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 (mg/L) Mercury (mg/L) 0.001 0.002 0.001 NA 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.002

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Plate 2.3. Surface Water Quality Sampling

Plate 2.4. Ground Water Quality Sampling

Marine Water Differences in the quality of marine water occur within a column due to stratification and influences of abiotic factors such as temperature. To have homogenous representative samples, an improvised stainless sampler was used attached to a 1.5 inch inside diameter plastic conduit pipe that serve as the sample handle with 0.5 m depth marking. This was used to collect samples within the first 0.5 m depth to have depth of sampling consistency for the marine sampling sites. The marine water quality samples were directly poured to the containers provided by the testing laboratory and labelled accordingly (Plate 2.5).

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Each parameter has a specific type of container and volume. Sampling containers were prepared according to the specifications approved by AS/NZS 5667.1.:1998 and the United States EPA 2007. Samples were cool stored (approx. 6°C). Appropriate preserving reagents were added to prolong holding time of the samples whenever necessary. Samples were brought to the Davao Analytical Laboratories Inc. McArthur Hi-way, Corner Union Avenue, Matina, Davao City within 6 hours, a laboratory accredited by DENR and DOH.

The sample bottle/container requirements applicable preservation measures, and maximum holding time are detailed in Table 2.14.

Plate 2.5. Marine Water Quality Sampling

Table 2.14. Container requirements and sample maximum holding time Sample Handling/ Maximum Parameters Container Volume Preservation Holding Time Polyethylene washed with TSS Cool stored at 7 Days 1L phosphate-free detergent TDS ≤ 6°C 7 Days and ion free water Polyethylene washed with Cool stored at 48 hours BOD 1L phosphate-free detergent ≤ 6°C and ion free water Oil and Wide mouthed glass, with 1L Cool stored at ≤ 6°C 28 Days Grease Aluminum foil Polyethylene rinsed with Cool stored at Cr+6 500 ml 28 Days Nitric Acid (HNO3) ≤ 6°C Total Metals - Arsenic (As) - Cadmium Cool stored at Polyethylene rinsed with (Cd) 1L ≤ 6°C; 6 Months Nitric Acid (HNO ) - Lead (Pb) 3 Filtered on site - Mercury (Hg)

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Table 2.15 lists the laboratory methods use by Davao Analytical Laboratories Inc. for the analysis of samples using the Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Waste Water 22nd Ed. Further, these are the same procedures as described in the DAO 2016-08 and PNSDW, 2007.

Table 2.15. Laboratory analytical methods Method of Detection Parameters Laboratory Method Limit Physical and Chemical Properties Oil and Grease HEM Partition-Gravimetry 0.40 mg/L TSS Gravimetry 2.5 mg/L TDS Gravimetry 1.0 mg/L BOD Azide Modification Winkler 0.40 mg/L Total Metals Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate, Arsenic (As) 0.01 mg/L Spectrophotometric Cadmium (Cd) Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric 0.01 mg/L Lead (Pb) Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric 0.04 mg/L Manual Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Mercury (Hg) 0.0001 mg/L Spectrometric Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6) Diphenylcarbazide, Colorometric 0.004 mg/L Bacteriological Fecal Coliform Multi Tube Fermentation -

Water Quality Assessment The water quality of the ground, stream/surface and marine waters within and outside the Holcim Davao Cement plant were assessed based on the local guidelines (DENR AO 2016-08 and PNSDW 2007) and available related data pertaining to water quality.

Groundwater Groundwater sources within the direct and indirect impact areas of Holcim Davao Cement Plant area are used for drinking and domestic consumption of the community while the cement plant is mainly for processing. Hence, the laboratory water quality tests were compared to the PNSDW 2007 values (i.e. inorganic chemical constituent with health significance, physical and chemical acceptability aspects. There are parameters included for analysis with no applicable PNSDW 2007 standards (i.e. temperature, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved oxygen, Total Suspended Solids, Hexavalent Chromium and oil and grease), however for brevity, they are compared to the latest DENR AO 2016-08 standards and, the Philippine Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) standard for electrical conductivity.

Stream/Surface Water The DENR AO 2016-08 describes the classification and beneficial use of fresh water bodies in the Philippines. This guideline prescribes water quality criteria for a water body corresponding to the water designated best use of the water source (Table 2.16).

Table 2.16. DENR AO 2016-08 Water Usage and Classification Guidelines for Fresh Surface Waters Classification Beneficial Use* Public Water Supply Class I This class is intended primarily for waters having Class AA watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected and that require only approved disinfection to meet the PNSDW. Public Water Supply Class II Intended as sources of water supply that will Class A require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) r to meet the latest PNSDW.

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Classification Beneficial Use* Recreational Water Class I for primary contact recreation such as bathing, Class B swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes). 1. Fishery Water For the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources Class C 2. Recreational Water Class II -For boating, fishing or similar activities). 3. For Agriculture, Irrigation, and livestock watering Class D Navigable waters Note: For unclassified water bodies, classification will be based on the beneficial use as determined by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).

Marine Water The DENR AO 2016-08 water body classification and usage of marine waters guidelines for Class SB 1. Fishery Water Class II; 2. Tourist Zones; and Recreational Water Class I, were used as basis for assessing the water quality of both coastal areas. Table 2.17 summarizes the classifications used to assess the water quality of marine water based on the observed best use. Therefore, Piers 1 ,2 and 3 can be classified as Class SB1.

Table 2.17. Water Body Classification and Usage of Marine Waters Classifications Intended Beneficial Use 1. Protected Waters – Waters designated as national or local marine parks, reserves, sanctuaries, and other areas established by law (Presidential Proclamation 1801 and other existing laws), and or declared as such by Class SA appropriate government agency, LGUs, etc. 2. Fishery Water Class I – Suitable for shellfish harvesting for direct human consumption 1. Fishery Water Class II – Waters suitable for commercial propagation of shellfish and intended as spawning areas for milkfish (Chanos chanos) and similar species Class SB 2. Tourist Zones – For ecotourism and recreational activities 3. Recreational Water Class I – Intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.)

Limitations of the Study Natural variability is a fundamental characteristic of a water body. The water quality may differ according to the seasons hence, water quality sampling should consider different seasons in the locality (Water Quality Monitoring Manual Volume 1, 2008). The location of the Holcim cement processing plant has a Type 4 Climate (Coronas climate classification) indicating the rainfall distribution is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Therefore, water quality sampling can be made any day of the year.

2.2.2.2 Results and Discussion This section summarizes the water quality condition of the stream/surface, ground and marine waters within and near the Holcim Davao Cement Plant. Attached as Annex 2.2 are the laboratory results.

Stream/Surface Water Quality In-Situ Measurements Stream Water pH pH is a measure of the amount of free hydrogen ions in water. Specifically, pH is the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions. pH = -log[H+].

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The pH of water directly affects the solubility of many dissolved toxic and nutritive chemicals. Therefore, the availability of these substances to aquatic organisms is directly governed by the ambient water pH. As acidity increases, most metals become more water soluble and is more toxic. Toxicity of cyanides and sulfides also increases with a decrease in pH (increase in acidity). Ammonia, however, becomes more toxic with only a slight increase in pH.

Shown in Figure 2.7 is the surface water reaction (pH) of the upstream and downstream water sampling locations. All of the sampling locations conforms with the Class C DENR AO 2016-08 Water Usage and Classification Guidelines standard for fresh surface waters of 8.5 pH. The lower pH is given by the downstream portion of Ilang River of 7.90 and rated as slightly alkaline. Higher pH level on the other hand of 8.25 is given by the Upstream portion of the Ilang River and, rated as alkaline.

Figure 2.7. Stream water sampling locations pH

Surface Water Electrical Conductivity (EC) Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a conductivity of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS m-1). Because the electrical current is transported by the ions in solution, the conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases.

Salts or other chemicals that dissolve in water can break down into positively and negatively charged ions. These free ions in the water conduct electricity, so the water electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of ions. The parameter has no DENR AO 2016-08 and PNSDW 2007 applicable standard. In liu of that, the BSWM EC Standard was used for comparison.

Presented in Figure 2.8 is the electrical conductivity (EC) readings of the Upstream and Downstream portion of the Ilang River. The Upstream sampling location gave an EC reading of 1.12 S m-1 indicating a medium level of dissolved salts. As a general rule, EC readings of not more than 1 S m-1 is acceptable. Beyond this reading start the salt injury problems of the existing vegetation specially when the stream water is to be used for irrigation purposes. In contrast, the Downstream sampling location gave an extremely high EC reading of 13.96 S m-1 indicating the presence of excessive dissolved salts. This can be brought about by the sampling station nearness to the Davao Gulf. High tide water level backflow may have been sampled during the time of sampling. Further, results indicated also that the upstream and downstream water of

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Ilang river indicated an abrupt increase in conductivity can indicate pollution. Agricultural runoff or a sewage leak and the observed presence of organic and domestic debris during the time of sampling can probably increase EC due to the additional chloride, phosphate and nitrate ions. An oil spill or addition of other organic compounds would decrease conductivity as these elements do not break down into ions. In both cases, the additional dissolved solids will have a negative impact on water quality.

Figure 2.8. Stream water sampling locations electrical conductivity

Stream Water Ambient Temperature Surface water temperature of the Upstream and Downstream sampling locations, as shown in Figure 2.9, are 28.20 and 28.40°C, respectively. The values are normal surface water readings and are below the upper temperature limit standard set by the DENR AO 2016-08. Any variation in the temperature can be attributed to the time of day when sampling was made.

Figure 2.9. Stream water temperature

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Stream Water Total Dissolved Solids Total dissolved solids (TDS) combine the sum of all ion particles that are smaller than 2 microns (0.0002 cm). This includes all of the disassociated electrolytes that make up salinity concentrations, as well as other compounds such as dissolved organic matter. In “clean” water, TDS is approximately equal to salinity. In wastewater or polluted areas, TDS can include organic solutes (such as hydrocarbons and urea) in addition to the salt ions.

TDS concentrations outside of a normal range can cause a cell to swell or shrink. This can negatively impact aquatic life that cannot compensate for the change in water retention. Further, dissolved solids are also important to aquatic life by keeping cell density balanced. In distilled or deionized water, water will flow into an organism’s cells, causing them to swell. In water with a very high TDS concentration, cells will shrink. These changes can affect an organism’s ability to move in a water column, causing it to float or sink beyond its normal range.

TDS can also affect water taste, and often indicates a high alkalinity or hardness.

Shown in Figure 2.10 is the stream water TDS content. The parameter has no applicable DENR AO 2016-08 standard. Being classified as surface water, the PNSDW 2007 TDS standard was used instead for comparison. TDS of all sampling stations is above the PNSDW standard of 0.500 g/L. The lowest TDS content was observed in the upstream portion of the Ilang River (5.60 g/L) while the highest (68.90 g/L) was observed in the downstream portion of the Ilang River.

Figure 2.10. Stream water sampling locations Total Dissolved Solids content

Stream Water Dissolved Oxygen Content Dissolved oxygen in water refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen present in water or other liquids. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality.

Dissolved oxygen levels are highly affected by temperature, salinity and pressure changes. As such, dissolved oxygen levels can range from less than 1 mg/L to more than 20 mg/L depending

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Figure 2.11 shows the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the two surface water sampling locations. The measured DO at the upstream portion of Ilang River (4.36 mg/L) was within the DENR prescribed limits of 5 mg/L while the measured DO at the downstream portion exceeded the prescribe limit with a value of 32.23 mg/L. This is very high, and therefore, can affect the aquatic life. As discussed earlier this can be attributed to the high EC values of the Ilang River as shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.11. Stream water sampling stations Dissolved Oxygen content

Stream Water Laboratory Chemical Analysis Stream Water Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, also called biological oxygen demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e., demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20°C and, is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality parameter because it provides an index to assess the effect discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment. The higher the BOD value, the greater the amount of organic matter or “food” available for oxygen consuming bacteria. If the rate of water dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption by bacteria exceeds the supply of DO from aquatic plants, algae photosynthesis or diffusing from air, unfavorable conditions occur. Depletion of DO causes stress on aquatic organisms, making the environment unsuitable for life. Further, dramatic depletion can lead to hypoxia or anoxic environments.

Figure 2.12 presents the stream water BOD content of the two sampling locations of Ilang River. When compared to the Class C DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 7 mg/L, the upstream portion of

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Ilang River is lower than the standard of only 4.70 mg/L and is therefore within the acceptable standard. In contrast, the downstream portion of Ilang River have a BOD content of 8.5 mg/L and, is slightly higher than the Class C DENR AO 2016-08 standard. BOD indicates the amount of putrescible organic matter present in water. Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water. This can be attributed to the physical state of the upstream and downstream portion of the Ilang River, where organic and domestic debris are dumped indiscriminately.

Figure 2.12. Stream water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content

Stream Water Oil and Grease Oil and grease includes not only petroleum oils but also vegetable and natural oils. Sediments, biota, and decaying life forms are often high in natural oils lipids which make up part of the oil and grease measure.

The presence of oil and grease in the two stream water sampling locations of the Ilang River is presented in Figure 2.13. The presence of traces of oil and grease in the upstream and downstream portion of Ilang River maybe due to the anthropogenic activities. Oil and grease content of the stream water is less than 0.5 mg/L for the two sampling locations. When compared to the DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 5 mg/L, the numerical values are much lower and is therefore, the stream water of Ilang River in terms of Oil and grease content is acceptable.

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Figure 2.13. Stream water Oil and Grease content Surface Water Quality Measurements Surface water quality measurements were conducted within the Holcim Davao Cement Plant. The assessment utilized the established four (4) surface waste water quality monitoring stations of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant. The facilities were sampled for their physico-chemical, metals and, bacteriological properties. The sampling stations are as follows: Weighbridge, Oil trap, Fort Steel, and Cement Bodega. Results of the assessments made are presented below.

In-situ Surface Water Measurements Surface Water pH The pH of water affects the solubility of many toxic and nutritive chemicals; therefore, the availability of these substances to aquatic organisms is affected. If a body of water has a high pH value (alkaline), it can limit pH changes due to acid rain, pollution or other factors. The alkalinity of a stream or other body of water is increased by carbonate-rich materials (carbonates and bicarbonates) such as limestone and decreased by sewage outflow and aerobic respiration. Due to the presence of carbonates, alkalinity is more closely related to hardness than to pH (though there are still distinct differences). However, changes in pH can also affect alkalinity levels (as pH lowers, the buffering capacity of water lowers as well). pH and alkalinity are directly related when water is at 100 % air saturation.

Shown in Figure 2.14 is the pH of the surface waste water of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant monitoring locations. The waste water pH reading of the four monitoring stations are: 8.58, 8.01, 9.25 and, 7.20 for the Weighbridge, Oil trap, Fort Steel and Cement Bodega, respectively. The Weighbridge and Fort steel have exceeded the 9.0 pH upper limit of the DENR AO 2016-08 standard. This is expected due to their proximity to the processing plant and can be easily rectified by the application of environmentally friendly acidulants before it is discharged. In contrast, the Oil trap and the Cement Bodega is within the upper acceptable limit of 9.0 pH.

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Figure 2.14. Surface water pH

Surface Water Electrical Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of water’s capability to pass electrical flow. This ability is directly related to the concentration of ions in the water. These conductive ions come from dissolved salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate compounds. Compounds that dissolve into ions are also known as electrolytes. The more ions that are present, the higher the conductivity of water. Likewise, the fewer ions that are in the water, the less conductive it is.

The EC readings of the four monitoring locations is presented in Figure 2.15. The Weighbridge monitoring station gave a very high EC reading of 6.57 S m-1 when compared to the BSWM standard. This indicate the presence of high amount of dissolved carbonate compounds. In contrast, the other three monitoring stations gave lower values of 0.39, 0.209, 1.68 S m-1 for the Oil Trap, Fort Steel, and Cement Bodega, respectively and is within the acceptable standard.

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Figure 2.15.Surface water electrical conductivity

Surface Water Ambient Temperature Surface water temperature as shown in Figure 2.16 ranges from 27. 3°C to 28.8.10°C. All of the surface water sampling station conforms with the standards. The General Effluent Standard (GES) of Class C of DAO 2016-08 states that there should be a maximum rise of the background value (source) temperature of 3°C and the discharge point. Since the assessment made is grab water sampling, therefore, temperature difference between the background and the discharge point cannot be established. Specific locations shall be first established based on the EMB Ambient water temperature monitoring manual.

Figure 2.16.Surface water temperature

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Surface Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Shown in Figure 2.17 is the TDS content of the Holcim surface waste water monitoring stations. The lowest TDS content was found on the Fort Steel Monitoring station of 1.01 g/L while the highest was given by the Cement Bodega of 83.90 g/L. While the Weighbridge and Oil trap monitoring station gave a TDS content of 32.90, and 1.95 g/L, respectively. The parameter has no applicable DENR AO 2016-08 Standards for surface water effluent.

Figure 2.17. Surface water Total Dissolved Solids content

Surface Water Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen present in water or other liquids. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water.

Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of life including fish, invertebrates, bacteria and plants. These organisms use oxygen in respiration, similar to organisms on land. Fish and crustaceans obtain oxygen for respiration through their gills, while plant life and phytoplankton require dissolved oxygen for respiration when there is no light for photosynthesis (US EPA, 2014).

As shown in Figure 2.18, the measured DO at the Weighbridge, Oil Trap, Fort Steel and the Cement Bodega were have 2.74, 0.44, 0.3100 and, 5.17 mg/L, respectively. Only the Cement Bodega exceeded the DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 5 mg/L (minimum).

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Figure 2.18. Surface water Dissolved Oxygen content

Surface Water Chemical Laboratory Analysis The average values of the self-monitoring reports of the waste water from the discharge monitoring stations of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant for the 2nd Quarter of the year 2017 was used for the assessment of the surface water chemical properties. The data are supplemented by the in-situ surface water quality assessments and surface water sampling activity done by Axceltechs Inc. EIA investigation team during the first week of December 2017.

Surface Water Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) BOD measurements in surface water, as in soils, provide indications of the biodegradable, chemically oxidable, or combustible fractions of the organic contamination, respectively. BOD indicates the amount of putrescible organic matter present in water. Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD indicates polluted water.

Shown in Figure 2.19 are the surface waters sampling locations tested for BOD. The lowest BOD content was found in the Fort Steel of 8.1 mg/L, and the highest with 28.00 mg/L was in Cement Bodega station. All of the Holcim silt pond monitoring stations are within the DENR AO 2016-08 Class C and, Class SB effluent standards of 30 and 50 mg/L respectively.

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Figure 2.19. Surface water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content

Surface Water Total Suspended Solids (TSS) TSS is the dry weight of sediments after filtering a water sample, expressed in mg/L. It is a water quality parameter used for example to assess the quality of wastewater after treatment in a wastewater treatment plant.

TSS gives a measure of the turbidity of the water. We cannot see pH or other kinds of water qualities, but we can observe TSS directly. Suspended solids cause the water to be milky or muddy looking due to the light scattering from very small particles in the water.

Shown in Figure 2.20 is the surface water sampling locations tested for TSS. The result showed that, all of the sampling locations have low TSS content when compared to the Class C and, Class SB effluent standards of DENR AO 2016-08.

Figure 2.20. Surface water Total Suspended Solids content

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Surface Water Oil and Grease The presence of oil and grease in the surface water sampling station is presented in Figure 2.21. All of the Surface water quality monitoring locations of the Holcim cement plant when compared to the DENR AO- 2016-08 standard for Class C and SB effluent of 5 mg/L are lower of 1.00; 2.60; 1.00; 1.00 for the Weigh bridge, Oil Trap, Fort Steel and Cement Bodega, respectively. Therefore, it is acceptable in terms oil and grease content.

Figure 2.21. Surface water Oil and Grease content

Surface Water Hexavalent Chromium and Arsenic Metals, petroleum products, and organic contaminants, including solvents, lubricants, herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides, can accumulate in aquatic environments and cause toxic effects on aquatic life. These chemicals are at very low concentrations in the natural environment, and they are typically introduced to surface waters as waste from human activities.

Chromium is an odorless and tasteless metallic element. Chromium is found naturally in rocks, plants, soil and volcanic dust, and animals. The most common forms of chromium that occur in natural waters in the environment are:  Trivalent chromium (chromium+3)  Hexavalent chromium (chromium+6)

Chromium+3 is an essential human dietary element. It is found in many vegetables, fruits, meats, grains, and yeast. Chromium+6 occurs naturally in the environment from the erosion of natural chromium deposits. It can also be produced by industrial processes. There are demonstrated instances of chromium being released to the environment by leakage, poor storage, or inadequate industrial waste disposal practices.

Shown in Figure 2.22a are the surface waters sampling locations tested for hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) content. Result showed that the Weighbridge, which drains towards the downstream portion of the Ilang River, contain 0.04 mg/L of Cr+6 indicating that it exceeded twice the limit

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0.12 a

) 0.10

l-1

0.08

0.06

0.04

Hexavalent (mg Chromium 0.02

0.00

Weighbridge Oil Trap 0.05 Fort Steel Cement Bodega Class C Effluent Standard Class SB Effluent Standard b 0.04

)

-1 0.03

0.02

Arsenic (mg l (mg Arsenic

0.01

0.00 DENR AO 2016-08 Effluent Standard Sampling Locations Figure 2.22. Surface water hexavalent chromium and arsenic content

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Arsenic (As) is an element and a naturally occurring mineral found widely in the environment. It is water soluble and being a heavy metal have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Most of its presence is highly detectable in ground water than surface waters.

Environmental sources of arsenic exposure are food, water, soil and air. Because it is an element, arsenic persists in the environment and does not deteriorate.

Presented in Figure 2.22b are the results of arsenic laboratory analysis - all of the four monitoring locations are within the prescribed Surface Water Effluent Standards of DENR AO 026-08 Class C and SB.

Surface Water Mercury Many heavy metals are relatively immobile in the geochemical environments of many aqueous systems. These metals, which include lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg), are typically "fixed" in sediments by either sorption to clay minerals, sorption to the charged surfaces of iron and aluminum oxyhydroxides, sorption to sediment organic matter, or precipitation as oxides or insoluble salts (Reimers and Krenkel, 1974; Hirner and others, 1990), although different soils exhibit a range of affinities for metals such as mercury (Amacher and others, 1990). Mobilization of heavy metals from these surfaces is induced by factors, such as changes in pH, that change the properties of the surfaces or by introduction of chemical constituents that create soluble complexes with the metals or that change the redox potential, rendering some metals more soluble than under previous redox conditions. Alternatively, the metals can remain fixed to particles small enough to form colloids and may be transported along with the colloids (Puls and Powell, 1992). Because mercury is volatile, it is also mobile as a vapor; unlike other heavy metals, mercury can volatilize into the atmosphere from solution as well as from solid surfaces.

2+ In most freshwater, the predominant dissolved Hg species are Hg°, Hg(OH)2, Hg , and HgCl2 depending on pH, Eh, and chloride concentrations (Reimers and Krenkel, 1974; Stumm and Morgan, 1981, p. 371). Equilibrium reactions with these species control the solubility of mercury in water, which for metallic mercury, is about 56 (ag/L (0.28 (amoles L-1) at 25°C (Merck, 1983, p.

842). Mercury solubility increases in oxygenated and acidic, chloride-rich waters as either Hg(OH)2 or HgCl2 forms (Gavis and Ferguson, 1972, p. 993).

Consumer products that contain mercury, such as batteries, thermometers, paint, pigments, and fluorescent and high intensity light bulbs, ultimately enter the waste stream, and, if not recycled or incinerated, end up in landfills and have the potential of contaminating the surface and groundwaters.

Presented in Figure 2.23 is the Hg content of the surface waste water Holcim Davao Cement Plant monitoring locations. Results indicated a very low Hg content of the four monitoring locations of <0.02; 0.06; 0.02; 0.02 mg/L for the Weighbridge, Oil trap, Fort Steel and Cement Bodega, respectively when compared to the DENR AO 2016-08 Class C and Class SB effluent standards of 0.004 and, 0.002 mg/L, respectively.

Surface Water Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) content Among the metals of concern in the cement manufacturing industry it includes the metal Cadmium and Lead. Analysis made on the four (4) Holcim Davao Cement Plant Waste water monitoring locations revealed that these metals are not detectable.

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Figure 2.23. Surface water mercury content

Ground Water Quality Ground water quality assessment was conducted in three Purok (i.e. 2B, 3B and 12) and a special water assessment for the Holcim Davao Cement Plant ground water supply in the name of RC tank.

In – Situ Groundwater Measurements The in-situ parameters for ground water quality measurements of the DIA and IIA Holcim Davao Cement Plant includes the water pH, EC, TDS, and DO.

Ground Water pH Figure 2.24 presents the water pH of the three (3) Purok of Barangay Ilang. The ground water reaction readings (pH) of 7.15; 7.13; 7.50 for the Purok 2B, 3B and 12, respectively, which is classified as moderately alkaline and is within the PNSDW 2007 upper limit standard of pH 8.5.

Figure 2.24. Ground water pH

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Ground Water Electrical Conductivity Shown in Figure 2.25 is the electrical conductivity (EC) readings of Purok 2B, 3B and 12. Among the three (3) Purok Ground water sampling locations, only Purok 2B slightly exceeded the 1.0 Sm- 1 limit set by the BSWM EC standard of 1.176 Sm-1. Purok 3B and Purok 12 EC readings are below the 1.0 Sm-1 threshold limit. Therefore, these ground waters are considered to be safe in terms of dissolved salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate compound.

Figure 2.25. Ground water electrical conductivity

Ground Water Ambient Temperature Ground water temperature as shown in Figure 2.26 ranges from 27. 8°C to 28.8°C. All of the Ground water sampling station conforms with the standards. Again, the Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) of Class C of DAO 2016-08 for fresh waters states that there should be a maximum rise of the background value (source) temperature of 3°C and the discharge point. Since the assessment made is grab water sampling, therefore, temperature difference between the background and the discharge point cannot be established. Specific locations shall be first established based on the EMB Ambient water temperature monitoring manual.

Ground Water Total Dissolved Solids Dissolved solids refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved Solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. Figure 2.27 shows the concentrations of total dissolved solids of the three Purok sampling locations. All purok sampling locations have exceeded the PNSDW standard of 0.5 gl-1 for TDS. Indicating the high concentration of inorganic salts that may be harmful for drinking purposes. In this case, drinking the ground water in the sampled locations are not acceptable. Many health specialists believe that ideal drinking water TDS should be under 0.050 g/L or lower.

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Figure 2.26. Ground water temperature

10.0 9.5 9.0 Purok 2B 8.5 Purok 3B ) 8.0 -1 Purok 12 7.5 PNSDW 2007 Standard for TDS 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Total Dissolved Solids (g l Solids Dissolved Total 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

Sampling Locations Figure 2.27. Ground water Total Dissolved Solids content

Ground water Dissolved Oxygen Shown in Figure 2.28 is the ground water DO content of the Purok 2B, 3B and 12, It is one of the related ground water parameter with no applicable PNSDW 2007 standard. In this case the DENR AO 2016-08 standard for Class A for DO of 5 mg/L (minimum) was used for comparison. All of the Ground water sampled are below the prescribed standard of 1.82; 2.30; 3.51 mg/L for Purok 2B, 3B and 12, respectively and, therefore can be safely consumed for drinking purposes in terms of DO content.

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Figure 2.28. Ground water Dissolved Oxygen content

Ground Water Laboratory Measurements Ground Water Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, also called biological oxygen demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20°C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.

Shown in Figure 2.29 is the BOD content of the three Purok Sampling locations. Highest ground water BOD was given by Purok 2B of 139.00 mg/L or 463.33% times the prescribed Class A DENR AO 2016-08 for BOD of 30 mg/L. This indicates that the ground water in Purok 2B is unfit for drinking purposes in terms of its very high BOD content. In contrast, the Purok 3B and Purok 12 is below the prescribed DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 15.40 and 4.10 mg/L, respectively.

Figure 2.29. Ground water Biochemical Oxygen Demand content

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Ground Water Metal Contents (Cd, Pb, Cr+6, and As) Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times (5x) greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance.

Laboratory analysis of cadmium and lead revealed the absence of the metals of concern in all of the sampling locations (i.e. Purok 2B, 3B and 12).

On the other hand, presented in Figure 2.30a are the ground water sampling locations tested for hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and arsenic (As).

For the Cr+6 , there are the presence of negligible concentrations of 0.008; 0.009; and 0.009 mg/L for Purok 2B, 3B and 12, respectively. This is within the standard limits as prescribed by the DENR AO, 2016-08 Class A standard for Cr+6 of 0.01 mg/L.

The surface water arsenic content of Purok 2b, 3B and 12 as shown in Figure 2.30b are 0.003, 0.003, and 0.008 mg/L, respectively. These are very low when compared to the PNSDW 2007 standard for arsenic of 0.05 mg/L, and is considered to be acceptable for drinking purposes in terms of arsenic content.

Ground Water Laboratory Bacteriological Measurements Ground Water Fecal Coliform Content Coliform bacteria are described and grouped, based on their common origin or characteristics, as either Total or Fecal Coliform. The total group includes fecal coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), as well as other types of Coliform bacteria that are naturally found in the soil. Fecal Coliform bacteria exist in the intestines of warm blooded animals and humans, and are found in bodily waste, animal droppings, and naturally in soil. Most of the Fecal Coliform in fecal material (feces) is comprised of E. coli, and the serotype E. coli 0157:H7 is known to cause serious human illness.

The presence of Fecal Coliform in well water may indicate recent contamination of the groundwater by human sewage or animal droppings which could contain other bacteria, viruses, or disease-causing organisms. This is why Coliform bacteria are considered “indicator organisms”; their presence warns of the potential presence of disease causing organisms and should alert the person responsible for the water to take precautionary action.

Shown in Figure 2.31 is the Fecal Coliform content of the three Purok sampling Locations. All of the sampling locations have elevated Fecal coliform content of > 8.00 MPN 100 ml-1 when compared with the PNSDW 2007 Fecal coliform content of <1.1 MPN 100 ml-1, therefore all of this ground waters are unfit for drinking purposes.

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Figure 2.30. Ground water heavy metal content

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Figure 2.31. Ground water fecal coliform content

Holcim Ground Water Source (RC Tank) In - Situ Measurements The RC tank is the ground water source of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant. It is mainly used to supplement the process water for the cement plant processing purposes.

Holcim RC Tank pH Figure 2.32 presents the water pH of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant ground water source. The in-situ pH reading is 7.40. This is categorized to be slightly alkaline and is within the PNSDW 2007 pH range of 6.5 - 8.5.

Figure 2.32. Holcim RC tank pH

Holcim RC Tank EC Figure 2.33 shows the electrical conductivity of the Holcim RC tank ground water source. The sampling location exhibited very high EC of 2.12 S m-1 when compared to the EC standard of the BSWM (>2.0 S m-1), indicating the presence of high dissolved inorganic salts making it unfit for drinking and irrigation purposes.

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Electrical Conductivity Standard (S m-1)

Very Low Low Medium High Very High <0.15 0.15 - 0.40 0.40 - 0.80 0.8 - 2.0 >2.00 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Electrical Conductivity (S m-1) (S Conductivity Electrical

0.0 RC Tank Sampling Location Figure 2.33. Holcim RC tank electrical conductivity

Holcim RC Tank Ambient Temperature Shown in Figure 2.34 is the Holcim RC Tank ground water temperature of 29.30°C. The surface water sampling station conforms with the standards. Again, the statement of the DAO 2016-08, that the Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) of Class C of DAO 2016-08 for fresh waters state that, there should be a maximum rise of the background value (source) temperature of 3°C and the discharge point. Since the assessment made is grab water sampling, therefore, temperature difference between the background and the discharge point cannot be established. Specific locations shall be first established based on the EMB Ambient water temperature monitoring manual.

Holcim RC Tank 30

Ground Water Temperature ( Temperature Water Ground 5

Sampling Location

Figure 2.34.Holcim RC tank temperature

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Holcim RC Tank Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Figure 2.35 shows the TDS content of the Holcim RC tank of 10.5 g/L. When compared to the PNSDW 2007 standard for ground water of 0.50 g/L it is 21 times higher. Therefore, it is only suitable for processing and other domestic purposes in terms of TDS content.

12 12

)

1 10 10

)

-1 RC Tank TDS PNSDW 2007 Standard for TDS 8 8

6 6

4 4

Total Dissolved Solids (g Total l Dissolved 2 2

PNSDW 2007 Standard for (g Standard TDS l- 2007 PNSDW

0 0

RC Tank Figure 2.35. Holcim RC tank Total Dissolved Solids content

Holcim RC Tank DO This parameter has no applicable standard under the PNSDW 2007. For the purpose of comparison, the DENR AO 2016-08 Class C standard of 5.0 mg/L was used. Since the water was sampled from a tank, there will be dissolved oxygen at the surface layer because of the interface with the atmosphere. Presented in Figure 2.36 is the DO reading taken in-situ is 4.3 mg/L. This is lower with the Class C DENR AO 2016-08 standard for DO (i.e. Min. 5 mg/L). Therefore, the water from Holcim RC tank in terms of its DO content is considered to be acceptable for Industrial and domestic purposes.

6 6

RC Tank DO ) DENR AO 2016-08 Class C Standard for DO -1

5 5

)

-1

4 4

3 3

2 2

Dissolved Oxygen (mg l Oxygen Dissolved 1 1

DENR AO 2016-08 Standard for DO AO DENR (mg2016-08 l 0 0

RC Tank Figure 2.36. Holcim RC tank DO content

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Holcim Ground Water Source (RC Tank) Laboratory Measurements Holcim RC Tank Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) The BOD of water is one of the parameters with no applicable standard under the PNSDW 2007 standards. In this regard the DENR AO 2016-08 Class C standard of 50 mg/L was used. Shown in Figure 2.37 is the BOD reading of 13.70 mg/L taken from the Holcim (RC tank) ground water source for cement processing. The reading is very low when compared to the DENR AO 2016-08 Class C standard, therefore in terms of BOD content the RC Tank ground water is acceptable for Industrial and domestic use.

55 RC Tank BOD 55

)

DENR AO 2016-08 Class C Standard for BOD -1 50 50

)

-1 45 45

40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

Biological Oxygen Demand (mg l Demand Biological Oxygen 5 5

0 0 for (mg l Standard BOD 2016-08 AO DENR

RC Tank

Figure 2.37. Holcim RC Tank BOD content

Holcim Ground Water Source (RC Tank) Bacteriological Measurements Holcim RC Tank Fecal Content Presented in Figure 2.38 is the Fecal coliform laboratory analysis of the Holcim ground water source. Results showed the presence of high fecal coliform bacteria when compared to the PNSDW 2007 Standard of <1.1. MPN ml-1.

The possible Sources of Fecal Coliform in RC Tank groundwater well can include:  Agricultural runoff;  Effluent from septic systems or sewage discharges; and  Infiltration of domestic or wild animal fecal matter.

Poor well maintenance and construction (particularly shallow dug wells) can also increase the risk of bacteria and other harmful organisms getting into a well water supply.

Marine Water Quality The coastal areas where the Holcim cement piers are located are primarily for ship berthing activities. There are nearby fishing communities as well. The nearby coastal areas are use for contact recreational activities (public bathing and swimming), sustenance and commercial fishing and, tourism. The DENR AO 2016-08 water body classification and usage of marine waters

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Marine Water Quality In-Situ Measurements Marine Water pH Figure 2.39 shows the marine water reaction (pH) of three Holcim Cement Plant marine water monitoring stations. All of the three marine water sampling stations exhibited slightly alkaline reaction of 8.15; 8.15; 8.09 for Pier 1, Pier 2 and Pier 3, respectively. This is considered to be normal pH level in marine waters and, is acceptable when compared to the lower (pH 6.5) and upper limit (pH 9.0) of the marine water Class SB of DENR AO 2016-08 standard.

Figure 2.38. Holcim RC tank fecal coliform content

Figure 2.39. Marine water pH

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Marine Water Electrical Conductivity Marine water environment have high conductivity and salinity due to the high number of the dissolved salts present. Most of the salt in the ocean comes from runoff, sediment and tectonic activity. In general, the higher the concentration of dissolved salts in the water, the easier it is for electricity to pass through water.

Shown in Figure 2.40 is the in-situ EC readings of the marine water sampling stations. All of the sampled locations have elevated EC readings when compared to freshwater stream (Table 2.18) of 41.7000; 40.50; 33.20 S m-1 for Pier 1, Pier 2, and Pier 3, respectively.

Despite the lack of standards and the effects of the surrounding environment on conductivity, there are approximate values that can be expected based on source as shown in Table 1.8

Figure 2.40. Marine water electrical conductivity

Table 2.18. Approximate EC Values that can be Expected Based on Source* Source S m-1 Distilled Water 0.0005 – 0.003 Tap Water 0.005 – 0.08 Fresh Water Streams 1 - 20 Industrial waste Water 10 Sea Water 55 * SWRCB. (2002). Electrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet . In: The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment State Water Resources Control Board.

Marine Water Ambient Temperature Water temperature for the cement manufacture is one of the significant effluent quality parameter PSIC Code 239940 of the DENR AO -2016-08. When water temperature increases, so will conductivity. For every 1°C increase, conductivity values can increase 2-4%. Temperature affects conductivity by increasing ionic mobility as well as the solubility of many salts and minerals. This can be seen in diurnal variations as the surface marine water warms up due to sunlight, (and conductivity increases) and then cools down at night (decreasing conductivity).

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Ambient water temperature is one of the parameters that can control other parameters including

EC, pH and, concentrations of dissolved oxygen and other dissolved gases like CO2, and H2S. Any changes in temperature also controls the rates of reactions.

Ambient water temperature of the marine water sampling locations as shown in Figure 2.41 were the same of 28.4°C for Pier 1, Pier 2 and Pier 3, respectively. The values are normal marine water readings when compared to the upper limit temperature set by the DENR AO 2016-08 of 30°C. Any variation in the temperature can be attributed to the time of day when grab water sampling were made.

Figure 2.41. Ambient marine water temperature

Marine Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) usually refers to the mineral content of water, although it can also include dissolved organic material. TDS is the total amount of material remaining after evaporation of water. TDS include common salts such as sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulphates and bicarbonates.

Total suspended solids (TSS) are particles that are larger than 2 microns found in the water column. Anything smaller than 2 microns (average filter size) is considered a dissolved solid. Most suspended solids are made up of inorganic materials, though bacteria and algae can also contribute to the total solids concentration (Kentucky Water Watch, n. d.). Total suspended solids are a significant factor in observing water clarity. The more solids present in the water, the less clear the water will be.

The parameter has no applicable standard under the Class SB of DENR AO 2016-08. Pier 1 have a TDS value of 34,192.0, Pier 2 of 32,422.0, and Pier 3 of 24,790.0 mg/L (Figure 2.42). But according to Fondriest (2015) a typical sea water can have a TDS of 30 - 50 mg/L.

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Figure 2.42. Marine water Total Dissolved Solids content

Marine Water Dissolved Oxygen Figure 2.43 presents the DO level of the three (3) marine water sampling stations of the Holcim Davao Cement Plant. The level of DO in the three (3) sampling locations in comparison to the Classs SB DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 6 mg/L minimum is lower of 4.3600; 3.3900; 4.3500 mg/L for the Pier 1, Pier 2 and Pier 3, respectively. In this DO level therefore, aquatic animals cannot thrive in these waters. The amount of dissolved oxygen in marine waters is dependent on the water temperature, the amount of oxygen taken out of the system by respiring and decaying organisms, and the amount of oxygen put back into the system by photosynthesizing sea plants, and aeration.

7 Pier 1 Pier 2 Pier 3 6 DENR AO 2016-08 Standard

)

-1 5

Dissolved Oxygen (mg l Oxygen Dissolved

Sampling Locations

Figure 2.43. Marine water Dissolved Oxygen content

The low DO readings can be due to the early morning sampling time (i.e. Between 7: 30 am to 8:00 am sampling time), where the marine water is still calm and no big waves are present that normally agitate the water thereby increasing the dissolved oxygen content in the water body.

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Further, marine water cannot hold as much dissolved oxygen as freshwater due to its high salinity.

Marine Water Quality Laboratory Measurements Marine Water Total Suspended Solids Coastlines of the Davao Gulf, where the Holcim Cement Plant is located, is characterized by the presence of sedimentary rocks and rising sea levels and are typified by relatively high levels of wave-eroded suspended solids in adjacent waters. This serve as the primary source of suspended solids in coastal zones in land-based erosion (Schubel 1971; Anderson et al. 1973). Much of the release of sediments from river systems is continuous. The cement plant location have a Type IV climate where the annual average rainfall depth is more or less evenly distributed. There may be the occurrence of severe storm events, although virtually all rivers discharge varying amounts of sediments into estuaries on a continuous basis. Sediment and particulate matter discharge from freshwater sources (i.e. mainly Ilang River) is greatly enhanced by watershed-specific activities such as agriculture, forestry, highway and road construction, building construction, surface mining, and urbanization.

Figure 2.44 shows the TSS of the three marine water sampling locations. The sampling Pier 1 and 3 Sampling locations have no detectable suspended solids. Only Pier 2 have the presence of suspended solids of 37 mg/L and is lower to the Class SB DENR AO 2016-08 standard for marine waters of 70 mg/L.

Figure 2.44. Marine water Total Suspended Solids content

Marine Water Oil and Grease Thelaboratory analysis of oil and grease in the marine water of the Holcim Piers are presented in Figure 2.45. The two (2) marine water sampling location (Pier 1 and 2) only have the presence of oil and grease of 3.40 and, 1.90 mg/L for Pier 1 and Pier 2, respectively. Pier 1 exceeded the acceptable limit when compared to the Class SB of DENR AO 2016-08 standard of 2.00 mg/L while Pier 2 is just below the acceptable limit.

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Pier 1 Pier 2 ) 3 Pier 3

-1 DENR AO 2016-08 Standard

Oil and Grease (mg l (mg Oil Grease and 1

Sampling Locations Figure 2.45. Marine Water Oil and Grease content

Marine Water Chemical Analysis of Arsenic Content The determination of metal concentrations is an important indicator of toxicity toward species present in marine environments. The toxicity of dissolved metals to aquatic organisms is related to the extent to which they alter the functioning of the biological membrane (Florence, 1982). Some metals such as copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc are essential to life, because they participate in enzymatic structures related to biochemical processes. Cadmium and Lead do not play a biological role and are very toxic even in low concentrations. High levels of metal ions in the aquatic environment are toxic and tend to concentrate in all matrices (suspended matter, sediment and biota) being taken up by marine species which form part of the human food chain (Locatelli and Torsi, 2001). In this regard, the Holcim Davao Cement Plant management took the initiative to have an assessment of the marine water where the Cement plant 3 piers are located.

Chemical analysis of the presence arsenic in the marine water is presented in Figure 2.46. When compared to the Class SB of the DENR AO 2016-08 standard for marine waters, all of the sampling locations (i.e. Pier 1,2 and 3) are way below when compared to the Class SB standard for As of 0.01 mg/L and, is therefore acceptable.

0.012

0.010

) 0.008

-1

Pier 1 0.006 Pier 2 Pier 3 DENR AO 2016-08 Standard

Arsenic (mg l (mg Arsenic 0.004

0.002

0.000

Sampling Locations Figure 2.46. Marine Water Oil and Grease content

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2.2.2.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures Degradation of the Stream/Surface Water Quality Surface water resources includes the rivers, other streams, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands are a very dynamic part of the global water cycle. The climatic variability, both seasonal and annual, affects greatly the quantity and quality of surface waters. Basically, the input comes from rainfall, and the output from evaporation to the atmosphere and flow to the oceans. The water cycle also includes flow and storage in soil.

Degradation of the Ground Water Quality According to Harter (2003), groundwater degradation (or groundwater contamination) is defined as an undesirable change in ground water quality resulting from human activities.

Groundwater quality comprises the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of ground water. Temperature, turbidity, color, taste, and odor make up the list of physical water quality parameters. Since most ground water is colorless, odorless, and without specific taste, people are typically most concerned with its chemical and biological qualities. Although spring water or groundwater products are often sold as “pure,” their water quality is different from that of pure water.

Naturally, ground water contains mineral ions. These ions slowly dissolve from soil particles, sediments, and rocks as the water travels along mineral surfaces in the pores or fractures of the unsaturated zone and the aquifer. They are referred to as dissolved solids. Some dissolved solids may have originated in the precipitation water or river water that recharges the aquifer.

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A list of the dissolved solids in any water is long, but it can be divided into three groups: major constituents, minor constituents, and trace elements (See table below). The total mass of dissolved constituents is referred to as the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. In water, all of the dissolved solids are either positively charged ions (cations) or negatively charged ions (anions). The total negative charge of the anions always equals the total positive charge of the cations. A higher TDS means that there are more cations and anions in the water. With more ions in the water, the water’s electrical conductivity (EC) increases. By measuring the water’s electrical conductivity, we can indirectly determine its TDS concentration. At a high TDS concentration, water becomes saline. Water with a TDS above 0.50 g l-1 is not recommended for use as drinking water (PNSDW standard of 0.5 gl-1 for TDS).

Except for natural organic matter originating from the top soils, all of these naturally occurring dissolved solids are inorganic constituents: minerals, nutrients, and trace elements, including trace metals. In most cases, trace elements occur in such low concentrations that they are not a threat to human health. In fact many of the trace elements are considered essential for the human metabolism. High concentrations of trace metals can also be found in ground water near contaminated sources, however, posing serious health threats. Some trace constituents that are associated with industrial pollution, such as arsenic and chromium, may also occur in completely pristine ground water at concentrations that are high enough to make that water unsuitable as drinking water.

Primary (major), secondary and trace constituents in ground water Major constituents Secondary constituents Trace constituents Trace constituents (1.0 – 1,000 mg l-1) (0.01 – 10 mg l-1) (0.0001 – 0.1 mg l-1) (less than 0.001 mg l-1) Cations: sodium potassium antimony beryllium calcium iron aluminum bismuth magnesium strontium arsenic cerium barium cesium Anions: bromide gallium bicarbonate cadmium gold sulfate chromium indium chloride cobalt lanthanum silica copper niobium germanium platinum iodide radium lead ruthenium lithium scandium manganese silver molybdenum thallium nickel thorium phosphate tin rubidium tungsten selenium ytterbium titanium yttrium uranium zirconium Adopted from Harter (2003)

Microbial matter is also a natural constituent of ground water. Just as microbes are ubiquitous in the environment around us, they are very common in the subsurface, including ground water. Hydrogeologists increasingly rely on these, for instance, for subsurface bioremediation of contaminated ground water.

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Human activities can alter the natural composition of ground water through the disposal or dissemination of chemicals and microbial matter at the land surface and into soils, or through injection of wastes directly into ground water.

In this regard the Holcim Davao Plant ground water quality assessments were conducted in three Purok (i.e. 2B, 3B and 12) and a special water assessment for the Holcim Davao Cement Plant ground water supply in the name of RC tank. Some of the chemical constituents listed in table above are included in the assessment and, additional physical properties were measured on site and within the laboratory.

Degradation/Pollution of the Marine Water Quality Marine water quality degradation occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats (US Department of Commerce, 2015).

Proposed Water Quality Degradation Mitigations Over all, results have shown that there were very few exceedances of the prescribed National standards for the surface, ground and marine water quality found within and outside the premises of the Holcim Davao Cement plant. Any additional modifications and increase in cement production may further aggravate the observed degradation of the water quality of the generated effluent of the cement plant and the surrounding marine water. As a mitigating measure, it is therefore, recommended that:

1. A water treatment plant be installed to treat all the generated effluent before it is finally discharged to the Davao Gulf. Or, as a preventive measure where it is a known fact that the ground water source of the Holcim Davao Plant has naturally high TDS level, then, the treatment plant facility may initially treat the RC tank water source for its TDS and other

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related parameters before it is utilized for processing. Further, an IEC to the DIA and IIA communities and, Ilang River clean-up drive to be regularly conducted by the company to the upstream and downstream dwellers along the River that emphasize the anthropogenic activity contribution to the degradation of the very fragile water resources.

2. Prevention of siltation and sedimentation Silts and sediments emanating from project plant site manufacturing and processing activities, if any, earthworks, road construction, or in cases of accidental spillage of materials being handled within the immediate vicinity of the plant have the potential to reach the drains and eventually enter the siltation ponds and, finally intrude into the sea can be prevented first and foremost by controlling siltation at source and ensuring that any spillages are effectively captured.

All potentially loose or fugitive sediments shall be diverted into the plant waterways fitted with filter systems before being redirected to silt ponds for appropriate collection and disposal. One of the known effective mitigating measure to minimize siltation is the use of silt curtains. This material consists of geo-textile screens to be installed in all of the silt ponds especially during the rainy season to minimize the escape of silt and filter liquids and run-off, before it is finally discharged to the Davao gulf.

In areas of heavy plant processing and port loading and unloading activities, loose materials should be stockpiled with cover in areas away from drainage canals and natural waterways drains where siltation control measures can easily be applied. The objective is to reduce, or altogether prevent, silt and sediment invasion to the minimum possible of the receiving water body.

3. Accidental oil spills Accidental spillage of oil and grease from project equipment facilities, as well as spills of materials from ship to port and vice versa can cause seawater pollution that can potentially contaminate the surrounding water body an oil and grease containment and waste containment plan shall be formulated and enforced in all segments of operations.

2.2.3 Marine Ecology 2.2.3.1 Methodology Purpose of the Assessment The marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim jetty complex in Davao City was conducted by a team of fishery/marine biologists on 07 to 09 December 2017. The objective of the assessment is to describe the current state of the coastal environment in the project’s impact area, identify susceptible benthic habitats and other ecological niches and coastal resources within distance of possible stressor pathways, as well as resource use practices that can be negatively impacted by anthropogenic factors resulting from intensified jetty and port operations of the cement plant. In the light of information from key informants on presence of corals and small-scale municipal capture fisheries in nearshore waters, the assessment was conducted in the broader coastal sea around the jetty complex in order to generate meaningful information that can be the basis for making informed decisions on how to monitor changes in the condition of the resources and address issues that may affect sustainability and resilience. The resulting environmental profile generated from the assessment is aimed at scientifically illustrating the current condition of ecological niches in representative portions of the coastal environment which can subsequently serve as a benchmark reference for comparing the state of the coastal environment when the project is already in operation. More importantly, the

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP characterization of susceptible end-points and critical benthic habitats, and identification of causes and pathways that carry stressors will provide valuable data from where objective mitigating measures can be drawn. Moreover, baseline data sets are verifiable indexes to determine potential future impacts of external influence and the attribution of issues to operational elements of the project or from other point sources can be fairly distinguished and addressed.

Survey results portrays the current condition of the coastal environment and the marine resources present in the area at the time of sampling and cannot represent an irreversible situation, especially in the context of current environmental stressors already existing in the study area at the time of the survey. Given the open access nature in the Philippine coastal zone, it is evident that the issues currently affecting coastal resources are already diverse and extensive and this is already apparent in coastal waters around the project site, as indicated by siltation and presence of extensive dead coral with algae in the coral reefs surveyed. The influx of other issues that can cause further coastal degradation can happen anytime and may exacerbate the current condition of the coastal environment.

Primary Impact Area The survey focused on coastal waters from Barangay Ilang in Bunawan District, Davao City where the HOLCIM port complex is located (Figure 2.47). Rapid assessments were also undertaken in the boundary of Barangay Tibungco to the north, and Barangay Panacan in the south of the jetty complex. The sea in front of the project site is part of the larger Davao Gulf, and forms part of a passage bordering the Island Garden City of Samal (IGACOS). The entire coastline in this area, which is located north of the port of Sasa, is dotted with numerous industrial facilities. The coastline is characterized by a broad shelf with turbid waters at the time of the survey; with short rocky outcrops and sandy substrate occurring intermittently in the shoreline. Beach vegetation is scarce as many households have settled in the coastline. The widest shelf, consisting of sandy seabed with seagrass meadows interspersed with rocks, extends about 250 meters from the shoreline in front of the Barangay proper of Bgy. Ilang. This area is a traditional fishing ground for mostly Muslim artisanal fishers from the Barangay employing simple hook and line and surface gill nets. The larger boats fish a great distance from the shore, in what appears to be territorial waters of IGACOS as well as in the open waters of Davao Gulf. In the area of the Holcim jetty and two other ‘old’ wharfs, the shelf has been reclaimed with port facilities and waters are characteristically deep for ship docking. There is no marine protected area in Barangay Ilang.

Plate 2.6. Images of the coastal area around the Holcim port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City where marine ecology baseline assessment was conducted from 07-09 December 2017.

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Figure 2.47. Area of marine ecology baseline assessment in the Holcim jetty complex in Davao City.

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At the time of the survey, no major mangroves were observed along the stretch of the coastline where resource assessments were undertaken although strips of mangroves occurred in Barangay Panacan and in the estuary of the Ilang River beside the Holcim port complex.

Scope of Assessment and Methodology Specific objectives of the assessment include: 1. Estimate distribution and species composition of reef associated fish assemblages within specific survey stations; 2. If present in significant quantities, characterize reef habitat conditions by estimating the cover of various coral life forms utilizing standard categories in representative sampling sites; 3. Conduct mangrove survey where such resources are present in the impact area, in order to determine species density and distribution as well as the overall spatial profile; 4. Determine distribution and diversity of seagrass communities in the study area and describe their current condition; 5. Assess and characterize plankton communities, including presence of marine biotoxin and HAB-causing organisms (harmful algal bloom); 6. Catalogue presence of important macro-invertebrates and soft bottom communities in specific study stations; 7. Gather secondary information to describe dominant fisheries resources and practices.

Assessment Tools The survey methods employed follow standard marine resource survey techniques prescribed by English et. al (1994) and modified in accordance with in-situ conditions following rapid appraisal techniques for coastal resources. Where coral reefs are encountered, more focused assessment were undertaken with the survey team members undertaking underwater line intercept surveys and systematic snorkelling to more closely determine reef and fish distribution patterns in the slope area where higher live coral cover normally occur. In the Holcim port itself, the survey conducted spot dive with scuba in front of the facility to determine substrate composition and validate whether corals and seagrass communities are present in the deep seabed. Key informants were interviewed to determine marine capture fisheries productivity, and sampling stations to determine presence of macro-invertebrates that are utilized for food and trade were undertaken in areas pointed by key respondents as shellfish collection areas.

The baseline survey is focused on assessing the presence, distribution and diversity of principal coastal resources - (i) corals, (ii) reef-associated fish communities, (iii) seagrass communities, (iv) mangroves, (v) plankton, (vi) benthic macro-invertebrates, and (vii) fishing practices and productivity.

Survey methodology and stations Corals Two survey methods were employed to determine spatial distribution and abundance of live coral cover. a. Manta survey method for observation of coral cover in the reef flat and general coastal habitat configuration Manta tow surveys were conducted in continuous stations in order to characterize the benthic environment over a long stretch of seabed across the coastal waters in the primary and secondary areas of the project. Primarily, manta tow is used to pinpoint the location and abundance of corals, seagrass and other benthic resources in a continuous stretch of the broader

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP environment of the project area in order to generate a collective assessment of the diversity of coastal habitats that can be prone to anthropogenic disturbances. Principally, estimates of percentage distribution of corals and associated benthos observed within the tow stations are recorded in accordance with standard categories to document distribution of coral life forms to characterize the overall “without the project” scenario and diversity in the primary impact area. In areas where significant coral reefs occur, results from a manta tow survey are used to pinpoint the locations of ideal stations where more detailed underwater coral reef characterization employing line transects are undertaken.

A total of thirty (30) manta tow survey stations covering a swath of benthic environment over a distance of 4.537 km were investigated along the crest and slope of the coastal shelf from Barangay Ilang to the boundary of Barangay Panacan past the Holcim jetty complex (Figure 2.48). The station coordinates are listed in Table 2.19 in the section on discussion of survey results. b. Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method for detailed coral reef assessment Manta tow observations revealed that patches of coral colonies occur sparsely along the 4.57- kilometer stretch of coastal shelf surveyed; most of which occur in front of Barangay Ilang. Patches of corals also occur in the southern region of the manta tow pathway but these were few and far between, as well as severely degraded. To document in greater detail the distribution and diversity of the remaining corals in the area, transect lines were laid out in two sampling stations in order to more precisely estimate the relative abundance of corals, other benthic life forms and abiotic components. The survey protocol involved the laying out of a 50-m transect parallel to the shoreline and following the reef contour (Figure 2.49, Plate 2.7). Data generated from line-intercept surveys for coral reef assessment provides more rigid data sets on percentage of live coral cover as well as species distribution that can be ultimately used for comparative evaluation if the same survey stations are monitored in the future. The categories utilized for classifying coral cover follow standard ratings used for live coral distribution, i.e., 76-100% live coral cover = Excellent; 51-75% coverage live coral cover = Good, 26-50% coverage live coral cover = Fair, and 0-25% coverage live coral cover = Poor coral cover (Gomez, et. al.,1981). The coordinates of the two LIT stations are shown in Table 2.19. The surveys in these stations were supplemented by spot dives to reinforce information on the extent of coral cover and record other relevant information.

Plate 2.7. Underwater assessment for detailed coral diversity and distribution employing the line intercept method in one of several isolated coral patches encountered in the impact area of the HOLCIM project in Davao City; 09 December 2016. Right photo shows a patch of staghorn corals, in fact the only remaining coral colonies with relatively robust growth in the entire impact area. Left photo shows a heavily degraded reef patch in turbid waters.

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Figure 2.48. Manta tow stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters fronting HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017, (map by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Figure 2.49. Map showing location of two line intercept stations investigated for detailed coral and benthic life form distribution during marine ecology baseline assessment, HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Table 2.19. Coordinates of LIT stations surveyed for coral cover distribution during the Holcim marine ecology baseline assessment; Davao City; 08-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Located 1 km north of the Holcim port complex; with dominant Non-Acropora Branching Corals at and Soft LIT1 N 07.184390° E 125.656490° Corals. Noteworthy is the widespread Rubble. Depth 3-5m; fish coral (“baklad”) in reef flat. Located 1 km south of the Holcim port complex in intermittent, degraded patch of Non-Acropora Branching LIT2 N 07.166390° E 125.661650° Corals. Noteworthy is the widespread Rubble and Dead Corals with Algae. Turbid waters; Depth 7-9m

Assessment of reef-associated fish assemblages employing Fish Visual Census (FVC) Species diversity and abundance of reef-associate fish was determined in the two line intercept stations through standard fish visual census (FVC). The conduct of FVC is aimed to document a fairly accurate picture of demersal fish species richness, abundance and biomass of fish assemblages within the 10-meter belt corridor following a 50-meter transect station. High values for these indicators can indicate the overall ecological condition of a reef area and high species richness is normally associated with robust ecosystem functions. Fish visual census is used to estimate the variety, numbers and sizes of fishes along a laid over representative coral reef stations. FVC surveys document mostly demersal, reef-associated species of fish that normally indicates the robustness of a coral reef ecosystem. In healthy reefs, the fish species diversity may include both commercially important fish (e.g., Groupers, Snappers) and reef-dependent species of fish such as Angelfishes and Butterfly fishes. The estimation of fish biomass in the stations surveyed can subsequently be used to extrapolate the average fisheries productivity of the broader coastal area under normal circumstances, especially in view of the fact that demersal fish can supply about 30 percent of total food fish production in a locality. This productivity value is in fact one of the most important merits in protecting coral reefs in the area. Collectively, the results of coral reef assessments and fish visual census are used as reference points for comparative monitoring of changes in spatial distribution and diversity of benthic life forms in periodic environmental impact monitoring.

Fish species encountered in the FVC transects are categorized as target, major or indicator species based on categories recommended in FishBase (2004). Target species are economically important food fish that are normally sought by fishers for trade of for food. In reef areas, such demersal species may include high value groupers (Ephinephalidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), jacks (Carangidae) and some species of surgeons (Acanthuridae). Fish that belong to the major fish category are considered to be ecologically important because they occupy unique niches and sometimes symbiotic relationships in the coral reef ecosystem. Many of these species are represented by members of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and wrasses (Labridae). Indicator species are coral-feeders whose presence, variety and abundance in a reef area may give an indication of the robustness and diversity of corals present in the reef. These are mostly comprised of the magnificently-colored butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae), species of Angelfishes and the lone damsel species popularly known as Moorish Idol. The FVC station coordinates are shown in Table 2.20 and displayed in Figure 2.50.

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Table 2.20. Fish visual census (FVC) stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Same location as LIT1 with a depth of 6-10m. Recorded 274 individuals within a 500m2 transect area with 15 FVC1 N 07.184390° E 125.656490° species distributed in 9 family taxa. Most abundant were Apogon cookii (65 individuals) followed by Chromis viridis (60 individuals) Same location as LIT2 with a depth of 6-10m. Recorded 101 individuals within a 500m2 transect area with 9 FVC2 N 07.166390° E 125.661650° species distributed in 7 family taxa. Most abundant were Pomacentrus moluccensis (40 individuals) followed by Dascyllus aruanus (20 individuals)

Figure 2.50. Location of fish visual census (FVC) stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017 (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

Assessment of seagrass and associated macro-algae Seagrass are true plants and contribute significant ecological functions in the coastal environment. Seagrass meadows proliferate in the shelf in front of Barangay Ilang, in turbid waters. Three stations were surveyed for species diversity and spatial distribution. Station coordinates are listed in Table 2.21 and depicted in Figure 2.51.

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Figure 2.51. Location of seagrass stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Table 2.21. Coordinates of seagrass assessment stations in the inter-tidal area fronting Barangay Ilang, Holcim complex, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Recorded 4 species with an overall subtotal percentage cover of 66.0% where the dominant species was Thalassia hemprichii at 58.5%. Seagrass SGR1 N 07.182640° E 125.653789° bed is highly disturbed as evidenced by the presence of uprooted rhizomes. The rest of the substrate is sand at 34.0%. Recorded 1 species was Enhalus acoroides with the overall subtotal percentage cover of 15.5%. Other SGR2 N 07.183129° E 125.653026° sediments observed present which can cause turbidity and impair photosynthesis. The rest of the substrate is sand at 84.5%

Plate 2.8. Seagrass survey during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017

Survey of commercially-important macro-invertebrates Bivalves and gastropods are collected during gleaning activities for food and trade and represent an important source of income and nutrition for the local community. Macro-invertebrates, like mollusks and bivalves, are usually used for assessment of site – specific effects since they are sessile organisms and their sedentary nature allows effective analyses of pollutants and effects of benthic disturbance, including the presence of biotoxins normally triggered during plankton blooms. The presence of macro-benthos in the sediment is therefore one of the best biological indicators on fertility of the bottom sediment and, on the other hand, the unsuitability of benthic substrates for the viable existence macro-invertebrate populations. Core sampling and opportunistic surveys of macro-invertebrates were conducted in the inter-tidal flat fronting mangroves in the Ilang River and actual catch of a shellfish gleaner in one station was also documented (Figure 2.52). The coordinates of the two macro-invertebrate stations are shown in Table 2.22.

Table 2.22. Coordinates of macro-invertebrate sampling stations in a shellfish gleaning area in the inter- tidal flat fronting Barangay Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017. WP LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Code Mud flat bordering mangrove trees beside the Ilang MAC1 N 13.736028° E 120.938556° River estuary Gleaner in tidal flat in front of Bgy Ilang using spear MAC2 N 07.18250° E 125.65472° and scoop net. Actual catch was documented

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Mangrove Assessment Only a small patch of mangrove trees was observed in the impact area of the Holcim jetty complex, located in the estuary of the Ilang River which is immediately beside the confines of the Holcim compound (Plate 2.9). The mangrove patch is small, less than two (2) hectares of sparse distribution of trees fringing the riverbanks of the river. Two stations were surveyed for species composition and distribution, shown in Table 2.23 and Figure 2.53.

The only other patch of mangrove seen during the survey was a small but dense pack of mangroves running about 200 meters along the shoreline of Barangay Tibungco, 2.5 kilometers northwards of the Holcim plant (Plate 2.9). This patch of mangroves is too distant from the impact area.

Figure 2.52. Sampling stations for collection of commercially-important macro-invertebrates in a gleaning area near the Holcim port complex in Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

Table 2.23. Coordinates of mangrove community assessment stations beside the Holcim compound in Barangay Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Located within the Ilang River at the north perimeter wall of the plant site. Comprises of 49 stands distributed in 7 MGV1 N 07.178194° E 125.654806° species. Most abundant was Avicennia rumphiana with 11 indiv having a ~22% composition for the recorded trees in this quadrant MGV2 N 07.177778° E 125.654056° Located within the Ilang River at the north perimeter wall

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WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS of the plant site. Comprises of 35 stands distributed in 6 species. Most abundant was Aegiceras corniculatum with 10 stands having a ~29% composition for the recorded trees in this quadrant

Plate 2.9. Patches of mangroves in the estuary of the Ilang River beside the Holcim complex being surveyed (left and middle). The only other patch of mangroves encountered in the assessment was a small strip in Bgy. Tibungco, some 2.5 km north of the Holcim project site (right photo).

Plankton communities Species composition, abundance and density of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were determined using plankton net vertically lowered and towed from sub-surface depths. Shannon-Weaver Diversity/Evenness Indices and bio-assessment metrics are then derived from the results of the sampling. Identification of phytoplankton species that can enrich to become harmful algal blooms that can potentially cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) was also undertaken as algal blooms normally indicate hyper-nutrient levels in the sea sometimes triggered by problems of anthropogenic origin. Eight (8) sampling stations were strategically chosen so that the stations are focused in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex. Two (2) stations were positioned directly in front of the jetty while two other sampling stations were established in the Ilang River where outfall pipes from the Holcim plant are located. The coordinates of the sampling stations are listed in Table 2.24 and shown in a map in Figure 2.54; also see Plate 2.10).

Table 2.24. Coordinates of plankton sampling stations investigated during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017. WP LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Code Located more than a kilometre north of the Holcim wharf in PLK1 N 07.183636° E 125.657394° shallow water of sea shelf Located about 300 meters northeast of plankton station 1 in PLK2 N 07.185153° E 125.659729° deep water PLK3 N 07.180379° E 125.659708° Located about 700 meters northeast of the Holcim wharf Located about 1300 meters northeast of the Holcim wharf in PLK4 N 07.181915° E 125.662151° deep water Located about 500 meters due east (in front) of the Holcim PLK5 N 07.175384° E 125.657591° wharf in about 12 meters of water Located about 300 meters in front of the Holcim wharf in PLK6 N 07.176628° E 125.660147° about 12 meters of water Located in the estuary of the Ilang River beside Holcim port PLK7 N 07.178203° E 125.655596° complex, in shallow water fronting mangrove stands; depth about 5 meters PLK8 N 07.177610° E 125.654239° Located 200 meters inside the Ilang River beside Holcim port

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complex, in mid stream bordered by mangroves. Depth less than 3 meters

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Figure 2.53. Location of mangrove stations surveyed in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Figure 2.54. Location of plankton community sampling in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex in Bgy. Ilang, Davao City during marine ecology baseline assessment on 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Plate 2.10. Survey team doing plankton sampling, depth, sound and salinity measurements in coastal waters around the Holcim jetty complex in Bgy Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 08 December 2017.

Spot Dives Spot dives employing scuba were undertaken to verify presence or absence of corals in manta tow stations that were too turbid to observe from sea sub-surface level. Three strategic points were verified – a spot dive south of the Holcim jetty to validate the nature of the seabed where a key informant claimed there were corals, and in two in areas north where relatively better coral cover was discerned. The spot dive stations are presented in Table 2.25 below and depicted in Figure 2.55.

Table 2.25. Location of spot dives for substrate verification undertaken during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of HOLCIM port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Live Hard Coral=5%, Soft Coral=0%, Dead Coral=0%, Dead SPD1 N 07.166220° E 125.661290° Coral w Algae=20%, Coral Rubble=10%, Sand/Silt=65% Live Hard Coral=0%, Soft Coral=0%, Dead Coral=0%, Dead SPD2 N 07.189460° E 125.654610° Coral w Algae=10%, Coral Rubble=30%, Sand/Silt=60% Live Hard Coral=40%, Soft Coral=20%, Dead Coral=0%, SPD3 N 07.193600° E 125.654370° Dead Coral w Algae=0%, Coral Rubble=20%, Sand/Silt=20%

Rapid fisheries appraisals The rapid fisheries appraisal was undertaken through key informant interviews to determine (i) presence of fishing activities in the study area and dominant fishing gears used, (ii) usual catch composition, (iii) estimated catch rates, and (iv) issues affecting fisheries. A focus group discussion was also conducted with officials and the Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council (BFARMC) of Bgy. Ilang. In the coastal waters fronting the Barangay, three fishers conducting actual fishing operations were interviewed and catch composition and fishing effort was catalogued. However, it was noted that few coral reef-based fishing operations are actually occurring in coastal waters fronting the several port complexes in Barangay Ilang, Tibungco and Panacan in view of serious decline in catch rates. In three days of surveys, about twelve small fishing boats using simple handlines were actually seen. Bigger boast allegedly fish a great distance from the shore in open waters of Davao Gulf. The coordinates of three (3) actual fishing encounters are shown in Table 2.26 and Figure 2.56.

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Figure 2.55. Location of spot dive stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex, Bgy. Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017.

Table 2.26. Coordinates of actual fishing stations documented during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017. WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS Encountered 1 solo fisher utilizing hook & line gear with AFE1 N 07.189610° E 125.654530° a catch of 1 pc rabbitfish and surgeonfish in a CPUE of 1 hour Encountered 1 solo fisher utilizing hook & line gear with AFE2 N 07.179270° E 125.658270° a catch of 30 pcs rabbitfish in a CPUE of 5 hours Encountered 1 solo fisher utilizing hook & line gear with AFE3 N 07.168310° E 125.663220° a catch of 5 pcs Caranx sp. juveniles and 1 pc bream in a CPUE of 4 hours Encountered 2 solo fishers. Fisher 1 utilizes hook & line gear with a catch of emperor, grouper, and snapper @ AFE4 N 07.184333° E 125.666412° 1 piece each, in a CPUE of 3 hrs. Fisher 2 also utilizes hook & line gear with a catch of 2 breams, 1 triggerfish, 1 damselfish (all juveniles), in a CPUE of 3hrs

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Figure 2.56. Location of actual fishing operations documented during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal areas within the vicinity of the Holcim port complex, Bunawan, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Seagrass Assessment Assessment of seagrass beds and associated macro-benthic algae was undertaken using the Saito-Atobe quadrate-transect method (English et. al., 1994), employing 1 x 1 m quadrate in three stations located in the small cove fronting Barangay Ilang (Figure 2.61). Initial determination of sites for the seagrass transects were derived from manta tow observations and validated through spot dives. There are no seagrass communities in the area in front of the Holcim port complex. The transects and quadrates were laid where the seagrass habitat begins, and where the observed habitat ends. Observation of the seagrass community was based on standard criteria for categorizing the quality of seagrass habitats, i.e. pristine, disturbed, altered and emergent seagrass beds.

2.2.3.2 Results and Discussion Corals – broad area profiling (manta tows and spot dives) Results of manta tow observations across the impact area and contiguous coastal waters reveal heavily degraded reef patches that were evidently ruined by damaging fishing practices. Coral rubble was ubiquitous and many remaining patches of live coral colonies are now colonized by macro-algae or overrun by sandy substrate. Whatever reef flat that existed in front of the Holcim jetty complex has been essentially lost and only few patches of isolated live corals – few and far between, remains.

Of thirty (30) manta tows, only thirteen (13) stations displayed remnants of coral colonies averaging only 6 % live coral cover (LHC) across the 4.57 km stretch of benthic survey corridor (Table 2.27, Figure 2.57). Of the total 27 stations where substrates was observed (3 stations were too deep), thirteen (13) pathways consisted of sandy substrate with coral rubble, while thirteen (13) stations hosted dead coral with algae ranging from 10 to 50% of the manta tow pathway, registering an average of 10%. Coral rubble (14%) was evident in eighteen stations and, together with dead corals with algae, was actually the dominant substrate in thirteen of these (Plate 2.11), constituting 24% of the surveyed area combined. Deep water was recorded in front of the Holcim jetty but a spot dive revealed complete sandy-muddy substrate at the bottom (see Plate 2.12). Around the port complex, very few, heavily stressed coral colonies of mostly massive Porites sp remain, particularly towards the area of Ilang River where muddy substrate and silt are vividly enveloping remaining coral colonies, cataloged at only 5 % LHC, with the remaining patches widely dispersed. Dead corals with algae were encountered in thirteen stations, comprising between 10 to 30% of the substrate (Figure 2.59). Across the entire survey pathway, sandy substrate mixed with rubble dominated the benthic environment, accounting for 69% of the total survey corridor (Figure 2.58 and Figure 2.60). In the southern enclave towards the direction of Barangay Panacan, no coral colonies were encountered.

Overall, there are no indications of a healthy fringing reef along the coastline surveyed except in a small patch of reef detected by the survey team from manta tow stations 28 to 30 where a small fringing reef hosted an unexpected robust colony that included extensive staghorn corals (even the BFARMC of Bgy. Ilang was not aware of this particular coral patch). Drawing from manta tow observations, the reef flat in this patch consisted of about 20% to 25% LHC on average, with dead corals with algae comprising about 30% to 40% on the average and sand about 40% (Table 2.27). In the slope, the corals become more profuse with live coral cover registering at 40%, in fact the highest in the entire survey and the only area where coral colonies are diverse and distinctively healthier (Plate 2.13). This patch of corals is located about 1 kilometer north of the Holcim jetty. Upon learning of the relatively better coral cover in this particular site, the BFARMC Chair acknowledged that they will move to declare the coral patch as a marine protected area. To the south, a degraded coral patch with only about 5% live corals is

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The loss of corals appears to be caused by a confluence of factors - destructive fishing methods in the past, sedimentation and collection for household reinforcement.

Pie graphs of substrate and coral life form composition on a per station basis from thirty manta tows are annexed as Annex 2.3.

Table 2.27. Results of seventeen manta tows for coral and benthic substrate profiling over a 3-kilometer stretch of coastal waters in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex; 29-30 January 2017 (Observers: Benj Francisco, Michael Chester Francisco and Jose Rene Villegas). MANTA TOW RESULTS FOR REEF AND SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION Holcim Davao Marine Ecology Baseline Assessment Offshore waters across the Holcim Cement Plant Site name: Survey Team: Site in Bunawan, Davao City Time / Date: 0945H-1300H, 08 December 2017 1. Benjamin Francisco Tow Speed: 3.0 kmh (ave) 2. Michael Chester Francisco Varying from 1m to 5m due to mixing of waves Visibility: and sand Weather: Sunny Wave: Flat to slight rolling waves Current: None Lowering from 1.19m to 0.35m as ref from Tide: Davao Tidal Station [WXTIDE32 App] Water Temp: Varying from approx. ± 30°C Wind: Beaufort Scale #2 Cloud Cover: Cumulus and Cirrus Clouds Tow Location LHC SC DC DCA CR S Remarks Coverage [DecDeg] N 07.156460° S00 ------Start point of 1st leg E 125.663980° N 07.157650° Deep water; KI declares sandy S00-T01 0 0 0 0 0 100 E 125.663140° substrate at the bottom N 07.158360° T01-T02 0 0 0 0 10 90 Sand and coral rubble E 125.661570° N 07.159570° Sand and coral rubble; T02-T03 0 0 0 0 20 80 E 125.660500° seasnake N 7.160750° T03-T04 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phivicom jetty E 125.661180° N 07.162010° Deep water; KI declares sandy T04-T05 0 0 0 0 0 100 E 125.661580° substrate at the bottom N 07.163490° Deep water; KI declares sandy T05-T06 0 0 0 0 0 100 E 125.661570° substrate at bottom N 07.164550° T06-T07 0 0 0 0 20 80 Uniprotect wharf E 125.661770° N 07.165360° T07-T08 5 0 0 20 20 55 Heavily degraded reef E 125.662020° N 07.166220° Spot dive in 7 meters water; T08-T09 5 0 0 20 10 65 E 125.661290° silt covered Porites N 07.167060° Silt intrusion in remaining T09-T10 5 0 0 15 20 60 E 125.661440° Porites N 07.168450° Approx 400 m from shore; T10-T11 5 0 0 20 10 65 E 125.661480° seagrass bed T11-T12 N 07.168900° 5 0 0 20 10 65 Seagrass adjacent to coral

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E 125.660950° clusters N 07.170390° T12-T13 5 0 0 0 0 95 Deep water approx. 20 meters E 125.660740° N 07.171190° T13-T14 Deep water; Holcim wharf E 125.660040° Deep water; Holcim wharf; N 07.172840° T14-T15 0 0 0 0 0 100 spot dive confirms sandy E 125.659730° substrate at bottom N 07.174040° T15-T16 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep water; Holcim wharf E 125.659360° N 07.175430° Deep water, vicinity of Holcim T16-T17 E 125.659090° wharf N 07.176620° Deep water; vicinity of Holcim T17-T18 E 125.658800° wharf N 07.178020° Approx 80 m from Holcim T18-T19 0 0 0 0 0 100 E 125.658770° jetty Muddy substrate; turbid water N 07.179280° T19-T20 0 0 0 0 20 80 approx. 300m to shore with E 125.658420° mangroves Mud; Turbid water approx. N 07.179780° T20-T21 0 0 0 20 30 50 200m to shore with E 125.657040° mangroves N 7.189570° S00b ------Start point of 2nd leg E 125.655570° N 07.187950° Seagrass; heavily degraded by S00b-T22 5 0 0 15 20 60 E 125.654820° dynamite blast (old) N 07.186590° T22-T23 5 0 0 15 20 60 Beside seaweed farms E 125.655090° N 07.185320° 200 m from shore; mixed with T23-T24 20 0 0 20 20 40 E 125.656000° rubble; LIT station 2 N 07.184100° Heavily degraded reef; rubble T24-T25 5 5 0 10 30 50 E 125.655400° due to blasting N 07.183260° Rubble and sand; damaged by T25-T26 0 0 0 0 50 50 E 125.656160° dynamite blasts N 07.184370° Dominated by dead corals T26-T27 5 0 0 50 30 15 E 125.656470° covered with algae and rubble N 07.185190° LIT station 2; Patch of T27-T28 25 5 0 20 10 40 E 125.657200° staghorn corals N 07.182670° Porites colonies heavily T28-T29 20 0 0 30 20 30 E 125.656343° stressed due to sediments Reef crest; only patch in entire N 07.183624° T29-T30 40 20 0 0 20 20 pathway with good coral E 125.655019° cover; Spot Dive Average Reef and Substrate 6 1 0 10 14 69 Composition  Tow area coverage are expressed in Decimal Degrees WCS notation in reference to WGS84 Map Datum  Reef and Substrate composition are expressed in (%) and described as follows: - Live hard coral (LHC): coverage of stony or hard corals on the bottom or part of the bottom - Live soft coral (SC): coverage of soft corals attached to the bottom - Dead coral (DC): recently dead coral still attached and recognizable at the bottom in original upright position, corlor usualy white with no living tissue - Dead coral with algae (DCA): corallites still visible, skeletal structure can still be seen but algae dominate the structure (often appears greenish to brownish) - Coral rubble/rock (CR): loose broken fragments in stony corals, consolidated hard bottom or large blocks of hard reef materials not attached or easily moved around - Sand/silt (S)

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Plate 2.11. Coral rubble, dead corals with algae and sandy substrate dominated the manta tow pathways surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the impact area of the Holcim jetty complex; 07-09 December 2017 (underwater photographs by Michael Chester Francisco)

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Figure 2.58. Distribution of live coral life cover across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016.

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Figure 2.59. Distribution of dead corals with algae across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016.

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Figure 2.60. Distribution of sand and other abiotics across thirty (30) manta tow benthic observation pathways traversing a stretch of coastal waters 4.53 km long surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016.

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Results of Spot Dives for validation of corals and benthic substrate characterization Spot dive station 1: Location: N 07.16845; E 125.66148 (depth at 6 meters) The benthic substrate is comprised of sand and coral rubble, with patches of massive corals comprising only 5% of the observation corridor (graph below), with widely dispersed colonies vividly stressed with sediment suffocation. No significant coral cover was encountered in 100 square meter diameter.

Spot Dive station 2, in front of Holcim jetty (depth at 10 meters) The substrate consisted of sand with a mixture of what appears to be cement residues, (Plate 2.12) completely devoid of coral cover, seagrass and macro-algae.

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Plate 2.12. A mixture of sand and ‘whitish mud’ was seen during the spot dive in front of the Holcim jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; (underwater photographs by Ronald Pocon).

Spot Dive station 3: N 07.1936, E 125.65437 (depth at 5 meters) The area is part of a squat reef with the only good coral cover in the entire manta tow survey area. The reef crest and slope is only more than 1 hectare with both massive and branching coral cover. The reef crest hosts about 25% live hard corals but the slope contained as high as 40% live coral cover consisting of Porites sp, Acropora spp, encrusting Montipora sp. and non-scleractinian Fungi sp (Plate 2.13; see graph below)

Plate 2.13. A solitary reef patch with 25% to 40% live coral cover was encountered in a short fringing reef 1 km north of the Holcim jetty complex. This is the only remaining coral reef in the entire survey area with relatively better coral cover.

The highlights of spot dives are shown in Figure 2.61.

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Figure 2.61. Results of spot dives for validation of presence of corals and other substrate during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2016; (map by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Corals - results of line intercept transect (LIT) surveys for detailed coral assessment Two LIT stations for recording detailed coral cover and benthic life forms associated with coral reefs were laid out in areas where patches of corals were observed. The first station was positioned in the area where corals were relatively in a better condition about 1.1 km meters away from the Holcim jetty (please see Figures 2.49 and 2.50). The second station is in a degraded coral patch hosting only 11% live coral cover as gleaned from the manta tow survey located 1 km south-southeast of the port complex. In between these two major coral stations, only intermittent patches of corals occur, in heavily degraded condition.

Across the two stations, the average live coral cover was documented at 25 percent, with Non- Acropora branching corals dominating the community, with Montipora stellata and Acropora Formosa in significant colonies. Massive corals of Porites sp comprised 4.20% of the coral community, while branching Acropora species accounted for 5.3%. Non-scleractinian mushroom corals belonging to the species Fungia donae and soft corals Clavularia viridis, occurred in patches. The average percent live hard coral cover is categorized as “Fair”. The benthic substrate was dominated by almost 53% coral rubble, indicating damage by blast fishing or similar detonation. Although sandy substrate was observed in long stretches in the manta tow surveys, sandy substrate in the coral survey transect was minimal, comprising less than 1 % of the transect line (Table 2.28, Figure 2.62 and Figure 2.63). The fair coral cover was actually drawn from Station 1, which has a far better coral cover than Station 2. In fact, the corals in Station 1 (see also Tow # 30) is the only coral patch in the entire surveyed area that hosted intact coral colonies. However, survey impressions indicate that the live corals in the area are highly stressed, with vivid sediment intrusion.

Table 2.28. Average percentage cover of the different coral lifeform categories across two (2) LIT transects investigated during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of the Holcim Port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 08-09 December 2017. (Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon). AVERAGE LIFE-FORM CATEGORIES CODE PERCENTAGE COVER (in %) Acropora Branching ACB 5.30 Digitate ACD 0.50 Non-Acropora Branching CB 14.70 Massive CM 4.20 Mushroom Coral CMR 0.30 AVERAGE PERCENT LIVE HARD CORAL (LHC) COVER 25.00 Fair Condition Dead Coral DC 2.10 Dead Coral with Algae DCA 10.10 Other Fauna Soft Coral SC 7.30 Starfish OT 0.50 Coralline Algae CA 1.30 Abiotic Sand S 0.80 Rubble R 52.90 Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100% (Gomez et al. 1981)

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A. Branching, 5.30% A. Digitate, 0.50% Coral Branching, 14.70% Coral Massive, Rubble, 52.90% 4.20%Mushroom Coral, 0.30% Dead Coral, 2.10%

Dead Coral with Algae, 10.10% Soft Coral, 7.30%

Starfish, 0.50%

Coralline Algae , Sand, 0.80% 1.30%

Figure 2.62. Distribution of coral life form categories, other fauna and abiotics across two LIT stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim jetty complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 08-09 December, 2017.

On a per station basis, the corals in Station 1, north of the Holcim wharf hosts a fair coral cover with live hard corals comprising almost 39% of the benthic substrate (Table 2.29 and Figure 2.63). The community is comprised of extensive branching corals (e.g., Acropora formosa, Acropora palifera, Montipora digita) and few massive Porites sp. Soft corals (Clauvaria viridis) were thriving in this area, comprising 14.20% of the population. Coral rubble consisted 36.6 % while dead coral with algae was registered at 6%. Coral recruitment appears to be robust, even as turbidity has blocked sunlight. This patch of corals appears to be part of a short fringing reef sloping down to 10 meters approximately 500 meters from the shoreline of Barangay Ilang and more than 1000 meters from the Holcim port. There is no significant coral flat; corals appear in a crest and become more profuse along its slope. The entire reef is estimated to be less than 2 hectares.

Station 2 hosted an extremely low live coral cover, comprising 11% of the benthic transect survey line; dominated by intermittent patches of branching corals and few massive corals that are vividly blanketed by silt. In this station, coral rubble dominated the entire pathway – comprising 69% of the substrate, while dead coral with algae was catalogued at 14%. This small coral patch looks to be remnants of an old reef that has been seriously damaged presumably by blast fishing and is now overcome by sediments and low recruitment capacity due to the unstable rubble.

No other corals of significant live colonies were encountered in front of the Holcim port complex.

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Figure 2.63. Location and summary of results of coral life form and other fauna surveyed in two LIT stations during marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the HOLCIM port complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City (08-09 December 2017; map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas)

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Table 2.29. Distribution (in % of total coral cover per station) of coral life forms in two LIT stations surveyed within the coastal impact area of the Holcim jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, 08-09 December, 2017 (Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon). Name of Site: Barangay Ilang. City: Davao City Date: December 9, 2017 Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon & Ronald T. Pocon Location: Survey Station No.: 1 Start: 125.6564900 E, 07.1843900 N; End: 125.6567300 E, 07.1847500 N Depth 3 – 5 m Survey Station No.: 2 Start: 125.6616500 E, 07.1663900 N; End: 125.6614500 E, 07.1671500 N Depth: 7 – 9 m DISTRIBUTION per TRANSECT (in %) LIFE-FORM CATEGORIES CODE 1 2 Acropora Branching ACB 7.00 3.60 Digitate ACD 1.00 Non-Acropora Branching CB 22.80 6.60 Massive CM 7.40 1.00 Mushroom Coral CMR 0.60 AVERAGE % LIVE HARD CORAL COVER 38.80 (Fair) 11.20 (Poor) Dead Coral DC 4.20 Dead Coral with Algae DCA 6.00 14.20 Other Fauna Soft Coral SC 14.20 0.40 Starfish OT 1.00 Coralline Algae CA 2.60 Abiotic Sand S 0.80 0.80 Rubble R 36.60 69.20 Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100% (Gomez et al. 1981)

Across the two LIT stations and in a spot dive area near LIT Station 1, a total of 24 species of corals and three species of sponges catalogued (Table 2.30).

Table 2.30. Coral colonies in two (2) coral LIT stations observed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal area around the Holcim Jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 Digitate, Encrusting, Sub-Massive, Massive Branching Mushroom, Foliose & Others Lobophyllia dentatus Acropora formosa Acropora humulus Lobophyllia hemprichii (staghorn) Acropora digitifera Porites densa Acropora palifera Goniopora burgosi Porites astreoides Acropora indonesia Pachyseris involuta Porites lobata Anacropora forbesi Clavularia viridis Porites species Anacropora pillai Fungia donae Anacropora reticulata Fungia fungites Montipora digitata Millepora platyphylla Montipora hirsute Millepora alcicornis Montipora porites Clavularia viridis Pocillopora elegans Ianthella basta Spheciospongia Porites nigrescens vesparium Xestospongia muta

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Transect No.: 1 Location: Start: 125.6564900 E, 07.1843900 N; End: 125.6567300 E, 07.1847500 N Barangay Ilang, Davao City A. Branching, 7.00% Rubble, 36.60% A. Digitate, 1.00% Coral Branching, 22.80%

Sand, 0.80% Coral Massive, Coralline Algae, 7.40% 2.60% Mushroom Coral, 0.60%

Dead Coral with Soft Coral, 14.20% Algae, 6.00% Sponge, 1.00%

Transect No.: 2 Location: 125.6616500 E, 07.1663900 N; End: 125.6614500 E, 07.1671500 N Barangay Ilang, Davao City

A. Branching, 3.60% Coral Branching, 6.60% Coral Massive, 1.00% Dead Coral, 4.20%

Dead Coral with Algae, 14.20%

Soft Coral, 0.40%

Sand, 0.80%

Rubble, 69.20%

Figure 2.64. Distribution of coral communities, other fauna and abiotic components catalogued in two LIT stations surveyed during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the vicinity of the Holcim port complex, Barangay Ilang, Davao City. Upper graph is for station 1 and lower graph is for station 2. (08- 09 December 2017).

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Plate 2.14. Actual photo opportunities showing the dominant live hard, soft corals associated fishes and other fauna in the survey site Left to right: (1st row) Montipora stellata with yellow chromis/palata a.k.a. Chromis analis & reticulate dascyllus /Palata a.k.a. Dascyllus reticulatus taking refuge in the scleractinian branching corals, Acropora Formosa, (2nd row) Porites densa, Pachyseris involuta, Goniopora burgosi, Pavona varians, (3rd row) Fungia donae & Fungia fungites, Porites lobata, Clavularia viridis, (4th row) Ianthella basta, Spheciospongia vesparium, and Xestospongia muta. (images taken on December 9, 2017, Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon).

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Survey from Fish Visual Census (FVC) - Reef fish species richness and abundance The fish visual census stations were laid out in the same stations for coral line intercept surveys, shown in the map in Figure 2.50 (see also Figure 2.69).

Fish visual census in the two stations counted a total of 376 individuals belonging to 20 species in 10 families (Table 2.31 and Figure 2.65). The density is low at 0.37 fish per square meter of surveyed area. It can be presumed the low coral diversity and turbid waters resulted to low species diversity and abundance. Fish abundance however, consisted of both small individuals and maturing fish. The damselfishes, principally blue green damselfish (Chromis viridis), a typical reef-associated algal feeder that can tolerate turbid waters while foraging on dead corals with algae, together with other species of Pomacentrids comprised 40% of the total fish community across the two stations. Cardinalfishes and wrasses comprised 17% respectively of the fish population while surgeonfish and sandperch accounted for another 11% combined. Parotfishes, wrasses and surgeons were particularly comprised of near-mature individuals.

The mean distribution per category of fish is dominated by target fish, including rabbitfish (Siganus spp), although many of the other target species are low value fish, e.g., parrotfish and surgeonfish (Figure 2.66). Indicator species consisted of a single species – the sunburst butterflyfish (Chaetodon kleinii) on account of the low coral cover in Station 2. Combined, the target species accounted for more than 65% of species richness and was recorded at a density of 0.394 fish/m2 (Figure 2.67). Density of other species was recorded similarly at 0.348 in view of the dense Pomacentridae species. Consequently, the low fish abundance resulted to low biomass levels – only 1.36 kg/500m2 for target species and 1.15 kg/500m2 for other species. Indicator fish biomass was negligible (Figure 2.68).

Distribution of reef-associated fish species by family in 2 transects Area of Ilang river beside Holcim Philippines Davao Barangay Ilang, Davao City, December 9, 2017

200

150 65 100 65 23 152 35 19 50 4 3 6 3

Figure 2.65. Fish abundance and species richness by family and number of individuals catalogued in two FVC stations during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed Holcim Port operations

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enhancement in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, 09 December 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo) Seventy-two percent of fish abundance was encountered in Station 1. This station, which hosted 39% live coral cover that even the BFARMC was not aware of, is located in a shallow reef flat about 1.1 km northwest of the Holcim jetty. Station 2 which was dominated by dead corals with algae and only 11% live hard corals had a far lesser fish population consisting of 101 individuals in only 9 species, dominated by the lemon damsel Pomacentrus mollucensis (Plate 2.15).

Fish Species Richness (in 1000m²) Area of Ilang river beside Holcim Philippines Davao Barangay Ilang, Davao City December 9, 2017 14 12 10 8 13 6 4 6 2 0 1 Target Indicator Other

Figure 2.66. Fish species richness by fish category catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, December 09, 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo)

Fish Density Area of Ilang river beside Holcim Philippines Davao Barangay Ilang, Davao City

0.45

0.4

0.35 0.3 0.25

Density /m² Density 0.2 0.394 0.348 0.15

0.1 0.05 0 0.008 Target Indicator Other

Figure 2.67. Average fish density/m2 by fish category catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant

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and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City, December 09, 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo)

Fish Biomass Area of Ilang river beside Holcim Philippines Davao Barangay Ilang, Davao City December 9, 2017

1.6

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 1.36449 0.6 1.15744

0.4 Biomass (Kg/500m²) Biomass 0.2 0.03779 0 Target Indicator Other

Figure 2.68. Fish biomass by fish categories catalogued in two FVC stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in primary impact area of the proposed modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility Project in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 09 December 2017; (Observers: Victor Pantaleon, Ronald Pocon and Weng Quimpo)

Plate 2.15. The fish community in station 1 (left) was dominated by damsels and wrasses; in station 2 (right) the poor coral cover resulted to a corresponding low fish diversity and abundance.

Figure 2.69 displays the summary of results of the fish visual census.

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Table 2.31. Fish Abundance Data Form Site Name: Municipality/City & Province: Davao City NE waters of Bunawan District across the Holcim Davao Plant Date: December 9, 2017 Observers: Ronald Pocon & Rowena R. Quimpo Time: 10am and 3pm Depth(m): 3-6 meters Station No. 1 N 07.184390° E 125.65649 Coordinates Station No. 1 N 07.184390° E 125.65649 Station 1 Station 2 Total # of FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME Size Size individuals # of ind # of ind (cm) (cm) Acanthuridae Ctenochetus striatus Striated surgeonfish Kadlitan 5 12 5 Acanthuridae Zebrasoma scopas Brushtail tang Piru-pirus 3 13 3 Acanthuridae Acanthurus nubulis Dark surgeonfish Indangan 15 20 15 Apogonidae Apogon cookii Cook’s cardinalfish Dangat 40 11 40 Apogonidae Apogon cookii Cook’s cardinalfish Dangat 25 13 25 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon kleinii Sunburst butterflyfish Alibangbang 4 8 4 Labridae Thalassoma lunare Moon wrasse Labayan 30 9 10 8 40 Labridae Thalassoma lunare Moon wrasse Labayan 20 10 20 Labridae Thalassoma hardwicke Six barred wrasse Labayan 5 16 5 Mullidae Parupeneus indicus Indian goatfish Timbungan 3 8 3 Pinguipedidae Parapercis nebulosa Barred sandperch Banghutin 8 10 5 10 13 Pinguipedidae Parapercis nebulosa Barred sandperch Banghutin 6 7 6 Pomacentridae Amphiprion frenatus Tomato clownfish Bantay bot-bot 2 9 2 Pomacentridae Chromis analis Yellow chromis Palata 10 7 10 Pomacentridae Chromis viridis Blue green damselfish Palata 60 6 60 Pomacentridae Dacyllus aruanus Three striped damselfish Palata/Bika-bika 20 4 20 3 40 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus mollucensis Lemon damsel Palata 40 4 40 Scaridae Scarus niger Dusky parrotfish Loro; mulmol 3 25 3 Scaridae Chlorurus sordidus Daisy parrotfish Mulmol 3 20 3 Siganidae Siganus guttatus Orange spotted spinefoot Kitong 20 15 20 Siganidae Siganus spinus Scribbled rabbitfish Danggit 10 7 10 Siganidae Siganus vulpinus Foxface Tag-bago 2 10 2

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Siganidae Siganus virgatus Virgate surgeonfish Tag-bago 3 8 3 Tetraodontidae Canthigaster amboinensis Spider-eye puffer Butete 3 13 3 Grand total Total # of individuals per transect (500m²) 274 101 375 Species Richness Total number of fish families 10 Total number of target species▪ 13 Total number of indicators 1 Total number of other species 6 Total number of species 20

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Figure 2.69. Summary of results of fish visual census for species richness and abundance in tow stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in the coastal impact area of the Holcim Cement jetty complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City.

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Seagrass communities Seagrass meadows in the coastal impact area of the Holcim project show disparate distribution, although where they occur extensively, the seagrass species are diverse. A total of four (4) species were encountered across the two stations, with Thalassia hemprichii (sickle seagrass) dominating the meadows, comprising more than 50% of the community. Enhalus acoroides constituted 6% and 15.5% of the meadows in the transect in Station 1 and Station 2, respectively. The other seagrass species were distributed sparsely, consisting of Halophila ovalis (spoon seagrass) and Cymodocea rotundata (ribbon seagrass) (Table 2.32, Figure 2.70 and Figure 2.71).

Stations 1, both located in the shallow coastal shelf Barangay Ilang about 1 km from the Holcim port complex, hosted all four (4) species while only one (1) species was catalogued in Station 2. Seagrass meadows in station 1 are profuse, covering 66% of the transect corridors surveyed, with dense Thalassia hemprichii occupying almost half of the entire meadow (Plate 2.16). Station 2, which was established near the first station had only one species – the eel seagrass. Macro- algae, represented by Halimeda sp and Padina sp. were also encountered in intermittent densities in the sandy substrates.

It is evident that the silt load in coastal waters where the stations are located has affected seagrass communities. Eel seagrass in Station 2 are heavily coated with silt while those in Station 1 are growing more robustly, albeit also in turbid waters. It is apparent that the ubiquitous silt invasion in the shallow portions of the cove in Barangay Ilang is depressing seagrass growth.

Table 2.32. Summary of results of seagrass surveys in two stations conducted during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07- 09 December 2017. Site Name: Barangay Ilang City & Province: Davao City, Davao Province Date: December 8 - 9, 2017 Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon Transect/Station No.:1 - Start: 125.6537890 E, 07.1826400 N; End: 125.6541660 E, 07.1828570 N Locations: Transect/Station No.:2 - Start: 125.6530260 E, 07.1831290 N; End: 125.6534100 E, 07.1833600 N Seagrass Distribution Transect Percent Cover Remarks/Observation No.: Species (in % of total) Thalassia hemprichii 58.50 34.00% sand and seagrass bed was Enhalus acoroides 6.00 highly disturbed with evidenced by the Halophila ovalis 1.00 presence of uprooted rhizomes 1 Cymodocea rotundata 0.50 observed within the survey site, where the surveyed site was exposed to high Sub-total Percentile 66.00 wave action during the northeast (NE) monsoon. 84.50% sand and sedimentation was observed in the survey site which can 2 Enhalus acoroides 15.50 physically smother the seagrass or it can cause such turbidity in the water that photosynthesis was impaired. AVERAGE PERCENTILE 40.75 Good cover/condition. Status Category: Poor = <5 - 20.00%; Fair = 21 - 35.00%; Good = 36.00 - 50.00%; Excellent = 51.00>

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Thalassia hemprichii, 37.00%

Enhalus Sand/Rubble, acoroides, 59.25% Cymodocea3.00% Halophila ovalis, rotundata, 0.50% 0.25% Figure 2.70. Distribution of seagrass species (in % of total transect cover) across two stations surveyed during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim Port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017.

Plate 2.16. Survey transect laid out across a seagrass meadow in front of Barangay Ilang near the Holcim port complex in Davao City; showing the dominant seagrass species in the survey site. Left to right: Thalassia hemprichii; silted Enhalus acoroides and Halophila ovalis; Sea star a.k.a. Choriaster granulatus; and Sea urchin or Suaki/Baritangtang a.k.a. Mespilia globulus, respectively have taken refuge in this sickle seagrass bed on a sandy mud substrate; 09 December 2017; (Images taken on December 8 - 9, 2017, Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T. Pocon).

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Mangroves A total of 84 trees were catalogued in two quadrants laid across one transect in the estuary of the Ilang River beside the Holcim port complex. Seedlings dominated the surveyed area, accounting for 54% of mangroves while mature trees accounted for 34%. Tree distribution was rather sparse but old growth trees were noted.

Seven (7) species existed in the relatively small mangrove swamp, with Avicennia rumphiana (Bungalon/Api-api) and Aegiceras corniculatum (Saging-saging) dominating the community at 19% and 20% of abundance, respectively. The river mangrove Aegiceras floridum (Saging-saging) and Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada), each consisting of 12 trees in two quadrants, accounted for 14% of relative abundance, respectively. The other mangrove species are comprised of Rhizophora apiculata (Bakawang lalaki (9%), Avicennia marina (Api-api, 10%) and Rhizophora mucronata (Bakawang babae; 6%). Species distribution and abundance is shown in Figure 2.69; the tabulated result of mangrove assessment is presented in Table 2.33, also see Figure 2.72 and Figure 2.76.

In spite of the small area of the mangrove patch, the mangrove crown cover, at 82% of the canopy, was rated as excellent. Crown cover is dominated by the Avicennia species, typically broad trees, averaging 3.14 meters across, followed by Sonneratia caseolaris, at 2.55 meters (Figure 2.73). The small Aegiceras trees correspondingly had the smallest crown cover but no pruning was observed. However, the survey noted that a few of the larger mangrove trees have been cut (Plate 2.17).

Relative abundance of different mangrove species Holcim, Barangay Ilang, Davao City December 8, 2017

Aegiceras Sonneratia floridum caseolaris (saging-saging), (Pedada), 12, 12, 14% 14% Aegiceras Rhizophora corniculatum(sa mucronata(baka ging-saging), wang babae), 5, 20, 24% 6%

Rhizophora Avicennia Avicennia apiculata(bakaw marina(bungalo rumphiana ang lalaki), 8, n, api-api), 8, (bungalon, api- 9% 10% api), 19, 23%

Figure 2.72. Species diversity and relative abundance of mangrove trees catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City.

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Figure 2.73. Average crown cover of seven mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City.

Mangrove tree height, however, is dominated by Sonneratia trees, averaging 15 meters, indicating old growth. The rest of the other mangroves species have low hieghts however, ranging from an average of 1 meter for Aegiceras spp to 5.3 meters for Avicennia rumphiana (Figure 2.74). There were 130 seedlings and 3 saplings catalogued in six (6) plots during the survey, translating to a regeneration capacity of 2.2/m2 (Table 2.33 and Figure 2.75). The recuitment rate is rated as excellent.

Figure 2.74. Average height of seven mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in the Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City.

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Plate 2.17. Tall Sonneratia trees being documented during mangrove survey in the Ilang River estuary near the Holcim port complex (left); the survey noted that numerous trees have been cut (right).

Proportion of trees, saplings and seedlings Barangay Ilang Davao City December 8, 2017

Trees, 84, 34% Seedlings, 130, 52%

Saplings, 35, 14%

Figure 2.75. Proportion of trees, seedlings and saplings in mangrove patch surveyed in two quadrants in the Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City.

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Table 2.33. Mangrove Habitat Assessment Data Sheet Marine Ecology Baseline Assessment, Holcim Davao; 07-09 December 2017 Location: Barangay Ilang, Davao City Coordinates Observers: Rowena Quimpo Transect 1- Date: December 8, 2017 Transect 2 - Crown Diameter (m) Transect # Tree # Substrate Species Ht. (m) Reading Observations C.Cover (Ave.) 1 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 20 2 3.14 2 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 2 3.14  1 3 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 2 3.14 Presence of Quadrat # 1 garbage/litter 4 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 2 3.14 10mx10m 5 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 2 3.14  Numerous stumps 6 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 1 0.79 of cut mangrove 7 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 1 0.79 trees 8 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (Pedada) 15 1 0.79  9 muddy Rhizophora mucronata (bakawang babae) 3 1.5 1.77 30-seedlings

10 muddy Rhizophora mucronata (bakawang babae) 3 1.5 1.77  15-saplings 11 muddy Rhizophora mucronata (bakawang babae) 3 1 0.79 12 muddy Rhizophora mucronata (bakawang babae) 3 1 0.79 13 muddy Rhizophora mucronata (bakawang babae) 3 1 0.79 14 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 2 1 0.79 15 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 2 1 0.79

16 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 2 1 0.79

17 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 1 2 3.14 18 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 1 2 3.14 19 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 1 2 3.14 20 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 1 2 3.14 21 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14

22 muddy Avicennia rumphian (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14

Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 23 muddy 3.14 24 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14

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25 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77 26 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77 27 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77

28 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77

29 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77 30 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 1.5 1.77 31 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 3 2 3.14 32 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14 33 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14

34 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14

35 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14 36 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14 37 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 2 3.14 38 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 0.5 0.20 39 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 0.5 0.20

40 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 0.5 0.20

41 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 0.5 0.20 42 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 43 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 44 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 45 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 46 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 47 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 48 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 49 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 Total 49 209 91.19

1 muddy Avicennia rumphian(bungalon, api-api) 12 3 7.07

2 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 12 3 7.07  Presence of

3 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 12 3 7.07 garbage/wastes 2 4 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 12 3 7.07

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Quadrat # 1 5 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 4 1.5 1.77  Presence tree 10mx10m 6 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 4 1.5 1.77 stumps due to 7 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 4 1 0.79 cutting

8 muddy Avicennia rumphiana (bungalon, api-api) 4 1 0.79  100-seedlings 9 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (pedada) 15 2 3.14 10 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (pedada) 15 2 3.14  10-saplings 11 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (pedada) 15 2 3.14 12 muddy Sonneratia caseolaris (pedada) 15 2 3.14  No crab/shellfish 13 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 3 1 0.79 gatherers encountered; no 14 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 3 1 0.79 fishing operations 15 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 3 1 0.79 16 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 2 1 0.79 17 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 2 1 0.79 18 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 2 1 0.79 19 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79

20 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79

21 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 22 muddy Aegiceras corniculatum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 23 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 24 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79 25 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79

26 muddy Aegiceras floridum (saging-saging) 1 1 0.79

27 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14 28 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14 29 muddy Avicennia marina (bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14 30 muddy Avicennia marina(bungalon, api-api) 5 2 3.14 31 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 3 1 0.79

32 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 3 1 0.79

33 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 3 1 0.79 34 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 3 1 0.79 35 muddy Rhizophora apiculata (bakawang lalaki) 3 1 0.79

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Total 35 182 73.53 Seedlings- 130 Grand Total 84 391 164.72 Saplings- 35 Summary Results:

TOTAL CROWN COVER: 164.72 PERCENT CROWN COVER: 164.72/ (2 quadrats x 100 sq.m.) = 82.36 % (excellent condition) TOTAL HEIGHT OF ALL TREES: 391 AVERAGE HEIGHT: 391/ 84trees = 4.7 meters (good condition) Total Regeneration Count Regeneration Per Square Meter = ------Total Number of Regeneration Plots

130 Seedlings / 6 Plots (3plots per quadrat) = 2.2 regeneration per m² (excellent condition)

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Figure 2.76. Dominant mangrove species catalogued in two quadrants in Ilang River estuary during marine ecology baseline assessment on 08 December 2017 in the Holcim port complex, Davao City.

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Fisheries: results of actual fishing operations and key informant interviews Rapid fisheries appraisal was undertaken to generally define the fisheries sector in coastal impact area of the proposed port operations enhancement project. The review consisted of key informant interviews with fishers to determine (i) fishing gears used, (ii) catch composition, (iii) catch rates, and (iv) issues affecting fisheries. Perhaps what is more significant is the documentation of actual fishing operations in the impact area as the information generated is more accurate and reflects factual fishing effort. Three fishers operating within distance of the areas being surveyed were interviewed to determine actual catch per unit effort and species composition. The location of the actual fishing encounters is shown in Figure 2.56.

The fisheries of Barangay Ilang as well as the neighboring Barangays of Tibungco and Panacan used to thrive in the rich fringing reef of the shelf fronting the communities and offshore fishing grounds near Samal Island. Over the last two decades, destructive fishing practices, largely through the use of dynamite and cyanide, as well as excessive fishing capacity, have allegedly caused serious declines in fisheries yields. At the present time, fishers claim that more productive fishing grounds are situated way out into the Davao Gulf where only bigger boats with more powerful engines using multiple handlines (“pahila”) operate. The catch usual composition of boats operating in distant fishing grounds includes blue marlin, frigate tuna (Tulingan), dolphinfish (dorado), and jacks (talakitok). Catch rates range from 5 to 30 kg per fishing operation. The fishing season for large pelagic is from April to June. A closed season for commercial fishing operations targeting small pelagics, i.e., sardines, has been imposed by the BFAR every June August of each year.

Small-scale fishing operation in nearshore waters is few. In three days of survey, only about twelve small fishing boats were observed. There are 300 hundred registered fishers in Barangay Ilang, with 94 motorized boats. According to fisher key informants that included the Chair of the Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Council (BFARMC) of Barangay Ilang (Plate 2.18), the dominant gears and catch rates are the following:

Table 2.34. Small-scale fishing gears and catch rates in the general impact area of the Holcim port complex; 08 December 2017. Catch Rate/day Municipal fishing gear Usual catch composition Estimated CPUE (Kg) Handline Rabbitfish (samaral; Siganus spp); 5-6 0.75 kg per hour trevallies (talakitok, Caranx spp), various reef fish e.g., surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), parrotfish (Loro) Squid jig (seasonal) Squid (pusit; Loligo sp) 3 - 5 0.66 kg per hour Surface gill net # 7 with Oxe-eye scad (matang baka; Selar 3 0.75 kg per hour ‘timbog’ boops); mullet (Banak, Mugil cephalus); ponyfish (sap-sap) Fish pots Crabs (kasag; Portunus pelagicus); 3 0.5 kg per hour Breams (Bisugo; Nemipterus japonicus)

By any standards, the reported catch rates and CPUE is low.

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Plate 2.18. Survey team in focus group discussion with fishers (top left); fishers displaying extremely low catch rates during actual fishing encounters (top right and bottom pictures).

A modest CPUE was revealed in the documentation of three actual fishing operations of four fishers operating in the vicinity of the port complex. Catch rates ranged from two pieces of breams (about 300 grams) in 1 hour fishing time (Plate 2.18 lower left photo), four pieces consisting of a rabbitfish, two breams, a damsel and a surgeonfish in 4 hours (Plate 2.18 upper right photo), and thirty (30) pieces of juvenile Caranx in actual fishing station 2 (Plate 2.18 lower right photo). Average fishing time is four (4) hours. Except for the lone fishers that caught rabbitfish, the catch rate in the rest of actual fishing observations were extremely low. Fishers lament the absence of alternative livelihoods. Salient results of actual fishing encounters are shown in Figure 2.77.

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Figure 2.77. Documentation of actual fishing encounters during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017.

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Macro-invertebrates Identification of macro-invertebrates of significant value for food or trade was undertaken in three distinct modalities. Opportunistic surveys of coral-associated macro-invertebrates were undertaken in 100m2 belt transects in two coral reef line intercept stations while opportunistic survey was done in the mangrove stations. Perhaps the most significant is actual documentation of the catch diversity of one shellfish gleaner encountered in shallow waters fronting Barangay Ilang. However, in three days of survey, only one macro-invertebrate gleaner in seagrass beds and inter-tidal flats was observed by the survey team. The identification of macro-invertebrates focused on species of important value as supplementary seafood or for selling by the local communities. Species identification was referenced with the FAO Species Identification Guide for corals, bivalves and gastropods (1998).

Diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates was extremely low although the macro- invertebrates collected in the seagrass gleaning area consisted of lucrative, high value species. No bivalve or gastropod of significant value were collected in the coral and mangrove stations and even the prolific spider shell (Lambis sp) was absent in the coral belt survey areas. The most important macro-invertebrate catalogued during actual gleaning by a lone fisher was the lucrative edible ball sea urchin Tripnuestes gratilla and the typically gregarious hammer oysters which were being collected in the seagrass meadows fronting Barangay Ilang, more than one kilometer away from the Holcim jetty. The hammer oysters fetch a significant price from local buyers. The fisher also declared that the large holothurian Holothuria scabra used to abound in the sandy seagrass beds but has been completely fished out. Other gleaners claim that Venus clams are also being collected periodically, albeit the population of the clams has seriously deteriorated due to overharvesting.

Overall, twelve (12) species of macro-invertebrates were catalogued, including nine species that are considered edible and of commercial value. These included seven species of gastropods, three species of bivalve, one echinoderm mollusk, and one decapod (Table 2.35). Edible, albeit not popularly sought, cerith shells dominated the macro-invertebrate community in the mangrove station. In the seagrass station, gleaners collect the lucrative ball sea urchin, shown in Plate 2.19 and Figure 2.78, as well as hammer oysters, used for food and source of lime.

The macro-invertebrate habitat and communities catalogued during the survey are too far from the direct impact area of port operations and are unlikely to be disturbed.

Table 2.35. Species diversity of macro-invertebrates encountered in two sampling stations in during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017 (Researchers: Benj Francisco, Weng Quimpo, and Ronald Pocon). Macro-invertebrateTaxa Species Common Name Decapods Uca sp. Fiddler crab Gastropods (Univalve shells) Terebralia palustris Swamp cerith Nerita costata Costate nerith Neritina turrita Turreted nerith Telescopium telescopium Cerith Neverite albumen Egg white moon shell Cyprea sp Cowrie Strombus sp Conch Bivalves Placuna spp Windowpane shell Pinna muricata Prickly pen shell Malleus malleus Hammer oyster Verenidae Venus clam Echinoderm Tripuestes gratilla Ball sea urchin

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Plate 2.19. Some of the macro-invertebrates found in two survey stations during marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017. Top row left to right: ball sea urchins and windowpane shell, swamp cerith and nerith shells; bottom left to right - hammer oysters and prickly pen shell.

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Figure 2.78. Macro-invertebrates catalogued during the marine ecology baseline assessment in coastal waters around the Holcim port complex in Barangay Ilang, Davao City; 07-09 December 2017; (map prepared by Jose Rene Villegas).

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Plankton Community The phytoplankton community diversity, abundance, and relative composition were determined in six offshore marine waters sampling stations (PLK1-PLK6) and two coastal riverine waters (sampling stations PLK7-PLK8) in order to assess and compare the microscopic biota located along the vicinities of Holcim Philippines – Davao City Plant on 09 December 2017.

Results of laboratory analysis revealed a total of 213,596 cells/L belonging to 30 genera and 2 individualized species that were identified for all sampling stations. The phytoplankton community is comprised of organisms from five major phytoplankton taxa: Bacillariophytes (diatoms) with 18 genera, Dinophytes (dinoflagellates) with 4 genera and 2 species (total=6), Cyanophytes (cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae) with 5 genera, Chlorophytes (green algae) with 2 genera, and Chrysophytes (silicoflagellates) with a single representative genus (Table 2.36).

Diatoms were the most abundant taxonomic group with a total count of 205,702 cells/L accounting for 96.3% composition; followed by blue-green algae with 5,600 cells/L at 2.6% composition, dinoflagellates with 1,680 cells/L at 0.8% composition, green algae with 427 cells/L at 0.2% composition, and silicoflagellates with 187 cells/L at 0.1% composition (Table 2.36 and Figure 2.79). The centric, chain forming diatom, Chaetoceros spp. was the most abundant with a total sampling count of 134,560 cells/L accounting for 63.0% composition for all recorded organisms. Another centric chain-forming diatom, Coscinodiscus spp. was determined to be the next abundant at a total of 19,893 cells/L (9.31% composition) that contributed to the total volume of identified phytoplankton. These two genera are also among the most frequently occurring phytoplankton in all sampling stations; with the exception of Chaetoceros spp. which was not present in sampling station PLK8. Other diatoms that contribute to the amassed volume of cells are Fragilaria spp. with 10.080 cells/L (~5% of total composition), Thalassionema spp. with 7,600 cells/L (~4% of total composition), Rhizosolenia spp. with 7,546 cells/L (~4% of total composition), and Pseudonitzschia spp. with 7,358 cells/L (~3% of total composition). Commonly found in warm tropical waters, these diatoms provide significant influences in the overall primary productivity in such marine environments. Furthermore, these are some of the major food source of filter-feeding shellfish, particularly Perna viridis which are found and harvested by residents along the coastal waters of the survey area.

For the blue-green algae group, four out the total five genera were recorded to occur only in sampling station PLK8, which is the midstream portion of the Ilang River, adjacent to the northern perimeter wall of the plant site; where Chrococcus spp. was abundantly occurring in the said location with 1,200 cells/L at 0.56% of the total phytoplankton composition. For the marine water sampling stations (PLK1-PLK6), it is noteworthy that only Trichodesmium spp. has been recorded in the said stations with a total density of 2,880 cells/L (1.35% of total composition). This genera is a common, filamentous, and bloom-forming organism which are significant in the marine ecosystem as it contributes more than 40% of all nitrogen-fixation processes occurring in the ocean (Karl, 2002). Cyanobacteria are also generally found at high densities in highly eutrophic water bodies. For the dinoflagellates, Diplopsalis spp. was the relatively most abundant in its taxonomic group with 533 cells/L (0.25% of total composition), followed by Amphisolenia spp. with 427 cells/L (0.20% of total composition). Both organisms were found to occur in sampling stations PLK1 and PLK3.

The pollution-tolerant genera observed in this survey are the green algae, Scenedesmus spp. and the blue-green algae Oscillatoria spp., that were found to occur only at sampling station PLK8 as previously described, specifically along the outfall of a drainage pipe presumably from the plant site. Another significant phytoplankton genera is the diatom, Fragilaria spp., where blooms of this organism can block liquid conduits and clog filters, especially in water treatment facilities.

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The potentially harmful phytoplankton organisms recorded in this survey are Pseudonitzschia spp., Lyngbya spp., and Oscillatoria spp. Some species of the diatom Pseudonitzschia are known to produce domoic acid – a toxin associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). Likewise, the blue-green algae Lyngbya spp., and Oscillatoria spp. are also reported to produce cyanotoxins that have a negative health effect to humans and animals (EPA, 2017). Some Lyngbya species cause the human skin irritation called seaweed dermatitis, a cutaneous condition characterized by inflammation of the skin. Ingestion of Lyngbya is potentially lethal. Most commonly, poisoning is caused by eating fish which have fed on Lyngbya or on other fish which have done so. This is referred to as ciguatera poisoning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbya). As for Oscillatoria spp., this genera is not known to be pathogenic, but some of its species are capable of secreting anatoxins and microcystins. Anatoxins are known to interfere with neuron signaling, while microcystins are known to cause liver bleeding. Cell densities that were observed during the sampling were relatively low compared to areas where blooms of these organisms have been reported. However, the presence of these organisms should not be taken for granted and ignored, as their population be constantly monitored systematically during all project phases to prevent negative public health impact brought about by possible blooms of these species.

Photomicrographs of phytoplankton recorded in the survey area are shown in Plates 2.20A to 2.20F.

Table 2.36. Phytoplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. STATIONS Grand Rel TAXA PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Total Abund Blue-green algae 1,440 453 507 187 160 133 2,720 5,600 2.62 (5) Chroococcus 1,200 1,200 0.56 Lyngbya 587 587 0.27 Merismopedia 320 320 0.15 Oscillatoria 613 613 0.29 Trichodesmium 1,440 453 507 187 160 133 2,880 1.35 Diatoms (18) 25,812 32,400 20,266 39,653 24,293 26,399 29,279 7,600 205,702 96.30 Bacillaria 213 53 266 0.12 Bacteriastrum 427 160 213 1,200 613 2,613 1.22 Chaetoceros 18,053 27,280 15,387 26,160 18,347 23,093 6,240 134,560 63.00 Coscinodiscus 373 427 80 1,200 213 187 14,213 3,200 19,893 9.31 Ditylum 80 80 0.04 Fragilaria 8,560 1,520 10,080 4.72 Guinardia 293 907 1,200 107 320 2,827 1.32 Hemiaulus 1,200 640 960 3,867 53 293 7,013 3.28 Melosira 240 240 0.11 Navicula 53 2,347 2,400 1.12 Odontella 240 480 720 0.34

Pinnularia 533 533 0.25 Pleurosigma 107 107 0.05 Pseudonitzschia 373 1,493 1,093 1,733 2,053 613 7,358 3.44 Rhizosolenia 1,493 640 1,573 2,053 907 880 7,546 3.53 Surirella 213 213 0.10 Thalassionema 3,280 613 667 1,493 1,200 347 7,600 3.56 Thalassiosira 320 213 1,120 1,653 0.77 Dinoflagellates 374 826 400 80 1,680 0.79 (6) Amphisolenia 160 187 80 427 0.20 Ceratium 107 107 0.05

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STATIONS Grand Rel TAXA PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Total Abund Ceratium furca 133 133 0.06 Ceratium fusus 80 80 0.04 Diplopsalis 480 53 533 0.25 Protoperidinium 107 213 80 400 0.19 Green Algae (2) 80 347 427 0.20 Closterium 80 80 0.04 Scenedesmus 347 347 0.16 Silicoflagellate 187 187 0.09 (1) Dictyocha 187 187 0.09 Grand Total 27,626 33,679 21,173 40,107 24,453 26,532 29,359 10,667 213,596 100 Mean Abundance = 26,700 Richness 13 13 14 14 10 10 6 9 Mean Richness = 11 Diversity 1.36 0.92 1.15 1.39 0.99 0.64 1.10 1.91 Evenness 0.50 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.43 0.28 0.62 0.87 Note: Genera and associated values highlighted in red characters indicate a potential bio-toxin agent

Figure 2.79. Percentage composition of major phytoplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bgy Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

The mean cell density of phytoplankton in all eight sampling stations during this sampling period was 26,700 cells/L. In terms of spatial distribution, sampling station PLK 4 - located offshore with two jetties on its flanks, had the relatively highest abundance with 40,107 cells/L, while the relatively most taxa representations was again in sampling station PLK4 and, including sampling station PLK2; each respectively having a recorded 14 organisms out of the total 32 documented. Coincidentally, these two sampling stations are the most relatively offshore sampling stations northeast beyond the project site (Table 2.36 and Figure 2.80).

In contrast, the relatively lowest phytoplankton density at 10,667 cells/L was attributed to sampling station PLK8, and the lowest taxa representation with 6 recorded organisms was recorded in sampling station PLK7 - the estuary of the Ilang River, and technically part of the coastline. During this survey, the taxa groups of cyanobacteria, diatoms, and dinoflagellates were

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In reference to Table 2.36, diversity measurements based on the Shannon-Weiner Index are low (<2); revealing the relatively highest value of 1.91 attributed to sampling station PLK8, while the lowest diversity value at 0.64 was determined to be at sampling station PLK6. In normal conditions for aquatic biota and the associated habitat, the diversity index value is more than 2.0. Values above 3.0 indicate that the habitat structure is stable and balanced, while values midway from 1.0 to 2.0 describe a threatened condition; furthermore, values lower than 1.0 indicates pollution and degradation of habitat structure (Goncalves and Menezes, 2011); the Diversity Index however, very rarely exceeds a 4.5 value.

In terms of evenness, the computed index among the four sampling stations was also low and not that variable ranging with the lowest at 0.28 in sampling station PLK6 to the highest at 0.87 in sampling station PLK8. This indicates that the phytoplankton community in sampling stations PLK1 to PLK7 is not evenly distributed with some genera dominating as relative to others, which is in this case, Chaetoceros spp. Sampling station PLK8 had the lowest density of phytoplankton, but is however dominated by the blue-green algae group.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F) Plate 2.20A-F. Photomicrographs of phytoplankton identified and recorded in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. Top: (A) Chaetoceros spp. (B) Pseudonitzschia spp. (C) Oscillatoria spp.; Bottom: (D) Trichodesmium spp. (E) Ceratium furca (F) Scenedesmus spp.

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Phytoplankton Density and Richness 45000 16

40000 14

35000 12 30000 10 25000 8 20000 6 15000

Abundance(cells/L) 4

10000 Richness of Species) (# 5000 2 0 0 PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Mean

Richness Abundance

Figure 2.80. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness recorded in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

It should also be noted that sampling station PLK8 had the highest diversity and evenness values while sampling station PLK6 had the lowest diversity and evenness values. The Shannon index decreases as both the richness and the evenness of the community decrease.

Phytoplankton abundance is highly variable and seasonal, but the diversity measurement in the eight sampling stations is indicative of stressful conditions caused by a disturbance which may possibly result from factors like high turbidity and eutrophication within the waters along the vicinities of the sampling site, which is inversely favorable to the proliferation of tolerant phytoplankton organisms.

The overall impression from the results obtained in the phytoplankton sampling along the survey area is poor and should be taken into account - as reflected by the relatively low diversity values, which is contrasted by dominant populations of certain organisms; and moreover, with the inclusion of potentially harmful genera, e.g. Pseudonitzschia spp., Lyngbya spp., and Oscillatoria spp. as recorded during the sampling period. It is also important to note that the presence of the cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium sp. is generally uncommon and indicative of a highly eutrophic condition of the waters and estuaries of the area. Thus the presence of these indicator organisms should be considered in a system of periodic monitoring that shall be mandatory implemented in all phases of the project.

Threats to the phytoplankton community may likely be caused by spillage from oil and ballasts from ships and boats as well as the transfer of materials from vessel to the conveyor system. Other effects of project activities are negligible since no additional structures are to be built in the marine waters which may result to increased turbidity with loads of sediments along the water column and the bottom substrate.

Zooplankton Diversity A total of 929,059 ind/m3 distributed among 28 zooplankton groups (in adult and larval forms) were identified and recorded from eight sampling stations in order to assess and compare the

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 Copepods in adult forms; i.e., Calanoid (12,326 ind/m3), Cyclopoid (48,101 ind/m3), and Harpacticoid (16,573 ind/m3), with a collective total of 77,000 ind/m3 at 8.29% composition;  Adult forms of Chaetognaths = arrow worms (12,128 ind/m3) at 1.31% composition, Larvacean tunicates (8,893 ind/m3) at 0.96% composition, Cladocerans = water fleas (4,042 ind/m3) at 0.44% composition, and Salps = chain-forming tunicates (4,042 ind/m3) at 0.44% composition;  Other remaining adult forms with a total density of 5,254 ind/m3 at 0.57% composition;  The larval forms of nauplius and copepodites, which the most abundant with 707,151 ind/m3 at 76.11% composition;  Larval forms of gastropod veligers (35,569 ind/m3) at 3.83% composition, bivalve veligers (21,423 ind/m3) at 2.31% composition, Zoeae = crustacean larvae (15,157 ind/m3) at 1.63% composition, Trocophore ciliates (12,328 ind/m3) at 1.33% composition, Balanus Nauplius (7,276 ind/m3) at 0.78% composition, and Echinopluteus = echinoid larva (6,670 ind/m3) at 0.72% composition; and,  Other remaining larval forms with a total density of 12,126 ind/m3 at 1.31% composition.

Overall, recorded zooplankton consisted of ~12% (111,359 ind/m3) adult forms and ~88% (817,700 ind/m3) larval forms of the total zooplankton count.

The adult zooplankton forms are comprised of 13 groups, while the larval zooplankton forms are comprised of 15 groups as recorded during this survey. A large portion of the adult forms was represented by Cyclopoid copepods with 48,101 ind/m3 at 5.18% composition, while the larval forms was dominated by nauplius and copepodites with an overwhelming total of 707,151 ind/m3 at 76.11% composition, which is also the most abundant for the whole documented zooplankton population within the survey area (Table 2.37).

As previously stated, other larval form groups such as gastropod and bivalve veligers, zoeae, trocophores, Balanus nauplius, echinopluteus, cladoceran, decapod larvae, flatworm larvae, medusa, mysids, nudibranch veligers, pteropods, and fish larvae; including the adult forms of chaetognaths, cladocerans, salps, larvacean tunicates, Arcella spp., rotifers, radiolarians and siphonophores supplemented the zooplankton composition in the survey site. The presence of bivalve veligers attribute to the anecdotal accounts of the presence of isolated green mussel (Perna viridis), which are collected by fisherfolks in the mangrove area for subsistence. It is also noteworthy that fish larvae were observed in sampling station PLK3 during the sampling period – indicating replenishment of fish stocks in the area. Rotifers, which are found in many different types of water, including waste water, were mostly confined in the riverine sampling stations PLK7 and PLK8. Studies have shown that these organisms are beneficial in stabilizing organic wastes, stimulating microfloral activity and decomposition, enhancing oxygen penetration, and recycling mineral nutrients. Some industrial plants use rotifers and worms as indicators as to when to increase the waste load since it means the sludge is getting older (http://www.environmentalleverage.com/Rotifer.htm).

There were no rare or endemic zooplankton species in the area, and majority of the zooplankton groups are generally common and cosmopolitan in distribution.

Photomicrographs of zooplankton groups recorded in the survey area are shown in Plates 15A to 15F.

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Table 2.37. Zooplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. STATIONS TAXA Grand Total Rel Abund PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Adult forms (13) 24,858 24,657 27,688 8,893 9,902 7,681 5,255 2,425 111,359 11.99 Arcella 606 606 0.07 Bdelloid Rotifer 1,415 1,415 0.15 Calanoid 2,829 2,829 4,446 404 606 606 606 12,326 1.33 Chaetognaths 1,011 1,617 5,659 1,819 1,011 1,011 12,128 1.31

Cladoceran 2,425 1,617 4,042 0.44 Cyclopoid 11,318 7,478 15,562 2,829 4,446 3,234 3,234 48,101 5.18 Harpacticoid 4,648 7,074 404 1,213 2,223 1,011 16,573 1.78

Larvacean 2,627 1,213 3,032 202 1,819 8,893 0.96 Loricate Rotifer 404 404 0.04 Radiolarian 1,819 1,819 0.20 Rotifer 404 404 0.04 Salps 2,627 1,415 4,042 0.44 Siphonophore 606 606 0.07

Larval forms (15) 145,109 198,261 165,722 164,712 59,419 56,588 27,081 808 817,700 88.01 Balanus Nauplius 2,223 1,213 1,617 1,011 606 606 7,276 0.78 Bivalve veliger 6,871 2,627 6,467 1,617 1,415 1,213 1,213 21,423 2.31 Cladoceran 606 606 0.07 Decapod larvae 1,617 1,617 0.17 Echinopluteus 1,819 808 1,213 1,415 1,415 6,670 0.72 Fish larvae 202 202 0.02

Flatworm larvae 1,415 1,415 0.15 Gastropod veliger 11,722 3,032 4,648 4,244 1,819 4,648 4,648 808 35,569 3.83 Medusae 606 404 1,011 404 2,425 0.26

Mysiids 1,213 1,213 0.13 Nauplius and Copepodite 114,389 179,668 142,683 154,809 50,727 47,090 17,785 707,151 76.11 Nudibrach veliger 1,617 1,819 3,436 0.37 Pteropod 606 606 1,212 0.13

Trochopore 1,415 2,627 4,446 1,213 1,011 808 808 12,328 1.33 Zoeae 7,276 6,871 606 404 15,157 1.63

Grand Total 169,967 222,918 193,410 173,605 69,321 64,269 32,336 3,233 929,059 100 Mean Abundance = 116,132

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STATIONS TAXA Grand Total Rel Abund PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Richness 13 15 15 12 15 13 11 4

Mean Richness = 12 Diversity 1.35 0.96 1.15 0.58 1.22 1.17 1.58 1.28 Evenness 0.53 0.35 0.42 0.23 0.45 0.45 0.66 0.92

Figure 2.81. Percentage composition of major zooplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

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(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F) Plate 2.21A-F.Photomicrographs of zooplankton identified and recorded in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. Top: (A) Calanoid copepod (B) Cyclopoid copepod (C) Harpacticoid copepod; Bottom: (D) Larvacean (E) Gastropod veliger (F) Bivalve veliger.

The mean estimate of abundance for the zooplankton community was 116,132 ind/m3 recorded for all eight sampling stations during this survey (Figure 2.82). In terms of spatial distribution, the most number of population counts is attributed to sampling station PLK2 with a density of 222,918 ind/m3, dominated by nauplius and copepodites (179,668 ind/m3). In terms of species richness, sampling stations PLK2, PLK3, and PLK5 had fifteen (15) representative zooplankton groups respectively.

Zooplankton Density and Richness 250000 16

200000 12

150000 10 8

100000 6

4 Abundance(ind/m3)

50000 Richness of Species) (# 2

0 0 PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4 PLK5 PLK6 PLK7 PLK8 Mean

Richness Abundance

Figure 2.82. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

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Figure 2.83. Diversity of phytoplankton groups in eight sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

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The lowest zooplankton abundance at 3,233 ind/m3 and the most depauperate in terms of species richness with only four representative groups was attributed to sampling station PLK8, which is the riverine sampling station where one of the drainage outfall pipes of the plant compound is found.

In reference to Table 2.37, diversity measurements based on the Shannon-Weiner Index were low (<2.0). The relatively highest value of 1.58 is attributed to sampling station PLK7, while the lowest at 0.58 was determined to be at sampling station PLK4. As previously discussed in the phytoplankton section, the diversity index values that are greater than 2.0 indicates normal conditions for aquatic biota and the associated habitat. Values above 3.0 indicate that the habitat structure is stable and balanced, while values midway from 1.0 to 2.0 describe a threatened condition; furthermore, values lower than 1.0 indicates pollution and degradation occurring in the habitat structure (Goncalves and Menezes, 2011); the Diversity Index however, very rarely exceeds a 4.5 value.

In terms of evenness, the computed indices the four sampling stations is also not that variable ranging with the lowest at 0.23 in sampling station PLK4 to the highest at 0.92 in sampling station PLK8.

It should also be noted that sampling station PLK4 has the lowest computed diversity and evenness values, which is attributed to the dominance of nauplius and copepodites as compared to the densities of the other larval and adult forms. The Shannon index decreases as both the richness and the evenness of the community decrease.

These indices indicate that zooplankton communities in the area are low based on the Wilhm criteria (1975) classifying the diversity index <3.0 as low community stability.

Macrobenthos Diversity The macrobenthic community diversity, abundance, and relative composition were determined in three sampling stations along water body vicinities of the Holcim Cement Plant in Davao City on 09 December 2017. Two sampling stations (BNT1 and BNT2) were positioned at the marine waters, while one station (BNT3) was situated along a freshwater body (Ilang River) for purposes of determining the benthic biota in the survey area.

A total of 1,860 indiv/m3 belonging to 16 phyletic groups were quantified for all three sampling stations. These identified taxonomic groups likewise belong to six major phyla; namely Annelida (segmented worms), Arthropoda (jointed appendage invertebrates), Chordata (animals with notochords), Mollusca (mollusks), Nematoda (roundworms), and Sipuncula (unsegmented marine worms). Among these, the highest number of individuals is attributed to Mollusca with 1,135 ind/m3; as followed by Sipunculida with 272 ind/m3, Nematoda with 182 ind/m3, Annelida with 182 ind/m3, and the relatively least records of 409 ind/m3 each respectively for Chordata and Arthropoda. In terms of composition, Mollusca accounted for 61%, Sipunculida at 15%, Nematoda and Annelida both at 10%; with Chordata and Arthropoda both at 2% (Figure 2.84).

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Figure 2.84. Percent composition of macrobenthos collected in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barangay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

Mollusca also had the most representation with 9 family taxa out of 16 categorized phyletic groups. Within this group, bivalves are the most abundant with a collective density of 726 ind/m3 comprising 39% of the total sampled benthic organisms. Bivalves belonging to Family Veneridae (“venus clams”) are one of the economically important groups recorded at 7% composition, since these are harvested for consumption or sold by coastal residents as subsistence food. Generally, bivalves are most abundant in and just below the tidal zones, where the most abundant quantities of plankton may be found as their food source. Among the gastropods, cerith shells (F. Cerithiidae) and limpets (F. Nacellidae) both recorded an abundance composition of ~5% each. These are commonly found in sandy bottom substrates, reef flats, or reef rocks covered with sand and algae in marine tropical waters.

Representative organisms from Phylum Sipunculida, or commonly known as peanut worms were also abundant with a density of 272 ind/m3 at ~15% composition of the sampled population. These organisms are significant components in the marine food web as they feed on small organisms accumulated in bottom deposits as well as being filter feeders. In turn, they are consumed by fish and other predators. Sipunculids are also documented to be consumed by humans as worm jelly – a delicacy in China; and as ceviche style common to fisherfolks in the Visayan region of the Philippines.

The two polychaete groups recorded in this survey were from the families Nereididae (ragworms) with 45 ind/m3 and Sternaspidae (bristleworms) with 91 ind/m3, accounting for ~2% and ~5% composition respectively. Polychaetes are highly abundant and/or diverse in most marine habitats, especially such benthic communities as soft sediments, algal turfs, and fouling communities. They are opportunistic species that are able to proliferate in increasing organic matter (Giagrande, et al., 2005). This animal group include active predators, scavengers, and grazers of algae. Many polychaetes are eaten by other polychaetes and other marine invertebrates as well as fish and wading birds. As such, polychaetes occupy several levels within the food chain. Polychaetes include many species whose sensitivity to reduced oxygen levels or to heavy metals is well understood, and they can be useful pollution indicators.

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Arthropods in this survey are represented by a single family taxa, the Gammaridae or scuds – similar in appearance to a shrimp but without a carapace or back covering, also collectively called amphipods. In this survey, they are recorded only in sampling station BNT2 with 45 ind/m3 (~2% composition). In populations found in benthic ecosystems, these amphipods play an essential role in controlling brown algae growth. The mesograzer behavior of amphipods greatly contributes to the suppression of brown algal dominance in the absence of amphipod predators. Amphipods display a strong preference for brown algae in benthic ecosystems, but due to removal of mesograzers by predators such as fish, the brown algae is able to dominate these communities over green and red algae species. Amphipods are also very sensitive to adverse environmental changes than some species of benthic groups such as polychaetes and mollusks.

Data on the composition, abundance and diversity of the macrobenthos community recorded in the three sampling stations as previously discussed are summarized in Table 2.38. Images of selected phyletic groups and economically-important macrobenthos encountered in this survey are shown in Plates 2.22A to 2.22F.

Table 2.38. Macrobenthos composition, abundance and diversity (ind/m3) in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. STATIONS Grand Rel TAXA BNT1 BNT2 BNT3 Total Abund (MAR) (MAR) (RVR) Phylum Nematoda 91 91 182 9.78 Phylum Sipunculida 136 136 272 14.62 Phylum Annelida 91 90 181 9.73 Class Clitellata Order Lumbriculida 45 45 2.42 Class Polychaeta Order Phyllodocida Family Nereididae 45 45 2.42 Order Terebellida Family Sternaspidae 91 91 4.89 Phylum Arthropoda 45 45 2.42 Class Malacostraca Order Amphipoda Family Gammaridae 45 45 2.42 Phylum Chordata 45 45 2.42 Class Leptocardii Order Amphioxiformes Family Branchiostomidae 45 45 2.42 Phylum Mollusca 408 500 227 1,135 61.02 Class Gastropoda Order Caenogastropoda Family Cerithiidae 91 91 4.89 Family Nacellidae 91 91 4.89 Family Thiaridae 227 227 12.20 Class Bivalvia Order Arcoida Family Arcidae 45 182 227 12.20 Order Cardiida Family Cardiidae 45 45 2.42 Order Ostreoida Family Ostreidae 182 182 9.78 Order Veneroida Family Veneridae 136 136 7.31 Order Mytiloida

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STATIONS Grand Rel TAXA BNT1 BNT2 BNT3 Total Abund (MAR) (MAR) (RVR) Family Mytilidae 45 45 2.42 Class Scaphopoda Order Dentaliida Family Dentaliidae 91 91 4.89 Total Abundance 635 817 408 1,860 Mean Abundance = 620 Species Richness 7 8 4 Mean Species Richness = 6 Diversity 1.87 1.94 1.15 Evenness 0.96 0.93 0.83

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F) Plate 2.22 A-F.Images of recorded macrobenthos in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017. Top: (A) Mollusca [F Veneridae] (B) Nematoda (C) Chordata [F Branchiostomidae]; Bottom: (D) Arthropoda [F Gammaridae] (E) Sipunculida (F) Annelida [F Nereididae]

The abundance and density of macrobenthos as recorded in the three sampling stations are shown in Figure 2.85 wherein the computed average was 620 indiv/m3. Spatially, sampling station BNT2 (marine) yielded the highest count of macrobenthos with 817 indiv/m3, as well as having the most number of representation with eight taxonomic groups. In contrast, sampling station BNT3 (riverine) had the relatively lowest abundance and representation out of the three stations with 817 indiv/m3 and four phyletic groups. Both sampling stations are likewise dominated by mollusks. Taxa richness is the total number of distinct taxa in a sample. It reflects the health of the macrobenthic community through measurement of the variety of taxa present which generally increases with increasing water quality (Plafkin et al., 1989). The silted water of the Ilang River is therefore a critical factor contributing to the low macrobenthos community in this water body. A high percent contribution by a taxon generally indicates community imbalance (Bode, 1988).

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Macrobenthos Density and Richness

10 1000 9 900

8 800

) 3 7 700 6 600 5 500 4 400 3 300

2 200 Abundance(ind/m 1 100 0 0 Richness Richness of representative (# groups) BNT1 BNT2 BNT3 Mean

Richness Abundance

Figure 2.85. Total macrobenthos abundance and richness in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barngay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.

In reference to Table 2.38, diversity measurements based on the Shannon-Weiner Index are low (<2); revealing the relatively highest value of 1.94 attributed to sampling station BNT2, while the lowest diversity value at 1.15 was determined to be at sampling station BNT3. In normal conditions for aquatic biota and the associated habitat, the diversity index value is more than 2.0. Values above 3.0 indicate that the habitat structure is stable and balanced, while values midway from 1.0 to 2.0 describe a threatened condition; furthermore, values lower than 1.0 indicates pollution and degradation of habitat structure (Goncalves and Menezes, 2011); the Diversity Index however, very rarely exceeds a 4.5 value.

In terms of evenness, the computed Pielou’s Index among the four sampling stations was also low and not that variable ranging with the lowest at 0.83 in sampling station BNT3 to the highest at 0.96 in sampling station BNT1. This indicates that the benthic community in the sampling stations is not evenly distributed with some genera dominating as relative to others, which is in this case, the mollusks. One case in point is sampling station BNT3 where it had the lowest density of macrobenthos, but is however also dominated by mollusks.

It should also be noted that sampling station BNT3, which is located at an outfall discharge pipe along the Ilang River had the lowest diversity and evenness values, which indicates a stressful condition for the benthic fauna in this water body. The Shannon index decreases as both the richness and the evenness of the community decrease. Based on the Wilhm criteria (1975), these diversity values are poor since this criteria classified the diversity index <3.0 as low and indicates low community stability. The riverine station harbors pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates, primarily mollusks belonging to the Family Thiaridae that thrives in higher dissolved oxygen, unstable pH and warmer water.

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Figure 2.86. Macrobenthos abundance and richness in three sampling stations along the vicinities of the Holcim Davao plant site in Barngay Ilang, Bunawan, Davao City; 09 December 2017.`

Presence of pollution indicator species Results from the marine ecology baseline assessment indicate the absence of marine species of significant use as pollution indicators in the primary coastal impact of the project site surveyed.

Plankton – No plankton blooms of significant proportion was observed in the survey although the presence of at least three species with biotoxin potential in case of bloom proportion. Based on the plankton analysis, the potentially harmful species present in the samples collected are Pseudonitzschia spp., Lyngbya spp., and Oscillatoria spp. Some species of the diatom Pseudonitzschia have been linked to Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) while the blue-green algae Lyngbya spp. and Oscillatoria spp. are also reported to produce cyanotoxins that have a negative health effect to humans and animals (EPA, 2017). Some Lyngbya species cause the human skin irritation called seaweed dermatitis, a cutaneous condition characterized by inflammation of the skin. Ingestion of Lyngbya through consumption of fish that have fed on Lyngbya is potentially lethal, commonly referred to as the dreaded ciguatera poisoning. However, the density of the potentially harmful phytoplankton species observed during the survey – diatoms belonging to the genus Pseudonitzschia and the blue-green algae Lyngbya needs to be continuously observed.

Two polychaete groups recorded in the benthos survey on 09 December 2018 were from the families Nereididae (ragworms) and Sternaspidae (bristleworms). Polychaetes are highly abundant in most marine habitats with increasing organic load, especially in soft benthic sediments, algal turfs, and fouling communities. Polychaetes include many species whose

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Corals – Although much of the coral reef in the impact area have been seriously damage by what appears to be effects of blast fishing, there were no illegal and destructive fishing methods observed during the marine ecology baseline assessment. Nevertheless, the remaining corals are susceptible to mortality due to suffocation from sediment intrusion into the coral polyps as corals require clear waters with unimpeded sunlight penetration in the water column. Coral suffocation is therefore associated to increasing suspended solids and silt in the water column, normally attributed to episodes of sediment intrusion from land-based issues such as land conversion and loss of vegetation. The correlation of sediment intrusion and coral suffocation can therefore be a valuable analogy for determining impacts of project-induced silt and sediment pollution in coastal waters.

Bivalves –Hyper-nutrient loading in coastal waters are known to trigger algal blooms that result to shellfish and fish kills, and during intense episodes, can contaminate shellfish with biotoxins from harmful algal bloom. Bivalves have been used to determine biotoxin levels that can be harmful to humans if they are consumed, especially species belonging to the mussel and oyster taxa. However, the bivalve communities in the macro-invertebrate stations are few and insignificant; there are no mussel or oyster farms or harvesting areas of these species of significant scale. Amongst the bivalves encountered in the survey, the pen shells would be susceptible to marine pollution but the numbers of these bivalves observed in the survey are extremely low and contained in an area too far from the Holcim complex.

Fish - Marine fish species have not been used as indicators of pollution, except where biotoxins are involved (e.g. plankton-filtering fish species in PSP-affected areas such as Anchovies). No species of fish capable of filtering harmful plankton-contaminated water were encountered in the survey.

2.2.3.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures

Potential threats to existence or loss of important habitats of local species

Potential coral damage due to increased marine vessel traffic and docking manuevering There are no coral colonies of significant susceptibility near the Holcim port complex. The spot dives revealed extensive sandy substrate beneath the wharf and its surrounding seabed. Remaining corals in a small patch near the impact area of the proposed project are too few and isolated; and are already heavily stressed such that any anthropogenic issue emanating from the Project will have little incremental impacts on the few coral species.

Coral and benthos suffocation due to extreme episodes of sediment intrusion There were small patches of remaining fair coral reef about 1 kilometer northwest of the wharf and the primary threat to coral reefs in this site may come from inadvertent episodes of sediment plumes, if such waste streams are carried northward by strong currents. The corals in the area are already vividly stressed with turbid waters and accelerated sediment intrusion may intensify the possibility of cause coral polyp suffocation. It is a fact, however, that these corals are too distant from the project’s sphere of operations and sediment plumes are likely to be dissipated before it even reaches the corals.

Results from the macrobenthos survey also reveal the presence of important benthos in coastal waters, notably bivalve veligers, near the port complex and these communities may be affected

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Movement of demersal fish species away from traditional fishing grounds due to potential marine pollution brought about by increased vessel maneuvering Inadvertent oil spills or disposal of shipboard liquid wastes and bilge water can have far reaching, persistent impacts on seawater quality and negatively affect fisheries reproductive morphology, cause decreased reproductive output and shortened larval duration and subsequently, low larval recruitment and survival. Mortality of fish species is not anticipated as the fishes can simply avoid areas of high turbidity, oil spills and contaminated benthic environments. The indirect result will be more costly fishing operations in more distant waters.

Movement of pelagic fish away from sediment-impaired waters Uncontrolled sediment streams emanating from project construction inland, if any, will likely amplify coastal water turbidity, in the form of total suspended solids (TSS) and further reduce sunlight penetration into the water column. In extreme cases, turbidity will lead to reduced photosynthetic function which can affect microscopic primary producers of phytoplankton and dependent zooplankton communities, and depress seagrass and macrobenthic algae settlement. Intensification of turbidity in the water column through spillage of various materials being unloaded in the Holcim Port can reduce phytoplankton grazing and subsequently affect fish feeding. Aggregations of pelagic species of fish may move out of the impact area.

However, there is no significant earth moving activities in the Holcim port complex and extreme impairment of photosynthetic function and primary production due to siltation in coastal waters around the project site is unlikely. In any case, fish are known to simply evade such conditions and move out to more conducive coastal waters.

Macro-invertebrates utilized for food and supplementary incomes The gleaning area for ball sea urchin is far from the project site. The project will have little impact on benthic fisheries and macro-invertebrate resources. Any further disturbance to the few benthic stocks of mollusks will be temporary and will have no lasting, serious effects on macro-benthos growth and recruitment. The establishment of physical facilities for boat docking and support facilities, if any, are unlikely to result to the loss of habitats for macro-invertebrates as such habitats – such as the seagrass meadows – are too far from the port.

Plankton community and their adaptability Possible impacts to plankton communities in the area may be brought about by plumes from materials transferred from sea vessels to the conveyor system. There is however, insufficient information on the direct and indirect effects of suspended sediment plumes on planktonic communities in order to assess with certainty the impacts on planktonic activities within the site. Some of these plumes may increase the loads of suspended solids that will be absorbed by seawater, reducing light penetration depth, which in turn, affect photosynthetic activity by the phytoplankton. Furthermore, these high sediment loads would also reduce the grazing success of zooplankton. However, it is important to note that these effects are relatively short-term, as an increase in turbidity may be also caused by land-based point sources and natural processes such as turbulent waves during typhoons and monsoons, regardless of mechanical activities in the area. Plankton communities are however resilient, and its population could replenish from the relatively abundant plankton community located offshore of the plant site due to advection as facilitated by water circulation, tidal forcing, and current systems in the water body. Furthermore, inadvertent disposal of shipboard wastes and ballast water may cause

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP euthrophication or the loss of oxygen through excessive algal blooms which in turn causes algal communities to wilt over long periods of anoxic conditions. Euthropication will have far-reaching impacts on the lower base of the marine food web.

Seagrass There are no seagrass communities in the immediate primary impact areas of the project. The seagrass meadows in front of Barangay Ilang are too distant from the Holcim port.

Mangroves The mangroves near the Holcim port are unlikely to be affected by increased intensification in port operations.

Possible Threats to the Benthic Community The variability of macrobenthic organisms are generally affected by abiotic factors such as substrate types, salinity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Biotic factors like recruitment, predation, and natural mortality could also lead to changes in macrobenthic community. Other disturbance on the habitat in either anthropogenic or natural in origin, like water pollution and displacement of bottom sediments may cause severe damage on their population.

The overall impression for the macrobenthic diversity assessment in the survey area is moderately good as indicated by the presence of some economically-important bivalves. However, the presence of pollution-tolerant shells along the Ilang River should be looked upon as it indicates that there is a factor causing the situation. Likewise, the low diversity as analyzed is indicative of an introduced localized disturbance which may be natural or anthropogenic.

It is noteworthy nevertheless, that macrobenthos are known to be resilient and has the ability to migrate in less stressful areas; hence, project activities are not expected to pose a significant impact on this aquatic community.

Potential impacts arising from climate change scenarios The possible impacts of climate change in the marine environment have been documented to include, among others, (i) rise in surface seawater temperature that may cause coral bleaching, (ii) rising sea level that may inundate shallow-water aquatic animals and cause changes in population structure, and (iii) saltwater intrusion into the land-sea interface. Present knowledge and experiences on mitigating measures are largely inadequate, and strategies to protect corals and associated habitats from CC-induced abnormalities are largely deficient. Climate change projections of the PAGASA indicate that mean temperatures in all areas in the Philippines are expected to rise by 0.9 °C to 1.1 °C in 2020 and by 1.8 °C to 2.2 °C in 2050, with the largest seasonal temperature increase anticipated to occur during the summer season (PAGASA, 2011). Corals have low tolerance limits on warm seawater temperatures and may bleach in seawater temperatures that breach an increase of 3°C. In times of El Niño episodes, such a possibility can happen if the situation is exacerbated by climate-induced seawater temperature rise.

The fundamental safety net and adaptation strategy is protect as much habitats as possible at the local and regional levels. Currently the most acceptable adaptation strategy is to enhance the establishment of mangrove reforestation projects and marine protected areas that will integrate coral reef areas, mangrove forests and seagrass beds into a network of MPAs. The strategy seeks to ensure the gene banks are replicated over broad areas. In support of this overall strategy, the Project will seek to:

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(i) Support the establishment, expansion and effective management of marine protected areas (MPAs) currently being considered by the BFARMC of Barangay Ilang; (ii) Support the establishment of mangrove rehabilitation projects that will serve as carbon sinks; and (iii) Enhance seagrass habitats by considering feasible enhancement strategies.

Proposed Mitigation Measures The primary impact area around the Holcim Port Complex hosts few fragile benthic habitats that can be susceptible to anthropogenic issues that can potentially arise from increased port operations, materials handling and vessel traffic. Nonetheless, the underpinning strategic consideration in order to avoid potential damage to remaining corals, even as they are few and a great distance from the port, and disturbance to fish populations in front of the project’s facilities, is to ensure that any construction activity and its accompanying sediment plumes will not contaminate coastal waters in a substantive degree. To protect coral areas and benthic ecological structures currently serving as fish habitats, the following measures are to be adopted:

1. Prevention of siltation and sedimentation Sediment streams from project port activities, if any, earthworks, road construction, or in cases of inadvertent spillage of materials being handled in the port that have the potential to intrude into the sea can be prevented first and foremost by controlling erosion at source and ensuring that any plumes or spillages are effectively captured. All potentially loose or fugitive soil and sediments will be diverted into project waterways fitted with filter systems before being redirected to containment ponds for appropriate collection and disposal. Silt curtains consisting of geo-textile screens will be installed during episodes of potential sediment spillage, especially during the rainy season to minimize escape of silt and filter liquids with sediment run-off, especially focusing on potential spill points of terrigenous materials that can end up in coastal waters near the jetty. This will be reinforced by the construction of sediment entrapment screens in the drainage canals. In areas of heavy port activities, loose materials shall be stockpiled in areas away from canals and natural waterways where erosion control measures can easily be applied. The objective is to reduce, or altogether prevent, sediment invasion to the highest degree possible. Periodic environmental monitoring of TSS and coral suffocation in coral reef habitats will be undertaken and results of monitoring are periodically fed into strategic action plans.

2. Accidental oil spills; ship bilge Accidental spillage of oil and grease from project facilities, disposal of ship bilge, as well as spills of materials from ship to port and vice versa can cause seawater pollution that can end up in substrates within the shelf, and can potentially contaminate benthic invertebrate populations, macrobenthos and fish larvae in the area, even if such communities are few in the area fronting the port. However, oil slicks can be carried to nearby coastal waters, or forced to the bottom by tidal action and thereafter pollutes coral colonies within its pathway, as well as fish nurseries and habitats for sedentary marine animals. On the other hand, is has been reported in other countries that one of the most common cause of the introduction of exotic species in a particular environment is the disposal ship ballast water.

While these issues are to be strictly controlled so that such will not take place, oil slicks caused by unintentional spills in the project wharf or from shipboard dispensing may remain sequestered in coastal waters and can be dispersed in small blotches towards the direction of tidal movement affecting benthic niches far from the project site. An oil and grease containment and waste containment plan will be formulated and enforced in all

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aspects of project operations. Prohibition of disposal of shipboard wastes will be absolute and a rigid monitoring system around the port complex will be carried out constantly.

3. Curtailment of domestic wastewater pollution The use of 3-chambered septic tanks shall be installed in all project facilities where wastewaters and other effluents are generated. Waste minimization will be practiced in all aspects of project operation. The objective is to ensure that pollution-causing effluents that can be potentially carried downstream are treated at the source.

4. Imposition of vessel traffic management system Marine vessel maneuvering will be monitored and organized along designated navigational pathways which will be designed to effectively avoid fragile ecological niches around the broader impact area.

2.3 The Air

2.3.1 Meteorology/Climatology This section describes the existing meteorological conditions at the project site using available secondary data with emphasis on parameters required to assess air pollution and climate change impacts of the cement plant.

2.3.1.1 Methodology Existing Conditions The met station nearest the Holcim plant is the PAGASA station at the Davao City airport (Figure 2.87). In the absence of onsite data, the following records and data at the said station were used to describe the potential meteorological conditions at the cement plant and its vicinities: 1) Climate map of the Philippines (Figure 2.88); 2) Climate normal data from 1981 to 2010 (Table 2.39); 3) Climate extremes data as of 2016 (Table 2.40); 4) Tropical cyclone and track maps (Figure 2.89) 5) Wind frequency data from 1981 to 2010 (Table 2.41);

Impact Assessment Climate Change Projections Climate change projections on rainfall and temperatures in 2020 and 2050 at the site was based on the paper “Climate Change in the Philippines, 2011” published by the PAGASA. The projections were based on the medium-range emission scenario (A1B) defined by the IPCC as:

A1: The A1 storyline and scenario family describe a future world of very rapid economic growth, a global population that peaks mid-century and declines thereafter, and a rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Major underlying themes are convergence among regions, capacity building, and increased cultural and social interactions, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income. The A1 scenario family is further developed into three groups that describe alternative directions of technological change in the energy system. The three A1 groups are distinguished by their technological emphasis: fossil-intensive (A1FI), non- fossil energy sources (A1T), or balanced across all sources (A1B) (where balanced is defined as not relying too heavily on one particular energy source, on the assumption that similar improvement rates apply to all energy supply and end use technologies).

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Figure 2.87. PAGASA station near the Holcim Davao plant

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Figure 2.88.The Holcim Davao Plant on the Philippine Climate Map

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Table 2.39. Climatological normals at the Davao PAGASA station (1981-2010) Rainfall Temperature (°C) Relative Wind Cloud No. Days w/ No. of Month amount Dry Wet Dew humidity DIR SPD amount RD Max Min Mean TSTM LTNG (mm) Bulb Bulb Point % (16pt) (mps) (okta) Jan 140.3 14 30.8 23.3 27.1 26.5 24.1 23.2 82 N 2 6 3 4 Feb 109.4 12 31.2 23.3 27.3 26.7 24.1 23.1 81 N 2 6 2 3 Mar 108.4 11 32.2 23.6 27.9 27.4 24.4 23.3 78 N 2 5 5 5 Apr 124.7 11 33 24.2 28.6 28.2 25 23.9 77 N 2 5 8 10 May 158.7 16 32.6 24.6 28.6 28.2 25.5 24.6 80 S 2 6 16 19 June 186.7 18 31.8 24.2 28 27.7 25.3 24.5 82 S 1 6 14 16 July 165 16 31.5 23.9 27.7 27.4 25.1 24.3 83 S 1 6 13 16 Aug 170 15 31.7 24 27.9 27.6 25.1 24.2 82 S 2 6 14 16 Sep 170.4 15 31.9 23.9 27.9 27.6 25.1 24.2 82 S 1 6 15 17 Oct 174.8 16 32.3 23.9 28.1 27.7 25.1 24.2 81 S 1 6 17 19 Nov 138.1 16 32.1 23.9 28 27.5 25 24.1 82 N 2 6 12 15 Dec 112.6 14 31.4 23.7 27.5 27.1 24.6 23.7 81 N 2 6 6 8 ANNUAL 1759.1 174 31.9 23.9 27.9 27.5 24.9 23.9 81 N 2 6 125 148 Source: PAGASA; RD – rainy days; DIR - direction; SPD- wind speed in meters per second; TSTM – thunderstorm; LTNG - lightning

Table 2.40. Climatological extremes at the Davao PAGASA station (2016) GREATEST DAILY RAINFALL TEMPERATURE (oC) STRONGEST WINDS (mps) SEA LEVEL PRESSURES (mbs) MONTH (mm) HIGH DATE LOW DATE AMOUNT DATE SPD DIR DATE HIGH DATE LOW DATE JAN 35.0 1/15/1973 17.0 1/10/1912 122.4 1/28/2000 22 N 1/25/1962 1018.6 1/17/1959 1000.1 1/22/1989 FEB 36.7 2/25/1915 16.1 2/3/1962 124.3 2/20/1970 20 NNE 2/8/2004 1018.4 2/27/1969 1001.9 2/13/2001 MAR 36.7 3/25/1915 17.4 3/16/1912 132.2 3/27/1988 15 N 3/3/1976 1018.5 3/30/1958 1000.1 3/19/2004 APR 37.0 4/30/1977 19.1 4/13/1912 193.0 4/2/1993 18 N 4/23/1974 1016.6 4/7/1965 1001.8 4/12/1985 MAY 37.3 5/5/1905 20.2 5/1/1914 174.3 5/8/1966 31 NNW 5/15/1976 1016.5 5/9/1957 1002.3 5/30/1970 JUNE 35.2 6/2/1905 20.3 6/10/1961 176.4 6/6/2008 21 NW 6/18/1962 1016.6 6/6/1966 1001.2 6/30/1970 JULY 35.6 7/16/1973 20.0 7/3/1917 179.6 7/2/1902 19 NE 7/6/2001 1016.0 7/2/1965 999.6 7/3/2001 AUG 36.0 8/2/1905 18.5 8/7/1918 242.6 8/2/1902 15 N 6/14/1998 1015.7 8/3/1965 1001.2 8/17/1990 SEP 35.1 9/17/1977 20.0 9/3/1916 123.7 9/21/1911 20 S 9/21/1983 1018.2 9/22/1950 1001.3 9/24/1970 OCT 35.9 10/8/2016 19.2 10/19/1918 153.7 10/6/2013 16 NW 10/22/1995 1016.1 10/7/1959 998.6 10/18/1970 NOV 36.2 11/17/1908 19.1 11/14/1911 114.4 11/24/2002 15 N 11/8/1974 1016.8 11/17/1965 999.8 11/6/1996 DEC 35.0 12/8/1987 16.2 12/24/1918 153.6 12/2/1910 15 N 12/15/1962 1016.7 12/12/2002 1001.2 12/5/2001 ANNUAL 35.0 1/15/1973 17.0 1/10/1912 122.4 1/28/2000 22 N 1/25/1962 1018.6 1/17/1959 1000.1 1/22/1989 Period of record 1903-2016 1901-2016 1950-2016 1949-2016 Source: PAGASA; DIR - direction; SPD- wind speed, mps - meters per second

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Figure 2.89. Tropical cyclone frequency map of the Philippines

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Table 2.41. Wind frequency data at the Davao PAGASA station (1981 – 2010) Direction Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual N 57.2 58.9 50.1 33.8 13.9 9.4 5.8 4.0 4.9 16.9 36.9 53.4 28.6 NNE 21.3 17.1 14.1 8.9 4.4 3.1 1.1 0.6 1.2 2.0 8.4 14.2 8.0 NE 8.6 11.6 15.3 21.2 13.7 5.8 3.9 1.8 3.3 9.6 14.7 12.0 10.1 ENE 3.0 3.1 4.6 8.8 5.9 5.9 4.5 1.9 3.4 6.8 7.1 4.7 5.0 E 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.4 3.0 3.0 1.8 0.5 2.1 3.7 2.9 0.8 1.7 ESE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 SE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 SSE 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 2.3 0.8 2.4 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.8 S 3.9 4.3 8.9 17.4 43.7 53.7 61.2 68.5 64.1 41.8 19.6 9.1 33.2 SSW 1.6 1.5 3.7 5.7 11.7 14.4 15.6 17.4 14.3 12.7 6.2 2.5 9.0 SW 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.9 WSW 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 W 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 WNW 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NW 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 NNW 2.9 2.5 1.8 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.6 1.9 2.2 1.4 TOTAL 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.4 98.1 98.8 98.5 99.0 98.9 99.6 99.7 99.3 Wind speed CALM 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.8 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.7 1-4 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.9 99.4 98.2 98.7 98.7 99.2 98.9 99.4 99.5 99.1 5-8 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 8-12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13-16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 >16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: PAGASA

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

The cement plant uses the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) CO2 and Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement in accounting its CO2 emissions. The method includes all direct and main indirect sources of CO2 emissions related to the cement manufacturing including on-site power generation. The direct and indirect sources considered are:

1. Calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon in raw materials (direct) 2. Combustion of kiln fuels related to clinker production (direct) 3. Combustion of non-kiln fuels (direct) 4. Combustion of fuels for on-site power generation (direct) 5. Combustion of the carbon in wastewater (direct) 6. Fuel consumption of non-kiln equipment and vehicles (indirect)

The general expression for computing the specific CO2 emission is shown below.

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The impact of the GHG emissions from the cement plant was represented by its Global Warming

Potential (GWP) expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). The GWP of CO2 for a 100-year time horizon is one1.

2.3.1.2 Results and Discussion Existing Conditions A. Climate The cement plant site is under a Type VI climate based on the Modified Coronas Classification of the Philippine Climate (Figure 2.88). A Type VI climate is characterized by rainfall that is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.

B. Rainfall The cement plant and its vicinities may experience a monthly rainfall of 108mm to 187mm with the minimum and maximum occurring in March and June respectively (Figure 2.90). Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. The number of rainy days in a year may range from 11 to 18.

200 186.7 180

160

140

120

100

Rainfall, mm Rainfall, 80

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure 2.90. Potential monthly rainfall at the cement plant

C. Surface temperatures The mean temperatures at the cement plant and its vicinities may range from a minimum of 27.1°C in January to a maximum of 28.6°C in April and May (Figure 2.91) resulting to a normal seasonal mean temperature difference of about 1.5 degrees. The mean temperatures decrease starting June to December to reach the minimum in January.

1 Source: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Global-Warming-Potential Values%20%28Feb%2016%202016%29_1.pdf

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29 28.6 28.6

28.5

C o 28

27.5 27.1

27 Mean surface temperature, temperature, surface Mean

26.5

26 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure 2.91. Potential monthly average temperatures at the cement plant

D. Relative humidity Relative humidity is expressed in percentage of water vapor present in air using psychrometric charts with the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures as input. The cement plant and its vicinities may experience a mean relative humidity range of 77% to 83% with July as the most humid month (Figure 2.92).

84 83 83

78 Relative Humidity Relative 77

74 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure 2.92.Potential monthly relative humidity at the cement plant

E. Cloudiness Cloud cover is important in determining atmospheric stability (dispersion of air pollutants) because it controls insolation, i.e., amount of sunlight reaching land. Cloud cover is inversely proportional to insolation, i.e., more clouds, less insolation therefore less heating of the earth’s surface. The cement plant and its vicinities may be generally cloudy throughout the year (five to six okta) (Figure 2.93).

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6.2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2 Cloudiness, okta Cloudiness, 5

4.8

4.6

4.4 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure 2.93. Potential monthly cloud cover at the cement plant

E. Surface winds The annual wind speed at the cement plant and its vicinities may range from one to four meters per second 99% of the time (Figure 2.94) at the north and south directions (Figure 2.95; Figure 2.96).

Monthly frequencies of wind direction 80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

Frequency, % Frequency, 30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW

Figure 2.94. Potential monthly frequencies of wind direction at the cement plant

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Annual frequencies of wind direction 35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 Frequency, % Frequency, 10.0

5.0

0.0 N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Wind direction

Figure 2.95. Potential annual frequencies of wind direction at the cement plant

Annual wind speed frequencies 120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0 Frequency, % Frequency, 40.0

20.0

0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1-4 5-8 8-12 13-16 >16

Figure 2.96. Potential annual frequencies of wind speeds at the cement plant

G. Tropical cyclones In general, cyclone frequency in the country is highest from June to December. These tropical cyclones are associated with the occurrence of low pressures areas (LPA) normally originating over the North Western Pacific Ocean side of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and generally moving northwestward. Tropical cyclones also originate in the South China Sea or at the western part of the country, having unusual motions, and quite rare with 52 occurrences in 50 years (Perez, 2001). The PAGASA categorized these cyclones as tropical depressions (TD), with wind speeds up to 63 kph; tropical storm (TS) with wind speeds from 64-117 kph, and tropical typhoon (TY), with wind speeds over 117 kph.

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From 1948-1993 (period of 46 years) PAGASA determined an annual average of 20 tropical cyclones in the PAR, nine of these making landfall. Overall, PAGASA had tracked 917 cyclones within the PAR, with 415 (45.3%) crossing the archipelago and 120 (22.5%) considered disastrous.

The cement plant is located in an area with a very low typhoon risk (Figure 2.89) with a frequency of one cyclone every 12 years (Figure 2.89).

2.3.1.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures PAGASA Climate Projections 1. Surface Temperatures Since 1971, the country in general has experienced an increase in mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures by 0.14°C per decade (IPCC, 2007). Tibig (2004) and Manton et al. (2001) support this finding by showing departures from the annual mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures in recent years of 0.61°C, 0.34°C, and 0.89°C, respectively, from the 1961–1990 normal values (ADB, 2009).

The PAGASA projections for Davao del Sur under the medium-range scenario showed surface temperature increases in 2020 and 2050 from the observed baseline (Figure 2.97). The quarterly patterns were the same with the baseline with maximum temperatures in March, April, and May. With these projections, the cement plant and its vicinities may experience mean surface temperatures of 28 to 29°C in 2020 and 2050 respectively (Table 2.42).

Table 2.42. Potential temperature projections at the cement plant Projected change (°C) Temperatures, 0C Quarter 2020 2050 1971-2000 2020 2050 DJF 0.9 1.9 26.90 27.80 28.80 MAM 1.1 2.2 27.80 28.90 30.00 JJA 1.1 2.3 26.90 28.00 29.20 SON 1 2 27.10 28.10 29.10 Annual mean temperatures 27.18 28.20 29.28 Source: derived from the report “Climate Change in the Philippines”, PAGASA; *medium-range emission scenario projection; NOTES: DJF – Dec, Jan, Feb; MAM – Mar, Apr, May; JJA – Jun, Jul, Aug; SON- Sep, Oct, Nov

30.50 30.00 29.50

29.00

° 28.50 28.00 27.50 27.00 26.50

TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE, 26.00 25.50 25.00 DJF MAM JJA SON

OBS (1971-2000) 2020 2050

Figure 2.97. Potential projected quarterly temperatures at the cement plant

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2. Rainfall In contrast to the projected temperature increase, the mean annual rainfall and the number of rainy days in the country has increased since 1960. The country also experienced variability in the onset of the rainy season. The trend has been toward decreasing rainfall over Luzon and parts of Mindanao and increasing rainfall over the central western part of the country (Anglo, 2006).

The PAGASA predictions in Davao del Sur for the medium-ranged scenario showed both decreases and increases in rainfall from the observed baseline. The cement plant and its vicinities may experience an increase in rainfall from December to February in 2020 and a decrease from March to November in 2050 (Figure 2.98). Rainfall at the site may be highest in June to August in 2020 and 2050 with an annual rainfall range of 1,478 to 1,541mm (Table 2.43).

Table 2.43. Potential rainfall projections at the cement plant Projected change (%) Rainfall, mm Quarter 2020 2050 1971-2000 2020 2050 DJF 18.1 15.2 288.1 340.2 392.0 MAM -9.8 -12 347.1 313.1 275.5 JJA -7.8 -12.6 494.1 455.6 398.2 SON -2.4 -4.5 442.3 431.7 412.3 Annual mean rainfall 1,571.6 1,540.6 1,477.9 Source: derived from the report “Climate Change in the Philippines”, PAGASA; *medium-range emission scenario projection; NOTES: DJF – Dec, Jan, Feb; MAM – Mar, Apr, May; JJA – Jun, Jul, Aug; SON- Sep, Oct, Nov

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0 RAINFALL AMOUNT, MM AMOUNT, RAINFALL

100.0

0.0 DJF MAM JJA SON

OBS (1971-2000) 2020 2050

Figure 2.98. Potential projected quarterly rainfall at the cement plant

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Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

Figure 2.99 shows the net CO2 emissions of the cement plant from 1990 to 2017 calculated by the CSI method. The highest GWP of the plant was in 2001 and decreased from 2002 to a low of

649 CO2-e per ton of cementitious product in 2017. The decrease was due to the use of alternative fuels and improvements in the production process. It is expected that the GWP of the plant will continue to decrease with the continued use of alternative fuels and sustained operation improvements.

Figure 2.99. Specific net CO2 emissions per ton of cementitious product

2.3.2 Ambient Air Quality This section presents the existing ambient air quality at the site and determined the impact by using the applicable Clean Air Act (CAA) ambient air quality standards and guideline values (Table 2.44). Air dispersion modelling was also done to predict the incremental impacts of cement plant point source emissions on the ambient air quality.

Table 2.44. National ambient air quality standards and guideline values Pollutant Unit AT CAA Pollutant Unit AT CAA 1h 340 1h 35 CO mg/ncm SO2 ug/ncm 24h 180 8h 10 Ann 80 HCl ug/ncm 30min 200 1h 260 Sb mg/ncm 30min 0.02 NO ug/ncm 2 24h 150 As mg/ncm 30min 0.02 1h 300 Cd mg/ncm 30min 0.01 TSP ug/ncm 24h 230 Pb ug/ncm 30min 20 Ann 90 Hg ug/ncm na ns NOTES: AT – averaging time; na – not applicable; ns – no standards; CAA – Clean Air Act Source: Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Clean Air Act; AT – averaging time; CAA – Clean Air Act; NAAQSSSAPIS/O - National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants from Industrial Sources/Operations; NAAQGV - National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values

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2.3.2.1 Methodology Description of existing ambient air quality The existing ambient air conditions were described by the 24h monitoring records of the Holcim Davao cement plant at the stations shown in Figure 2.100. The coordinates of the stations are shown in Table 2.45. The ambient monitoring records concentrations were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Values (NAAQGV) of the Clean Air Act IRR for indicative air quality.

Table 2.45. Coordinates of the Holcim Davao AQM stations Station ID Location Longitude Latitude Sta.1 Gotera 125.627027 7.226333 Sta.2 Mudiang Elementary School 125.621611 7.182666 Sta.3 Amparo Village Tibungco 125.647444 7.199722 Sta.4 Union Galva Steel Corp. Area 125.655093 7.171297 Sta.5 Luzville Subdivision Area 125.650138 7.151138 Sta.6 Sixto Babao Elementary School 125.652355 7.178109 Sta.7 Kobbler 125.648853 7.171677 Sta.8 Veterans Village San Miguel 125.650947 7.153744 Source: Holcim Philippines, Inc.

Impact Assessment The following were done to assess the impacts of the cement plant emissions during operation:

1. Predicted the maximum ground-level concentrations (GLC) of criteria pollutants (SO2, NO2, TSP, CO), HCl, and trace metals (Sb, As, Cd, Pb, Hg) from emissions of the following point sources: a) kiln stack (existing), b) coal mill stack (existing), c) cooler stack (existing), and d) Finish Mill #3 stack (existing), and e) Cement Mill #2 stack (expansion). 2. Determined incremental impact and apparent compliance; 3. Identified air pollution hotspots; and 4. Proposed mitigating measures to minimize the potential impacts on ambient air quality.

The EMB Air Dispersion Modelling Guidelines (EMB Memorandum Circular 2008-003) was used to predict the GLCs from the cement plant emissions. The guidelines prescribe a tiered approach following USEPA methods in assessing contaminant concentrations against CAA air quality standards and guideline values. The Tier 4 approach was adopted for the predicting the pollutant GLCs. The detailed air dispersion modelling procedure is presented in Annex 2.4.

2.3.2.2 Results and Discussion Existing Conditions A. Sources of Air Emissions The major sources of air residuals within the model domain besides the cement plant are a) industrial areas, b) road networks, b) households, and open areas (Figure 2.101). These sources emit fugitive particulates and combustion gases.

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Figure 2.100. Ambient air monitoring station map of Holcim Davao

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Figure 2.101. Other emission sources within the model domain

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B. Air Pollutant Levels Quarterly ambient air monitoring was conducted by the Holcim cement plant at the eight stations shown in Table 2.45. Of the eight, the nearest stations to the cement plant that are likely to be affected by its emissions are Stations 4 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), 6 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), and 7 (Kobbler) (see Figure 2.100). The rest are located far from the plant and unlikely to be affected by its emissions. The existing ambient air quality at the vicinity of the cement plant was described by the analyzing the 24h monitoring records from 2012 to 2017 at the three nearest stations. The following are the salient findings after processing of the monitoring records at the three nearest stations:

1) There were no exceedances to CAA 24h guideline value for NO2 during the monitoring period. The highest recorded 24h NO2 level was 116.4ug/ncm at the Kobbler station in the 4th quarter of 2016 (Figure 2.103).

2) There were no exceedances to CAA 24h guideline value for SO2 during the monitoring period. The highest recorded 24h SO2 level was 60.4ug/ncm at the Kobbler station in the 4th quarter of 2016 (Figure 2.102).

3) There were four instances of exceedances to CAA 24h TSP guideline value during the monitoring period. The exceedances were recorded at the Union Galva Steel (Q3-2015, Q1/Q4-2016) and Sixto Babaw Elementary School (Q1-2017) (Figure 2.104.) stations. The highest recorded 24h TSP level was 528ug/ncm at the Sixto Babaw Elementary School station in the 1st quarter of 2017. The data also showed an increased in ambient 24h TSP levels in 2015 and 2017.

4) Similarly, the 24h PM10 levels in 2015 and 2017 also increased that resulted to five instances of exceedances to CAA 24h PM10 guideline value. The exceedances were recorded at the Union Galva Steel (Q2/Q3-2015, Q1/Q4-2016) and Sixto Babao Elementary School (Q1-2017) stations (Figure 2.105). The highest recorded 24h PM10 level was 229ug/ncm at the Sixto Babaw Elementary School station in the 1st quarter of 2017.

Various sources may have contributed to the particulate elevated concentrations and exceedances recorded at the Union Galva Steel and Sixto Babao Elementary School stations. For example, the Union Galva Steel station is located within an industrial area where vehicle emissions and fugitive dust from open soil areas may contribute more than plant emissions. The same is true for the Sixto Babao Elementary School station where stockpile area in addition to vehicle emissions and open soil areas is located about 140 meters northeast. The said station is also relatively far from the point sources of the cement plant (about 600m south).

It is recommended that the 1h averaging time of the criteria pollutants at the three nearest stations because it is enforceable to the point source emissions of the cement plant. The processed ambient air monitoring records from 2012 to 2017 are shown in Annex 2.5.

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Figure 2.102. Graph of 24h SO2 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017)

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Figure 2.103. Graph of 24h NO2 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017)

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Figure 2.104. Graph of 24h TSP monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017)

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Figure 2.105. Graph of 24h PM10 monitoring records at the stations nearest the cement plant (2012 - 2017)

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2.3.2.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures The incremental impacts of the cement plant point source emissions (four existing, one proposed) during operation were presented by showing statistical summaries of the predicted GLCs at the grid and discrete receptors. An index, i.e., ratio of predicted maximum GLCs and the corresponding CAA standard or guideline value and averaging time, was used to determine exceedances.

NOTE: The GLCs were predicted using a screening met data set in the absence of on-site met data to uncover conservative GLCs (worst-case) for initially assessing incremental impacts from air pollution sources. Literature elsewhere indicated that predicted GLCs from Gaussian models using screening or even onsite met data are likely overestimated by a factor of 2.52 or more than ten3. The spatial and temporal distributions of the calculated GLCs cannot be predicted using a screening met data set.

Since compliance to the CAA requires the determination of 98th percentile (98p) GLCs that can only be determined by using on-site met data, the exceedances presented only implied apparent compliance or potential non-compliance that needs to be validated by modelling using on-site or prognostic met data. In addition, the analysis of results focused on the one-hour GLCs because it is the only valid averaging time when using screening met data. The GLCs for other averaging times derived from multiplying factors in the EMB modelling guidelines were presented for comparison purposes and not construed as compliance. The predicted GLCs using screening met data are unlikely to be observed when using on-site met data.

Predicted Levels of Pollutants 1. Criteria pollutants

The predicted SO2, NO2, CO, TSP, and HCl GLCs from the five point sources across pollutants, averaging times, and receptors were less than their corresponding CAA standards and guideline values except for the 1h and 24h NO2 and TSP at the grid and discrete receptors (orange cells in Table 2.46 and Table 2.47). The predicted maximum 1h and 24h NO2 and TSP GLCs are shown in blue cells in Table 2.46 and Table 2.47.

Further examination of the results however showed that the exceedances are unlikely to be observed as shown by the 1st and 3rd quartile GLCs (green cells in Table 2.46 and Table 2.47). Values less than the 1st or greater than 3rd quartiles are generally considered outliers. This is indicative that the incremental impact of the five point sources will likely comply with the CAA standards.

Table 2.46. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the grid receptors

Pollutant SO2 NO2 CO TSP HCl Unit ug/ncm ug/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT time 1h 24h Ann 1h 24h 1h 8h 1h 24h Ann 30min GLC statistic Min 2.26 0.90 0.18 0.96 0.38 0.04 0.02 0.26 0.10 0.02 2.00 Q1 7.15 2.86 0.57 113.59 45.44 0.15 0.09 188.27 75.31 15.06 6.39 Median 9.53 3.81 0.76 147.35 58.94 0.20 0.12 240.48 96.19 19.24 8.44 Q3 12.23 4.89 0.98 186.48 74.59 0.24 0.15 325.16 130.06 26.01 10.78 Max 200.24 80.09 16.02 970.96 388.38 2.89 1.74 999.25 399.70 79.94 177.48 Incremental impact CAA 340 180 80 260 150 35 10 300 230 90 200 Index 0.59 0.44 0.20 3.73 2.59 0.08 0.17 3.33 1.74 0.89 0.89

2 Stiggins, T.E., Parnell, C.B., Lacy, R.E., & Shaw, B.W. (2002) 3 National Research Council of the National Academies (2003)

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Pollutant SO2 NO2 CO TSP HCl Unit ug/ncm ug/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT time 1h 24h Ann 1h 24h 1h 8h 1h 24h Ann 30min # of Ex 0 0 0 2503 1029 0 0 8512 815 0 0 % Ex 0% 0% 0% 9% 4% 0% 0% 33% 3% 0% 0% # nodes 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA

Table 2.47. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the discrete receptors

Pollutant SO2 NO2 CO TSP HCl Unit ug/ncm ug/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT 1h 24h Ann 1h 24h 1h 8h 1h 24h Ann 30min GLC statistic Min 2.43 0.97 0.19 31.15 12.46 0.04 0.02 52.11 20.85 4.17 2.15 Q1 2.94 1.18 0.24 38.66 15.47 0.05 0.03 63.45 25.38 5.08 2.60 Median 3.73 1.49 0.30 57.01 22.80 0.08 0.05 103.90 41.56 8.31 3.30 Q3 7.94 3.18 0.64 126.43 50.57 0.17 0.10 208.30 83.32 16.66 7.09 Max 35.81 14.32 2.86 506.05 202.42 0.54 0.32 725.43 290.17 58.03 31.54 Incremental impact CAA 340 180 80 260 150 35 10 300 230 90 200 Index 0.11 0.08 0.04 1.95 1.35 0.02 0.03 2.42 1.26 0.64 0.16 # of Ex 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 % Ex 0% 0% 0% 7% 2% 0% 0% 14% 2% 0% 0% # nodes 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA

2. Trace metals The predicted maximum GLCs of the regulated trace metals were less than the CAA standards at the grid and discrete receptors (Table 2.48, Table 2.49) with very low indices (nil to a max of 0.05) indicating likely compliance to the CAA limits.

Table 2.48. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the grid receptors Pollutant Sb As Cd Pb Hg Unit mg/ncm mg/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT 30min 30min 30min 30min 1h GLC statistic Min 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00050 0.00014 Q1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00161 0.00043 Median 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00215 0.00057 Q3 0.00000 0.00000 0.00004 0.00275 0.00073 Max 0.00001 0.00006 0.00050 0.04482 0.01195 Incremental impact CAA 0.02 0.02 0.01 20 NS Index 0.0006 0.0030 0.05 0.00 n/a # of Ex 0 0 0 0 n/a % Ex 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% n/a # nodes 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 27,429 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; NS – no standard; /a – not applicable

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Table 2.49. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the discrete receptors Pollutant Sb As Cd Pb Hg Unit mg/ncm mg/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT 30min 30min 30min 30min 1h GLC statistic Min 0.000000 0.000000 0.000012 0.000552 0.000150 Q1 0.000000 0.000000 0.000012 0.000666 0.000180 Median 0.000000 0.000000 0.000012 0.000840 0.000220 Q3 0.000000 0.000000 0.000024 0.001788 0.000475 Max 0.000000 0.000012 0.000084 0.008016 0.002140 Incremental impact CAA 0.02 0.02 0.01 20 NS Index 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 n/a # of Ex 0 0 0 0 n/a % Ex 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% n/a # nodes 59 59 59 59 59 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; NS – no standard; /a – not applicable

Location of Hotspots Air pollution hotspots refer to areas within the model domain where GLCs exceeded the CAA standards (“potential hotspots”) or where peak GLCs occurred (“areas of concern”). Areas of concern are locations within the model domain where predicted GLCs are greater than 50% of the standards or guideline value with no exceedance.

The simulations showed four worst-case potential hotspots for the 1h and 24h NO2 and TSP (orange cells in Table 2.50) and three areas of concern (green cells in Table 2.50). The isopleths of the four potential NO2 and TSP hotspots in Figure 2.106 to Figure 2.109 indicated that the exceedances were near the existing point sources (south perimeter of the plant). The monitoring stations likely to be affected the Stations 4 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), 6 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), and 7 (Kobbler).

Table 2.50. Hotspot matrix of predicted GLCs Hotspots

Pollutant AT Index None AOC PH 1h 0.59 

SO 24h 0.44  2 Ann 0.20 

1h 3.73  NO 2 24h 2.59 

1h 0.08  CO 8h 0.17 

1h 3.33 

TSP 24h 1.74 

Ann 0.89 

HCl 30min 0.89 

Sb 30min 0.0006 

As 30min 0.0030 

Cd 30min 0.05 

Pb 30min 0.00 

Hg 1h n/a n/a n/a n/a NOTES: AT – averaging time; AOC – areas of concern; PH – potential hotspot

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Figure 2.106. Predicted 1h NO2 potential hotspot

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Figure 2.107. Predicted 24h NO2 potential hotspot

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Figure 2.108. Predicted 1h TSP potential hotspot

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Figure 2.109. Predicted 24h TSP potential hotspot

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Effects of structures on emissions The summary of predicted criteria pollutants and trace metal GLCs at the boundary receptors are summarized in Table 2.51 and Table 2.52. The simulations initially showed potential effects of structures on the predicted NO2 and TSP GLCs (orange cells in Table 2.51) with exceedances along the plant perimeter (Figure 2.110 to Figure 2.113).

Table 2.51. Summary of predicted criteria pollutant GLCs at the boundary receptors

Pollutant SO2 NO2 CO TSP HCl Unit ug/ncm ug/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT 1h 24h Ann 1h 24h 1h 8h 1h 24h Ann 30min GLC statistic Min 14.76 5.91 1.18 225.64 90.26 0.26 0.15 346.91 138.76 27.75 13.07 Q1 21.10 8.44 1.69 281.44 112.57 0.33 0.20 452.59 181.04 36.21 18.82 Median 28.16 11.26 2.25 406.72 162.69 0.43 0.26 589.52 235.81 47.16 25.12 Q3 32.76 13.10 2.62 481.33 192.53 0.50 0.30 682.76 273.11 54.62 28.97 Max 57.45 22.98 4.60 747.23 298.89 0.86 0.52 1166.66 466.66 93.33 50.81 Incremental impact CAA 340 180 80 260 150 35 10 300 230 90 200 Index 0.17 0.13 0.06 2.87 1.99 0.02 0.05 3.89 2.03 1.04 0.25 # of Ex 0 0 0 235 156 0 0 287 149 5 0 % Ex 0% 0% 0% 82% 54% 0% 0% 100% 52% 2% 0% # nodes 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 287 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA

Table 2.52. Summary of predicted trace metal GLCs at the boundary receptors Pollutant Sb As Cd Pb Hg Unit mg/ncm mg/ncm mg/ncm ug/ncm ug/ncm AT 30min 30min 30min 30min 1h GLC statistic Min 0.000000 0.000000 0.000036 0.003324 0.000880 Q1 0.000000 0.000012 0.000048 0.004734 0.001260 Median 0.000000 0.000012 0.000072 0.006324 0.001690 Q3 0.000000 0.000012 0.000084 0.007356 0.001965 Max 0.000000 0.000024 0.000144 0.012900 0.003440 Incremental impact CAA 0.02 0.02 0.01 20 NS Index 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 n/a # of Ex 0 0 0 0 n/a % Ex 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% n/a # nodes 287 287 287 287 287 NOTES: AT – averaging time; Q1 – 1st quartile Q3 – third quartile; Index – max GLC/CAA; # of Ex – number of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; % Ex –s percentage of grid receptors where GLC>CAA; NS – no standard; /a – not applicable

Uncertainties of model results and recommendations Lack of appropriate meteorological data is often the single most important limiting factor in the accuracy of air dispersion modelling. The EMB guidelines require at least three years of onsite data with an hourly resolution (usually within a few hundred meters); however, one year of measurements can be allowed as long as justified. The minimum data requirements are wind speed and direction, surface temperatures (lower and upper), and net solar radiation. It is recommended that an on-site met station be installed to generate prognostic met data to validate the initial simulations.

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Figure 2.110. Boundary receptors where 1h NO2 GLC > CAA standard

Figure 2.111. Boundary receptors where 24h NO2 GLC > CAA guideline value

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Figure 2.112. Boundary receptors where 1h TSP GLC > CAA standard

Figure 2.113. Boundary receptors where 24h TSP GLC > CAA guideline value

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Mitigating measures

The simulations showed that the potential pollutants of concern are NO2 and particulates as shown by the worst-case exceedances at the grid, discrete, and boundary receptors. However, it is likely that the predicted NO2 and TSP exceedances will not be observed if prognostic met data is used during model validation. Nevertheless, the following are the recommended measures to ensure compliance with the CAA: Construction phase - Dust suppression measures, e.g., water application, in active construction areas; - Planting of vegetation in non-structure areas to minimize wind erosion of open soil surfaces; - Compacting of exposed soil surfaces; - Provide tarpaulin cover on trucks loaded with construction materials; - Hauling of spoils/excavated earth materials immediately after excavation; - Impose speed restrictions minimize (15-20 kph). - Regular maintenance of heavy equipment and motor vehicles; and - Use of low-sulfur fuel

Operation phase - Ensure that operation and maintenance of the kiln, other emission sources, and air pollution control equipment are according to specifications; - Proper operation and maintenance of the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS); - Proper operation and maintenance of generator sets; - Use of low-sulfur fuel; and - Formulate and implement a motor vehicle maintenance program, including emissions testing.

2.3.3 Ambient Noise This section described the existing sonic profile at the cement plant and its vicinities and determined the noise impacts by comparing the results of sound measurements and predicted sound levels with the Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas (Table 2.53) and noise criteria during construction (Table 2.54)4.

Table 2.53. Environmental quality standards for noise in general areas, dB(A) Category Daytime Morning/Evening Night-time

AA 50 45 40 A 55 50 45 B 65 60 55 C 70 65 60 D 75 70 65 NOTE: Morning: 5am-9am; Daytime: 9am-6pm; Evening: 6pm-10pm; Night-time 10pm-5am Category description: A 100 m from schools, nurseries, hospitals, home of the A aged A residential area B commercial area C light industrial area D heavy industrial area

4 NPCC Memorandum Circular No. 002 issued May 12, 1980 (amending Section 78 of Presidential Decree 984)

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Table 2.54. Maximum noise levels allowed during construction5 Limit, Class Construction activities dBA Pile drivers (excluding manual type), riveting hammers or combination thereof. Does 1 90 not include pile drivers used in combination with earth augers. 2 Rock drills, or similar equipment like jack hammers or pavement breakers 85 Air compressors (limited to compressors that use power other than electric motors 3 with a rated output of 15kW or more). Air compressors power rock drills, 75 jackhammers, and pavement breakers are excluded. Batching plant operation (limited to those with mixer capacities of 200kg or more. 4 75 Batching plants for mortar-making are excluded. NOTE: No construction in Class AA, A, B areas (except during emergencies, calamities, disasters) from 7pm to 7am for Class 1&2 construction activities and from 9pm to 7am for Class 3&4 construction activities

2.3.3.1 Methodology The existing noise profile was described by the 24h hourly monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 at the stations shown in Table 2.55. The records were processed and compared with Table 2.53 to determine noise impact. The processed noise monitoring records are shown in Annex 2.6.

Table 2.55. Noise monitoring stations of Holcim Davao Station ID Location Longitude Latitude Sta.1 Gotera 125.627027 7.226333 Sta.2 Mudiang Elementary School 125.621611 7.182666 Sta.3 Sixto Babao Elementary School 125.652355 7.178109 Sta.4 Amparo Village Tibungco 125.647444 7.199722 Sta.5 Luzville Subdivision Area 125.650138 7.151138 Sta.6 Union Galva Steel Corp. Area 125.655093 7.171297 Sta.7 Kobbler 125.648853 7.171677 Sta.8 Veterans Village San Miguel 125.650947 7.153744 Source: Holcim Philippines, Inc.

2.3.3.2 Results and Discussion Existing Conditions Quarterly noise monitoring was conducted by the Holcim cement plant at the eight stations in Table 2.55. Similar to the ambient air monitoring, the stations that are likely affected by noise impacts from the cement plant are Stations 3 (Sixto Babao Elementary School), 6 (Union Galva Steel Corp. Area), and 7 (Kobbler). The rest are located far from the plant and likely affected by noise sources near the station. The existing noise impacts at the vicinity of the cement plant were determined by the processing the monitoring records at the three nearest stations. The following are the salient findings after processing of the monitoring records at the three nearest stations:

1) At the Sixto Babao Elementary School (Class AA) (Figure 2.114 to Figure 2.117): About 96% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality Standards for Noise at all time frames (morning, daytime, evening, night-time). The records showed peak sound levels of 89dBA (morning), 71dBA (daytime), 70dBA (evening), and 63dBA (night-time) resulting to a maximum noise impact of 44 decibels across time frames.

2) At the Union Galva Steel Corp. Area (Class C) (Figure 2.118 to Figure 2.121): About 38% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality

5 Measured at 30m

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Standards for Noise during morning, evening, night-time. The exceedances showed peak sound levels of 70dBA (morning), 69dBA (evening), and 70dBA (night-time) resulting to a maximum noise impact of 10 decibels across the time frames.

3) At the Kobbler station (Class A) (Figure 2.122 to Figure 2.125): About 60% of the monitoring records from 2015 to 2017 exceeded the DENR Environmental Quality Standards for Noise at all time frames (morning, daytime, evening, night-time). The records showed peak sound levels of 63dBA (morning), 64dBA (daytime), 60dBA (evening), and 59dBA (night-time) resulting to a maximum noise impact of 14 decibels across time frames.

Various sound sources may have contributed to the noise impacts at the Sixto Babaw Elementary School and Kobbler stations during morning and daytime. Examples of these are motor vehicles, students at the school, and domestic activities at the residential area in addition to industrial sources.

Noise impacts during nighttime however can be attributed to the industrial operations surrounding the stations because the activities previously mentioned cease. For example, the noise impact at Sixto Babaw Elementary School located along the National Highway was from seven to 23 dBA. Since the school is closed at nighttime, the noise impacts were likely caused by the passage of heavy trucks and large vehicles along the National Highway and to a lesser extent cement operation of the cement plant. It is worthy to note that the truck ban along the said road is lifted around 8pm resulting to the heavy traffic of trucks and large vehicles. Similarly, the noise impacts at the Kobbler station (three to 14 dBA) were likely caused by operations of adjacent industries (the cement plant included).

The monitoring records were only indicative of the potential noise impacts of the cement plant. It is recommended to conduct noise modelling to predict the contribution of plant operations to the noise impacts.

2.3.3.3 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures Construction phase impacts Construction equipment emits different sound levels that may result to noise impacts. The degree of disturbance will depend on the distance of the source to the receptor, nature of activity, schedule and duration of activity, and type of equipment used. The USEPA defines noise as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech and hearing, and is intense enough to damage hearing, or is otherwise annoying. Table 2.56 shows the predicted sound levels of construction equipment using the inverse square law.

Table 2.56. Predicted sound levels of during construction Noise Range at Predicted levels, dB(A) Classification Equipment 15m, dB(A)* 30m 60m 120m 240m 960m Earth-moving Cranes 70-94 64-88 58-82 52-76 46-70 34-58 Backhoe 74-92 68-86 62-80 56-74 50-68 38-56 Front loader 77-94 71-88 65-82 59-76 53-70 41-58 Dozer 70-95 64-89 58-83 52-77 46-71 34-59 Grader 72-92 66-86 60-80 54-74 48-68 42-62 Scraper 76-98 70-92 64-86 58-80 52-74 40-62 Truck 84-93 78-87 72-81 66-75 60-69 48-57 Compactor 72-74 66-68 60-62 54-56 48-50 36-38 Materials Concrete mixer 75-85 69-79 63-73 57-67 51-61 39-49 handling Concrete pump 81-83 74-76 68-70 62-64 56-58 44-46

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Noise Range at Predicted levels, dB(A) Classification Equipment 15m, dB(A)* 30m 60m 120m 240m 960m Cranes, derrick 88-90 82-84 76-78 70-72 64-66 52-54 Cranes, movable 75-85 69-79 63-73 57-67 51-61 39-49 Stationary Pump 69-71 63-65 57-59 51-53 45-47 33-35 Generator 73-83 67-77 61-71 55-65 49-59 37-47 Compressor 70-93 64-87 58-81 52-75 46-69 34-57 Impact activities Jackhammer 82-97 76-91 70-85 64-79 58-73 46-61 Pile driver 97-105 91-99 85-93 79-87 73-81 61-69 *Canter, 1996

Operation phase impacts The monitoring records indicated potential noise impacts of the cement plant during operations. It is recommended that noise modelling be done to predict contribution of sound sources of the plant during operations.

Recommended mitigation measures Construction phase An important option in construction noise mitigation is controlling sound at source by (a) muffler requirements, and (b) maintenance and operational requirements. Most construction noise originates from equipment powered by either gasoline or diesel engines where a large part of the noise emitted is from the intake and exhaust portions of the engine cycle. One remedy for controlling engine noise is the use of adequate muffler systems. Reductions of 10 dBA or more can be achieved with optimal muffler systems (U.S.D.O.T) Muffler requirements can be easily integrated in contract specifications with enforcement simple and easily done. Mufflers are effective in reducing engine-produced noise at a low cost to the user.

Poor maintenance of equipment may also cause very high noise levels. Faulty or damaged mufflers, loose engine parts, rattling screws, bolts, or metal plates all contribute to increasing the noise level of a machine as well as careless or improper handling and operation of equipment. Poor loading, unloading, excavation and hauling techniques are some examples of how lack of adequate guidance may lead to increased noise levels. Contract specifications can be written to require that all equipment be regularly inspected for deficiencies in the maintenance area. Likewise, specifications can require that equipment users be properly trained in the use of construction equipment.

Another effective approach in reducing noise impacts is using time and activity constraints. Construction activity noise is annoying and disruptive during leisure hours, during the hours of sleep, and any time where loud continuous noises affect certain special activities. During leisure hours and during periods of sleep, disturbance from equipment use can be kept to a minimum or totally avoided. Generally, this can be accomplished by requiring the contractors to perform such work during daylight hours when the majority of individuals who would ordinarily be affected by the noise are either not present or are engaged in less noise sensitive activities. Other measures are:

. Establishment of barriers and shielding stationary vibrating equipment to reduce noise impacts to the community; and . Scheduling “noisy” activities during daytime. The DENR construction noise standards prohibit Class 1 & 2 and Class 3 & 4 construction activities in residential areas from 7pm to 7am and 9pm to 7am respectively.

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Figure 2.114. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.115. Morning noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.116. Evening noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 – 2017)

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Figure 2.117. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Sixto Babao Elementary School (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.118. Morning noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.119. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.120. Evening noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.121. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Union Galva Steel station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.122. Morning noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.123. Daytime noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.124. Evening noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017)

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Figure 2.125. Night-time noise monitoring records at the Kobbler station (2015 - 2017)

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Operation phase Noise barriers can be constructed from earth, concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and other materials. To effectively reduce sound transmission through the barrier, the material chosen must be rigid and sufficiently dense (at least 20 kg/m2). All noise barrier material types are equally effective, acoustically, if they have this density. For example, plant equipment can be installed with rubber footing to reduce vibration. Other possible sound attenuation measures include:

1. Regular maintenance of mufflers of standby generators and other similar equipment 2. Use of effective noise-attenuating materials for the structure and walling 3. Planting of the appropriate vegetation around the plant

Noise modelling is recommended predict contribution and determine noise impacts of the plant during operations.

2.3.4 Work Environment Measurement This section presents the working environment measurement that is conducted annually by a third-party contractor commissioned by of the cement plant. Parameters such as total respirable dust level, illumination level, noise level and general ventilation were measured and compared to Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) Threshold Limit Values (TLV), OSHS Permissible Noise Exposure Limit (PNEL) and other applicable standards.

The TLV of dust vary depending on the on the silica content while the OSHS PNEL is shown below.

PNEL at different sound levels and the corresponding allowable hours of exposure Duration per day, hours Sound levels, dBA (slow response) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1 – ½ 102 1 105 ½ 110 ¼ 115** **Ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed

For illumination level, Rule 1075 of the OSHS states that:

 A minimum of 200 lux shall be provided where moderate discrimination of details is essential, such as for medium assembling, rough bench and machine works, rough inspection of testing of products, sewing light-colored textile or leather products, canning and preserving, meat packing, planning of lumber and veneering.  A minimum of 300 lux shall be provided where close discrimination of details such as for medium bench and machine work, medium inspection, fine testing, leather finishing, and weaving cotton goods of light-colored cloth/goods, or for office desk work with intermittent reading and writing and other related activities.  A minimum of 500 lux shall be provided where discrimination of fine details is involved under conditions of a fair degree of contrasts for long assembling, fine bench and machine work, fine inspection, fine polishing and beveling of glass, fine wood-working and weaving dark colored cloth/goods, or for accounting, bookkeeping, drafting, chemical laboratories and other prolonged closed office desk work.

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2.3.4.1 Methodology The working environment of the cement plant was described using the WEM conducted from 2016 to 2017. The following work areas were monitored while the complete report is attached as Annex 2.7:  Cement Bodega/Warehouse  Packhouse Area  QA Laboratory (Physical Analysis Room, Chemical Analysis Room, Coal Prep Room, Lab Testing Room, XRF Room)  Finish Mill  Alternative Fuel Recycling (AFR)

2.3.4.2 Results and Discussion Based on the WEM conducted from 2016 – 2017: 1) Total respirable dust levels through personal sampling were mostly beyond the TLV of 5 mg/m3 in 2016 while all were below the TLV in 2017; 2) Measured illumination level in most areas failed the recommended minimum lighting level in 2016 while six out of nine work areas tested in 2017 meet their respective recommended minimum lighting levels; 3) Measured noise level in all work areas were below the PNEL in 2016 while only the crusher area exceeded the 8-hr and 12-hr PNELs in 2017; and 4) Measured air velocity mostly passed the required OSH standard in 2016 while only material warehouse did not meet the OSH standard during rainy season in 2017.

2.4 The People The proposed project is located at Barangay Ilang, City of Davao, Province of Davao del Sur. Barangay Ilang is considered the direct impact barangay.

Davao city is a highly urbanized city in the southeastern part of the island of Mindanao. It is located approximately 946 km southwest of Manila, on the northern shore of the Davao Gulf, opposite Samal Island. It is the largest city in the country in terms of land area and also the most populous city outside Metro Manila with a population of 1,632,991 (PSA-2015). The city is divided into three congressional districts, which are then subdivided into 11 administrative districts. It has a total of 182 barangays, one of which is the direct impact barangay- Barangay Ilang.

Barangay Ilang is located approximately 15.90 kilometers from Davao City Hall. It is also part of the administrative district of Bunawan. Barangay Tibungco borders Barangay Ilang to the North, Barangay Panacan to the south, Barangay Mudiang to its west and the Davao Gulf to its east. The barangay is considered a coastal urban barangay and has a total land area of 570.598 hectares. The barangay is comprised of a total of 42 puroks or sitios although the Davao City General profile lists only 17 puroks.

2.4.1 Demographic Baseline Informatioin of Impact Areas 2.4.1.1 Methodology In gathering information to situate the actual demographic and socio-economic conditions of the primary impact area, various methods were used. These methods include review of secondary information sources, conduct of perception surveys and focus group discussions.

Secondary information and data were sourced from the published survey and census reports of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Barangay Center data board, Municipal Health Office

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Data, City Health Office Data Davao city, Data from City Mayor’s office as well as the latest Local Development Plans of Davao City. These include the following:

• 2013-2022 Comprehensive Land-Use Plan Davao City; • 2010 Census of Population and Household, PSA; • 2015 Census of Population, PSA; • 2012 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics, PSA; • 2016 Socio-Economic Indicators Davao City; and • 2016 Davao City General Profile.

2.4.1.2 Results and Discussion Population Size and Growth Rate According to the 2015 Census of the Philippines Statistics Authority, the population of Barangay Ilang is 24, 947. It is 1.5% of the total population of Davao City. Comparing it with its 2010 population of 18,380, the barangay has a population growth rate of 7.14%. It is expected to double its population in 10 years. The population growth rate is relatively high, almost thrice as the population growth rate of Davao City (2.54%) and four times as high as the national population growth rate of 1.72 % (2010-2015). This means that the population of Barangay Ilang is rapidly increasing every year. Rapid population growth may have implications in the economic situation as well as the delivery of basic services to each families in the community.

Table 2.57. Population and Growth Rate of Impact Area, 2010 and 2015 2010 2015 Population Growth Rate Doubling Area Population Population (%) Time Barangay Ilang 18,380 24,847 7.14 10 Davao City 1,449,296 1,632,991 2.54 28 Sources: 2010 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2011) 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Population Composition Based on the Household Population by age and sex, the data shows that the age group of 15-49 years old has the highest percentage (54.6%) in Barangay Ilang (Table 2.58). It is aproximately the same compared to Davao City in which 55% of the population are in the same age group of 15-49 (Table 2.59).

Table 2.58. Household Population by Age Group and Sex, and Age Composition, and Sex Ratio: Barangay Ilang, 2016 2016 Population Age Group Age Composition (%) Sex Ratio Both Sexes Males Females Under 1 492 250 242 2.4 1.03:1 1 – 5 1,987 1,020 967 9.6 1.05:1 6– 14 4,715 2,396 2,319 22.8 1.03:1 15 – 49 11,304 5,565 5,739 54.6 0.96:1 50 – 65 1,558 804 754 7.5 1.06:1 More than 65 636 307 329 3.1 0.93:1 Total 20,692 10342 10350 100 0.99:1

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Table 2.59. Household Population by Age Group and Sex, and Age Composition, and Sex Ratio: Davao City, 2016 2016 Population Age Composition Age Group Sex Ratio Both Sexes Males Females (%) Under 1 33,718 17,317 16,401 2.064800112 1.05:1 1 - 4 134,662 70,110 64,552 8.246340611 1.09:1 5 - 9 166,402 86,102 80,300 10.19001329 1.44:1 10 - 14 161,276 82,115 79,161 9.876110769 1.04:1 15 - 19 169,826 84,748 85,078 10.39968989 .99:1 20 - 24 168,678 83,886 84,792 10.32938945 .99:1 25 - 29 150,876 76,719 74,157 9.239242592 1.03:1 30 - 34 126,378 65,191 61,187 7.739050613 1.07:1 35 - 39 112,341 58,064 54,277 6.879462287 1.07:1 40 - 44 93,961 48,452 45,509 5.75392026 1.06:1 45 - 49 81,282 41,195 40,087 4.977492221 1.03:1 50 - 54 67,098 33,238 33,860 4.108902009 .99:1 55 - 59 56,931 27,744 29,187 3.486302129 .96:1 60 - 64 43,825 21,238 22,587 2.683725752 .94:1 65 - 69 28,909 13,597 15,312 1.770309818 .89:1 70 - 74 16,810 7,543 9,267 1.029399427 .81:1 75 - 79 11,083 4,575 6,508 0.678693269 .70:1 80 years and over 8,935 3,266 5,669 0.547155496 .56:1 TOTAL 1632991 825100 807891 100 1:02:01 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

The shape of the population pyramid of both Barangay Ilang and Davao City is indicative of the population distribution in the impact barangay and reflects the pattern of fertility, mortality, and migration trends in the past. It also tells the past, present and future stories of the areas. It also clearly reflects workforce migration with the increase in the productive population and with a large portion of economically active population.

Gender Ratio There are 99 males per 100 females in Barangay Ilang while there are 102 males per 100 females in the whole of Davao City. The data shows a balanced male to female sex ratio.

Dependency Ratios The population belonging to the age group 15-64 are economically productive and comprises most of the work force in the area. While those belonging to the age groups of below 1 to age 15, and the age groups of more than 65 years old are considered dependents. Dependency ratio is the ratio of both age groups and is a measure if there are sufficient number of people who can support the dependent population.

In Barangay Ilang, 12,862 of the population belong to the productive age group. It means, that about 62% of the population has the capacity to earn income, while 7, 830 or 38% of the population are dependents. Comparing to the whole Davao City, 66 percent or 1,071,196 have the potential to earn while 561,795 individuals or 34% of the population are dependents.

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Figure 2.126. Population Pyramid Barangay Ilang

Population Pyramid Davao City 2016

75 - 79 65 - 69 55 - 59 45 - 49 35 - 39 25 - 29 15 - 19 5 - 9 Under 1 (100,000) (80,000) (60,000) (40,000) (20,000) - 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000

Age Group Females Age Group Males

Figure 2.127. Population Pyramid Davao City

Table 2.60. Dependency Ratio Barangay Ilang and Davao City Barangay Ilang Davao City Age Group Dependency Dependency No. No. Ratio Ratio Working Age 12,862 1, 071,196 (15 and 64) Dependent Population 7830 61:100 561,795 52:100 Young (0 -14) 7194 56:100 496,058 46:100 Old (65 and above) 636 5:100 65,737 6:100 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

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Based from that data, in the impact barangay, the dependency ratio is 100:61. This means that in the impact barangay, for every 100 economically active individuals there are 61 dependents. In the whole of Davao City, the ratio is 100:52 which means that for every 100 active earners, 52 are dependents. The national dependency ratio in 2015 was 100:51, which means that there are many more dependent population per income earners in Barangay Ilang compared to Davao city and the whole country.

Reproductive Age Women of reproductive age refers to all women in the age group of 15-49 and are capable of child bearing. In both the impact barangay and Davao City, 5% of the total female population can become pregnant and bear children. 5,739 females in Barangay Ilang are of reproductive age while 445,087 of the women population in Davao City belongs to the child bearing age. Given the high fertility rates of Filipino Women (3.5 births per women), the age group of under 1 are apt to increase in the coming years.

Population Distribution and Density Population density is a measurement of population living in a unit of area (square kilometers). It is an indication if an area is overcrowded, and if the area has suitable capacity to provide for its people. The average number of persons living in a square kilometer of land in the Philippines in 2015 is 337.

Table 2.61. Population Density of Impact Area and Davao City, 2015 Land Area (square Population Density (No. of Area 2015 Population Kilometers) Persons per square kilometers) Barangay Ilang 20,692 5.70598 3,626 Davao City 1,632,991 2443.61 668 Sources: 2010 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2011) 2013-2022 Comprehensive Land-Use Plan Davao City

The total population density of Barangay Ilang is 3,626 persons per square kilometer of land, given that there are 20,692 inhabitants in an area measuring 5.70598 square kilometers. The impact barangay is more densely populated compared to the whole of Davao City and to the national average. Davao City has a population density of 668 individuals residing in every square kilometer of land. More so, Bunawan District posted the highest build-up density, considering most of the industries in the city are in the area.

Average Household Size The average household size is the number of persons residing within a household in a particular area. Table 2.62 shows the average household size in both Barangay Ilang and Davao City. In Barangay Ilang, families averaged 5 per household. This is higher compared to Davao City and the national average, of 4 per household and 4.4 per household respectively.

Other Demographic Information Ethnicity There are more than 10 ethnicities in Davao city, majority (37% of which are Bisaya or Binisaya. The next biggest ethnic group are the Cebuanos (21%) followed by Boholanos (8%) and Davaweños (8%). Ethinicity reflects the migratory charactheristics of the population of Davao City. There is still no detailed information on ethnicity on the impact barangay.

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Table 2.62. Number of Households and Average Household Size Barangay Ilang and Davao City 2015 No. of Average Household Area 2015 Population Household Member Barangay Ilang 24,947 5195 5.0 Davao City 1,632,991 409,951 4.0 Sources: 2015 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016) Barangay Ilang Health Center Data Board 2017

Table 2.63. Ethnicity in the Davao City 2010 Davao City Ethnicity No. % Total 1,443, 890 Bisaya/Binisaya 533,645 37 Boholano 117,481 8 Cebuano 307,576 21 Davaweño 112,425 8 Hiligaynon Ilonggo 71,759 5 Tagalog 30,409 2 Ilocano 29,534 2 Waray 22,611 2 Bagobo 18,987 1 Mandaya 18,163 1 Foreign Ethnicity 2,205 .1 Others 179,091 12 Not reported 4 .00 Source: 2010 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2011)

Marital Status Marital status describes the individual’s state of being married, single, widowed, divorced or live in.

Of the household population of 18 years and over in Barangay Ilang, close to half or 49% are married, 25% are single, 5% are widowed, 2% are divorced and 19% are living in (Table 2.64). Among those that are single, 48.3% are female and 51.7% are males while there are slightly more married females than males, with 50.9% of females married and 49.1% of males are married.

Table 2.64. Household Population 18 Years Old and Over by Marital Status and Sex: Barangay Ilang, 2016 Both Sexes Male Female Marital Status No. % No. % No. % Single 238 25 123 51.7 115 48.3 Married 462 49 227 49.1 235 50.9 Widowed 47 5 7 14.9 40 85.1 Divorced/Separated 15 2 6 40 9 60 Common-law/ Live 175 87 88 in 19 49.1 50.1 No response 16 2 - - - - Total 937 100 450 48 487 52

Table 2.65 describes the marital status in Davao City. It shows that there are more males than females that haven’t married. Of the household population of 10 and above, 45% were single while 38% were married, 11% are common law arranged, 4% are widowed and 2% are divorced

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Table 2.65. Household Population 10 Years Old and Over by Marital Status and Sex:Davao City , 2015 Both Sexes Male Female Marital Status No. % No. % No. % Single 585,632 45 312,804 53 272,828 47 Married 499,503 38 248,802 50 250,701 50 Widowed 52,685 4 12,478 24 40,207 76 Divorced/Separated 19,927 2 7,735 39 12,192 61 Common-law/ Live 137,011 68,198 68,813 in 11 50 50 Unknown 3,451 0.2 1,554 45 1,897 55 Total 1,298,209 100 651,571 50 646,638 50 Source: 2015 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Highest Educational Attainment Educational attainment is a good indicator of well being of a population and also shows the future trend for economic development. Young adults who have higher levels of education are more likely to achieve economic succes compared to those that have not. In addtion to this, completing more years of education protects against unemployment, leads to higher wages, qualifies to a broader range of jobs and are also connected to higher levels of socio-economic as well as socio-emotional well being. It is also a good indicator of the gap between gender issues for women.

Table 2.66 shows the data on educational attainment of 5 years old and over in the impact barangay. There are 504 or 34% children still in elementary while 662 or 45% of the population in secondary level of school. 215 finished college level while 37 have no grade completed.

Table 2.66. Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Highest Educational Attainment: Barangay Ilang, 2015 Both Sexes Highest Educational Attainment No. % No Grade Completed 37 3 Preschool 1 0.0006 Elementary 504 34 High School 662 45 Academic Degree Holder 215 15 No response 55 4 Total 1474 100

In the whole of Davao City (Table 2.67), of the population aged five years above, 28% had completed elementary education, 38% had finished highschool, 14% had reached college, and 14% are academic degree holders. The data also shows that more females have attained higher levels of education, with 56% of them having academic degrees. The females outnumber the males with 44% degree holders. Similarly, more females (53%) pursued post baccalaureate courses than males (47%).

Table 2.67. Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Highest Educational Attainment and Sex: Davao City, 2015 Highest Educational Both Sexes Male Female Attainment No. % No. % No. % No Grade Completed 28,866 2 15,046 52 13,820 48

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Highest Educational Both Sexes Male Female Attainment No. % No. % No. % Preschool 45,870 3 24,290 53 21,580 47 Special Education 652 0.04 388 60 264 40 Elementary 403,011 28 218,369 54 184,642 46 High School 563,097 3838 284,398 51 278,699 49 Post-Secondary 13,100 0.89 6,038 46 7,062 54 College Undergraduate 201,290 14 96,074 47 105,216 53 Academic Degree Holder 201,345 14 89,535 44 111,810 56 Post Baccalaureate 3,331 0.22 1,579 47 1,752 53 Not Stated 4,049 0.3 1,956 48 2,093 52 Total 1,464,611 100 737,673 50 726,938 50 Source: 2015 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Disability Philippine Statistics Authority cathegorizes disablity that can be physical, mental, or sensory motor impairment such as partial or total blindness, low vision, partial or total deafness, oral defect, having only one hand or no hands, one leg or no leg, mild or severe cerebral palsy, retarded, mentally ill, mental retardation, and multiple impairment.

In Barangay Ilang, three (3) individuals had mental problems, two (2) with visual abnormality and one (1) with hearing disorder (2015). Comparing the data in Davao City, in 2010, persons with disablity comprised 1.4% of the population of the city. This means that around 20,900 persons out of 1,443,890 household population had different forms of disability.

Housing The tenure status and type of housing reveals in part the economic status of households and the quality of the people’s lives in general. Based on the data in 2015, majority of households in the impact barangay owned thier lots (80.87 percent), 12% rented and 3% are free of rent with owners consent.

Table 2.68. Number of Households by Tenure Status of the Lot: Barangay Ilang , 2015 Tenure Status of Lot Number of Housing Units % Owned/being amortized/owner-like 226 80.87 Rented 67 12.57 Rent-free with consent of owner 36 3.28 Rent-free without consent of owner - 0.00 Not reported - Not applicable - Total 349 100.00

In Davao City, 61% of the household owns or pays amortization, 17% rents their houses, 17% are rent free with owners consent and only 4% are rent free without the consent of the owners. Furthermore, almost 40% of the houses are made of durable materials such as concrete, bricks and stones while 93% or 303,709 houses have galvanized iron/ aluminum roofs.

Table 2.69. Number of Households by Tenure Status of the Lot: Davao City 2010 Tenure Status of Lot Number of Housing Units % Owned/being amortized/owner-like 202,780 61 Rented 55,810 17 Rent-free with consent of owner 56,131 17 Rent-free without consent of owner 13,750 4

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Tenure Status of Lot Number of Housing Units % Not reported 32 0.009 Not applicable 5,970 2 Total 334,473 100.00

Table 2.70. Occupied Housing Units by Construction Materials of the Road and Outer Walls: Davao City, 2010 Construction Materials of the Total Occupied Construction Materials of Total Occupied

Outer Walls Housing Units the Roof Housing Units Concrete/ Brick/ Stone 130,104 Galvanized Iron/ Aluminum 303,709 Wood 91,273 Tile Concrete/ Clay Tile 2,451 Half Concrete/ Brick/ Stone/ Half Galvanized Iron and 52,036 5,212 Half Wood Half Concrete Galvanized Iron/ Aluminum 1,119 Wood 4,896 Bamboo/ Sawali/ Cogon/ Nipa 43,489 Cogon/ Nipa/ Anahaw 8,962 Asbestos 116 Asbestos 342 Makeshift/ Salvaged/ Glass 16 988 Improvised Materials Makeshift/ Salvaged/ 1,566 Not reported 17 Improvised Materials Others/Not Reported 6,831 Total 326,577 No Walls 27 Total 326,577 Source: 2010 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2011)

Table 2.71 shows the existing housing services in Davao city in 2014-2015 which presents the total area coverage of housing services in Davao city in 2015 (3, 021,167 sq.mts). Out of which 72% or 2,165,632 sq meters are for urban land reform and relocation areas. 511 housing units were awarded in 2015 for the relocation area.

In Barangay Ilang, 136.025 hectares are for high density residential area and 9.050 hectares are for socialized housing. (Davao CIty General Profile,2016). High density residential areas are those with 66 or more dwelling units per hectare.

Table 2.71. Housing Services. 2014 – 2015 Area coverage Lots Awarded Facility Lots generated (sq. Meters) 2014 2015 Total 3,021,167 19,131 674 - Relocation Area 1,142,201 5,966 276 511 Urban land reform 1,023,161 6,800 - - program

In 2015, a 72M urban poor housing project was initiated by Holcim Davao in partnership with CSSDO and DSWD. Three (3) hectares of land worth 54M was donated by the company as relocation area for flood prone houses of families near Ilang River. Also in partnership with TESDA, benificiaries were trained in house building skills eventually building the houses under the cash for work scheme of the DSWD. Holcim also added 8M funds for land development and skills training of the residents. The DSWD also provided 12M for construction of houses including the labor costs under the cash for work program. In 2016, 212 families from the host barangay have already been relocated. They organized themselves under their home owners association - the Pag-asa Ilang Homeowners Association (PIHOA). The CSR have future plans of developing the community, which includes the installation of a Material Recovery Facility and concreting of the access road.

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Migration Pattern In Migration Migration patterns are directly associated with higher annual family income as well as expenditures. In migration pertains to the movement of people across a specific boundary for the purpose of establishing permament residence within the country

From the 2010 data of the whole country, among the 81.9 million population of 5 years old and over, 96.5% were non movers-those whose city or municipality of residence in 2010 was the same as of 2005, 1.6% are short distance movers, 1.8% are long distance movers while 0.1% migrated outside the country. Comparing to the available data in Region XI (Davao del Sur), the national figure were also prevalent in the region which is true also in Davao City as well as in the impact barangay. The data showed that 96.6% of the 5 year old and over members of the population are non movers, 1.9% are short distance movers, 1.4% are long distance movers and 0.1% left the country.

Table 2.72. Population 5 years and over by place of residence in 2005 by region of residence in 2010 Place of residence in 2005 (thousands) Same Different city Diffrerent Foreign Not city/municipalit but same province country responded HH population 5 years y 2010 (non- province(sho form 2010 and over movers) rt distance (long movers) distance movers) Philippines 81,866 78,987 1300 1,442 120 17 Davao del 3,938 3806 73 55 4 - Sur Sources: Census of population, 2010

Out-Migration Overseas Filipino Workers comprise a portion of out migrants in Davao City. Basing on the 2015 Census of population, out of 1,136,933 household population aging 15 years above, 25,677 or 2.2% are OFWs. Overseas workers aged 25 to 39 comprised 59% of the group, with both sexes sharing equal number.

Table 2.73. Overseas Workers 15 Years Old and Over by Age Group and Sex: Davao City, 2015 Both Sexes Male Female Age Group No. % No. % No. % Below 20 179 0.7 69 39 110 61 20-24 1,822 7 871 48 951 52 25-29 4,872 19 1,998 41 2,874 59 30-34 5,371 21 2,400 45 2,971 55 35-39 4,930 19 2,454 50 2,476 50 40-44 3,669 14 2,022 55 1,647 45 45 and over 4,834 19 3,029 63 1,805 37 Total 25,677 100 12,843 50 12,834 50 Source: 2015 Census of Population and Housing (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Availability of Public Services Health

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In Davao City, there are twenty eight (28) Philhealth accredited hospitals and clinics providing different medical services, depending on the levels that they were cathegorized. Of these number, nine (9) are clinics while nineteen (19) are hospitals. Out of the 28 hospitals and clinics in the city, 2 are government owned and 26 are privately owned.

According to the City Health Office, in 2010, there were already 160 barangay health centers, 11 satellite health stations and 16 Rural Health Units (RHU) assisting the communities through public health care programs scattered in the 182 barangays of the city. In 2015, 191 health centers and stations are present in the city with 1,111 Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) and 326 Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS). In Barangay Ilang according to the Davao City Profile (2016) there is a health center, with ten (10) BHWs and three (3) BNS for a population of 24, 947 people.

However, there are clearly lack of medical personnel given the population of the city. According to the City Health Office, in 2015, there were only 450 plantilla positions (doctors, midwives, nurses) that are distributed in the health centers and stations in Davao City. Ideally, there should be one doctor per district, one midwive per 5000 people and 1 nurse per 20,000 people. In reality, each midwife is in charge of 15,000 residents while each nurse is in charge of 19,000 people. In the impact barangay, each BHW takes care of about 2500 people or around 600 families.

The leading causes of morbidity and mortality for Davao Region is shown below:

Table 2.74.Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 2013 Number and rate per 100,000 in population, Davao Region Causes of Morbidity No. of Cases Rate 1. Acute lower Respiratory Infection 57,358 1207 2. Upper respiratory Tract Infection 23,928 504 3. Pneumonia 19,322 407 4.Diarrhea all forms 15,016 316 5.Hypertensive Diseases 12,133 255 6. UTI 11,567 243 7. Dengue 10,944 230 8.PTB 9,863 208 9. Asthma 4,936 104 10.Diseases of the Heart 2,299 48 Source:DOH Region XI RHIS report, 2014

Six (6) out of ten (10) diseases in Davao City are still communicable (Acute lower respiratory infection, URTI, Pneumonia, Diarrhea, Dengue and PTB) and therefore preventable through enhanced and developed public health system. The rest of the diseases are lifestyle and age related. In Barangay Ilang, as shown in Table 2.75, only 3 out of 10 diseases are communicable, while the remaining are non-communicable and lifestyle related ailments.

Table 2.75. Morbidity Barangay Ilang 2015 Causes of Morbidity No. of Cases 1. Hypertension 7 2.Diabetes Mellitus 6 3. Asthma 6 4.Pneumonia 4 5.Dengue 4 6. UTI 3 7.Dog Bite 2

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Causes of Morbidity No. of Cases 8.PTB 2 9.Appendicitis 1 10.Arthritis 1

The top causes of death or mortality in Davao city are also connected with lifestyle related ailments such as diseases of the heart and arteries, stroke, Diabetis Mellitus and hypertensive diseases.

Table 2.76. Ten Leading Causes of Mortality, 2013 , Davao City Causes of Mortality No. of Cases % 1.Diseases of the heart 1,790 3.7 2. Pneumonia 1,740 3.7 3. Stroke 1,248 2.6 4.Malignant Neoplasm all forms 1,103 2.3 5.Diseases of the Arteries, capillaries 906 1.9 6.Diseases of the genitourinary system 693 1.5 7. Diabetes Mellitus 667 1.4 8.Hypertensive Diseases 432 0.9 9. Tuberculosis 394 0.8 10. Diseases of the digestive system 337 0.7 Source:DOH Region XI RHIS report, 2014

There are public health programs and projects being implemented by the Davao City Health Office:

Health-Related Sustainable Development Goals  Maternal Care Program  Family Planning Program  Expanded Program On Immunization  Nutrition Program  Infant Young Child Feeding Program (IYCF)  Complementary Feeding Program  STI, HIV & AIDS  Malaria Prevention & Control Program  Tuberculosis Prevention & Control Program

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES – Diseases for Prevention & Control  Dengue Prevention & Control Program  Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis & Other Parasitoses Prevention & Control Program  Pneumonia & Other ARI Prevention Program  Food-borne & Water-Borne Diseases Prevention & Control Program  Dental & Periodontal Infections Prevention Program  Meningococcemia

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES – Diseases for Elimination/Eradication  Rabies Elimination Program  Leprosy Elimination Program  Schistosomiasis Eliminatin Program  Filariasis Elimination Program

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 Immunizable Diseases  Measles  Tetanus  Diptheria  Pertussis  Poliomyelitis  Hepatitis B

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES – Emerging-Re-emerging Infections  Enterovirus – EV71

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES  Lifestyle Related Diseases  Cardiovascular & Diabetes  Cancer  Diseases of the Kidney & the Urinary Tract  Mental Health & Mental Disorders  Substance Abuse  Accidents & Injuries  Blindness  Healthy Cities Initiative

HEALTH RISK & DISASTERS  Occupational health Risk  Disasters & Emergencies  Climate Change

HEALTH OF POPULATION GROUPS  Adolescent & Youth  Elderly  Persons with Disability

OTHER PROGRAMS & SPECIAL SERVICES  Population Management Program  Laboratory Services  Medico-Legal Services  Environmental Sanitation Program  Dispensary Clinic  Paquibato District Hospital  Anti-Smoking Program  Davao City Birthing Facility (Tibungco)  Chest Center  Animal Bite Center  Reproductive Health and Wellness Center

Sanitation The City Health Office (Vital Health Statistics, 2015), estimates that 90% of households in Davao City have toilets, this was an increase from 89 percent from the previous year. However, this means that 40,995 families or 10% of the households do not have access to toilets. In Barangay Ilang, it is estimated that 83% have sanitary toilets or 4,311 household have access to clean

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Davao City government collects about 490,000 kg of solid waste and are disposed daily. Collection and disposal uses 100 trucks and 370 personnel, and the city have a sanitary landfill in Barangay New Carmen, Tugbok District (Davao CENRO). The City also have a Material Recovery Facility and residents practice composting. In Barangay Ilang, residents dispose solid waste thru daily collection of CENRO, while some practice composting, throwing of trash in sea and burning.

Education Table 2.77 presents the household population who are currently attending school in Davao city in 2015. The data shows that the total household population in the age group of 5-24 are 660,832 individuals. This number is 40% of the total population of Davao city. This means that the percentage of the population that belongs to the age group that must have access to primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education is 40% of the population of Davao City. However, only 449,859 or 68% of the age group are currently attending school.

The data also shows that there are also almost equal number of females and males having different levels of education.

Table 2.77. Household Population 5 to 24 Years Old Who Were Currently Attending School by Age Group and Sex: 2015, Davao City Household Population 5 to 24 Years Old Household Population Who Were Currently Attending School Age Group 5 to 24 Years Old

Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female 5 - 9 166,304 86,044 80,260 157,501 81,278 76,223 10 - 14 160,910 81,916 78,994 154,602 78,004 76,598 15 - 19 167,020 83,123 83,897 106,879 52,612 54,267 20 - 24 166,598 82,497 84,101 30,877 15,716 15,161 Total 660,832 333,580 327,252 449,859 227,610 222,249 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population

The first five years of a child’s life are crucial in their development and also has a long term impact on the country’s education, health, moral and social values. Therefore, the primary objective of Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) is to nurture the children, physically and mentally and to prepare them for schooling.

Table 2.78 shows the number of ECCD centers in the city. Davao City has a total of 668 ECCD centers of which 52,913 children are enrolled, with a 1:1 sex ratio. These centers are staffed by 654 day care workers, with an average of 81 per class. Barangay Ilang have eight (8) ECCD centers, five (5) center based, while three (3) are home based.

Table 2.78. Early Childhood Care and Development, Davao City, 2014-2015 Early Childhood Care 2014 2015 Day care centers 560 551 Home Based 111 109 Mobile ECCD 2 1 TOTAL Number 673 668 Day Care Enrolees 46,373 52,913

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Early Childhood Care 2014 2015 Male 23,138 26,540 Female 23,235 26,373 Day Care Workers(DCW) 657 654 DCW per center 1 1 Average enrolees per class 70 81 Number of child focused centers 47 47 Source:City Social Services Development Office , Davao City.

In Davao City, there are 193,733 enrolled students in elementary and 82,455 enrolled students in Highschool last 2015. The data also shows that there are more male enrollees in elementary, however in secondary education; there are more female students than males.

The teacher student ratio measures the number of students per teacher. It reflects the workload of the teachers and the availability of their services to each student. This ratio has implications in the quality of education that the children are receiving. The ideal ratio set by the Department of Education is 1:36. In the whole of Davao city, the teacher student ratio in elementary is 1:43, while in highschool, the ratio is 1:28 which approximates the ideal teacher student ratio.

Table 2.79. Enrollment Elementary to Highschool, Davao City, 2014-2015 Elementary Secondary Indicator 2014 2015 2014 2015 Enrollment 197,571 193,733 83,699 82,455 % male 52.12 52.15 48.61 48.99 % female 47.88 47.85 51.39 51.01 Teacher Student 1:44 1:43 1:28 1:28 ratio Source:Division of City Schools, DepEd Region XI

The type of ownership of schools indicates the accessibility and affordability of quality education for the population. Privately owned school charged more in terms of tuition and other fees, while public schooling is free.

There are a total of 600 elementary (431) and highschools (169) in Davao City. In the elementary level, 146 are privately owned while 285 are government run. The government have 72 highschools, while 97 are privately owned. In Barangay Ilang, there is a privately owned preschool and elementary, and 2 private highschools.

Table 2.80. Number of Schools, Davao City, 2013-2015 Schools SY 2013-2014 SY 2014-2015 Elementary 446 431 Private 161 146 Public 285 285 Secondary 169 169 Private 97 97 Public 72 72 TOTAL 615 600 Source: Division of City Schools, DepEd Region XI

Higher education of tertiary education can be a powerful tool for nation buidling, promotion of growth and development, ending poverty and a great service to the community by their shared

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The programs and services are as follows:

COMMUNITY WELFARE PROGRAM  Social Preparation for People’s Participation Services  Social Welfare Structures Development  Community Volunteer Resource Development Service

FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM  Family Casework  Enhance Parent Effectiveness Service (EPES)  Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Parental Abilities (ERPAT)  Marriage Counseling Service  Responsible Parenthood Service  Self-Employment Assistance Program  Social Preparation for People’s Participation

CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE PROGRAM  Early Childhood Care and Development Program (ECCD)  Center-Based Program  Home-Based Program  ECCD Mobile  Community Based Services for Street Children  Community Based Services for Children in Need of Special Protection (CNSP)  Self and Social Enhancement  Productivity Skills Development  After Care Services Program  Volunteers Resource Development  Educational Assistance  Unlad sa Kabataan Program (UKP) for Out-of-School Youth (PYAP)  Personality and Leadership Development  Productivity and Livelihood Skills Development  Volunteers Resource Development  Leadership Training and Social Development  Street-Based Alternative Street Education Program

WOMEN WELFARE PROGRAM  Psychosocial Intervention

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 Modular Package  Leadership and Basic Business Mgt. Skills Development  Numeracy Exercise/Social Communication/Skills Dev’t Exercise  Women/Maternal and Child Care/Nutrition  Women/Personal and Child Care/Self Care  Early Childhood Disorder and Growth Monitoring and Promotion  Care & Support Services of Persons Living with HIV  Community Participation Skills Development

PERSONS with DISABILITY AND SENIOR CITIZENS WELFARE PROGRAM  Information Dissemination on Disability Prevention  Assistance for Physical Restoration  Social and Vocational Preparation for Employment  Self and Social Enhancement Services  After Care and Follow-up Services  Special Social Services for Elderly

EMERGENCY WELFARE PROGRAM  Disaster Management Capability Building  Emergency Relief Assistance  Food-for-Work  Balik Probinsya  Critical Incident Stress Debriefing  Assistance to Individual in Crisis Situation

Asside from these programs, the CSSDO runs the following institutions:

DAVAO CITY CHILDREN’S VILLAGE (Bahay Pag-asa) which is a temporary shelter for Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) whose cases have been filed in court and are waiting for the disposition of their cases.

CIC-BALAY DANGUPAN for PHYSICALLY and SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN - shelter care institution that serves as a temporary substitute home for children who are victims of physical and sexual abuses.

QUICK RESPONSE TEAM FOR CHILDREN’S CONCERN (QRTCC) - an institution designed to rescue, investigate and document cases of sexual, exploitation, and atrocities committed against children

PAGINHAWAAN DROP-IN CENTER FOR CHILDREN (PDICC) - an institution serving as drop-in center for street children or boys needing temporary shelter, care, protection, and immediate social service.

ALIMA DEVS CENTER (Development and Enrichment through Values and Spirituality) - a drop-in center for street children which provides and facilitates caring, teaching, and healing activities for these children on the streets.

SIDLAKAN WOMEN CRISIS CENTER (Victim of Violence Against Women and Children) - a 24-hour crisis intervention center for Women and their children who are victims of domestic violence.

CO SU GIAN HOME FOR THE AGED - an institution designed as temporary home for the abandoned, neglected, and abused senior citizens.

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UGNAYAN CENTER - a response center that processes and facilitates immediate requirements of indigent clients and other referrals from the City Mayor’s Office and the City Council like: payments for hospitalization, medical/laboratory, funeral services; food assistance; financial assistance, and other social service interventions

LINGAP CENTER for MENTALLY CHALLENGED CHILDREN - a residential facility for neglected, abandoned and abused mentally-challenged male children and other children needing special protection

CHILD MINDING CENTER - institution established in response to the Executive Order 340 directing National Government Agencies and Government-Owned Controlled Corporation to provide day care services for the employees’ children under five years of age.

Peace and Order Law and order in Davao City is being maintained by the Philippine National Police (PNP) and a special military group, Task Force (TF) Davao, which is tasked primarilly to protect the city from terrorist attacks. In 2015, there are 1,401 policemen and personnel in Davao City. This police force is often augmented by about close to 1000 village watchmen or barangay tanods in the city. The number of police personnel means that there are about 8.5 policemen for every 10,000 people in Davao city, or a policeman every 1,176 members of the population. The law mandates the ratio of 1 policeman per 500 members of the population.

To ensure a safe city even for minors, a curfew to minors is implemented and enforced, as well as a ban on selling of liquor after 1 am. Speed limit is implemented in the city, and motorcyclist without helmets are not allowed in the city.

The Public Safety and Security Command Center (PSSCC) houses the 911 center and the 170 close circuit television (CCTV) installed in strategic areas in the City. It also controls traffic signals in the city.

In Barangay Ilang, a police substation is present, augmented by 58 barangay tanods, and 6 traffic aids. Being a coastal area, Bantay Dagats are also organized to prevent illegal fishing and adding security in the area.

Table 2.81. Peace and Public Safety, Davao City, 2014-2015 Indicator 2014 2015 Crimes reported 18,030 13,720 Crimes solved 10,092 10,822 % crime solution efficiency 55.97 78.88 Monthly crime rate per 100,000 population 82.91 71.80 Monthly average crimes reported 1,502 1,143 Source: PNP - Davao City Police Office

Table 2.81 shows the peace and public safety situation in Davao City (2014-2015). It shows that 78.88% of the crimes reported are solved by the police in 2015. There are also 1,143 crimes reported every month. The data also shows that there are 71.8 monthly criminal offenses per 100,000 population.

Public Utilities and Infrastructure Water Supply Services

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According to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Davao 2013-2022, water supply services of 106 out of 182 barangays are provided by the Davao City Water District (DCWD). The remaining barangays are serviced by level 1 and 2 water systems sourced from springs, deep wells and shallow wells. Table 2.82 showed the services of DCWD from 2014 to 2015.

Table 2.82. Water Supply, Davao City Water District, 2014-2015 Indicator 2014 2015 Production in cu. m 96,655,246 100,636,204 Consumption in cu.m. 68,714,668 70,700,450 Number of HH served 178,560 182,698

Based on the data from the CLUP, 98.8% of household in Davao City have access to safe drinking water. However, in Barangay Ilang last 2010, only 75% of the household have access to safe potable water through the DCWD. The remaining families access water thru the 39 level 1 water system and the two level 2 water system with deep well submersible pump. Out of the 39 level 1 water system in Barangay Ilang, 3 are sourced from deep well and 36 were from shallow well sources. But now, majority of the household are supplied by the DCWD, but there are still communities that have limited access to safe water.

Power Supply Services The power supply in the city is distributed by the Davao Light and Power Company (DLPC), which is the third largest privately owned power utility in the country. It has 23 substations, 19 of which is in the city.

In 2010, the energy supply in the city is generated from 5 sources, the biggest of which is the National Power Corporation (NPC), supplying 89.36% share in the energy source. The rest comes from Bajada Power Plant, Hedcor Sibulan, Hedcor (lower Talomo) and Hedcor (Upper Talomo).

In 2010, out of 182 barangays serviced by DLPC, 12 barangays are still unserved. This means that 82.69% of households are energized and 17% are unenergized. However starting 2011, 100% of the barangays are serviced by the DLPC (Table 2.83).

Table 2.83. Power supply, Davao City, 2015 Indicator 2014 2015 Number of barangays serviced 182 182 Percent of Barangays energized 100 100 Number of residential connections 232,397 245,225 Source: DLPC

Communication Facilities In Davao city, there are three companies providing telecommunication services, PLDT, Bayantel and TelOf. PLDT dominated the market since 2004 with 75% provider of domestic and international fixed line. However, the use of cellphone have become more common, with accessibility and affordability of services through 281 cell sites of Smart, Globe and Sun in the city. Access to information thru the internet have also become very acccessible and affordable.

Table 2.84. Telecommunications, 2014-2015, Davao City Indicators 2014 2015 No of Telephone companies 3 3 No of mobile phone companies 3 3 No of subscription to landline 104,859 104,245 telephone services

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Source: National telecommunications Commission, Region XI

Broadcast communication covers the whole are of the city with 37 AM and FM stations. They provide timely information especially to geographically isolated barangays where print media is scarce. There are 17 existing print media outlets and 7 television stations that can be accessed in the city. Newsprint media are also available in the form of newspapers and tabloids. Newspapers produced both locally and nationally are sold in newstands. National television channels are clearly watched and other high frequency channels both local and international are made available through cable services. There are 14 government postal services in city run by the Philippine Postal Corporation.

Table 2.85. Communication Network, Davao City, 2014-2015 Indicators 2014 2015 Print media outlets 21 17 Daily 7 8 weekly 14 9 Television Stations 13 7 Broadcast 53 37 AM 20 15 FM 33 22 Government Postal Service 14 14 Source: Philippine Information Agency, Region XI National Telecommunications Commission, Region XI Philippine Postal Corporation, Region XI

Transport Facilities In 2013, there are 143,281 registered vehicles in Davao City. From the total registered vehicles, 127, 916 or 89% are privately owned, 2,166 or 2% are government vehicles and 13,199 or 9% are vehicles for hire.

Road density measure volume of vehicle per kilometers of road. In Davao city, the road density is 61 vehicles per kilometer of road.

Table 2.86. Transportation, Davao City,2012-2013 Type of motor Vehicle 2012 2013 New Private 26,375 27,275 Government 137 245 For Hire 148 521 Renewal Private 105,359 100,641 Government 1,780 1,921 For Hire 14, 286 12,678 TOTAL 148,085 143,281 Road Density(vehicle per km) 75 61 Source: LTO Region XI

In the city, the most popular mode of public transportation are multicabs, jeepneys, tricycles, buses and taxis. Jeepneys and multicabs have 82 designated vehicle routes in the main streets of the city. Tricycles traverse outside the main streets. Passenger motorcycle or habal-habal is the transportation in the mountanous area of the city. Barangay Ilang is accessible thru multicab and taxis from the city center.

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Bus networks in the city, provides transport to provinces and cities in Mindanao as well as in Visayas and Luzon. The City is accessible from several points in Mindanao including Cotabato, Kidapawan, General Santos, Koronadal, Isulan, Tagum, Digos, Tandag, Bislig, Malaybalay, Mati, Malita, Monkayo,Cagayan de Oro, Butuan, and Surigao.

Port Facilities Davao City is connected to other areas in Mindanao, and to Visayas and Luzon by roll-on/roll off inter-island ferries. Domestic passenger ferries are served at Sasa International Seaport and Santa Ana Wharf and Port of Davao. The Port of Davao is also capable of servicing international shipments.

Besides the government ports and wharf, there are a number of piers in the Davao Port area that are commercially used. Davao City and the port of Davao has 2 government international seaports, and 9 privately owned ports. In addition to this, Toril international Fish Port complex provides services for small and large-scale fishing activities with its cold storage facilities.

Some of the ports in Davao Gulf used commercially are the Pacific International Terminal Piers, Legaspi Oil Company Pier, Universal Robina Pier, Holcim Cement Pier, Caltex Pier, Petron Pier, Mati Wharf Piso Point Port, Piso Point Port, Tefasco Pier and the Stevedore Services Corporation pier.

Road Network System Davao city has three major entry and exit points to other cities and provinces. One of these is the Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway which runs through the country from North Luzon up to Southern Mindanao. It includes a 60 km coastal area in Davao and also a portion of the Davao- Bukidnon road that transverse the city from southeast to northwest.

Table 2.87 shows the existing road network in Davao City in 2015. The city has a total of 2399.414 kilometers of highways, 7% of which are national roads, 39% are city roads, and 54% are barangay roads (CLUP, 2013-2022). Of the total road network, 67% are paved with concrete and asphalt, while 33% are unpaved. The road density in Davao city is 0.83km, which is below the national standard of 1 km per square kilometer of land.

Table 2.87. Road network, Davao City, 2014-2015 2014 2015 Length In km (National, City, barangay 2352.304 2399.414 roads)

There are 65 bridges in Davao City in 2011, 34 of which or 54% needing total replacement.

Airport The Francisco Bangoy International Airport or Davao International Airport is the major airport serving the region. It is the busiest airport in Mindanao and the third busiest in the country. The airport has a single 3000 meter precision runway. It is located north of the city center. The airport handles both domestic and international flights and designed to accommodate 2 million passengers and 84,600 metric tons of cargo annually.

Socio-economic Information Main Sources of Income and Sources of Livelihood

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Data shows that Davao City have a steady growing and expanding economy due to several factors such as influx of investments due to incentives, large land area and peace and order. According to CLUP 2013-2022, the city operates in “flexible market oriented economy where private investments are encouraged by the government to address the current needs of the population”. The main sources of revenue and income of the city are diverse. Sources are from establishments and activities coming from micro to large scale enterprises in agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, trade, industry and tourism. In Barangay Ilang, 320 hectares out of 570 hectares are classified as medium industrial land use while only 47 hectares are for agricultural non tillage use. Furthermore, there are a 108 micro, 20 small, 7 medium and 2 large commercial and industrial establishments in the impact barangay.

These businesses grow yearly with Davao City having an annual growth rate of 15.98% from 2006-2010 (CLUP) in terms of capitalization and revenues from the small, medium and large scale establishments. Commerce and trade also showed development with its annual growth rate of 3.81% in terms of revenues, while industries posted a 6.12% annual growth rate in the same period.

Agricultural production is still a large portion of the economic activity of the people in the city. Around 163,943.6 hectares (67.17percent) out of 244,000 are alloted for agricultural activities (including grassland and pasture). In 2015, the city produced 24,444 metric tons of corn and 16,644 metric tons of rice. Other major agricultural produce includes fruit crops (banana, durian, pineapple, pomelo and mango), vegetables (eggplant, tomato, gourd, squash and ampalaya), leafy vegetables (cabbage, kangkong, cauliflower, chinese petchay and native petchay), root crops (camote, cassava, gabi and ube), and industrial crops (cocunut, coffee, rubber and cacao).

The data in Table 2.88 shows that population are also engaged in livestock and poultry production such as swine, cattle, goats, carabao ducks and poultry. Swine production and poultry are the top two livestock that the city produced, with 226,079 hogs and 6,943,400 poultry produced in 2015.

Table 2.88. Inventory of livestock and poultry production, Davao city, 2014-2015 Type(in heads) 2014 2015 Swine/hogs 233,742 226, 079 cattle 35,872 35,417 goats 46,939 47,726 carabao 36,817 37,508 Ducks 48,948 52,869 Poultry 5,413,981 6,943,400 Source: PSA, Region XI

Davao City, being a coastal area, has also produced 5849.30 metric tons of fish in its municipal, commercial and aquaculture production in 2015. Of the total fish production in 2015, 42% came from commercial and deep sea fishing, 38% came from aquaculture in fishponds and pens and 20% from municipal and inland fishing. Municipal and aquaculture caters mainly to local market while deep sea production are both for domestic and export purposes.

Table 2.89. Fish Production in Metric Tons, Davao City, 2014-2015 Production 2014 2015 Municipal, Inland/marine 564.63 1,155.33 Commercial/Deep sea 3529.62 2456.03 Aquaculture / fish ponds 2788.9 2237.94 Total 6883.15 5849.30

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Employment Profile In Davao City, the total number of employed or gainful workers in 2015 is 670,535 individuals. Among them, elementary occupations and service and sales workers are the most numerous of occupations with 258,531 workers or about 39% of all employed workers 15 years old and above. The remaining 61% performs tasks or employed in different areas such as managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals, clerical support workers, skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers, armed forces occupations and others.

The data also showed that males have more opportunities than females. In 2015, 429,634 males are employed, compared to only 240,901 females. Sixty four percent of all major occupations goes to the males.

Elementary occupations consist of simple routine tasks that require the use of hand held tools and often some physical effort. The tasks include, selling goods in streets and public places or door to door, providing street services such as cleaning, washing, pressing, caretakers of apartments, cleaners of hotel, offices and other buildings, delivering messages and simple farming, fishing and hunting among others. In the city, they number about 133, 365 workers or 20% of all the gainful workers. Service and sales workers provide personal and protective services related to travel, housekeeping, catering, and personal care, selling goods in wholesale or retail shops as well as stalls on market. They number to about 125,166 or 19% of the total workers 15 years old and above.

Table 2.90. Gainful workers 15 years old and above by major occupational group and sex, Davao City,2015 Total Gainful Workers Sex and Major Occupation Group 15 Years Old and Over Both Sexes Male Female 670,535 429,634 240,901 Managers 66,786 28,579 38,207 Professionals 46,977 18,610 28,367 Technicians and Associate Professionals 41,410 23,794 17,616 Clerical Support Workers 57,769 24,510 33,259 Service and Sales Workers 125,166 62,114 63,052 Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Workers 54,904 47,240 7,664 Craft and Related Trades Workers 63,594 58,076 5,518 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 77,577 75,294 2,283 Elementary Occupations 133,365 89,321 44,044 Armed Forces Occupations 1,492 1,420 72 Other Occupation Not Elsewhere Classified - - - Not Reported 1,495 676 819 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016) In Barangay Ilang there are a total of 2,237 workers employed, 250 from micro, 507 from small, 604 from medium and 276 from large commercial and industrial establishments.

Table 2.91 presents the data on labor force in Davao Region. Out of the total workforce age of 15 and above, 64.5% are either employed or are actively looking for work in 2015. The employment rate in Davao region in 2015 was 94.5 which is higher the the national average of 93.7%. The data also shows also that the underemployment rate was 14.8% and the unemployment rate was 5.5%

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Table 2.91. Labor force, Davao Region, 2014-2015 Indicators 2014 2015 Number, 15 years old and over 3,115,000 3,192,000 In the labor force 2,066,000 2,058,840 Participation rate (%) 66.3 64.5 Employment rate (%) 94.5 94.5 Underemployment rate (%) 16.7 14.8 Unemployment rate (%) 5.5 5.5 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Poverty Incidence The annual monthly per capita poverty threshold is the measure of the minimum income for an individual to meet his/her basic needs. These include food, clothing, housing, transportation, health and education expenses. In Davao Region, the monthly minimum income is pegged at P1,886.50 monthly or P11,319 yearly (Table 2.92) in 2015. This means that the individual in Davao Region must earn P1,886.50 or higher for him/her to meet the family’s basic needs.

Table 2.92. Annual Monthly per capita poverty threshold, Davao Region All areas Year Annual (Pesos) Monthly(Pesos) 2009 17,040 1,426 2012 19,967 1,164 2015 11,319 1, 886.50 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

For a family of 5 in Davao Region, the family must have a combined minimum income of P8,320 to meet the basic food and non-food needs of the family (Table 2.93).

Table 2.93. Annual Monthly per family poverty threshold, Davao Region All areas Year Annual (Pesos) Monthly(Pesos) 2009 85,197.08 7,099 2015 99,837.00 8,320 Source: 2015 Census of Population (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016)

Table 2.94 showed the poverty incidence in the Davao City, and Davao Region. Poverty incidence is the proportion of families with incomes less than or below the poverty threshold. It showed that the poverty threshold of Davao Region is 20.5, which means that for every 100 families in Davao Region, 20 are considered poor and doesn’t meet the basic needs of the family.

Table 2.94. Poverty incidence, 2009, 2012, 2015 2009 2012 2015 Davao City 13.2 nda nda Davao Region 25.5 25 20.5 Source: PSA Region XI

Business and Commercial Establishment Table 2.95 presents the bussiness establishments that have been issued permits by the Office of the Mayor, the total amount of capital and the employees that they hire. Based on the data,

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Table 2.96 shows the business establishments in the impact barangay. There are a total of 137 micro, small, medium and large enterprises in Barangay Ilang. It has an overall capitalization of 10.7 B and employs 2,237 workers.

Table 2.96. Business establishments, Barangay Ilang, 2015 Types of Business Number Capitalization No. Of employees Micro 108 52,694,095 850 Small 20 155,940,769.32 507 Medium 7 320,480,067.59 604 Large 2 10,201,500,000.00 276 Total 137 10,730,614,931.91 2237

2.4.2 Perception Survey 2.4.2.1 Methodology In compliance with the provisions of DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-05 or the “Guidelines on Public Participation under the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System”, an Initial Perception Survey was conducted on July 10 and 11, 2017, and several perception surveys for the communities/puroks was conducted on December 4,5,6, and 7, 2017.

The initial perception survey was focused on the host barangay of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility and surveyed 22 participants. They represented the households, institutional leaders, and industrial entities in the barangay. A series of perceptions surveys was also conducted which focused on the puroks and the people of Barangay Ilang. 826 representatives of the households from the 17 puroks of the impact barangay participated in the survey.

Table 2.97 presents the total number of respondents (including the respondents in the initial perception survey), the puroks and the corresponding number of respondents. A total of 848 individuals participated in the perception survey from 18 selected puroks of barangay Ilang. Purposive sampling was used in identifying the survey respondents. Community leaders, representatives from institutional and industrial entities, and homeowners and purok leaders, as well as random residents, were selected. The target sample size for the perception survey was based on 90% level of confidence and 10% margin of error.

Table 2.97.Puroks and number of respondents, Barangay Ilang Puroks Number of respondents

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Puroks Number of respondents Initial Perception Survey 22 Riverview 49 Purok 2A-2B, Central Ilang 43 Oceanview Phase IA 78 Purok 2B - Lourdes Centerpoint 51 3B New Society Village 34 3C New Society 54 11-12 VistaMar I-II 37 13-14 Pag-asa 135 Oceanview Phase IB 52 31 Oceanview Phase 2 25 32 Overhills 29 36 Mountain Breeze 46 37 Sea Breeze 47 Greenhills 23 38 St. Vincent 36 38 PDIC Kobbler 42 19 Fuente Babao 37 Grandcanal 8 TOTAL : 18 puroks 848

The survey questionnaire was divided into six (6) major components: (1) Personal Information; (2) Household Information; (3) Housing Condition; (4) Perceived Community Problems and Proposed Solutions; (5) Awareness on Holcim Davao Operation; and (6) Awareness and Acceptability on the Proposed Project Modification of Holcim Davao. The survey form was translated into the Visayan dialect to facilitate and assist in answering the questions. The survey form used is attached as Annex 2.8.

The initial survey was conducted in several locations such as the barangay hall conference room, barangay health center, and respective offices and residence of the respondents while the perception surveys was conducted in the eightteen (18) puroks to understand and assess the needs and issues of the people of the impact barangay. The result of the perception survey was integrated into the report on the perception survey. The photo-documentation of both activities are attached as Annex 2.9.

2.4.2.2 Profile of Survey Respondents Gender The majority of the respondents are females, with 670 of 848 or 79% of the total respondents. Males comprise 172 or 20.28% of the total respondents. 6 individuals or 0.7% did not specify their gender.

Birthplace The majority or 34% of 848 of the total respondents were born from other provinces. There were 22% of respondents who were born in Barangay Ilang while the same percentage of respondents were born in other barangays of Davao City. The 18% of the respondents were from other city or municipality while 4% did not indicate where they were born.

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Gender

1% 20%

Female Male No Answer

79%

Figure 2.128. Gender of the respondents

Place of birth of respondents

4% 22%

34% Barangay Ilang

Other Barangays in Davao 22% Other City/Municipality

18%

Figure 2.129. Place of birth of respondents

Age Figure 2.130 presents the age of respondents. Most number of respondents belongs to the age groups of 31 – 40 and 41 – 50 years of age with each group having 25% of the respondents. This was followed by age group 21 - 30 (18%) and 51 – 60 (17%). Older age groups 61 – 70, 15-20 and 71- above were 7%, 3% and 3% of the respondents, respectively. The 2% of the respondents did not specify their age.

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Age of respondents

2% 3% 3% 7% 15-20 18% 21-30 31-40 17% 41-50 51-60 61-70 25% 71 above 25% no answer

Figure 2.130. Age of respondents

Civil Status Figure 2.131 shows the civil status of the respondents. Majority of the respondents were married with 78% of the total respondents. There were 8% who were single while 7% are widowed. The 5% of the respondents are separated and 2% gave no answer.

Civil Status

5%2% 8% 7% Single Married Widowed separated no Answer

78%

Figure 2.131. Civil Status of respondents

Religion Figure 2.132 shows that 78% of the respondents are Catholics while 6% are Moslems. The 5% of respondents are Born Again and 2% are protestants and Iglesia ni Kristo members. Members of other denominations (Latter-Day Saints, Jehovah’s Witness, etc) are 2% of respondents while 2% did not specify their answers.

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RELIGION

2% 5% 5% 2% 2% 6% Born Again Iglesia ni Kristo Islam/Muslim Katoliko Protestante Others No answer

78%

Figure 2.132. Religion of the respondents

Educational Attainment The majority of the respondents have highschool education (35%), followed by those who have graduated in highschool (19%). Twelve percent of the respondents have college education while 10% graduated in elementary. Thirteen percent of respondents had reached elementary and those that graduated in college and vocational education were 5% pf the respondents. Only 1% of the respondents did not specify the educational attainment.

Educational Attainment

Elementary 5%0% 1% 5% 13% Elementary Graduate HighSchool 12% 10% Highschool Graduate College College Graduate 19% Vocational/Others 35% None No Answer

Figure 2.133. Highest Educational Attainment

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Settlement History Majority of the respondents (33%) have been in the barangay for 11-20 years. Almost a third of the respondents (29%) have been in the barangay for 1-10 years, 11% of the respondents have been living in the barangay for the last 31-40 years and 12% of the respondents have been in the barangay for 21-30 years. There were 7% who have been in the barangay for 41 to 50 years, 4% of the respondents have stayed for 51-60 years and 3% have stayed for 61 years and over. There were 1% or 11 respondents who did not respond to the questions, including those who were residing in other areas but working in institutional or industrial units near the Holcim Davao Cement Plant.

Years of stay

1% 3% 4% 1-10 years 7% 29% 11-20 years 21-30 years 11% 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years 12% 61 years and over no answer 33%

Figure 2.134. Years of stay of the respondents

Income Sources and Employment More than half or 53% of the respondents have no income while 45% were employed or had income sources. The 13% of the respondents are farmers while 14% are bussinessmen and entrepreneurs. The 10% are service workers, 6% are government empoyees, 8% works in construction and factory, 3% are fishermen, 1% are employed in private companies and 4% have different income sources. It is important to note that there were respondents who were performing two (2) different economic activities or occupation at the same time. This shows the need for additional income to augment thir existing income.

Monthly Income A third of the respondents (34%) have estimated monthly income of Php 1,000 to 5,000 while 22% have income of P5001 to 10,000. There were16% who were earning below Php 1000 and 5% earns P10,001-15,000. There were 2% of the respondents that has an income of P15,001-20,000, 3% earns over P20,000 and 18% did not sepcify their income.

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Income

18% 16% under P1000 P1000-5000 3% 2% P5001-10,000 5% P10,001-15,000 P15,001-20,000

34% Over P20,000 No answer 22%

Figure 2.135. Monthly income of the respondents

Membership to Organization More than half or 57% of the respondents belong to an organization in the community; among them 69% are active members of their organizations. Majority of the active members belong to a women’s organization and the different homeowners association in the barangays. Below are the identified organizations:

Table 2.98. Organizations in Barangay Ilang Community Organizations Number of repondents 4Ps 14 Senior Citizens 11 Womens 153 Church organization 4 Barangay organization 10 Fisherfolk Association 4 Muslim Association 2 Community Association 49 Boardmember 1 Cooperative 1 Homeowners Association 99 OVPI B 2 SPV 1 Youth Association 1 OSCA 1 LGBT Association GKK 3 ONABII 10

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2.4.2.3 Household Information Household Size Majority of the respondents (31%) have 3-4 members per household while 30% have 5-6 household size. There are 17% of the respondents that have 7-8 household size, 11% have 1-2, 5% have 9-10 household size and 6% of the respondents have more than 10 members each household.

Household size

1-2 6%0% 5% 11% 3-4 17% 5-6 31% 7-8 9-10 more than 10 30% No Answer

Figure 2.136. Household size of the respondents

Household Composition Figure 2.137 shows the composition of the households of the respondents. There are 80% of the respondents that are considered a nuclear family, typically consists of parents and children while 8% have families that extends beyond the nuclear which include aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc. who live in a household. There are 12% of the household that did not specify the composition.

Household Composition

12%

8% Nuclear family Extended family No Answer

80%

Figure 2.137. Household Composition of the Respondents Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

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Morbidity Figure 2.138 shows the number of household members that got sick in the past year. There are 22% of the respondents that have 8 members of their household that got sick, 20% of the respondents that have 2 members that got sick, 27% of the respondents that have a family member that got sick, 11% of the respondents that have 3 family members getting sick, 8% have 4 members that got sick, 2% of the have 5 to 6 family members that got sick and 1% of the respondents have 7 members that got sick in the past year. There were 7% of the respondents that did not specify thier response.

7% 1 2 27% 3 22% 1% 4 5 6 7 2% 20% 8 2% 11% No Answer 8%

Figure 2.138. Number of household members of the Respondents that got sick Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

Common Diseases Table 2.99 shows the top ten common community diseases in the puroks of Barangay Ilang. Influenza tops the leading cause of morbidity with 340 cases followed by Diarrhea with 191 cases. The top 3 and 4 are Asthma and Hypertension, noth having 168 cases, Urinary tract infection folloes wit 127 members infected, Diabetes with 55. Pneumonia with 53, Skin disease with 49, Tuberculosis with 27 and Dengue with 26 infected members of the household of the respondents. It can be observed that 6 out of 10 diseases are communicable and preventable, with the non communicable which is lifestyle and age related.

Table 2.99. Top Ten Diseases of the respondents Diseases No. Influenza/Flu 340 Diarrhea 191 Asthma 168 Hypertension 168 Urinary Tract Infection 127 Diabetes 55 Pneumonia 53 Skin Diseases 49 Tuberculosis 27 Dengue 26

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Note: data does not include the initial perception survey Health Seeking Behavior Figure 2.138 shows the health seeking behavior of the respondents. The figure shows that majority or 69% of the household that have members that got sick sought treatment, 14% did not sought treatment while 17% gave no answer. For those that sought treatment, figure 13 shows where they are seeking treatment. Majority of the respondents or 42% of the respondents prefer to be treated in public hospitals, 16% by private doctors, 13% prefer to be treated at their homes, 7% at the health center, 6% by the traditional healer and 1% by the BHWs.

Health Seeking Behavior

17%

Sought treatment 14% No treatment No answer 69%

Figure 2.139. Health seeking behavior of the respondents

Where treated

House 16% 13% BHW 1% 0% 7% Health Center 6% Private Doctor Public Hospital 15% Traditional Healer Pharmacy Herbal 42% No answer

Figure 2.140. Where the respondents are treated.

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Morbidity There were 165 deaths from the members of the household of the respondents from the past year. Table 2.100 presents the top 10 causes of mortality or deaths in the communities. The leading is heart attack or cardiac arrest (13), followed by different types of cancer (12), then by complications from hypertension (9) and diabetes (8), then by diarrhea/dehydration and accidents with 7 deaths each. There were 5 deaths from Pnuemonia, 4 deaths from both stroke and stabbing/gunshot and 3 deaths from asthma, kidney failure and old age. It can be noted that half of the causes of death are lifestyle related and can be prevented.

Table 2.100. Top Ten leading causes of Death, Barangay Ilang Cause of death Number of individuals Heart Attack 13 Cancer 12 Hypertension 9 Diabetes 8 Diarrhea/Dehydration 7 Accident 7 Pneumonia 5 Stroke 4 Stabbing/Gunshot 4 Asthma 3 Kidney Failure 3 Old Age 3 Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

Waste Disposal Figure 2.141 presents the solid waste disposal practices of the community. The data shows that majority or 48% disposes their garbage through collection of the local government, 29% to the garbage dump and 12% through their own garbage pits. There are 5% that uses different types of disposals. It can be noted that 3% of the respondents still burns their garbage, and also 1% of the respondents practice segregation and 1% also pays for collection of their garbage. This data can be related to high morbidity rates of diarrhea which can be attributed to improper solid and waste disposal in the household level.

Solid waste disposal 3% 1% 1% 5% 1% Garbage Dump

Garbage Pit 29% Garbage Collection

Other 48% 12% Burning

Segregate

Figure 2.141. Waste disposal of the respondents

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Note: data does not include the initial perception survey Sources of Drinking Water Figure 2.142 shows the sources of potable drinking water of the household surveyed. Forty one percent of the households primary source of clean drinking water is through buying mineral water, while 30% are thorugh the Davao City Water District. There are 7% of the household that sourced their water through deep wells, 7% from Dumoy water system, 5% from wells while 9% from different sources such as springs and rivers. Some residents use water from different sources, from distillation station for mineral water and Davao City Water District. Sources of drinking water can be related to the number of water bourne diseases prevalent in the community especially diarrhea.

Sources of drinking water 1% 5% Well

7% 7% Deep Well/Manual 9% Pump Davao City Water District

30% Mineral Water

41% Others

Dumoy Water System

Figure 2.142. Sources of drinking water. Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

Toilets Figure 2.143 shows the sanitation and hygiene practices of the respondents. It also presents access to suitable sanitation facility in the household level. There are 89% of the repondents that use latrines with septic tanks, 6% pit latrines, and 1% of the respondents have antipolo system of toilets. It is important to note that there are still 2% of the respondents that dispose of their human waste direct to the sea. Unsanitary practices can eventually contaminate land and water sources thus increasing the risk of infection and diseases in the community.

Sources of entertainment The data shows the sources of entertainment in the community. It also indicates the major sources of information to the families. There are 78% of the respondents that have access to television given that there are at least 13 television station present in Davao City. 13% of the respondents hears the radio programs both AM and FM, and 6% entertaines themselves through singing in the videoke. There are less than 1% of the respondents that uses gambling, drinking alcohol and the cellphone as entertainment. It can be noted that there are families that have mutiple sources of entertainment.

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Sanitation and toilets 1% 1% 2% 1%

Septic Tanks Pit latrines Antipolo system others Direct to the Sea No answer

89%

Figure 2.143. Types of toilets of the respondents. Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

Sources of entertainment 0% 6% 1% 0% 1%0% 1%

13%

Television Radio Drinking Alcohol Gambling Videoke 78% Others Cellphone bonding No answer

Figure 2.144. Sources of entertainment of the respondents Note: data does not include the initial perception survey

2.4.2.4 Housing Condition House Ownership

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The majority of the respondents (85%) own the house where they are staying and only 12% do not own the house that they occupy, while 3% did not specify their answers.

House Ownership

Owns the House Does not own house 3% 12% No Answer

85%

Figure 2.145. Ownership of houses of the respondents

Land Ownership Majority of the respondents (54%) does not own the land where their houses were built while 41% of the respondents own the land where their houses stood.

Land ownership

41% Owns the land Does not own No answer 54%

Figure 2.146. Land ownership of respondent’s houses

Housing Materials Three Hundred thirty eight (338) respondents used wood as outer wall material of their houses, two hundred sixty six (266) used concrete, one hundred fifty one (151) used bamboo sleets or

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Table 2.101. Housing materials of the respondent’s houses Construction Materials of the Total Occupied Construction Materials of Total Occupied

Outer Walls Housing Units the Roof Housing Units Wood 338 Wood 265 Concrete 266 Cement 101 Nipa/Cogon 18 Nipa/ Cogon 14 Bamboo 151 Bamboo 43 G.I. Sheets 123 Galvanized Iron/ Aluminum 468 Others 30 Total 926* Total 891* *Multiple Answer

2.4.2.5 Community Problems and Concerns The matrix below presents the perceived problems of the respondents in Barangay Ilang. Most of the responses identified unemployment and poverty as the major problems and concerns in the barangay. Problems on lack of capital for small business, lack of medical supplies, availability of potable drinking water, lack of educational assitance and lack of livelihood opportunities were strongly identified by the respondents. Concerns were also raised about the lack of orientation and training on Solid Waste Management, lack of school equipment, education assistance, livelihood, lack of transportation facilities, lack of capacity building for people’s organizations and malnutrition was laso identified as concerns that needed attention in the communty. Aside from this lack of recreational facilities, teachers and agricultural assistance, drainage and electricity was also points of concern raised by the respondents.

Table 2.102. Common Community Problems and concerns of the respondents Community Problems/Concerns No. of Responses* % Rank Unemployment 371 15.04 1st Poverty 326 13.29 2nd Potable drinking water 233 9.33 5th Irrigation 96 3.95 11th Lack of School supplies 87 3.37 13th Malnutrition 103 4.21 10th Educational assistance 184 7.37 6th Lack of teachers 17 .63 16th Lack of medical supplies 236 9.46 4th Lack of transportation facilities 114 4.50 8th Lack of Livelihood 168 6.62 7th Lack of Recreational facilities 62 2.45 14th Lack of capital for small business 255 10.25 3rd Lack of agricultural assistance 15 .50 17th Lack of organizational knowledge and skills for 114 4.29 9th support of Peoples organizations Lack of knowledge and orientation on waste 103 3.91 12th management and disposal Others (Drainage, Electricity,etc) 19 .75 15th Total 2399* 100 * Multiple Responses

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The respondents provided possible solutions to the identified community problems. Various proposals were provided by the respondents, summarized in the matrix below. Specifically, on the employment aspects, the priority hiring of Barangay Ilang residents to job opportunities was suggested.

Table 2.103. Proposed solution from the identified concerns/problems Proposed Solutions Employment Livelihood Projects/ Productive activities for Parents Livelihood Training and Assistance to Women Education Assistance Project Scholarship Program Potable water supply Additional Medical/Dental Mission Assistance Designate Materials Recovery Facility in areas within the Barangay Orientation and capacity building on proper waste disposal Actions should be taken to resolve problems in the barangay Assistance from government offices Assistance from private companies and full implementation of CSR Program Conduct community consultations at the grassroots level, plan intervention and implement Values formation/ orientation to all concerned Additional budget (for the barangay)

2.4.2.6 Awareness on the Current Operation of Holcim Davao Majority of the respondents or 86% expressed awareness on the current operation of Holcim Davao while 11% are unaware of the operation of Holcim, and 3% gave no answer on the question. (Figure 2.147).

Awareness of the respondents

3% 11% Aware of the project

Unaware of the project No answer 86%

Figure 2.147. Awareness of the respondents on the operation of Holcim

Eighty one percent of the place of residence and work of the respondents are located near the plant/ port facility of Holcim, while 115 lives relatively far from the facility and 3% did not specify their place of residence or work (Figure 2.148).

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Residence of the respondents

8% 11% Near the plant Not near No answer

81%

Figure 2.148. Residence of the respondents

The respondents also expressed the positive and negative effects of the current operation of Holcim Davao to their community. The respondents mentioned about the positive effects of the presence of Holcim Davao operation in their community. Employment (25%) and availability of livelihood opportunities (13%) in relation to the operation of Holcim Davao were mentioned. The assistance that the barangay was receiving generated positive perception on the current operation. Improvement on the physical condition of the areas in the barangays was also stated. It can also be noted that only 1% of the respondents do not see any positive effect on their household.

Table 2.104. Positive effects of current operation Positive Effects of the Current Operation No. of Responses* % Employment opportunities 387 25.11 Livelihood Opportunities 211 13.69 Health and Nutrition Assistance 180 11.68 Feeding Program, Medical Mission 126 8.18 Sports Facility Improvement (Gym, 142 9.21 Basketball Court) Relocation/ Resettlement Program 174 11.29 Worker’s Safety 123 7.98 Provision of Cement for Community 117 7.59 Projects Progressive place 37 2.4 No/Less Disturbance in the Barangay 7 .4 Education assistance 7 .4 No positive result 30 1.9 Total 1541* 100.00 *Multiple Responses

More than half or 51.6% of the respondents saw dust pollution as one of the negative effects of the current operation of Holcim Davao followed by health hazard (16.56%). There were also other negative effects mentioned by some of the respondents such as traffic, waste disposal to the sea and prostitution. However, there were 9.33% of the responses that stated that no negative effects were observed from the operation of Holcim Davao.

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Table 2.105. Negative effects of current operation Negative Effects of the Current Operation No. of Responses* % Dust 564 51.60 Noise 93 8.5 Traffic Disturbance (Trucks) 57 5.2 Improper Waste Disposal to the sea 52 4.76 Health Hazard 181 16.56 Prostitution (Akyat Barko) 25 2.29 Others 19 1.74 No Negative Effects Observed 102 9.33 Total 1093* 100.00

There were 81% or 687 of the respondents are familiar with the different community developmental projects of Holcim, 12% or 102 are unfamiliar while 7% or 59 did not specify their response.

Familiarity of Development Projects of Holcim

Familiarity of 7% Development projects 12% of Holcim Unfamiliar with projects

No Answer 81%

Figure 2.149. Respondent’s familiarity with the existing projects

Among those that are familiar with the projects of Holcim in the community, 16.24% of the respondents are most familiar with the housing and relocation projects, 13.09% with the scholarship program, 12.02% with the basketball and gym renovation and 8% of the respondents are familiar with the day care project. The Social Development and Management Program (5.7%), Corporate Social Responsibility Projects (4.23%), Tree planting (6.82%), school assistance (7.13%), sports program (3.46%), water system (6.31%), medicines and medical equipments (4.53%), Medical Mission (5.55%) and road rehabilitation are also identified familiar by the respondents. The matrix below shows the following identified community development projects:

Table 2.106. Community development Projects Community Development Projects No. of Responses* % Social Development and Management Program 112 5.70 Corporate Social Responsibility Projects 83 4.23 Housing/Relocation Project 319 16.24 Tree Planting 134 6.82

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Community Development Projects No. of Responses* % School Assistance/ School Building 140 7.13 Scholarship Program 257 13.09 Sports Program 68 3.46 Basketball Court/ Gym Renovation 236 12.02 Day Care Center 158 8.04 Water System 124 6.31 Medicines and Medical Equipment 89 4.53 Medical Mission 109 5.55 Road Rehabilitation Project 129 6.57 Others (livelihood) 6 .3 Total 1964* 100.00 *Multiple responses

There were 63% or 450 respondents that said that they or their family had been part or directly benefited from the identified community development projects, while 37% did not have any involement with the projects.

Involvement in Projects

38% Family Involved or benefitted in the projects Not Involved 62%

Figure 2.150. Family’s direct involvement with the projects

The benefits provided by Holcim Davao that were received or experienced by the respondents are presented in the matrix below.

Table 2.107. Benefits directly recieved by the respondents Direct Benefits Received by the Respondents and Number of responses* their Families Jobs 338 SDMP 60 Scholarship Program 140 School Supplies 124

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Direct Benefits Received by the Respondents and Number of responses* their Families School Improvement Assistance 56 Flood Control/Drainage System 50 Day Care Center 117 Medical dental Mission 81 Relocation and housing Project 174 Others 23 Skills Devvelopment 1 livelihood 1 Basketball court/Gym Renovation 5 *Multiple responses

2.4.2.7 Awareness and Acceptability on the Proposed Project Modification The majority (73%) or 621 respondents were aware of the proposed project modification of Holcim Davao. There were 163 respondents or 19% that were not yet aware and 8% or 64 respondents that refused to give an answer.

Level of Awareness on the modification of the project

19% Aware of expansion Not aware No Answer

73%

Figure 2.151. Awareness of modification of Project

For those who were aware of the proposed project modification, most of the information sources were from the government /barangay officials (30.93%). The proposed project was also known to the respondents through their relatives (19.39%), barangay meetings/consultations (18.28%) closely followed by the Official/Employee of Holcim Davao (18.19%). Other sources mentions were through surveys/study/research (7.39%), Radio and TV (4.34%) and from other sources (1.39%).

Table 2.108. Sources of information about the modification of Holcim’s project Sources of Information No. % Government/Barangay Officials 335 30.93 Relatives/friends/neighbors 210 19.39 Officers/employees of Holcim 197 18.19

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Sources of Information No. % Radio/TV 48 4.43 Barangay Meetings/consultations 198 18.28 Surveys/researches 80 7.39 Others 15 1.39 Total 1083* 100.00 *Multiple Responses

The respondents were asked on their perceived positive and negative effects of the proposed project modification by Holcim Davao in Ilang. Looking into the details, Table 2.109 presents specific answers of respondents on the possible positive and negative effects of the project to their community. There were 39.68% or 492 from the respondents that perceived additional job opportunities with the project expansion, 13.55% or 168 additional benefits to the barangay and 15.40% or 191 respondents percieved additional livelihood opportunities for their households. Also 9.84% or 122 percieves additional free medicine, 7.42% or 92 with additional sports facilities, 7.26% or 90 percieves less traffic, 3.63% or 40 less environmental effects and 2.42% or 30 of the respondents percieved negative issues or problems to be addressed for the community. There are 6 or 0.5% of the respondents seeing no positive effect of the project to the households.

On the other hand, 404 respondents or 44.59% stated that they perceived the expansion to cause air pollution and increase of dust in the community, 173 or 19.01% percieves health risks, 40 respondents or 4.41% saw destruction or pollution of the environment through improper waste disposal, 70 respondents or 7.73% percieve an increase in vehicular traffic and 62 or 6.8% of the respondents percieved increase noise in the community. Also 7 or 0.7% of respondents percieved water pollution, 5 or 5% destruction of plants and trees, 5 or 0.5% loss of drinking water, 5 or 5% loss od diminution of houses and 19 respondents or 2.09% percieved increase in prostitution in the community. However, 94 or 10.38% of the respondents percieved no negative effects of the expansion or modification of Holcim’s project.

Table 2.109. Percieved positive and negative effects of the modification Effects Details No. of Responses* % Additional Job Opportunities/Residents of Barangay 492 39.68 Ilang will be prioritized in the hiring of new employees/workers resulting to better living conditions Less traffic 90 7.26

Less environmental effects 45 3.63 Negative issues and problems will be addresed 30 2.42 Additional Benefits for the barangay 168 13.55 Livelihood opportunities and economic development 191 15.40

Positive Provision of Additional Sports Facilities 92 7.42 Provision of Free Medicine 122 9.84 Others (Improved aesthetics,etc) 4 0.0 No Positive effects 6 0.5 TOTAL RESPONSES 1240* 100 Destruction Air Pollution/more dust 404 44.59 or pollution Water Pollution 7 0.7 of the Root crops, trees, and plants will be destroyed 5 0.5 environment Loss or diminution of houses 5 0.5 /Improper Loss or pollution of drinking water 7 0.7 waste Increase in number of people or houses caused by in- 9 disposal migration 1 40 4.41 More Noise 62 6.8

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Effects Details No. of Responses* % Increase in Traffic 70 7.73 Health Risks 173 19.01 Prostitution 19 2.09 Others 11 1.21 No Negative Effects 94 10.38 Total 906* 100 *Multiple answer

Recommendations on the possible actions to be undertaken to prevent or mitigate the perceived negative impacts were also gathered from the respondents. There were many suggestions that will help resolve the perceived negative effects and somehow prevent/mitigate possible adverse impacts.

Table 2.110. Proposed solutions to the negative impact Perceived Negative Effects of the Proposed Solutions on the Perceived Negative Effects Proposed Project  Just implement what the company have promised so that no dust would escape this time Increased  To solve the negative effect, the company should improve the project plan to Environmental fix the plant's waste so it will not cause health risks to the community Impacts:  Continuous rehabilitation, concreting and fixing of the road to minimize dust  More dust  Wear mask and Holcim should provide them.  More Noise  Improve dust filtration of dust in the plant.  Generation of  Provide guards in the port to ensure proper waste disposal. wastes/ Improper  Monitor proper waste disposal. waste disposal  Community assitance to minimize dust through proper waste disposal

 More experts to develop systems for proper waste disposal, less dust

generation, proper filtration.

 Environmental impact study  Donot pursue the plan and avoid the expansion so as to lessen health risks. Disturbance to the  Medical mission community:  Improve the association thorugh capacity building and trainings  Relocation and improved Housing project  Follow the rules of the government and cooperation from the community.  Build additional overpass  Help the people and cooperate though consultations and meetings with Other response: community and barangay officials.  No perceived  To provide additional traffic enforcers to manage the traffic. negative impact  Additional job opportunities for community members  The barangay will  Ensure that employment are prioritized for barangay Ilang. not develop if the  Conduct negotiation between a barangay officials and community project will not be  Provide additional health services such as health nutrition and medical considered assistance  There were no  The company is fully equipped to control the negative effects reported  troubles/complain Seminars and trainings for proper waste disposal ts  Ensure cooperation of Holcim with community through negotiations and community meetings.  More information should be given to  Large trucks cause accidents, if possible ban use of large trucks. the community  Develop organizational capacity of the associations  Members should be unified and cooperative to purok leaders, barangay officials and organizational leaders.  Underaged girls should not be allowed in the port  Health center should be established.

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The acceptability of the respondents on the proposed project modification was expressed. The majority of the respondents (66%) or 557 were in favor of the proposed project modification while 44 or only 5% do not agree with the modification. There were 21% or 171 of the respondents who were uncertain if they agree or not and conditional while 69 or 8% of the respondents refused to give an answer.

Level of Acceptability

Agree 8% Do Not Agree 21% Undecided No Answer 5% 66%

Figure 2.152. Acceptability of the proposed modification

Those who expressed in agreement or disagree with the implementation of the proposed project modification stated their reason for their positive response or negative responses. It can be observed that even though some posted negative response for the modification, most of their reasons are conditional with the implementation of mitigating measure which means they would support the project as long as meaures are ensured and taken. The details are presented below.

Reasons for Positive Response Reasons for Negative response More opportunities and jobs More Dust Livelihood for barangay Just do what they have promised that no dust would escape this time Make a way of removing the dust or lessen it It generates pollution It will improve our barangay Health Risks caused by dust More opportunities and jobs The jobs are only seasonal Holcim will help us They give scholarships, day care center etc, to compensate for the harmful effects they gave to the people living in the area. I trust the company and the government Might be affected and houses displaced by the project If your goal is to make your project a good one, then we just need to be aware of our benefits We cannot say yet if it is beneficial or not to us. More opportunities and jobs and give scholarship and materials for out of school youth More job opportunities and for the progress of our barangay For more benefits and assistance from the company. As long as it wont affect the majority

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Reasons for Positive Response Reasons for Negative response For livelihood and water system development Holcim has a large contribution in our community They can help for the construction of basketball court in our area More assiatance for the community and the people in Barangay Ilang Additional educational assisstance To strenghten our organization Holcim is a great help for us in the community Improvement of our community Despite of the negative effects in the community, benefits are more for the people through the project of Holcim. More assistance though livelihood, increase in income and improved living conditions. It would help the next generation through scholarship programs. Lessen poverty in our barangay Addtional projects can be provided to the women and out of school youth Developmment of the barangay through cementing of roads, health center etc.

Additional information about the proposed project modification is needed by the respondents to increase their awareness. The additional sets of information needed are expressed below.

Needed Additional Information about the Project  Information that the project will not harm the people of the Barangay  Information on the needed compliances and requirements of the City pertaining to the environment on the Project  Information about the environmental impacts should be discussed  Information on the site-specific hazards and the established controls and assurance that these controls are religiously implemented as well as the mitigating measures of impacts  Benefits to the community  Guidelines on the processing of the documents  Information on the positive and negative impacts of the project  Health hazards  Details on the modification and specific on the what will be added to the existing operation

Lastly, presented below are suggestions and recommendations about the proposed project modification expressed by the respondents.

Suggestions/Recommendations  More employment opportunities and community development projects  The project must be able to help Barangay Ilang  The project should start immediately  Clean Air Act must be implemented  Coordination with the Barangay Council  Provide assistance to affected communities

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 CSR and SDMP should be sustained/ continually be provided to the Barangay  On the dredging issue: the impact of Holcim Davao's operation on the water bodies must be verified and validated - actual conditions of the water bodies must be communicated to the community  Priority hiring of Barangay Ilang residents on employment opportunities  Ensure to address/control/ mitigate negative impact to public, environment, and society  Conduct more meetings/ consultations about the project and its goals  Holcim to continue to do projects that have positive effects on the people and for the betterment of the environment  Provision of assistance for CDV and NTP patients as well as to malnourished children  Coordination between Holcim and Barangay Council  The Barangay Council should share information about the project to the community  Clear the highway with illegally parked heavy trucks

2.4.3 Focus Group Discussion Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in puroks of Barangay Ilang, the identified impact barangay of Holcim-Davao. The FGD aimed to gather perception and views of stakeholder groups’ representatives and the people in general about the current operation of Holcim-Davao and the proposed modifications. It also aims to gather qualitative data on the experiences of the communities in the present operation of the facility and also on the perceived issues on the proposed modification. The participants are asked questions in a focused and interactive setting and were encouraged to discuss thoughts freely with the facilitator as well as with other participants. The process of open and free discussion generated ideas and provided a wealth of information on the concerns and opinions of the people.

Separate FGDs were conducted in 18 puroks or sitios of the impact barangay. The FGDs were conducted after the participants filled out the perception surveys. Although in the FGD, community leaders and representatives of households were encouraged to participate after the perception surveys, most of the household members stayed and also participated in the Focus Group Discussion. The FGDs were conducted on December 4, 5, 6, and 7, 2017. It was attended by the members of Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Chairperson and Councilors), representative of the households in the purok, Barangay Functionaries (Barangay Secretary, Barangay Treasurer, and Barangay Health workers), Purok Leaders, and Sectoral/ People’s Organizations.

The documentation of the conducted FGD is attached as Annex 2.10 and attendance to the FGDs. The highlights of discussion, containing the responses of each group to the guide questions, are presented in Table 2.111.

Table 2.111. Highlights of Focus Group Discussions Guide Questions Barangay Ilang (18 Puroks) Perceived Benefits of the  Barangay residents and families will greatly benefit on the Community and specific employment opportunities that will be brought by the sectors from the proposed proposed project. project  Some of the communities are near the sea and prone to disaster, and accessible only by walking in wooden planks, it was suggested that Holcim assist them in construction of cement walkways to prevent children from falling in the sea as what happened in the past, or if they are possibly relocated in a much safer environment.

 The families would benefit through the scholarship program

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Guide Questions Barangay Ilang (18 Puroks) and construction of schools with the assistance of Holcim.

 The assistance for medical needs would continue with the expansion of operation.

 Additional capital for small business and livelihood projects especially for the women (rice retailing) would be enhanced and provided.   The LGU will greatly benefit with the proposed project thru additional taxes, which in turn would bring additional services to the communities by the barangay.

 The LGU would benefit through programs and services that help the communities such as livelihood projects, scholarship, cementing of roads, health center construction, trainings etc.

 The fisherfolks benefit especially with the SDMP projects (sea weed production, boats, fishing tools, etc.) Perceived negative effects  Diseases/Sickness connected to dust generation such as of the proposed project to rashes, respiratory ailments were the main concerns raised the community that affects the community primarily the children.

 Noise generated by the plant in areas near Holcim Davao.

 There are fears that the expansion might result in them being displaced and relocated.

 The livelihood of the fishermen are affected because they are not allowed to fish within 50 meters of the Holcim Port area. Suggestions on how to  The improvement of the plant was suggested focusing on the avoid/mitigate the substitution of parts/equipment that need to be replaced and negative effects enhancement of routine maintenance to avoid accidents.

 It was suggested that Holcim Davao should install effective pollution or dust control devices to minimize dust emission.

 Community cooperation or bayanihan especially in cleaning their surroundings and tree planting.

 Livelihood projects and economic assistance especially for the women.

 Capacity building and seminars for the members of the community.

 Continue medical assistance to the communities.

 Relocate some of the communities in safer areas not prone to floods as done by Holcim in the past.

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Guide Questions Barangay Ilang (18 Puroks)

 Support to community projects thru provision of free or discounted cement bags. Perceived benefits of the  The barangay will benefit through the implementation of community from the livelihood programs. proposed project  The barangay would benefit greatly if they are prioritized in job hiring of Holcim.

 The community will also benefit on the implementation of programs/projects like SDMP, CSR, Medical Missions and assistance and Scholarship Program for the youth.

 The community could benefit by continuing and expanding the housing and resettlement project so that more families could be relocated, especially those houses that are disaster prone (near the rivers, shoreline etc.).

 The community could benefit greatly by helping it develop a clean water source and system. Potable water is still an issue among some of the communities.

 Assistance in infrastructure to the communities such as development and enhancement of road networks, electrification, water system, basketball courts, etc. Community’s acceptability  The majority of the participants expressed support in the on the proposed project realization of the project because for them Holcim Davao will modification continue to bring progress and development to their barangay as in the past.

 Some expressed their support as long as Holcim Davao continue to assist them in the barangay and they are secure in their communities. They would support the project as long as the benefits are mutual.

In the course of the discussion, issues and concerns on the current operation were brought up. The highlight of the discussion is presented in the table below:

Table 2.112. Issues and concerns of the communities on the current operations Points Raised and Issues/Concerns Response from the Company Their residences might be relocated with the The expansion covers only provisions of expansion of the operation of Holcim Davao additional equipment, additional infrastructures and increase in production; it would not cover an expansion in the present area or operation. They expressed fear that after this process of ECC After the consultations, the results would be approval, the community would not be consulted, submitted to DENR/MGB and they would either or the result would not be presented to them. grant or disapprove the request. After this process, there would be another consultation with the community and will be presenting the results and recommendations from the agency.

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Previous grants of cement for infrastructure This matter can be coordinated with the COMREL would stopped or would take a longer approval coordinators and the CSR and Holcim pointed out time as these requests are subject to approval in that it is always open to accommodate requests the main office. They expressed apprehension to address the needs of the community. that this would eventually stop. Regarding the relocation or housing project, they The relocation and housing project is still in the expressed apprehension that they would not be process of consultation with the communities and prioritized. with the City Planning of Davao City. Although those disaster prone area are more likely to be prioritized for the project. Dust generation thru trucks and cement Holcim-Davao discussed that dust collection production would worsen. system is installed and continuous improvement on pollution control devices is being undertaken. The truck cover is a minimum requirement of Holcim to the haulers. Holcim has strict monitoring procedure to ensure that trucks coming out from the plant comply with this requirement.

It was explained that part of the modification is the installation of eco-hopper that addresses the concern. It was illustrated by Holcim that an eco- hopper is an environment friendly equipment that will straightly suction the materials and thus will prevent the spread of the dust. In addition to this, Holcim has established monitoring system and through the assigned personnel.

2.4.4 Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of the Project The proposed project modification has the potential to effect socio-economic impacts to the people and communities. These impacts are currently being experienced with the ongoing operation of Holcim-Davao, the proposed modification will also bring the same impacts but magnitude may vary depending on the phase of the project. Since the project modification will not expand in terms of land area, there will be no displacement of settlers or displacement/disturbance of properties. Outlined below are the identified potential socio- economic impacts of the proposed project modification in every phase of the project:

 Development/Construction Phase o Creation of employment opportunities o Population influx resulting to social tensions o Noise and dust pollution o Coastal/ Marine water pollution o Health and safety impacts o Increase in business opportunities o Increase in traffic and road safety hazards o Generation of additional revenue for the Local Government

 Operation Phase o Noise and dust pollution o Coastal/ Marine water pollution o Health and safety impacts

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o Employment opportunities o Increase in business opportunities o Increase in traffic and road safety hazards o Improved services and community development potential o Generation of additional revenue for the Local Government

 Decommissioning and Closure Phase o Temporary increase in employment opportunities followed by a decrease o Decline in economic activities o Noise and dust pollution o Coastal/ Marine water pollution o Change in socio/community development benefits o Change in the revenue collection of the Local Government

2.4.5 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigating Measures 2.4.5.1 In Migration The continuous operations of Holcim-Davao and the implementation of the proposed modification will sustain or may further contribute to the socio-economic development of Barangay Ilang. Because of this, residents from other Barangays of Davao city or other Municipalities of Davao Del Sur may be attracted to work or do business in Barangay Ilang.

Although based on the data, in migration of both short distance movers and long distance movers in Davao del Sur in 2010 was only 3.3% of the population, the economic activities in Bunawan District and the operations of industries present in the district as well as in the impact barangay may attract more workers and businesses. And also, the proposed modification may prevent barangay residents to leave the area in search for employment outside the barangay, decreasing the rate of out-migration and also increasing the net migration of the area.

The opportunities brought by the presence of cement plant of Holcim-Davao and the proposed modification may invite workers and entrepreneurs to engage economic activities in Barangay Ilang which may contribute to the natural increase of its population. As observed, the population pyramid of both the City and Barangay is expansive, wherein an increasing very young population is manifested. The natural increase in population in the areas will already cause competition in accessing the available economic opportunities in the areas.

Residents of other barangays and municipalities who are seeking employment and livelihood or business opportunities may migrate to Barangay Ilang. This may lead to the proliferation of informal settlers. Although the Holcim-Davao in partnership with the City government have a housing program to address the issue of informal settlers, it is observed that it is not enough and must be sustained.

There is also a possibility that seekers of jobs and livelihood opportunities from other areas may not require themselves to physically to resettle in the barangay. If this will be the case, there will be an increase in the day-time population of Barangay Ilang.

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As already mentioned, the natural increase in the population of Barangay Ilang may later result to competition on the access to basic services and available resources in the community. Also, the increase in population due to in-migration and increase in day-time population will also put pressure on available basic services and competition on available resources. However, it is important to note that based on the socio-economic profile of Barangay Ilang and Davao City there had been no significant concern in terms of accessibility and availability of health services, sanitation, education, and peace and order. These services are still within the prescribed standards in terms of adequacy to serve the current population. Although there had been issues on the accessibility on basic utilities such as availability of safe drinking water, decent housing, latrines and electricity.

To ensure the delivery of basic services and address some issues related to them in the Barangay and the City, basic services must be improved to ensure adequacy to the increasing population. Holcim-Davao has been the partner of the Local Government Units (LGU) in ensuring that better services are being provided to the residents through its Corporate Social Responsibility Program and the Social Development and Management Program (SDMP). Informal and formal consultations are made to assess the actual needs of the communities. Through the Barangay Council, Holcim-Davao, identifies the programs and projects for the communities addressing the felt need that required intervention and assistance. These programs and projects intends to prioritize the marginalized and most vulnerable sectors within Barangay Ilang namely: women, youth, senior citizens, physically and mentally challenged persons, families living below the poverty line, and fisher folks.

Impacts of in-migration and increase in day-time population may be mitigated and managed through the following:  Implement policy on preferential hiring of locals from the impact barangay;  Prioritization of hiring of qualified personnel from host barangay;  Provide assistance to the Local Government to meet housing backlogs for informal settlement;  Restriction of hours of activity;  Provide assistance to the barangay to ensure efficient and effective delivery of social services;  Proper induction of construction workers to prevent occurrence of peace and order problems or security breaches;  Coordination with the Barangay Councils, Barangay Peace and Security Officers (BPSO) as well as with the Local Police;  Provide assistance to the Barangay on maintenance of peace and order; and  Implementation of EMP.

2.4.5.2 Coastal/ Marine Water Pollution The activities in construction, operation and decommissioning phases may cause pollution of the coastal areas that may affect the marine resources. More so, in operation phase, the transfer of raw materials may cause spillage and pollute the coastal area.

To mitigate this, appropriate planning of construction activities and proper disposal of waste materials are to be implemented throughout the project. Aside from this, Holcim-Davao plant is installing additional equipment to prevent pollution in the coastal area. The proposed conveyor belt and the dust collection system of the Eco-hopper will minimize if not eradicate the possibility of spill of the materials in the coastal areas. With the proposed modification of the project, the storage area will be transferred. There will be no storage area in front the plant facilities further

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2.4.5.3 Health and safety impacts The most common concern of the community, attributed to the current operations of Holcim is the incidents of dust emissions from the cement plant. Based on the results of the perception survey and discussions with community sector representatives, it was perceived that the dust coming-out from the plant affects the health of the residents. There were also statements from the FGD that dusts affect their health and lead to health issues such as Tuberculosis and asthma affecting the old and the children of the community. The community may also be exposed to other health and safety hazards associated with Holcim-Davao activities.

Holcim-Davao have an existing system to address the issues and concerns of the communities. Open communication is maintained thru the CSR and environment unit. Any issue is relayed to the Plant manager, who in turn endorses the concerns to the specific unit or department to address the issues. The communities are then informed of the updates and actions taken by the CSR or Environment Unit. Also, the quarterly MMT meetings have become a venue where issues and concerns are raised and resolved.

Impacts on health and safety issues may be mitigated and managed through the following:  Implement Safety and Health Programs for the workers and impact communities to reduce or avoid health and safety risks;  Strict compliance on the proper wearing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for workers;  Provide assistance to the Barangays on the delivery of efficient and effective healthcare services;  Establishment of buffer zone;  Regular water spraying; and  Implementation of Environmental Management Plan.

2.4.5.4 Increase in business opportunities The influx of population and construction activities will increase demand for goods and services. The increase in income-earning opportunities will also increase spending potential, providing opportunities for further increased supply of goods and services, increasing the income of the people and indirectly increasing the overall wealth of the area. Introduction of new economic endeavors and establishment of new businesses will increase revenue collection of the LGUs from taxes and fees. Increase in revenue collection of the LGUs will mean improvement of basic services and infrastructure facilities. These will be experience during construction and operation phase.

Furthermore, the residents perceived that the current operation and the proposed modification will bring progress to the barangay and municipality. It was also mentioned that additional programs and projects from the barangay are also expected.

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A different scenario is anticipated during decommissioning and closure phase. Decommissioning activities will require temporary increase in employment opportunities however, this will be followed by streamlining of labor force upon closure. The decline on economic activities will be possible because of closure of small businesses dependent on the operation of Holcim-Davao and employment from these businesses will also most likely be affected. Change in revenue collection of the LGU will be experienced, closure of Holcim-Davao may decrease the income of LGUs from taxes and other fees. Due to this, benefits from community development projects being implemented by the LGUs may not be the same and projects through the CSR Program of Holcim- Davao will be ended.

The anticipated scenario during decommissioning and closure phase may be mitigated by implementing sustainable community development projects within Barangay Ilang. Holcim-Davao through its CSR Program implements a continuing initiative to develop Barangay Ilang as a sustainable community.

Impacts on increase in business opportunities may be enhanced and managed through the following:  Coordination with Barangay and Municipal LGUs to ensure proper zoning of business area, peace and order, sanitation, and solid waste management;  Explore possibilities to include training opportunities for developing business / livelihood opportunities that cater to needs of the population; and  Provide assistance in establishing livelihood projects.

2.4.5.5 Increase in traffic hazards The current operation and the proposed modification project causes additional pressure to road traffic. Construction activities will lead to significant increase in vehicular traffic. This will add up to the current volume of hauling trucks passing along the national road. During operation phase, traffic may still cause impacts to the local community.

Holcim-Davao will implement the following mitigating measures and management intervention:  Proper scheduling of delivery of construction materials to avoid peak hours/ traffic congestion and minimize the occurrence of accidents;  Ensure proper parking area for hauling and delivery trucks and ensure compliance.  Proper orientation on haulers must always be conducted. Violators must be reprimanded.  Implement Traffic Management Plan with the Barangay/City LGUs including installation of traffic signs and additional traffic aids to avoid road accidents  Signs for ongoing construction activities (i.e. speed limit, safety signages) shall be installed at strategic places to notify and warn the general public as necessary; and  Long-Term Traffic management plan, in coordination with concerned LGUs and DPWH, will be prepared and implemented to prevent road accidents, which include speed limits, vehicle load limits, vehicle maintenance requirements, and limiting driving hours.

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3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT 3.1 Rationale/Background The Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) in the context of the Philippine EIS System (PD 1586) is on safety characterized by probabilities, consequences, accidental nature, and acute effects. The Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) of DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 2003-30 defined the ERA as “a process of analyzing and describing the risks associated with a project or activity to ecosystems, human health and welfare”.

Natural hazards that may affect the plant structures are presented in Section 2.0, The Land, which has a corresponding Emergency Preparedness Procedure that is discussed in Section 7.0.

Geological risks on the other hand, are covered by the Engineering Geological and Geohazard Report (EGGAR) requirement of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) while health risks characterized by exposures and chronic human health effects are assessed in the Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) under the DOH mandate. The EGGAR and EHIA have their own procedural processes that are not covered and required by the EIA System and the ECC application.

Annex 2-7e of the Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) of the DAO 2003-30 defines how the ERA is done during the EIA stage for the ECC application. An ERA is required if a proposed project will use, handle, transport, store substances that are explosive, flammable, oxidizing, or toxic. The RPM provides the coverage levels and requirements for determining risk levels. The degree of the ERA is provided by the following levels of coverage:

Risk screening: Specific facilities or the use of certain processes shall require the conduct of a risk screening study even if the projected or estimated inventory does not reach the threshold levels. Level 1: Preparation of an Emergency/Contingency Plan. Level 2: Conduct a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and preparation of an Emergency/Contingency Plan based on the QRA results.

The Risk Screening is required for the following activities:

a. Facilities for the production or processing of organic or inorganic chemicals using:  Alkylation, amination by ammonolysis, carbonylation, condensation, dehydrogenation, esterification  Halogenation and manufacture of halogens, hydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization  Sulphonation, desulphurization, manufacture and transformation of sulphur- containing compounds  Nitration and manufacture of nitrogen-containing compounds  Manufacture of phosphorus-containing compounds  Formulation of pesticides and of pharmaceutical products.  Distillation, extraction, or solvation b. Installations for distillation, refining, or processing of petroleum products. c. Installations for the total or partial disposal of solid or liquid substances by incineration or chemical decomposition. d. Installations for the production or processing of energy gases, for example, LPG, LNG, SNG. e. Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite.

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f. Installations for the production of metals or non-metals by a wet process or by means of electrical energy. g. Installations for the loading/unloading of hazardous materials as defined by RA 6969 (or DAO 29). The Levels 1 and 2 coverage in Table 3.1 determines whether a proposed project is required to prepare a QRA and/or an emergency/contingency plan. The categories in Table 3.1 are defined in Table 3.2.

Table 3.1. Level 1 and 2 threshold inventory table Category Level 1 Level 2 Explosives 10 50 Flammable substances 5,000 50,000 Highly flammable substances 50 200 Extremely flammable substances 10 50 Oxidizing substances 50 200 Toxic substances (low) 50 200 Toxic substances (medium) 10 50 Toxic substances (high) 5 20 Toxic substances (very high) 0.2 1 Toxic substances (extreme) 0.001 0.1 Unclassified (Type A) 100 500 Unclassified (Type B) 50 200 Source: RPM of DAO 2003-30, EMB; values are in tons

Table 3.2. Definition of hazardous substance categories Category Description A. Explosives (Reactivity) Risk of an explosion by shock, friction, fire, or other sources of ignition. B. Flammable Flash point range is 21oC to 55oC and capable of supporting Substances combustion. Highly flammable Substances and preparations which may become hot and finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any input of energy, or substances which have a flash point lower than 55oC and which remain liquid under pressure, where particular processing conditions, such as high pressure or high temperature, may create major accident hazards. Extremely flammable Liquid substances and preparations with a flash point <00C and the boiling point (or, in the case of a boiling range, the initial boiling point) of which at normal pressure is <= 350C; gaseous substances and preparations which are flammable when in contact with air at ambient temperature and pressure, whether or not kept in the gaseous or liquid state under pressure; or, liquid substances or preparations maintained at a temperature above their boiling point. C. Oxidizing substances Results in highly exothermic reaction when in contact with other substances, particularly flammable substances. D. Toxic Substances Low, medium, high, very high and extreme toxicity of substances or preparation. E. Unclassified Substances or preparations that react violently with water (Type Substances A), and substances or preparations which release or liberate toxic gas in contact with water (Type B). Source: Annex 2-7e of the RPM DAO 2003-30

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3.2 Information Relating to the Operator and the Establishment The details on the operator (HPI) of the existing Davao cement plant and its proposed expansion is presented in the Project Description. Table 3.3 lists the 20 major substances and mixtures used at the cement plant provided by the operator.

Table 3.3. Mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant No. Mixture/substance No. Mixture/substance Bunker Fuel Oil Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove 1 11 Essential Arnox Stain Off Disinfectant Ammonia solution 25% for analysis 2 12 Emsure Lafarge Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Chloride standard solution traceable to 3 13 SRM from NIST NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Clinker 4 14 Slag 5 Portland Cement 15 Ethanol absolute for analysis Emsure 6 Gypsum (Sparchem) 16 Nitric acid 10 mol/l TitriPur Soil Sample (Pozzolan Petron Diesel Max 7 17 Limestone/Silica) 8 Soil Sample - Portland Cement 18 Silica Gypsum (Lafarge) Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 mol/l (5N) 9 19 Titripur Rust Remover Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove 10 20 Essential Source: Holcim Philippines, Inc.

3.3 Scope of Analysis Employed/Used This section defines the scope and methods of the ERA. The general risk assessment is briefly presented followed by the discussion of the methods and the references used.

3.3.1 General Risk Assessment Process Environmental impacts described in the EIA are thought of as risks with a high probability of occurrence that needs mitigation (ADB, 1991). While the EIS may identify these impacts qualitatively, risk assessment attempts to quantify the consequence and probabilistic element of these impacts.

Generally, risk assessment identifies and assesses the potential risks to human health and safety. It is also intended to assess the proposed safety management schemes that would minimize if not eliminate such hazards and risks. The general risk assessment process is shown in Figure 3.1.

Hazard identification is the first step in the risk assessment process. It involves the identification of all possible events or processes that could lead to disastrous or fatal incidents. It also entails defining the inherent and potential hazards of the substances or materials used, as well as process hazards with a potential to adversely affect project personnel, the public, and the environment.

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Consequence analysis is the second step, involving the estimation and/or assessment of the effects or results of an incident. It uses models beginning with release rates calculations, dispersion and physical effects.

Figure 3.1. Logic diagram of the risk assessment process

Frequency analysis is the third step and may be defined as the estimation of the likelihood of occurrence of the identified hazard.

Risk is the product function of the frequency and consequence analyses.

Risk assessment is defined as the examination, analysis, evaluation, and estimation of an adverse or undesirable event occurring in a given project area which could cause unacceptable impacts or results, expressed as fatalities per million per year.

Risk management encompasses the risk assessment process. It is the logical and systematic method of identifying, analysing, assessing, treating, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or process in a manner that would enable one to minimize losses and maximize opportunities.

Risk is defined as a measure of potential human injury/ death, economic loss, or environmental damage in terms of the probability of the loss, injury/ death or damage occurring and the magnitude of the loss, injury/death or damage if it occurs. It is the product of the calculated consequence of a postulated accident scenario and the probability or frequency of occurrence of such event.

3.3.2 Methodology for the Proposed Project The following were done for the ERA:

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1. Identification of the hazardous substances or mixtures based on the RPM Annex 2-7e categorization and National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA); 2. Presentation of the physical and chemical properties of the hazardous substances or mixtures; 3. Discussion of the hazards associated with storage of these substances or mixtures; and 4. Presentation of emergency guides (if available) for the storage.

3.3.2.1 Identification of hazardous substances A chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties6 (also called a pure substance with a definite chemical composition7). Chemical substances cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Since the definitions in the Table 3.2 cannot be applied to the mixtures at the Holcim cement plant, the NFPA8 704 health, fire, and reactivity hazard categories were used to identify the hazardous mixtures at the cement plant. The NFPA 704 employs a four- color code with BLUE indicating level of health hazard, RED indicating flammability, YELLOW (chemical) reactivity, and WHITE containing special keys for unique hazards. Each of health, flammability and reactivity is rated on a scale from 0 (no hazard; normal substance) to 4 (severe risk).

3.3.2.2 Physical and chemical properties of the hazardous substances and/or mixtures The physical and chemical properties of the identified hazardous mixtures were taken from the MSDS provided by Holcim. Annex 3.1 shows the sample pages of the MSDS used in this section.

3.3.2.3 Hazards associated with the handling and storage of the hazardous substances and/or mixtures The hazards associated with the identified hazardous substances were taken from the MSDS provided by Holcim. Annex 3.1 shows the sample pages of the MSDS used in this section.

3.3.2.4 Safety performance The safety, emergency, and firefighting performance presented were based on the existing protocols implemented at the Holcim plant.

3.4 Hazardous Substance or Situation Present in the Establishment 3.4.1 Identification of the hazardous substances The 20 major substances and mixtures used, handled, and stored at the cement plant were evaluated using the NFPA hazard codes to determine its hazardous nature based on available MSDS provided (Table 3.4). Twenty-three substance and mixtures were considered as hazardous with NFPA ratings of 1 to 3 for all categories (Table 3.5). Substance and mixtures with ratings of three or greater are highlighted in Table 3.5.

6 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). 7 Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p5, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005. 8 The National Fire Protection Association is a U.S. organization (with some international members) charged with creating and maintaining minimum standards and requirements for fire prevention and suppression activities, training, and equipment, as well as other life-safety codes and standards. The NFPA 704 is the standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response.

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3.4.2 Physical and chemical properties of the hazardous mixtures and substance Table 3.6 shows the physical and chemical properties of the mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant. Sample pages of the MSDS used are shown in Error! Reference source not ound..

Table 3.4. NFPA hazard classification of mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant NFPA No. Mixture/Substance H F R SK 1 Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove Essential (a) 3 2 0 2 Ammonia solution 25% for analysis Emsure (b) 3 0 0 3 Arnox Stain Off Disinfectant ND ND ND 4 Bunker Fuel Oil (c) 2 2 0 Chloride standard solution traceable to SRM from NIST 5 1 0 0 NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur (d) 6 Clinker (e) 3 0 0 7 Ethanol absolute for analysis Emsure (f) 2 3 0 8 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (g) 2 0 0 9 Gypsum (Lafarge) (h) 1 0 0 10 Gypsum (Sparchem) (i) 1 0 0 11 Lafarge Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (j) 1 0 0 12 Nitric acid 10 mol/l TitriPur (k) 3 0 1 Ox 13 Petron Diesel Max (l) 2 2 0 14 Portland Cement [m] 3 0 1 15 Rust Remover (n) 2 2 0 16 Silica (o) 4 0 0 17 Soil Sample - Portland Cement ND ND ND 18 Soil Sample (Pozzolan-Limestone/Silica) ND ND ND 19 Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 mol/l (5 N) Titripur (p) 3 0 0 NOTES: ND – no data; H - health hazard; F - fire hazard; R – reactivity hazard; SK – special key; Ox - oxidizes (a) Acetic acid, Science Lab MSDS; (b) Ammonium hydroxide, Science Lab MSDS; (c) 2015 Bunker Fuel Oil, SL Harbor Bulk Terminal Corporation MSDS; (d) Sodium Chloride Solution, 1% (w/v) ScienceLab MSDS; (e) Portland Cement Clinker, Ash Grove MSDS; (f) Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof, Science Lab MSDS; (g) Blast furnace slag, Edward C. Levy Company MSDS; (h) Gypsum, United States Gypsum Company MSDS; (i) Gypsum, United States Gypsum Company MSDS; (j) Coal Ash, Duke Energy MSDS; (k) Nitric Acid, 10% v/v (1+9), Lab Chem MSDS; (l) Petron Diesel Max, Petron Corporation MSDS; (m) Portland Cement, ARGOS MSDS; (n) 2000 Rust Remover, Coastwide Laboratories MSDS; (o) Silica Quartz, New Jersey Dept of Health MSDS; (p) Sulfuric Acid, 5.0N (2.5M) SDS, Lab Chem

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Table 3.5. Potential hazardous substances at the Holcim Plant NFPA NFPA NFPA No. Mixture/Substance No. Mixture/Substance No. Mixture/Substance H F R Acetic acid (glacial) Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove Nitric acid 10 mol/l 1 3 1 100% Emprove 2 1 1 Essential TitriPur Essential Ammonia solution 25% for analysis 2 3 2 Bunker Fuel Oil 2 2 Portland Cement 1 Emsure Ethanol absolute for 3 Bunker Fuel Oil 2 3 3 analysis Emsure Chloride standard solution traceable to 4 SRM from NIST NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l 1 4 Petron Diesel Max 2

Cl CertiPur 5 Clinker 3 5 Rust Remover 2

6 Ethanol absolute for analysis Emsure 2

7 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag 2

8 Gypsum (Lafarge) 1

9 Gypsum (Sparchem) 1

10 Lafarge Fly Ash and Bottom Ash 1

11 Nitric acid 10 mol/l TitriPur 3

12 Petron Diesel Max 2

13 Portland Cement 3

14 Rust Remover 2

15 Silica 4

Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 mol/l (5 N) 16 3 Titripur NOTES: H - health hazard; F - fire hazard; R – reactivity hazard

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Table 3.6. Physical and chemical properties of the mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant Flash Melting Vapor Molecular MW AIT Flammable limits (%) Boiling Point Specific Solubility No. Substance or Mixture Component CAS # Physical state Odor Point Point Pressure formula gravity g/mol oC oC Lower Upper oC oC (in water) mm Hg Bunker Fuel Oil (a) Predominantly consists of ND Black liquid Characteristic of ND ND 90.0 ND ND ND ND ND 0.9793 Insoluble ND aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic petroleum @15oC, hydrocarbons. In general, the products kg/L 1 product is combustible and may contain carcinogenic components. Arnox Stain Off Inorganic Acid; Organic ND Clear & Colorless, Mild ND ND NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.20 -1.28 Soluble ND 2 Disinfectant (b) dicarboxylic Acid; Proprietary liquid Mixtures; Aqueous Solvent Lafarge Fly Ash and Ashes, residues; Quartz ND Gray/black or None ND ND NA NA NA NA > 1000 NA 2 - 2.9 < 5 % NA Bottom Ash (c) brown/tan powder (Slightly) 3 which may contain solidified masses, solid Ground Granulated Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag; ND Gray, tan, or white No distinct odor ND ND NA NA NA NA > 1000 1300- 2.7-3.1 0.1 to NA 4 Blast-Furnace Slag (d) Amorphous silica; Crystalline powder, sand-like, 1350 1.0% Silica (Quartz) solid (Slightly) Portland Cement [e] Hydraulic cement produced by 65997-15-1 Gray, white or Odourless ND ND NA NA NA NA ND >1200 3.15 to ND NA pulverizing Portland cement colored powder, 3.16 5 clinker and usually containing solid calcium sulfate. Gypsum (Sparchem) (f) No Hazardous Ingredients ND Powder or granules. Odourless ND ND NA NA NA NA NA 1559.85 2.96 ND NA 6 Grey. Soil Sample (Pozzolan- Lime (CaO); Silica (Si02); Alumina ND Red, Brown or Odourless ND ND NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.55-2.85 00015 NA 7 Limestone/Silica) (g) (AI203); MgO; Fe + Fe203; grayish grounded mol/l Alkalies materials, solid (25°C) Soil Sample - Portland Tri Calcium Silicates; Di Calcium ND ND ND ND ND NA NA NA NA NA NA ND Slight, ND Cement (h) Silicates; Tri Calcium Aluminates; hardens Tetra Calcium Afuminoferrite; on mixing 8 Free Calcium Oxide; Magnesium with Oxide; Hexavalent Chromium; water Potassium & Sodium Salts; Silica - Crystalline Quartz Gypsum (Lafarge) (i) Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate ND White or off-white, None ND ND NA NA NA NA > 1000 ND 2.3 g/cm3 Negligible NA 9 (gypsum); Calcium Carbonate; solid (powder) Crystalline Silica Rust Remover (j) Potassium Hydroxide; Sodium ND Amber liquid ND ND ND NA NA NA NA 100 ND 1.111 Complete NA 10 Metasilicate; Triethanolamine; Alkyl polyglycoside surfactant Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Acetic acid 64-19-7 Colourless, liquid Stinging CH₃COOH; 60.05 39 NA 4 19.9 116-118 at 17 1.05 g/cm3 602.9 g/l 15.4 hPa at 11 Emprove Essential (k) C₂H₄O₂ (Hill) 1.013 hPa at 20 °C at 25 °C 20 °C Ammonia solution 25% Ammonia solution 1336-21-6 Colourless, liquid Stinging ND ND ND ND 15.4 33.6 37.7 at 1.013 -57.5 0.903 Soluble at 483 hPa at 20 12 for analysis Emsure (l) hPa g/cm3 at 20 20 °C °C °C Chloride standard Aqueous solution ND Colourless, liquid Odourless ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.998 Soluble at ND solution traceable to g/cm3 at 20 20 °C 13 SRM from NIST NaCl in °C H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur (m) Clinker (n) Tri Calcium Silicates; Di Calcium ND Gray, white or Odourless ND ND NA NA NA NA ND >1200 3.5 to 3.16 Slight, NA Silicates; Tri Calcium Aluminates; colored powder, hardens Tetra Calcium Afuminoferrite; solid on mixing 14 Free Calcium Oxide; Magnesium with Oxide; Hexavalent Chromium; water Potassium & Sodium Salts; Silica - Crystalline Quartz 15 Ethanol absolute for Ethanol 64-17-5 Colourless, liquid Alcohol-like C₂H₅OH; C₂H₆O 46.07 12 ND 3.1 27.7 78.3 at 1.013 -114.5 0.790- Completel 59 hPa at 20

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Flash Melting Vapor Molecular MW AIT Flammable limits (%) Boiling Point Specific Solubility No. Substance or Mixture Component CAS # Physical state Odor Point Point Pressure formula gravity g/mol oC oC Lower Upper oC oC (in water) mm Hg analysis Emsure (o) (Hill) hPa 0.793 y miscible °C g/cm3 at 20 at 20 °C °C Nitric acid 10 mol/l Nitric acid 7697-37-2 Colourless, liquid Stinging ND ND ND ND ND ND 120 at 1.013 -28 1.38 g/cm3 Soluble at 9.4 hPa at 20 16 TitriPur (p) hPa at 20 °C 20 °C °C Petron Diesel Max (q) Diesel Fuel; Coconut Methyl Ester ND L1.0 Clear liquid Characteristic of ND ND >60.0 >220 – 0.7 – 5 150-360 at ND 840 at 15oC Insoluble 0.5 mm Hg at 17 petroleum 760mm Hg kg/m3 20 °C

Silica (r) Silica quartz 14808-60-7 Light buff, tan, None SiO2 ND NA NA NA NA 2230 1710 2.65 Insoluble NA 18 gravel-multicolored, Granular solid Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = Sulphuric acid 7664-93-9 Colourless, liquid Odourless ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.15 g/cm3 Soluble at ND 19 2.5 mol/l (5 N) Titripur at 20 °C 20 °C (s) MW – molecular weight; AIT – auto-ignition temperature; ND – no data; D - decomposes References (from Holcim) (a) 2015 Bunker Fuel Oil, SL Harbor Bulk Terminal Corporation MSDS; (b) 2012 Arnox Stain Off Disinfectant, Eagle Star Industrial Corporation MSDS; (c)2015 Lafarge Fly Ash and Bottom Ash, Lafarge North America Inc. SDS; (d) 2005 Ground Granulated Blast- Furnace Slag, Holcim (US) Inc. MSDS; [e] 2013 Portland Cement, Holcim Philippines Inc. MSDS; (f) 2008 Gypsum, Sparchem MSDS; (g) 2016 Soil Sample (Pozzolan-Limestone/Silica), Holcim Philippines Inc. MSDS; (h) Soil Sample - Portland Cement, Holcim Philippines Inc. MSDS; (i) 2011 Gypsum, Lafarge North America Inc. MSDS; (j) 2000 Rust Remover, Coastwide Laboratories MSDS; (k) 2016 Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove Essential, Merck KGaA SDS; (l) 2016 Ammonia solution 25% for analysis Emsure, Merck KGaA SDS; (m) 2012 Chloride standard solution traceable to SRM from NIST NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur, Merck KGaA SDS; (n) 2016 Clinker, Holcim Philippines Inc. SDS; (o) 2016 Ethanol absolute for analysis Emsure, Merck KGaA SDS; (p) 2012 Nitric acid 10 mol/l TitriPur, Merck KGaA SDS; (q) 2015 Petron Diesel Max, Petron Corporation SDS; (r)2017 Silica, Holcim Group of Company MSDS; (s) 2014 Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 mol/l (5 N) Titripur, Merck KGaA SDS

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3.4.3 Physical and chemical properties of the hazardous mixtures and substance The stability and reactivity of the mixtures stored at the warehouse is shown in Table 3.7.

3.4.4 Hazards imposed by the hazardous mixtures and substance The description of the hazards imposed by the substances was presented by its chemical and physical effects upon accidental release and ignition.

3.4.4.1 Emission of potentially hazardous substance (chemical effects) Pathway evaluation considers various routes by which a person could be exposed to the hazard identified. Associated with this is the degree to which the hazards can be directly related to human safety. Figure 3.2 shows the diagram represents the exposure pathway for the listed hazardous mixtures and substances.

The occupational exposure thresholds from different institutions and the routes and health effects due to exposures to the identified hazardous mixtures are shown in Table 3.8 and Table 3.9, respectively.

Figure 3.2.Chemical effect pathway

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Table 3.7. Stability and reactivity properties of mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant Hazardous Hazardous polymerization/ Mixture Stability Conditions to avoid Incompatible materials decomposition/reactivity corrosivity Bunker Fuel Oil Material is normally stable at ND Strong oxidizing agents In case of combustion or thermal Will not occur ambient temperature. decomposition, carbon monoxide and other toxic and irritant fumes may be formed. Arnox Stain Off Stable under normal Avoid strong oxidizing agents. Strong oxidizing agents ND ND Disinfectant conditions Lafarge Fly Ash and ND  Direct sunlight Strong acids, bases, and Hazardous reactions will not occur ND Bottom Ash  Extremely high or low oxidizers under normal conditions. temperatures Ground Granulated Stable. Unintentional contact with Since wet GBFS or GGBFS is  Will not spontaneously occur Will not occur Blast-Furnace Slag water or acids alkaline, it is incompatible with  Adding water produces (caustic) acids, ammonium salts, and calcium hydroxide as a result of aluminum metal. hydration Portland Cement ND ND ND ND ND Gypsum (Sparchem) Stable. ND ND ND Will not occur Soil Sample (Pozzolan ND ND ND ND ND Limestone/Silica) Soil Sample - Portland ND ND ND ND ND Cement Gypsum (Lafarge) Stable. Avoid contact with Gypsum is incompatible with Decomposes to sulfur oxide and None incompatible materials acids. Gypsum contains silicates calcium oxide above 1450oC which may react with powerful oxidizers such as fluorine, boron trifluoride, chlorine triflouride, manganese trifluoride and oxygen difluoride Rust Remover Stable. None known None known None known Will not occur Acetic acid (glacial) Chemically stable under Temperatures < 17 °C Various metals  Development of hazardous ND 100% Emprove standard ambient conditions Heating combustion gases or vapours Essential (room temperature) possible in the event of fire  Fire may cause evolution of acetic acid vapours.  Vapor/air-mixtures are explosive at intense warming.  Risk of explosion with peroxi

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Hazardous Hazardous polymerization/ Mixture Stability Conditions to avoid Incompatible materials decomposition/reactivity corrosivity compounds, perchloric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, phosphorus halides, hydrogen peroxide, chromium (VI) oxide, potassium permanganate, Peroxides, Strong oxidizing agents  Risk of ignition or formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: Metals, Iron, Zinc, magnesium, Mild steel  Possible formation of hydrogen gas  Violent reactions possible with: strong alkalis, anhydrides, Aldehydes, alkali hydroxides, non-metallic halides, ethanolamine,  Acetaldehyde, Alcohols, halogen-halogen compounds, chlorosulfonic acid, chromosulfuric acid, Potassium hydroxide, and nitric acid Ammonia solution Ammonia solution itself is not Heating Aluminium, Lead, Nickel, silver,  A risk of explosion and/or of ND 25% for analysis flammable, but can form an Zinc, Copper, metal alloys, toxic gas formation with the Emsure ignitable ammonia/air-mixture various metals following substances: Oxidizing by outgassing. agents, Mercury, Oxygen, silver compounds, nitrogen trichloride, hydrogen peroxide, silver, antimony hydride, halogens, Acids, Calcium, Chlorine, Chlorites, auric salts, perchlorates, sodium hypochlorite, mercury compounds, halogen oxides Heavy metals, Heavy metal salts, Acid chlorides, Acid anhydrides  Risk of ignition or formation of

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Hazardous Hazardous polymerization/ Mixture Stability Conditions to avoid Incompatible materials decomposition/reactivity corrosivity inflammable gases or vapours with: Boranes, Boron, Oxides of phosphorus, Nitric acid, silicon compounds, chromium(VI) oxide,  chromyl chloride  Exothermic reaction with:  Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Barium, boron compounds, Bromine, halogen-halogen compounds, hydrogen bromide, silane, Hydrogen chloride gas, halogen compounds, dimethylsulfate, nitrogen oxides, Fluorine, Hydrogen fluoride, chlorates, carbon dioxide  Ethylene oxide polymerisable Chloride standard Chemically stable under ND ND Violent reactions possible ND solution traceable to standard ambient conditions partners of water SRM from NIST NaCl (room temperature) in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur Clinker ND ND ND ND ND Ethanol absolute for Chemically stable under Warming Rubber, various plastics  Vapours may form explosive ND analysis Emsure standard ambient conditions mixture with air. (room temperature)  Risk of explosion/exothermic reaction with: hydrogen peroxide, perchlorates, perchloric acid, Nitric acid, mercury(II) nitrate, permanganic acid, Nitriles, peroxi compounds, Strong oxidizing agents, nitrosyl compounds, Peroxides, sodium, Potassium, halogen oxides, calcium hypochlorite, nitrogen dioxide, metallic oxides, uranium hexafluoride, iodides,

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Hazardous Hazardous polymerization/ Mixture Stability Conditions to avoid Incompatible materials decomposition/reactivity corrosivity Chlorine, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, alkali oxides, Ethylene oxide silver, with Nitric acid, silver compounds, with Ammonia potassium permanganate, with conc. sulfuric acid  Risk of ignition or formation of inflammable gases or vapours with: halogen-halogen compounds, chromium(VI) oxide, chromyl chloride, Fluorine, hydrides, Oxides of phosphorus, platinum, Nitric acid, with potassium permanganate Nitric acid 10 mol/l Chemically stable under Heating  Cellulose, Metals  Strong oxidizing agent ND TitriPur standard ambient conditions  Contact with metals may lead  Risk of ignition or formation of (room temperature) to the formation of nitrous inflammable gases or vapours gases and hydrogen with: Organic combustible substances, oxidizable substances, organic solvent, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, anhydrides, amines, anilines, organic nitro compounds, hydrazine and derivatives, acetylidene, metals, metal alloys, metallic oxides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonia, alkalines, acids, hydrides, halogens, halogen compounds, nonmetallic oxides, nonmetallic halides, nonmetallic hydrogen compounds, nonmetals, phosphides, nitrides, lithium silicide, hydrogen peroxide, nitriles, arsenic,

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Hazardous Hazardous polymerization/ Mixture Stability Conditions to avoid Incompatible materials decomposition/reactivity corrosivity arsenic hydride, antimony hydride, antimony, boron, fluorine, hydrogen halides Petron Diesel Max Material is stable under Open flames and high energy Halogens, Strong Acids, Strong Material does not decompose at Will not occur normal conditions. ignition sources. Bases, Strong oxidizers ambient temperatures. Silica Stable. None Strong Oxidizing Agents, such as Silica will dissolve in hydrofluoric Will not occur fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, acid and produce a corrosive gas – hydrogen fluoride, and oxygen silicon tetrafluoride. trifluoride Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) Chemically stable under Strong heating Animal/ vegetable tissues  Strong oxidizing agent ND = 2.5 mol/l (5N) standard ambient conditions (decomposition) Contact with metals liberates  Violent reactions possible with: Titripur (room temperature) hydrogen gas Water, Alkali metals, alkali compounds, Ammonia, Aldehydes, acetonitrile, Alkaline earth metals, alkalines, Acids, alkaline earth compounds, Metals, metal alloys, Oxides of phosphorus, phosphorus, hydrides, halogen-halogen compounds, oxyhalogenic compounds, permanganates, nitrates, carbides, combustible substances, organic solvent, acetylidene, Nitriles, organic nitro compounds, anilines, Peroxides, picrates, nitrides, lithium silicide, iron(III) compounds, bromates, chlorates, Amines, perchlorates, hydrogen peroxide Source: same MSDS in Table 3.6 ND – no data

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Table 3.8.Occupational exposure limits of mixtures and substances at the Holcim plant No. Mixture/ Substance Component Exposure limits OSHA PEL NIOSH REL ACGIH TLV-TWA 1 Bunker Fuel Oil The product predominantly consists of aliphatic, alicyclic ND ND Aromatic and aliphatic compounds, 100 and aromatic hydrocarbons. In general, the product is ppm(TWA); Oil mists, 5mg/m3 combustible and may contain carcinogenic components. 2 Arnox Stain Off Disinfectant Inorganic Acid; Organic dicarboxylic Acid; Proprietary Mixtures; Inorganic Acid, 5 ppm; Organic dicarboxylic Acid, 1 ppm ND Inorganic Acid, 5 ppm; Organic dicarboxylic Acid, 1 Aqueous Solvent ppm 3 3 Lafarge Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Ashes, residues; Quartz Quartz, 250 mppcf/%SiO2+5, 10mg/m /%SiO2+2 Quartz, 0.05 mg/m³ (respirable dust) Quartz, 0.025 mg/m³ (respirable fraction) 4 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag; Amorphous silica; Crystalline Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, 15 mg/m3 (total dust), Crystalline Silica (Quartz), 0.05 mg/m3 Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, 10 mg/m3 (total Silica (Quartz) 5mg/m3 (respirable dust); Amorphous silica, 80 mg/m3 (respirable quartz) dust); 3mg/m3 (respirable /(percent silica); Crystalline Silica (Quartz), 10 mg/m3 dust); Amorphous silica, 10 mg/m3; Crystalline (respirable dust) /(percent silica + 2), 30 mg/m3 (total Silica (Quartz), 0.10 mg/m3 (respirable quartz) dust) /(percent silica + 2) 5 Portland Cement Hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing Portland cement ND ND ND clinker and usually containing calcium sulfate. 6 Gypsum (Sparchem) No Hazardous Ingredients ND ND ND 7 Soil Sample (Pozzolan-Limestone/Silica) Lime (CaO); Silica (Si02); Alumina (AI203); MgO; Fe + Fe203; ND ND ND Alkalies 8 Soil Sample - Portland Cement Tri Calcium Silicates; Di Calcium Silicates; Tri Calcium ND ND ND Aluminates; Tetra Calcium Afuminoferrite; Free Calcium Oxide; Magnesium Oxide; Hexavalent Chromium; Potassium & Sodium Salts; Silica - Crystalline Quartz 9 Gypsum (Lafarge) Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (gypsum); Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (gypsum), 15(t), 5(r); Calcium ND Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (gypsum), 10 (t); Crystalline Silica Carbonate, 15(t), 5(r); Crystalline Silica, [(10)/(%SiO2+2)] Calcium Carbonate, 3 (r), 10 (t); Crystalline Silica, (r), [(30)/(%SiO2+2)] (t) 0.025 (r); 10 Rust Remover Potassium Hydroxide; Sodium Metasilicate; Triethanolamine; Potassium Hydroxide, 2 mg/m3 ND Potassium Hydroxide, 2 mg/m3 Alkyl polyglycoside surfactant 11 Acetic acid (glacial) 100% Emprove Essential Acetic acid ND ND ND 12 Ammonia solution 25% for analysis Emsure Ammonia solution ND ND ND 13 Chloride standard solution traceable to SRM from NIST Aqueous solution ND ND ND NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur 14 Clinker Tri Calcium Silicates; Di Calcium Silicates; Tri Calcium ND ND ND Aluminates; Tetra Calcium Afuminoferrite; Free Calcium Oxide; Magnesium Oxide; Hexavalent Chromium; Potassium & Sodium Salts; Silica - Crystalline Quartz 15 Ethanol absolute for analysis Emsure Ethanol ND ND ND 16 Nitric acid 10 mol/l TitriPur Nitric acid ND ND ND 17 Petron Diesel Max Diesel Fuel; Coconut Methyl Ester ND ND Diesel Fuel, 100 mg/m3 18 Silica SilicaQuartz SilicaQuartz, 10mg/m3 SilicaQuartz, 0.05mg/m3 (10-Hour TWA) SilicaQuartz, 0.05mg/m3(8-Hour TWA) 19 Sulfuric acid c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 mol/l (5 N) Titripur Sulphuric acid ND ND ND Source: same MSDS in Table 3.6; ND – no data; ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health; OSHA - U.S. Occupational Safety & Health Administration; PEL - Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA); REL - Recommended Exposure Limit, 10hr TWA (NIOSH); TLV - Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH); TWA - Time Weighted Average (8 hr); STEL - short term exposure limit

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Table 3.9.Routes of exposure and effects of the mixtures and substances at the Holcim Davao plant Route of exposure Mixture Eye Skin Ingestion Inhalation Bunker Fuel Oil May cause eye irritation Prolonged or repeated contact Accidental ingestion can lead to vomiting  The hydrogen sulphide content in trace levels can upon direct contact causes defatting and dermatitis and aspiration into the lungs resulting to be liberated into the vapor phase above the liquid chemical pneumonitis that can be fata where it can reach potentially hazardous concentrations.  Prolonged exposure to vapors or oil mists may lead to chronic inflammatory reaction of the lungs and a form of pulmonary fibrosis. Arnox Stain Off  Hazardous in case of eye Hazardous in case of skin  Hazardous in case of contact by  Hazardous in case of contact by inhalation Disinfectant contact contact ingestion  Mist or vapor inhalation to the nose, throat, and  May cause redness, pain, May cause skin irritation,  May cause sore throat, abdominal upper respiratory tract blurred vision, eye redness and burns pain, nausea, and severe burns of the  Severe exposure can lead to a chemical burns, and permanent mouth, throat, and stomach pneumonitis eye damage  Severe exposure can lead to shock, and circulatory collapse. Lafarge Fly Ash  Causes eye irritation.  Ash may cause dry skin, Ingestion is likely to be harmful or have  May cause respiratory irritation and Bottom Ash  Symptoms may include discomfort, and irritation. adverse effects  Contains crystalline silica redness, pain, swelling, Dust may cause irritation in  Prolonged or repeated inhalation of respirable itching, burning, tearing, skin folds or by contact in crystalline silica can cause silicosis, a seriously and blurred vision. combination with tight disabling and fatal lung disease clothing. Ground  Exposure to airborne  Exposure to dry GBFS or Small quantities of dust are not harmful; ill  Prolonged exposure to respirable free crystalline Granulated dust may cause GGBFS may cause drying of effects possible if larger quantities are silica can aggravate other lung conditions and Blast-Furnace immediate or delayed the skin with consequent mild consumed. GBFS or GGBFS should not be cause silicosis, a disabling and potentially fatal lung Slag irritation or irritation or more significant eaten. disease and/or other diseases inflammation effects attributable to  Exposure to GBFS or GGBFS may cause irritation to  Eye contact with larger aggravation of other the moist mucous membranes of the nose, throat, amounts of dry powder conditions and upper respiratory system or splashes of these wet  Dry GBFS or GGBFS contacting  May also leave unpleasant deposits in the nose materials may cause wet skin or exposure to moist effects ranging from or wet GBFS or GGBFS may moderate eye irritation cause thickening, cracking or to chemical burns and fissuring of the skin blindness  Prolonged exposure can cause severe skin damage in the form of (caustic) chemical

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Route of exposure Mixture Eye Skin Ingestion Inhalation burns Portland Cement  Acute or chronic  Acute exposure may cause (Acute/Chronic) Internal discomfort or ill Acute exposure is irritating to the nose, throat and exposure to airborne drying of the skin with effects are possible if large quantities are respiratory tract causing coughing and sneezing dust may cause consequent mild irritation or swallowed immediate or delayed more significant effects irritation or attributable to aggravation of inflammation of the other conditions cornea  Chronic exposure on wet skin  Eye contact by larger or wet portland cement may amounts of dry powder cause thickening, cracking or or splashes of wet fissuring of the skin. Portland cement may Prolonged exposure can cause cause effects ranging severe skin damage in the from moderate eye form of chemical (caustic) irritation to chemical burns. burns and blindness  May cause an allergic response to exposure that includes mild rashes to severe skin ulcers Gypsum Mild irritant Not Applicable ND Mild irritant at high concentrations (Sparchem) Soil Sample  Exposure to airborne Direct contact may cause Ill effects possible for ingestion of large  Prolonged exposure to respirable free silica can (Pozzolan- dust may cause irritation by mechanical quantities aggravate other lung conditions and cause silicosis. Limestone/Silica) immediate or delayed abrasion.  Exposure may cause irritation to the moist mucous irritation or membrane of the nose, throat, and upper inflammation respiratory system  Eye contact by larger  May also leave unpleasant deposits in the nose amounts of dry powder or splashes of wet dust may cause moderate eye irritation to corneal abrasions. Soil Sample - ND ND ND ND Portland Cement Gypsum  Airborne dust may cause May cause dry skin, discomfort Ingestion of large quantities can cause  Acute: May cause nose, throat or lung irritation, (Lafarge) immediate or delayed and irritation obstruction causing pain and distress in the including choking, depending on the degree of irritation or digestive tract exposure

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Route of exposure Mixture Eye Skin Ingestion Inhalation inflammation.  Chronic exposure: May cause silicosis  Contact with large  Carcinogenicity: Gypsum is not listed as carcinogen amounts can cause by IARC or NTP; however, gypsum contains trace moderate eye irritation, amounts of crystalline silica and hexavalent redness, and abrasions chromium that are classified by IARC and NTP as human carcinogens  Autoimmune Disease: Some studies showed that exposure to respirable crystalline silica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis may be associated with the increase incidence of several autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma (thickening of the skin), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and diseases affecting the kidneys.  Tuberculosis: Silicosis increases the risk of tuberculosis  Renal Disease: Some studies showed an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica Rust Remover Direct contact may cause  Direct contact may cause May cause irritation to mouth, throat or ND severe irritation. severe irritation stomach Prolonged or repeated  Prolonged or repeated contact contact may cause redness may cause redness and burns and burns Acetic acid Risk of corneal clouding Irritation and corrosion Gastric spasms, Nausea, Vomiting Bronchitis, Shortness of breath, Circulatory collapse, (glacial) 100% and blindness shock Emprove Essential Ammonia Risk of blindness Irritation and corrosion Gastric pain, unconsciousness, Bronchitis, Cough, Shortness of breath, Collapse, solution 25% for bloody vomiting, nausea shock, Convulsions, Lung oedema, death analysis Emsure Chloride ND ND ND ND standard solution traceable to SRM from NIST

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Route of exposure Mixture Eye Skin Ingestion Inhalation NaCl in H2O 1000mg/l Cl CertiPur Clinker  (Acute/Chronic)  (Acute) Exposure may cause (Acute/Chronic) Internal discomfort or ill (Acute) Exposure is irritating to the nose, throat and Exposure to airborne drying of the skin with effects are possible if large quantities are respiratory tract causing coughing and sneezing dust may cause consequent mild irritation or swallowed immediate or delayed more significant effects irritation or attributable to aggravation of inflammation of the other conditions cornea.  (Chronic) Dry clinker in contact  Eye contact by larger with wet skin or exposure to amounts of dry powder wet clinker may cause or splashes of wet thickening, cracking or Clinker may cause eye fissuring of the skin. Prolonged irritation to chemical exposure can cause severe burns and blindness skin damage in the form of chemical (caustic) burns.  (Acute/Chronic) May exhibit an allergic response upon exposure from a mild rash to severe skin ulcers Ethanol absolute Irritant effects Irritant effects Nausea, vomiting, inebriation Respiratory paralysis, dizziness, narcosis, euphoria for analysis Emsure Nitric acid 10 Risk of blindness Irritation and corrosion  Methaemoglobinaemia after intake of Cough, Shortness of breath mol/l TitriPur Irritation large quantities  Bloody vomiting, death Petron Diesel Irritating to the eyes ND May cause chemical pneumonitis or  Irritating to the respiratory tract Max pulmonary edema  May cause headaches and dizziness  Anaesthetic and may have other central nervous system effects Silica May cause abrasion of the May cause abrasion to skin No known health effect  Can cause chronic silicosis cornea  Classified as carcinogenic to humans  Associated with the increased incidence of several autoimmune disorders  Increases the risk of tuberculosis

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Route of exposure Mixture Eye Skin Ingestion Inhalation Sulfuric acid  Causes serious eye Mixture causes severe burns  Severe pain (risk of perforation), nausea, Damage to the affected mucous membranes c(H₂SO₄) = 2.5 damage vomiting and diarrhea mol/l (5 N)  Risk of blindness  Possible pyloric stenosis after a latency Titripur period of several weeks

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3.4.4.2 Occurrence of an environmental hazard (physical effects) Pathway evaluation will consider various routes by which persons could be exposed to the hazards identified. Associated with this is the degree to which the hazards can be directly related to human safety. The physical pathway diagram is shown in Figure 3.3Error! Reference source ot found..

Figure 3.3. Physical effect pathway

The two main types of physical hazards that may occur are fires and explosions caused by the accidental release of the stored mixtures or substances. These hazards can arise from the handling, storage, and use of large quantities of flammable materials.

 Fires are caused when flammable materials are ignited exposing people and materials to heat. The intensity of heat is known to decrease rapidly proportional to distance from the open flame.

 Explosions occur when flammable vapors and gases are ignited or when flammable substances are released at high temperatures and elevated pressures. The effects of explosions include the shock wave which is the sudden increase of high pressure into the surroundings.

Effects of exposure to thermal radiation from fires The physiological effect of fire on humans depends on the rate at which heat is transferred from the fire to the person, and the time the person is exposed to the fire. Even short-term exposure to high heat flux levels may be fatal. This situation could occur when persons wearing ordinary clothes are inside a flammable vapor cloud (defined by the lower flammable limit) when it is ignited. Persons located outside a flammable cloud when it is ignited will be exposed to much lower heat flux levels. If the person is far enough from the edge of the flammable cloud, the heat flux will be incapable of causing fatal injuries, regardless of exposure time. Receptors closer to the cloud, but not within it, will be able to take action to protect themselves (e.g., moving farther away as the flames approach, or seeking shelter inside structures or behind solid objects).

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3.5 Safety Management System of the Establishment 3.5.1 Occupational Health and Safety Policy The Holcim Philippines, Inc. (HPI) is committed in developing a positive, participative, professional, and proactive safety culture at the plant as reflected in their OH&S policy below with the goal of achieving zero harm to employees, contractors, suppliers and visitors.

“We provide healthy and safe workplaces by striving for zero harm to our employees, contractors, and visitors. We apply OH&S standards and guidelines, provide the necessary resources and training, and measure performance.”

In order to achieve it safety goal, the HPI has instituted the appropriate structures and developed a culture where compromise on health and safety is not tolerated. Activities implemented to achieve its safety goal are a) continuous monitoring and improvement of OH&S performance, b) motivate people by constant communication about health and safety, and c) implementing suitable corrective actions for identified risks.

To maintain the safety culture at all levels of the HPI plant, all managers, supervisors, and coordinators are accountable for establishing and maintaining the highest OH&S standards in their areas. Not only is every employee accountable for their own health and safety but also a duty to correct anyone observed acting in unsafe ways. Health and safety is not about blame but is a team activity aiming at saving lives and minimizing harm. Personnel are required to in a healthy and safety manner, follow all OH&S rules and standard working procedures, participate in OH&S trainings and meetings, and identify, correct and report all incidents, hazards, unsafe conditions and acts.

To achieve this commitment and develop this culture, the plant implements the Holcim Philippines OH&S Management Framework (OHSMF). The purpose of the OHSMF is to document the HPI structured approach to manage OH&S issues and activities, assist in the implementation, maintenance and improvement to achieve best practice and performance, assist compliance to the Philippine Mining, Health & Safety legislation, Holcim OH&S Standards, ISO and OHSAS requirements.

The OHSMF details the requirements based on the Holcim Safety Standard (pyramid) and the Fatality Prevention Elements (FPE’s). The purpose of the Safety Pyramid, its elements (blocks) and associated documentation is to indicate the key requirements within each of these elements for establishing “accepted good practice” in OH&S Management System performance. The Pyramid provides an OH&S Management System capable of delivering healthy and safe workplaces. The OHS Pyramid Elements standards adopted and implemented by HPI at the plant are:

1. Roles responsibilities & 11. Information & reporting accountabilities 2. Hazardous work activities 12. Safe working procedures 3. Hazard identification & risk 13. Inspection & testing assessment 4. Planned inspections 14. Design safety 5. Legal obligations 15. Audit & system improvement 6. Management commitment & planning 16. Occupational rehabilitation 7. Induction & training 17. Procurement 8. Incident investigation & corrective 18. Management of changes action 9. Industrial hygiene & monitoring 19. Health & wellness

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10. Employee communication & 20. Information & reporting involvement

3.5.2 Trainings Conducted The HPI has been regularly conducting trainings to its employees and contractors. Examples of training modules are on Oil Spill Response, Oil Spill Handling, Oil Spill Kit Orientation, and RA 6969 Annex 3.2 shows sample pages of the attendance sheets of the trainings conducted.

3.5.3 Emergency Response Procedures The HPI is implementing an Emergency Preparedness & Response (EPR) protocol as part of its Integrated Management System to provide guidance for responding during emergencies. The procedure was intended to provide a standard sequence of actions in identifying, notifying, responding, assessing, and recovering emergencies with clear and concise communication processes throughout each phase. Examples of the EPR implemented at the Davao plant are:

a) Emergency Response Manual (Annex 3.3) b) Material, Oil, Chemical gas Leaks (Annex 3.4) c) Oil Spill Response (Annex 3.5) d) Guidelines on Maintenance of Oil and Grease (Annex 3.6)

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4.0 IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN An Impact Management Plan (IMP) is formulated to address the potential adverse impacts of the project discussed in Section 2.0. Summarized in Table 4.1 are specific management measures which shall serve as a guideline to ensure that the environmental requirements of the project are met. The indicated programs can be updated during the monitoring of the perceived project impacts.

As the project is a modification of the existing process, the management/mitigating measures being implemented by Holcim-Davao shall also be included in Table 4.1 with some minor additional programs.

4.1 Land Resources The impact on land will be minimal as the proposed modification will utilize the existing open areas. Potential impact includes generation of solid wastes that shall be addressed through strict implementation of a Solid Waste Management Program that conforms with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003). During construction, workers shall be required to practice good housekeeping and waste segregation.

4.2 Water Resources During the construction phase, the proposed project may alter the existing quality of nearby water bodies due to the generation of silted runoff from the construction area. Surface run-offs shall be addressed by enclosing the construction areas and maintaining the existing drainage canals and siltation ponds. Diversion canals redirect runoffs thus avoiding transport to nearby water bodies such as Ilang River and Davao Gulf.

Accidental oil spill may occur during the construction and operations phase and this shall be addressed by formulating an oil spill contingency plan.

Vessels and ships used in the transport of bulk materials shall comply with housekeeping rules and shall be prohibited from dumping wastes and discharging bilge water. These rules shall be enforced with strict penalty system and shall be included in the supplier’s contract.

4.3 Air Quality During the construction phase, dust generation due to the transport of construction materials and use of heavy equipment may alter the air quality. Thus, a speed limit shall be imposed to avoid stirring of dust particles. Regular sprinkling of water within the construction area shall be conducted as necessary while delivery trucks shall be covered with tarpaulin.

There will also be an increase in ambient noise level during the construction phase. If possible, construction works shall be limited during daytime only. Regular maintenance of motor vehicles and equipment and establishment of a perimeter may help reduce both dust and noise level.

During the operations phase, air pollution due to kiln operation is expected. Thus, Holcim-Davao shall operate the necessary pollution control devices such as the Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). The other source of air pollutants shall be addressed according to the mitigating measures listed in Table 4.1.

4.4 People Significant negative social impacts include population influx resulting to social tensions and impacts relating to health and safety. These shall be addressed by implementing a policy on

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Table 4.1. Impact Management Plan Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected Construction Phase  Rehabilitation of Land Generation of solid  Strict implementation of solid waste Holcim-Davao Part of Environmental Cement Mill#2 and hazardous waste management plan Environmental construction Management  Installation of 2  Commission third part hazardous Management cost Program Ecohoppers with waste transporter/treater Office/ Contractor mobile conveyor Water Generation of  Enclose the construction area Holcim-Davao Part of Environmental  Installation of contaminated runoff  Install sandboxes and oil and water Environmental construction Management Belt Conveyor coming from the separator along the drainage canals Management cost Program Systems to construction area  Regular maintenance of the Office/ Contractor transport drainage canals materials from Accidental oil spill  Develop and implement an oil spill Holcim-Davao Part of Environmental jetty to the plant contingency plan; Environmental construction Management area  Install spill booms Management cost Program  Installation of a  Continuous training of personnel Office, Safety and second transport involved/ ensure that the workers Health Office/ pipe (i.e. to provided by the contractor are Contractor increase the trained and competent existing cement Air Air pollution from  Dust suppression in active Holcim-Davao / Part of  MOA with EPC in-loading fugitive dust during construction areas Contractors construction Contractor capacity) ground clearing  Compacting of exposed soil costs  Include in MMT  Reconstruction operations and  Provision of tarpaulin cover on manual of of Cement Silo structure erection. trucks transporting construction operations #5 materials

 Immediate hauling of spoils  Impose speed restrictions Air pollution from  Regular maintenance of heavy Holcim-Davao / Part of  MOA with EPC heavy equipment and equipment and motor vehicles Contractors construction Contractor standby power costs  Include in MMT generators emissions manual of operations Noise from  Regular maintenance of motor Holcim-Davao / Part of  MOA with EPC

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected construction activities vehicle Contractors construction Contractor  Provision of barriers and shielding costs  Include in MMT stationary vibrating equipment manual of  Proper scheduling of noisy activities operations during day time People Creation of  Set-up local labor desk in the Holcim-Davao Included in Human Resource employment barangay in order to identify local Human Resources project cost Program opportunities labor pool Office (HRO) and Corporate Social  Implementation of skills Community Responsibility (CSR)  Availability of development program to ensure Relations Office Program unskilled and semi- support to local population in (CRO) skilled work obtaining employment Barangay LGU opportunities for opportunities TESDA the construction works. Population influx  Implement policy on preferential Holcim-Davao Included in Human Resource resulting to social hiring of locals from the impact HRO, CRO, and project cost Program tensions (In barangay Security Office Corporate Social Migration)  Prioritization of hiring of qualified - Barangay/City Responsibility (CSR) personnel from host barangay. LGU (BPSO and Program  The creation of  Provide assistance to the barangay Local Police) Security Program employment to ensure efficient and effective opportunities may delivery of social services also result to in-  Provide assistance to the Local migration, Government to meet housing contributing to the backlogs for informal settlement. existing population  Proper induction of construction growth rate of the workers to prevent occurrence of barangays. This peace and order problems or may also prevent security breaches. barangay residents  Coordination with the Barangay to leave the area to Councils, Barangay Peace and search for Security Officers (BPSO) as well as

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected employment with the Local Police. opportunities  Provide assistance to the Barangay outside the on maintenance of peace and order. barangay,  Restriction of hours of activity decreasing the rate  Implementation of EMP of out-migration.  Increase in population may result to overuse of public utilities/services and competition on the use of resources.  Proliferation of informal settlements may also happen.  Maintenance of peace and order may also be a concern. Health and Safety  Implement Safety and Health Holcim-Davao Included in Occupational Safety Impacts Programs for the workers and Safety and Health project cost and Health Program  Noise and dust impact communities to reduce or Office and CRO Community Safety generation as well avoid health and safety risks Barangay/City and Health Projects as the increase  Strict compliance on the proper Health Office through CSR traffic may wearing of Personal Protective Local office of Program negatively impact Equipment (PPE) for workers Department of the health and  Provide assistance to the Barangays Labor and safety of workers on the delivery of efficient and Employment and community effective healthcare services. residents  Establishment of buffer zone

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected  Regular water spraying  Implementation of Environmental Management Plan Increase in business  Coordination with Barangay and Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program opportunities Municipal LGUs to ensure proper CRO project cost  Influx of population zoning of business area, peace and Barangay/ and construction order, sanitation, and solid waste Municipal LGU activities will management (Business Permit increase demand  Explore possibilities to include and Licensing for goods and training opportunities for Office) services. Increase developing business / livelihood in income-earning opportunities that cater to needs of opportunities will the population also increase  Provide assistance in establishing spending potential, livelihood projects providing opportunities for supply of services, indirectly increasing the overall wealth of the area Increase in traffic  Proper scheduling of construction Holcim-Davao Included in Community Safety hazards materials delivery trucks to avoid Safety and Health project cost and Health Projects  Construction traffic congestion Office, through Safety and activities will lead  Ensure proper parking area for Engineering Health and CSR to a significant hauling and delivery trucks and Office and CRO Program increase in ensure compliance. Proper vehicular traffic. orientation on haulers must always This will add up on be conducted. Violators must be the current volume reprimanded. of hauling trucks  Implement Traffic Management passing along the Plan with the Barangay/City LGUs

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected road including installation of traffic signs and additional traffic aids to avoid road accidents Generation of  Ensure suppliers and service Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program additional revenue providers payment of required CRO and project cost for the Local payment of taxes and fees Procurement Government  Ensure prompt and timely payment Office  Introduction of of local taxes and fees due to Holcim Finance new economic Holcim-Davao Office opportunities and establishment of new businesses will increase revenue collection of the LGUs from taxes and fees Operation Phase Activities at the Marine Water Accidental oil spill  Develop and implement an oil spill Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental Port contingency plan Environmental operating Management  Install spill booms Management cost Program  Continuous training of personnel Office  Impose a policy of no shipboard waste disposal Potential sediment  Maintenance of existing siltation Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental intrusion in coastal ponds Environmental operating Management waters  Conduct annual coral reef Management cost Program  Increased seawater monitoring and fish visual census Office turbidity and  Investigation on the propagation of decrease in seagrass communities in the reef photosynthesis, flat will be undertaken and affecting fish and implemented in technically feasible plankton grazing  Enhancement of mangrove growth  There are no and abundance in the Ilang River

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected significant coral estuary will be supported in colonies, seagrass coordination with CENRO where beds, mangroves in they are feasible the immediate primary impact area of the project in front of the jetty complex.  Loss of portions of the few remaining coral colonies that nurture fisheries and biodiversity values (secondary impact area only)  Loss of bivalve veligers and other benthos  Increased turbidity where some sediments may settle into coral colonies and suffocate polyps leading to additional mortality (secondary impact area) Noise pollution can  Noise reduction measures will be Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental be carried away adopted and maintained Environmental operating Management beyond the port area  Support the establishment of Management cost Program  Altered fish environmentally suitable fish Office population shelters in collaboration with BFAR

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected structure as some species will seek to evade areas of noise generation; loss of fisheries productivity Potential increase in  Waste management in all aspects of Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental domestic wastes (due project operation will be Environmental operating Management to increased human implemented forcefully. Management cost Program inhabitation of the  Human traffic in inter-tidal area will Office port complex area) be restricted and managed to  Marine pollution if ensure very little disturbance to domestic natural processes. wastewaters reach coastal sea leading to loss of fish and invertebrate habitats and nutrient loading in shallow waters. Fugitive organic  HAB monitoring will be undertaken Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental wastes intensified by periodically. Environmental operating Management municipal  All drainage water shall be filtered Management cost Program wastewaters can through a series of filtering devices. Office, CRO trigger algal blooms  Collaboration with the municipal  PSP in shellfish government to enable adoption of populations and clean practices and domestic waste health hazards to management. consumers Disruption to benthic  No additional permanent structures Holcim-Davao Part of the Work Program and in-faunal shall be set in areas contiguous to Engineering operating population of the port, in the jetty itself or inter- Office cost mollusks due to tidal areas near the port complex.

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected alteration of inter- Alterations in the wharf area will be tidal zone contiguous kept to the minimum. All temporary to the port complex structures will be removed structures to further immediately. accommodate human and cargo access by sea  Loss of commercially important macroinvertebrate/ bivalve stocks Potential oil pollution  There are no coral colonies in the Holcim-Davao Part of Environmental due to increase sea berthing docks or in coastal waters Environmental operating Management vessel traffic where ship maneuvering is Management cost Program/Emergency  Slicks may reach projected to occur. Office, Safety and Response coral reefs leading  Policy of no shipboard waste Health Office Preparedness to loss of species disposal will be rigidly enforced. Program and associated  An oil spill mitigating plan (part of demersal fish (in the disaster risk reduction and secondary impact mitigation program) will be area only) adopted. Inadvertent  Clear and forceful policy on Holcim-Davao Part of Environmental introduction of exotic management of ballast water Environmental operating Management species through discharge supported by monitoring Management cost Program/Emergency disposal of ballast schemes Office Response water (increase in sea Preparedness level traffic) Program  Alteration of the marine species trophic level; potential loss of key prey

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected Activities/Daily Water Generation of silted  Maintenance and regular desilting Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental operations of the runoff from the dusts of drainage canals Environmental operating Management cement plant washed out from the  Installation of silt traps or sand Management cost Program roads boxes along the canals Office  Installation and regular replacement of dust arresting bag filters to minimize the dusts along the roads Land/Water Generation of solid  Monitoring of waste generated by Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental wastes the project, use appropriate storage Environmental operating Management containers especially for hazardous Management cost Program wastes to prevent any leakage or Office spill  Disposal and treatment of hazardous waste through DENR accredited transporter/treater  Implement waste segregation, provide adequate trash bins at the site Air Air pollution from kiln  Proper operation of the ESP Holcim Part of the Include in MMT operation  Installation, proper operation, and Environmental operating manual of maintenance of the CEMS Management cost operations  Regular and proper monitoring at Office the off-site ambient air quality monitors  Conduct validation air dispersion modelling Air pollution (SOx,  Regular maintenance of standby Holcim Part of the Include in MMT NOx, CO, and generators Environmental operating manual of particulates) from  Regular compacting of unpaved Management cost operations other process sources access roads Office  Proper operation and maintenance of air pollution control devices  Formulation and implementation of

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected a motor vehicle maintenance program, including emissions testing  Proper monitoring at the off-site ambient air quality monitors  Conduct validation air dispersion modelling Noise pollution  Incorporation of noise criteria in the Holcim Part of the Include in MMT specifications and selection of Environmental operating manual of equipment Management cost operations  Regular maintenance of mufflers of Office standby generators and other pertinent equipment;  Use of effective noise-attenuating materials for the plant structure and walling  Planting of the appropriate vegetation as buffer  Conduct noise modelling Storage of fuel/oil Land/Water Soil and water  Provision of secondary containment Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental contamination due to with capacities greater than the Environmental operating Management accidental spills oil/fuel contained in tanks Management cost Program  Regular training of Oil Spill Response Office, Safety and Team Health Office Use of water for Water Water Use  Continuous implementation of Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental domestic and Competition water conservation measures Environmental operating Management industrial use Management cost Program  Project water Office demand is minimal due to the cement manufacturing process involved (dry process). Also, water used for

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected cooling equipment is recirculated with minimal make up water. Stockpile operation Water Generation of silted  Construction of silt traps along Holcim-Davao Part of the Environmental (stockpiling of loose runoff drainage canals Environmental operating Management materials) Management cost Program Office Daily operations of Climate Contribution to . Implement and maintain a GHG Holcim-Davao Part of the Include in MMT the whole cement climate change from inventory program Environmental operating manual of plant complex greenhouse gas . Formulation and implementation of Management cost operations including port area emissions a greening program Office People Health and Safety  Implement Safety and Health Holcim-Davao Included in Occupational Safety Impacts Programs for the workers and Safety and Health project cost and Health Program  Health and safety impact communities to reduce or Office and CRO Community Safety issues will impact avoid health and safety risks Barangay/City and Health Projects on local  Strict compliance on the proper Health Office through CSR populations. wearing of Personal Protective Local office of Program Increases in traffic, Equipment (PPE) for workers Department of potential dust and  Provide assistance to the Barangays Labor and marine water on the delivery of efficient and Employment pollution, and effective healthcare and protective emissions from the services. plant may negatively impact on the health condition of the populace. Further, increases in levels of traffic close to pedestrian areas may cause physical injury.

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected Employment  Priority hiring of locals Holcim-Davao Included in Human Resource opportunities  Coordinate with the Barangay Human Resources project cost Program  During the Councils to identify local labor pool Office (HRO) and CSR Program operation, minimal Community workforce will be Relations Office added to the (CRO) existing manpower Barangay LGU of Holcim-Davao. With sufficient training during the construction phase, a proportion of these workforce may be sourced from the local communities. Increase in business  Coordination with Barangay and Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program opportunities Municipal LGUs to ensure proper CRO project cost  Increase in zoning of business area, peace and Barangay/ employment will order, sanitation, and solid waste Municipal LGU improve household management (Business Permit income levels and  Explore possibilities to include and Licensing livelihood that training opportunities for Office) would likely developing business / livelihood increase the opportunities number of small  Provide assistance in establishing businesses in livelihood projects operation, creating new enterprise opportunities Increase in traffic  Ensure proper parking area for Holcim-Davao Included in Community Safety hazards hauling and delivery trucks and Safety and Health project cost and Health Projects  Traffic in relation to ensure compliance. Proper Office and CRO through Safety and

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected the operation of orientation on haulers must always Health and CSR Holcim-Davao may be conducted. Violators must be Programs still pose impacts reprimanded. to the locals.  Implement Traffic Management Hauling/ delivery Plan with the Barangay/City LGUs trucks should not including installation of traffic signs disrupt the free- to avoid road accidents; provision of flow of traffic. assistance to ensure effectiveness of traffic enforcement Improved services  Provision of assistance to improve Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program and community health care and education services CRO project cost development within the impact Barangays. Barangay potential  Implement infrastructure Development  Holcim-Davao improvement projects with the Councils extends Barangay and City LGUs. Social/Community  Conduct gender-responsive Development livelihood development assistance projects to the activities especially to marginalized impact sector of the communities; communities that especially to women, youth, will provide farmers, fisher folks, senior citizens opportunities for and persons with disabilities. continued improvement of basic services and infrastructures. Generation of  Ensure suppliers and service Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program additional revenue providers payment of required CRO and project cost for the Local payment of taxes and fees Procurement Government  Ensure prompt and timely payment Office  The results of the of local taxes and fees due to Holcim Finance proposed Holcim-Mabini Office modification will

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected somehow increase the taxes and fees to be complied and settled by Holcim- Davao. Additional revenues of the LGUs may also be collected from the new business establishments established due to the development brought by the operation. Abandonment Phase Clearing / removal Land / Water / Accidental spill of  Proper implementation of the Holcim-Davao Included in Environmental of support facilities People toxic and hazardous approved rehabilitation and Environmental project cost Management wastes abandonment plan Management Program  Use of DENR-accredited haulers/TSD Office and companies for hazardous wastes Engineering Office Decommissioning / Demolition Contractor Noise and Air Noise and dust  Appropriate planning of Holcim-Davao Included in Environmental Pollution pollution decommissioning activities and Environmental project cost Management  Generation of restriction of hours of Management Program noise and dust decommissioning activities Office and pollution  Establishment of buffer zones Engineering associated with  Regular sprinkling of water to Office decommissioning identified sources of dust Decommissioning activities / Demolition Contractor

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected Marine Coastal/ Marine Holcim-Davao Included in Environmental water pollution  Appropriate planning of Environmental project cost Management  Disturbance and decommissioning activities and Management Program generation of solid proper disposal of waste materials Office and waste due to Engineering decommissioning Office activities Decommissioning / Demolition Contractor People Temporary increase  Development of retrenchment Holcim-Davao Included in Human Resource in employment package and implementation of re- Human Resources project cost Program opportunities training activities during operational Office (HRO) and CSR Program followed by a stage Community decrease  Provide employees with clear and Relations Office  Closure and transparent information on planned (CRO) decommissioning activities and closure dates of the plant and  Offer full retrenchment package or port facilities will relocation to maintain employment need additional in other operation sites where manpower. possible However, after the  Provide skills training to decommissioning communities to increase activities, reduction employability to find other job of manpower opportunities employed in Holcim-Davao will happen. Also, indirect employment from business enterprises dependent to the operations will

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Project Phase/ Environmental Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible Guarantee/Financial Environmental component likely Potential Impact Cost enhancement Entity Agreement Aspect to be affected most likely decrease. Possible decline in  Provide assistance to small Holcim Davao Included in CSR Program economic activities businesses dependent to the plant CRO project cost  Closure of small and port operations to search for Barangay LGUs business alternative market Business owners/ dependent to the  Provide alternative livelihood Entrepreneurs operation of trainings Holcim-Mabini might happen Change in  Proper turn-over of accomplished Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program socio/community social development projects and CRO project cost development benefits services to the Barangay LGUs  Assistance from the  Link the Barangays to other entities Barangay LGUs company on the that provides free assistance to Non-Government improvement and ensure effective and efficient Organizations and effective delivery delivery of social services Foundations of social services, infrastructure development, and livelihood development will be stopped Change in the  Transfer of assets that will be Holcim-Davao Included in CSR Program revenue collection of beneficial to LGUs to implement CRO project cost the Local Government income generating activities  The closure of Holcim-Davao may decrease the revenues of LGUs from taxes and other fees

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5.0 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND IEC IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Indicative Social Development Program (SDP) The current operations of Holcim-Davao Cement Plant provide social/community development assistance to the puroks of the identified impact barangay. For the past years, assistance to communities are being implemented through the Social Development and Management Program or SDMP which covers six (6) host barangays, namely: Ilang, Mahayag, Tibungco, Panacan, San Isidro and Bunawan. From 2012 to 2016, Holcim-Davao implemented a 5-year SDMP, however, recent policy issuance of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau defined that cement manufacturing is no longer covered by the policies under the Philippine Mining Act of 1995. Thus, the modification of the plant and port operation would only impact Barangay Ilang and would be covered by Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR of Holcim Davao.

From 2012 to 2016, Holcim-Davao implemented programs for the impact communities focusing on Education Assistance, Livelihood, Basic Infrastructure, Medical and Dental Missions and Capacity Building. The enumerated projects were implemented through the SDMP and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Program of the company. Table 5.1 presents the details of the implemented projects. It can be observed that this includes barangay other than Barangay Ilang.

Table 5.3 presents the impact assessment of SDMP conducted with program partners and the impact barangays. This assessment had been the basis and guide post in the implementation of present SDMP and CSR projects.

The identified impact of the proposed project modification as well as the continuous operation of the plant and port facilities of Holcim-Davao to the communities will be addressed and compensated through the continuous implementation of social/community development projects through the Company’s CSR Program. The results of the socio-economic assessment, perception survey, and focus group discussion were considered in the development of social development framework. Table 5.2 presents the indicative social development framework to be implemented in relation to the proposed modification and enhancement of Holcim-Davao’s operation.

The participation of the impact communities, specifically the Barangay Councils, Sectoral Organizations, Different Government Institutions, Businesses, and Industries is necessary in the implementation of the indicative social development framework. Yearly assessment and need based planning are done on a regular basis. This would be the basis for potential projects and the ASDMP the following year. Holcim-Davao will ensure partnership undertakings with the identified stakeholders and program partners are implemented.

Table 5.1. List of previously implemented Social Development Program, 2012-2016 Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) At the Impact Barangay (Barangay Ilang) 2012 Educational Assistance Completed 2012 -65 students 2013 A continuing and annual project 2013-65 students 2014 that provided school supplies, 2014 -145 students 2015 uniform and transportation cost to 2015 -80 students 2016 deserving students of barangay (Bgy Ilang-15) Panacan, Ilang, Tibungco, Bunawan, 2016- 80 students Mahayag and San Isidro. (Bgy Ilang -15)

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) 2012-2014 Medical and Dental Mission Completed 2012 - 131 patients Annual medical check-up s and 2013 - 390 patients Dental extraction missions for 2014- 182 patients residents of Barangay Bunawan, Ilang, Panacan, Tibungco Operation Tuli and Medical 2012 Completed 2012 - 226 patients Mission 2014 2014- 622 patients Conducted circumcisions for

children in Barangay Panacan,

Bunawan, San Isidro and Ilang Traffic management Seminar 2012 Completed 21 participants Traffic management training for

aids conducted for barangay Ilang,

Panacan, Tibungco, Bunawan and

Mahayag. Gained Knowledge and

skills in traffic management. 2012 Brigada Eskwela Completed 2012 - 94 Holcim Employees 2013 Annual activity that allows and 6 Schools 2014 encourages participation of 2013 - 72 Holcim Employees 2015 employees to the general clean-up, 8 schools 2016 construction and rehabilitation of 2014- 282 volunteer school fences, pathways, painting of 12 schools classrooms, draining canals and 2015 - 297 volunteers maintenance and improvement of 19 schools public schools in Barangay Ilang, 2016 - 22 schools Bunawan, Tibungco and Mahayag. 2012-2013 Provision of Musical Instruments Completed 31 students Provided 31 different musical instruments for the Drum and Bugle Corps of Sixto Babao Elementary School. 2012 Pre-school tutorial Completed 90 preschool students Tutorial of children in summer

school of Sixto Babao Elementary

School in Barangay Ilang 2013 Capacity building of families Completed 348 individuals 2014 Provided training and capacity 2014-San Isidro, Mahayag, building seminars for families and Tibungco different sectors of barangay San Isidro, Tibungco, Mahayag, Bunawan and Ilang. Provided training for parents and solo parents focused on responsible parenthood. It also aims to provide support for challenges of parents with children who are in conflict with the law. Seminars on dangerous drugs were also given to increase awareness of the youth in illegal drugs. 2013 Support of sports activities Completed 2014- 30 students 2014 Installation of lighting facilities in Basketball courts - 200 2015 support of evening sports activities individuals in Barangay Ilang. Provision of

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) sports equipment for Barangay Panacan and construction of basketball courts in Barangay Bunawan and Tibungco. Sports activities aims to increase the spirit of camaraderie, team work and community unity. Project Green House 2013 Project for the relocation of Completed 178 families informal settlers in the flood prone areas near the Ilang River. This is in response to the need of the communities of safe and sturdy houses. Construction of Daycare Center and 2013 Completed 36 students Community stage 1 preschool teacher Provides for accessible preschool to

children 4-5 years old in Amparo

Homes, Purok 7. The daycare center

was constructed in a lot donated by

the Homeowners Association. 2013 Construction of perimeter fence Completed 50 students Ensures security and safety of preschool children in Pag-asa Daycare Center, Pagasa Homes. 2013 Provision of sports equipment and Completed 2015 supplies Supplied traditional sports equipment (arnis, sepak takraw)

and popular sports equipment (basketball, voleyball) to Sixto Babao Elementary School in Barangay Ilang. 2014 Construction of one room school Completed 50 Grade 3 students building and walk canopy 2350 enrolled students A single story room was Teachers constructed for Grade 3 pupils in Sitio Babao Elementary School. To provide protection for rain and sun, a covered walk was also constructed. 2014 Provision of medical equipment Completed 400 residents per month and supplies availing of medical services. To increase capacity of the 23,600 residents of 4 barangay health center to serve barangays more residents, medical equipment such as sphygmomanometer, weighing scale for babies, weighing scale, thermometers, etc. was provided to Barangay Health center in Ilang, Tibungco, Panacan and San Isidro.

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) 2014 Seaweed production Completed Members of Muslim 2015 Provided production inputs (nylon Fisherfolk Association ropes, fishing gear) for Muslim Centro Ilang Fisherfolk Fisherfolk Association of Purok 6 Association and Central Ilang Fisherfolk Additional income of 20,000 Association of Purok 2 of Centro to 30,000 per year. Ilang. 2014 Capacity Buildling Completed A. Child protection - 268 A. Child protection and handling participants children in emergencies-focused on concerns of out of school youth, B. Welding skills - 16 drug addiction and other social participants influences on the youth in barangay Bunawan, Mahayag, Tibingco, San C. Disaster Management - Isidro, Ilang and Panacan. B. Welding skills training - provides 120 participants. training for out of school youth in trade skills for welding in Barangay Mahayag C. Disaster management training - Provided knowledge and skills on preparedness in case of disaster in Barangay Panacan and Tibungco 2015 Construction of comfort room Completed Pre-school students Construction of clean and accessible comfort rooms for both boys and girls in Graciano Babao Daycare Center in Barangay Ilang. It also provided proper toilet training and increased awareness on hygiene, health and sanitation. Construction of sidewalk canopy Elementary students and 2015 Construction of canopy that Completed teachers protected the students from rain

and exposure from the sun at Sixto

Babao Elementary School in

Barangay Ilang. 2015 Dental Missions Completed 585 patients 2016 Provided needed dental services for 2016 - San Isidro people of Barangays Bunawan, San Isidro and Ilang. The services included consultation and teeth extraction. 2015 Provision of medical apparatus Completed Community members in 2 Provided different medical barangays equipment that aims to improve the medical facility and consultation services in Barangay Ilang Health Center and Tibungco Birthing Home. 2015 Free Circumcision Completed 730 male patients 2016 Circumcision surgery was 2016 (Panacan) conducted to young males in Barangays Ilang, Bunawan, Panacan

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) and San Isidro. It was an identified priority program of the 3 barangays. 2015 Basic Business Management and Completed 306 community members financial literacy training. Provided skills and knowledge in terms of business implementation and sustainability in support of existing and upcoming livelihood projects in Barangay Ilang, Tibungco, San Isidro, Mahayag and Bunawan. 2015 Support of infrastructure projects Completed 100 community members of Provided funds for various San Isidro infrastructure projects in the Community members in barangays such as repair of Barangay Ilang community stage in Barangay Ilang, GI sheets for repair of Chapel in San Isidro. It provided safe and comfortable venue for activities in the community. 2016 Construction of Daycare Center Completed Community members of Construction of daycare center to Central Ilang, Kobbler and provide for increasing number of Amparo Homes preschool youth in barangay Ilang.

2016 Fencing of Day care center Completed Students and teachers of Construction of perimeter fence for Millenium Daycare center Millenium Daycare Center in and Pagasa Daycare Center. Barangay San Isidro and Pagasa Daycare Center in Barangay Ilang. It provided security and safety for preschoolers and teachers of the 2 schools. Barangays Mahayag, Bunawan, Tibungco, San Isidro and Panacan 2012 Blood Letting drive Completed 2012- 345 donors 2013 Institutionalized and annual activity 2013-272 donors 2014 of blood donation drive in 2014- 60 donors 2015 partnership with Barangay Tibungco 2015-197 donors and Mahayag. Blood collected are donated to the Department of Health blood bank. 2012 Fire Fighting and rescue training Completed 15 participants Training for Fire-fighting and rescue for barangay tanods of Barangay Panacan 2012-2013 “galing Mason Training” Completed 2012 -90 individuals Skills training for masonry and 2013-80 production of selected residents of 2014- 79 Davao city and other provinces. The trainees are certified as masons and the output are infrastructure developments and projects such as houses, schools.

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) 2012 A Day with the elderly Completed 15 employees Provided assistance and community 21 Elderly service to elderly of CO Su Gian Center for Elderly.

2012-2014 Cement donations Completed Donated bag of cement for infrastructure projects such as construction of school feeding area, AFP barracks and church improvement. 2013 Seed Capital Assistance Completed Tibungco Federation of Provided financial seed capital for Women’s organization the rice retailing project of Womens organization in Tibunco San Isidro Farmers and for the cacao nursery project of Organization Farmers organization in San Isidro 2013 Save Davao River Watershed Completed 23 families Project 15 hectares Capacity building of Matasilug farmers in technologies that protect the watershed from soil erosion and landslides using the SALT system. This includes farm planning and plating of cash and permanent crops. 2013 Provision of playground devices Completed 120 pre school children Provided playground devices as required in early childhood development program in Barangay Panacan. COMVAL housing project In partnership with different 2013 Completed 100 families organizations and groups, this

project is in support for the victims

of typhoon Pablo. It aims to

construct 100 housing units for

relocation of affected families and

also provides livelihood trainings for the beneficiaries. 2013 Construction of toilet facility Completed 50 students A two (2) section comfort room for boys and girls provides convenience for the students of Graciano Babao Daycare Center at Sto. Nino. It also provided proper toilet training and increased awareness on hygiene, health and sanitation. 2014 Provision of Jetmatic pump with GI Completed Pipe Provided accessible and potable water system for the use of communities in Bunawan and San

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) Isidro. 2014 Artificial reef dome project Completed 2000 bags of cement Provided cement for construction of artificial reef domes in support of fisherfolks of Maasim, Saranggani. 2012-2014 Supplemental Milk Feeding Discontinued in 2012 - 25 children Provided additional nourishment to 2015 2013 - 90 children underweight children aged 3-5. A 2014 - 12 children glass of Nestogen milk was given to them every day, 5 times a week for 3 months. 2014-2015 Construction of Senior Highschool Completed Senior HS Students Skills Laboratory Unemployed adults of Training center and provision of barangay Mahayag. educational device for welding Provided welding trade skills development for senior highschool students and out of school adults in Barangay Mahayag. It aims to provide potential livelihood for the participants. 2014 Mass Blood donation Completed Blood donors-186 2016 Blood-letting campaign that aims to encourage volunteers to donate blood in Barangay Mahayag and Panacan 2014 Construction of water system Completed Construction of level 2 water system in barangay Tibungco. Provided potable and clean water source of the residents of the barangay. 2014 Feeding program Completed 2014- 80 children Provide supplementary nutrition to 2015-50 children severe undernourished elementary students in Barangay Panacan and Tibungco 2014 Cooking oil refilling Completed Members of Solo parent Provided additional source of federation of Barangay income of community members Tibungco. barangay Tibungco 2015 Construction of 1 unit school Completed 50 students Building Constructed a 1unit school building Dakudao National Highschool in Panacan providing comfortable area for secondary learning 2015 Repair of stage Completed 1400 students and teachers Repaired the stage of Bunawan Aplaya elementary school providing a safe area for conducting programs and assembly. 2015 Construction of stage Completed Members of the association

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) Community stage constructed to and community members provide safe and suitable venue for members of Sunrise Millenium Home Owners Association 2015 Provision of cement bags Completed Elementary students and Donated cement bags are used for teachers construction of elevated flag pole in Pablo Piatos Elementary School in San Isidro. This was in partnership of Barangay San Isidro. The constructed was completed through bayanihan of the students, teachers and parents. It provided comfortable venue for flag raising and program activities in the school. 2015 Food Productionand Waste Completed Community members of management program Bgy. Mahayag Program that teaches how to manage waste and use it for food production in Barangay Mahayag. It aims to provide additional source of income for the community members. 2015 Rags Production Completed Members of the Tibungco Provision of heavy duty sewing Rags Making Association machines and cloths for making of rags for the association as additional sources of livelihood for the community in Barangay Tibungco. It is with partnership with DSWD and Barangay Tibungco 2015 Provision of Jetmatic pumps with Completed 1300 community members GI pipe Provided an accessible and potable source of water for Barangays Bunawan, San Isidro and Mahayag. 2015 Support of sports festival Completed 200 participants Supported the sports festival of Pagasa Youth Association of Bunawan DIstrict. This activity fosters cooperation and team building of youth form different barangays of Bunawan District. 2015 Provision of educational facility Completed Students of Highschools in 2016 and devices Barangay Panacan Provided additional educational Students of 18 schools in fixtures for Schools in Barangay Bunawan District Panacan and Bunawan District.It aims to improve the learning capacity of the students with the use of appropriate materials such as oven, sound system, fans, welding tools, etc.

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Year of Number and Category of Status of Implemen Project Activity Beneficiaries Implementation -tation (Per Year) 2015 Construction of toilets Completed 50 preschool students Construction of clean and accessible comfort rooms for both boys and girls in K4 Daycare Center in Barangay Tibungco. It also provided proper toilet training and increased awareness on hygiene, health and sanitation. 2015 Construction of numeracy center Completed Elementary school students Construction of educational facility and served as venue for Math program and activities of Daniel Perez Elementary School in Barangay Bunawan. 2015 Construction of Trade Center Completed Members of the Association Constructed Trade center that of Skilled individuals of served as display center of welding Barangay Mahayag products as output of precious welding trainings. It provided venue to showcase their product for marketing to other communities. 2015 Solid Waste Management training Completed 75 participants Provided knowledge and skills on management of solid waste for community members of Barangay Tibungco. 2016 Provision of musical Instrument Completed Elementary students of Provided musical instruments for Osmena Elementary School students of Osmena Elementary and Mudiang Elementary school of Barangay Panacan and School Mudiang Elementary School 2016 Provision of GI corrugated Sheets Completed Teachers and students of 2 Provided roofing materials for 2 Madrasah schools in San Madrasah schools in Barangay San Isidro. Isidro. Provided safe venue for learning in the islamic school. 2016 Provision of Jetmatic Pumps Completed Community members of Provided clean and safe water Barangay Bunawan and San source for community members of Isidro Barangays Bunawan and San Isidro. Access to potable water was a perennial issue in both barangays. 2016 Construction of water reservoir Completed Community members of Construction of water reservoir that barangay Bunawan and San would benefit both Barangay Isidro Bunawan and San Isidro. Provided a clean water source for the use of the communities.

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Table 5.2. Social Development Program Framework Community Government Agency/ Community Concerns Member Non-government Agency Proponent Indicative Timeline Source of Fund Beneficiary Responsible and Services Livelihood  Entrepreneurial activities  Interested  Barangay officials  LGU Municipal Planning  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/  Skills training program: Community  Association and Development Office Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao to give local residents of Residents – Chairperson  Impact Barangay  Operation SDMP impact barangays the Marginalized  Municipal Social Worker chance to qualify and Sector Department (MSWD) compete for available  City Public Employment employment Services Office opportunities during the  TESDA implementation of the  Cooperative project or in other areas Development Authority  Local Department of Labor and Employment Health Services  Provision for Medicines  Impact  Barangay Officials  City Health Office  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA- and Medical Equipment Barangay  Barangay Health (MHO) Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao  Support to the  Men, Women, Workers  Barangay Health Center  Safety and Health  Operation SDMP improvement of health Children, Youth,  Barangay  Impact Barangay Officer facilities Senior Citizens, Nutrition Scholars  Conduct of Medical PWDs  Midwives Mission/Dental Mission and Blood-Letting Activity  Nutrition Program Education Assistance  Assistance for  Public Schools  Barangay Officials  Department of  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ development/improvem within the (specifically the Education (DepEd) Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao ent of school facilities Impact Council Member  Public Schools  Operation SDMP (day care centers, Barangay for Education)  Impact Barangay existing schools)  Students,

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Community Government Agency/ Community Concerns Member Non-government Agency Proponent Indicative Timeline Source of Fund Beneficiary Responsible and Services  Provision of scholarship Teachers to qualified students  Construction of school buildings and daycare centers  Provision of Musical Instruments  Provision of playground devices  Provision of educational devices  Provision of support/assistance to LGUs in the conduct of activities that strengthens community cohesiveness (Youth Camp, Sports Festival, etc.) Basic Infrastructure  Construction of water  Impact  Barangay Officials  City Environment and  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ facilities Communities (specifically the Natural Resources Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao Council Member Office (ENRO)  Mine  Operation SDMP for Environment)  Host Barangay Environmental Protection and Enhancement Officer / Pollution Control Officer  Safety and Health Officer Capacity Building

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Community Government Agency/ Community Concerns Member Non-government Agency Proponent Indicative Timeline Source of Fund Beneficiary Responsible and Services  Provision of trainings for  Impact  Barangay LGU  TESDA  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ community members barangay  CSWDO Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao that promotes  Operation SDMP development of knowledge, skills and value formation CSR Activities - community projects not budgeted under SDMP  Stakeholder engagement  Impact  Barangay LGU  CSWDO  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ activities barangay and Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao communities  Operation SDMP  SDMP scholars  Program partners  Relocation and Housing  Impact  Barangay LGU  CSWDO  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ Project barangay and  City Planning Office Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao communities  Impact barangay  Mine  Operation CSR Environmental Protection and Enhancement Officer / Pollution Control Officer  Safety and Health Officer  Brigada Eskwela  Impact  Barangay LGU  DepEd  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ barangay and  Impact barangay Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao communities  Public Schools  Operation CSR

 Cement Donation  Impact  Barangay LGU  DepEd  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ barangay and  Impact barangay Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao Communities  AFP  Operation CSR  Church

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Community Government Agency/ Community Concerns Member Non-government Agency Proponent Indicative Timeline Source of Fund Beneficiary Responsible and Services  Relief Operation  Impact  Barangay LGU  Affected Areas  Community  Pre-construction  LGU –IRA/ Barangays and  Impact Barangay Relations Officer  Construction Holcim-Davao communities  CSWDO  Operation CSR  Affected  Red Cross barangays  AFP

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Table 5.3. Impact assessment of SDMP projects (2012-2016) Concerns Findings/ Assessment Livelihood Observations/Findings  Increase in income of the members of families  With observed increased income, encouraged some of those in illegal fishing (dynamite fishing) to venture into seaweeds production.  Effect of strengthening the families with reliance on income from the venture.

Assessments 1. Because of inadequate technical assistance and supervision of the project, the effects of provision of material inputs was short lived. 2. The scope and level of cooperation between the barangay and the association is unclear. Health services Observations/Findings  Provided supplemental nutrition to underweight children from 2012-2014.  For the first two years, 50% of those enrolled attained normal weights after 3 months, 75% attained normal weights after the third year. But after completing the regimen, weights of children decreased, due mainly to inadequate food at home.  Inadequate income of families not enough to support nutritional needs of the children  Ineffective parenting education and counseling  Lack of new strategies and innovations to make the program sustainable and effective  Medical equipment given are now mostly broken down.  The center does not do inventory of its supplies and equipment.  Nobody is in charge of repair and maintenance of medical assets and equipment.

Assessments 1. Support for health services minimal 2. Supplemental feeding program viewed as an activity rather than a program or strategy to combat or eradicate malnutrition brought about by poverty in the households. 3. The sustainability of the feeding program is unclear in terms of food supplies and ownership of the program. 4. The provision of medical equipment and supplies provided only temporary relief to the center. Education Assistance Observations/Findings  Parents greatly appreciate access to pre-school education of their children, giving them motivation to support the center in whatever way they can.  Constructions provided better venue for activities and prompted better unity and collaboration in the community.  Toilet constructions in schools provided proper toilet training in schools and promoted hygiene, health and sanitation.  With construction of perimeter fences and more secure and safe environment for preschools, enrollment of schools are observed to be sustained.  More elementary pupils are drawn to sports and corresponding agilities developed.  Construction of canopy and walkway provided convenience to the students and teachers.

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Concerns Findings/ Assessment

Assessments 1. Support for education has been the set priority for the period. 2. Educational assistance contributed to improvement of learning spaces and access to education. 3. Deserving students given opportunity to continue their education. 4. Support for education considered successful due to institutional capacity of local partners (DepEd and the CSSDO). Program Management Planning Observations/Findings  Needs are identified by barangay councils through area visits and informal consultations  Institutional partners like the DepEd approach responsible officials in the barangay for proposed projects.  Possible projects are chosen by the barangay council and proposed to the SDMP

Assessment 1. Project goals and objectives are not clearly established and formulated. Implementation Observations/Findings/Assessment 1. The SDMP coordinators do not exercise oversight functions to the SDMP projects 2. No clear established accountability between the recipients and implementers, and if what procedures and operating systems must be set up. 3. Technical assistance to community managed projects not available and largely inadequate. Monitoring Observations/Findings/Assessment 1. Monitoring nominal and no clear monitoring system on what is to monitor, how to monitor, when to do it and why. 2. No monitoring reports that could document positive and negative effects of the projects.

Evaluation Observations/Findings/Assessment 1. Largely informal and relies on verbal reports 2. Evaluation reports are not processed or properly communicated to concerned persons. Recommendations On the Community Organization and Livelihood 1. Strengthen the fisherfolk organization and level up to improve operations 2. Identification of better market

General Recommendations: 1. Formalize and install project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation systems and procedures. Verbalized needs should be validated and the connection between inputs and outputs clearly established, monitored and evaluated. A simple written proposal should accompany every request for SDMP support. 2. Establish a systematic and programmed basic capacity building scheme for local coordinators. 3. Scope and level of cooperation between the Barangay and local project implementers should be established, understood and complied with. 4. Establish a central SDMP file at the barangay level.

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5.2 Information and Education Campaign (IEC) Implementation of an intensive and consistent IEC Plan is the key to build positive rapport with the impact communities and other stakeholders. Through this, an open communication line is established between Holcim-Davao, Barangay and City LGUs, and the residents of impact barangay. An open communication ensures accessibility of bringing community concerns to the attention of the company. It is also a way for the Company to communicate efforts and activities that addressed community concerns, intervention to avoid or mitigate negative impacts of the operations, as well as to enhance positive impacts through strong partnership with the impact communities.

Holcim-Davao together with its host and neighboring communities have an existing good partnership where communication was ensured. The plant also implements a system to address issues and grievances of the communities. Any issue or concern of the barangays are easily relayed thru the CSR department or the Environmental Unit. This issue is then elevated to the Plant Manager for information, who in turn endorses them to the responsible unit for immediate action. The community is then informed of the updates and actions taken by the company thru the CSR or Environmental Unit. The quarterly Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) meetings with the barangays are also a venue where their issues and concerns are tackled and resolved.

Holcim-Davao implements IEC activities to communicate updates on the results of the proposed modifications and its current operations. The details of the activities are presented in Table 5.4.

As part of the EIA process, an intensive IEC was also conducted through the conduct of Public Scoping, Perception Survey, and Focus Group Discussions. The documentation of the held public consultations is presented in Table 5.5.

Continuing IEC activities will be conducted based on the IEC framework outlined in Table 5.6.

Table 5.4. List of previously conducted Information, Education, and Communication Program Activities, 2012-2016 Year of Status of IEC Program/Activity and Medium Used Implementation Implementation 2012 Voice on Air Completed A 30 minute-twice a week radio program in partnership with MGB region XI that promoted responsible mining. 2012 Benchmarking Completed SDMP coordinators and MGB XI benchmarked on the SDMP practices of Philex Mining Corporation and Holcim Bulacan. Publish SDMP projects Completed 2012 SDMP activities and projects were published in Portal Magazine. This highlighted the SDMP projects and the impact it is making in the communities. The magazine has a nationwide circulation. IEC on result of Geo-Hazard Mapping Completed Supported the information and campaign on the result of 2012 geohazard mapping of Barangay Marilog administered by MGB XI. 2012 Safety signages Completed Traffic safety signages were strategically placed along Barangay Bunawan Highway near schools. Community on camera Completed 2013 CSR and environmental initiatives are featured in a public

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Year of Status of IEC Program/Activity and Medium Used Implementation Implementation affairs program. Those initiatives are featured in 4 one (1) hour slots from Monday to Sunday. SDMP signages Completed 2013 Old signages of SDMP were replaced in Barangay Ilang and Tibungco 2013 Benchmarking of external stakeholders on Holcim’s Completed Initiatives Promoted the company’s practices in responsible mining in areas of quarrying, environment and CSR to students of Graduate School of Immaculate Conception University. ASDMP Technical Conference Completed 2013 Technical conference conducted by MGB XI that resulted

in recommendations for improvement of plans. 2013 SDMP coordinators/Scholars Meetings Completed Quarterly meetings of coordinators that monitored the plans and accomplishments of SDMP 2013 2013 ASDMP signing Completed The ASDMP signing activity by MGB XI was attended by key leaders from the 6 host barangays. 2013 SDMP Coordinators’ Benchmarking Completed SDMP coordinators visited and observed the responsible mining practices of Carmen Copper Corporation and the Ramon Aboitiz Foundation in Cebu City. 2013 External publication Completed 2014 Publication of articles about SDMP in Portal magazine 2015 that showcased the CSR and environmental initiatives of 2016 Holcim-Davao in responsible Mining. 2013 Radio Exposure Completed 2014 Promotion and IEC on CSR, environment and responsible 2015 mining initiative and practices on radio. 2016 2013 CSR Brochure Completed Printing, production and dissemination of CSR brochure. This served as a handy medium to share Holcim-Davao’s best practices to stakeholders and visitors in activities like benchmarking and plant visits. Community engagement Completed 2013 Supported the community activity in Barangay T’noto and

Kamanga in Maasim. Audiovisual Production Completed Production of Audiovisual material that showcased 2013 various SDMP and CSR projects of Holcim. This was used

during PIMEA validation, plant visits and benchmarking activities. 2013 ASDMP Planning workshop Completed Conducted review of 2013 community projects and plotted the 2014 projects. These projects were recommended by the key leaders of host barangays. Community Engagement Completed 2014 SDMP coordinators, MGB, CSSDO and barangay captains

of the 6 host barangays conducted benchmarking activity

with San Miguel Foundation, Pampanga and Villar’s Sipag

at Tyaga Foundation that aimed to replicate their existing

livelihood projects and programs.

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Year of Status of IEC Program/Activity and Medium Used Implementation Implementation Signage Production Completed 2014 Signages produced and installed in the SDMP school

building project in Sixto Babao Elementary School in

Barangay Ilang and Pablo Piatos Elementary School in

Barangay San Isidro. Annual SDMP Planning Workshop Completed 2014 Planning workshop was conducted with Program partners, host barangays, CSSDO, DSWD and Highschool principals. The previous plans were assessed and presented 2015 proposed projects. 2014 Community Signage production Completed Production and installation of signages of SDMP projects in Amparo Day care center, level 1 water system in Tibungco, Bosque National Highschool, directional signage in San Isidro and in San Isidro Health Center. Brochure and newsletter Completed 2014 Production of brochure and newsletter that feature

community projects of the previous year and shows

Holcim’s best practices and social impact of responsible

mining, CSR and environmental initiatives. Speak and share Completed 2014 A program that encourages the partners to share SDMP projects with their community members. At the end of each year, the best projects that showcased SDMP best practices were given recognition and prizes. WIWAG business week Completed 2014 Participated in business week of entrepreneur students of University of Southeastern Philippines. Holcim had the opportunity to share Holcim’s best practices in terms of community engagements. Coordination activities with SDMP partners Completed 2015 Meeting and assessment of SDMP coordinators and SDMP

program partners.

Monthly meeting with SDMP scholar Completed 2015 Conducted monthly monitoring meetings with scholars of

SDMP. It also is a way of monitoring their academic and

extra-curricular activities. 2015 Technical conference with MGB and SDMP partners Completed MGB RXI conducted a technical conference that discussed the proposed SDMP and identification of host and neighboring barangays. 2015 ASDMP, DMTG and IEC signing Completed SDMP coordinators, barangay captains of the host barangays, CSSDO witnessed the signing of 2015 projects. 2015 SDMP coordinators meeting Completed Quarterly meeting of SDMP coordinators that monitored the projects and made follow-ups on ongoing projects. 2015 Project monitoring Completed Monitored the quality of water in the level 1 water system in barangay Tibungco. 2015 IEC on Safety Issues Completed Conducted IEC in safety issues such as access to conveyor lines while motor vehicles pass, burning of garbage under

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Year of Status of IEC Program/Activity and Medium Used Implementation Implementation the conveyor lines and tree cutting in Holcim premises. This was conducted with barangay leaders and community members of Barangay Tibungco. 2015 Voice on air and print media projects Completed Conducted radio exposure and printed materials that showcased best practices of Holcim in terms of CSR initiative, environment and community engagement. 2015 SDMP coordinators education and community Completed engagement Conducted benchmarking activity and visit to waste management program and livelihood projects of Bayan ni Juan ABS CBN Foundation and Ayala Foundation. 2015 Visual and Signage Completed Production and installation of Vertical clearance signage in Barangay Tibungco, community stage in Millenium and Numeracy center at Bgy Bunawan, Trade Center in Bgy Mahayag and CR construction at K4 Daycare Center. 2015 Brochure and newsletter Completed Production of brochure and newsletter that feature community projects of the previous year and shows Holcim’s best practices and social impact of responsible mining, CSR and environmental initiatives. Annual SDMP planning workshop Completed 2015 Conducted the planning workshop with SDMP

coordinators, old and newly identified host barangays,

CSSDO, MGB and DSWD. It presented the proposed 2016

SDMP need based projects. 2015 Speak and share purok level Completed Installation of bulletin boards in 10 community areas of Barangay Mahayag. 2015 Impact study Completed Impact study with Kinaiyahan Foundation on the sustainability and impact of SDMP projects. SDMP year end Meeting Completed 2015 Meeting conducted with SDMP scholars and Program

partners. It discussed the accomplishment of the previous

year and announced the winner of the Speak and Share

competition. 2015 Speak and Share Barangay Level Completed Competition on who best cascaded the SDMP practices on their communities. The winners received prizes. 2016 SDMP coordinators meeting Completed Quarterly meeting of SDMP coordinators that monitored the projects and made follow-ups on ongoing projects. SDMP coordinators monitoring skills education Completed 2016 Knowledge and skills training conducted for SDMP

coordinators that equipped them with their function as

SDMP coordinators. Signage production Completed 2016 Production and installation of different signages in SDMP projects in different areas of host barangays. 2016 Provision of reference materials to libraries Completed Provided reference materials to Davao City Library and University research and Learning Center of USEP. It

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Year of Status of IEC Program/Activity and Medium Used Implementation Implementation improved and updated reference materials on mining and geology courses. SDMP 5 year and Annual Planning workshop Completed 2016 Conducted workshop that discussed the 5year SDMP and

ASDMP. It also discussed the barangay needs assessment

report. SDMP year-end Meeting Completed 2016 Year meeting conducted with SDMP scholars and Program

partners. This activity was also a venue in awarding the

winners of the Speak and Share competition and

recognition for scholars that achieved excellent academic

and extra-curricular performance. 2016 Speak and Share Completed Production and installment of bulletin boards showing the SDMP project in their communities.

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Table 5.5. Documentation of Public Consultations Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer Public Scoping What are the impacts of the proposed Pastor Teodoro L. Rosand The public scoping activity aims to September 8, 2017 project to the community and if there gather and collect information on the Sixto Babao Elementary School any, what are the programs of the possible impacts of the project to the company to avoid/mitigate the impact? community.

The gathered information (on the perceived impacts) will be subjected to a comprehensive study.

A report presenting the impacts to the community, the land, the air, and the water will be drafted including the management plan and mitigating measures. Identification of proper location of Margo Babao With the proposed modification of the storage area. The proposed Barangay Kagawad project, we will transfer our storage modification requires additional raw area. There will be no storage area in materials to be stored. The storage area front the plant facilities. of the current operation is located near the coastal area and in front of the school. Concern about the health impact of Gypsum has two kinds; it could be storing the gypsum in an open area natural or synthetic. Gypsum has especially that it is front of the school hydroscopic property meaning it that affects the health and contribute absorbs moisture so it is not easily to pollution. blown by the air. When it comes to the health impacts, it will be addressed by the ongoing health survey. The current cement stockpile for The cement stockpiled in the area are delivery must be transferred to other to be withdrawn by those who storage facility. requested for donation. It was targeted to be withdrawn last June but for several reasons of the requestor those were not claimed. Holcim will take

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Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer Barangay Kagawad Galendez suggested action on the matter that Holcim may provide the trucks to deliver the cement to organization/ office who requested the cement. With regards to their environmental Alvin Besmon Holcim has their existing Environmental certificate compliance under EMB, I Barangay Kagawad Compliance Certificate (ECC) for their would like to know if they are working present operation. The ECC for port for a new application or simply a facility was issued by EMB Region 11 renewal of application while the ECC for operations was issued by EMB Central Office.

Holcim will now consolidate their ECCs into one that included the port facility, operations, and the proposed modification project. It is not a new application. The existing ECC is being updated. Based on the lay-out presented, we can Ronald Benial For our Project Kalayaan, we will not see that lines 2 and 3 and their machine Purok Leader– Purok 36 Sea Breeze prepare clinker; we will just grind are vacant. My question is can we use it imported clinker. We have no additional now so that the dust deposit will be chimney. We only have one. We will reduced and minimized? just grind clinker. We have now the conveyor and the gas collection system to minimize the dust deposit. I would like to ask about the proposed Ronald Galendez, The proposed AFR Biomass Storage AFR Biomass Storage Area and if Holcim Barangay Kagawad Area is the storage area for our will still continue to burn plastics. alternative fuel. It is an additional storage area.

I know that it is the initiative of Barangay Ilang to collect plastics then you turn over your collection to us. I don’t know if we will continue that. We don’t buy the plastics, we aim provide solution to minimize your garbage or

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Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer waste in the community. When it will prosper, it is not an easy decision, it is a sensitive one. We need to make a memorandum of agreement with Davao CENRO and the barangay council. A study should be conducted. Our location in Purok Greenhills Ma’am Carmencita Vivar We will surely incorporate to the final is really prone to dust deposit. We have Purok Leader – B4 Greenhills design of the project all your concerns residents who have tuberculosis even and inputs so that we will reduce not they have no vices. We are waiting for completely eliminate the dust deposit the result of the study. But we are to the community. requesting Ma’am that when it comes to your proposed modification project, the dust deposit will not aggravate. We are using the gymnasium every day Marilyn Silva Holcim staff members will come to Sixto for the reason that we are preparing for PTA President, Sixto Babao Elementary Babao ES this coming September 15 for a contest. The gymnasium is covered School the National Clean-up Day. They will be with dust and we only have one helper here to help you. But let us also who regularly maintains the place. But recognize that the gymnasium is near she cannot do it alone and she end up the national highway so we cannot only cleaning the waste of the children. really say that 100% of the dust deposit The parents are asking if we could came from the plant operation request help from Holcim with regard our situation. Because of the merger of Lafarge and Ronald Galendez, You have made mentioned of the Holcim, there were changes in the Barangay Kagawad merger between Lafarge and Holcim organization of the Plant. Where to and we have also expanded to HMDC. raise or address the issues and concerns of the Barangay? The HMDC owned the land property. In terms of concerns regarding the property and mining operations, the mining department is responsible. Engineer Joel Badang is the Head of the HMDC

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Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer In terms of concerns regarding the plant operation, the plant operation department is responsible. You may address it to the plant manager of Holcim Philippines, Mr. Xavier Kennedy.

If the concern is about our operation in Minterbo, you can address it to our logistics head, Mr. Bong Juan.

Issues and concerns may also be raised to the MMT or MRFC.

Concerns on the Social Development and Management Program (SDMP) may be discussed with the SDMP Coordinators.

If unsure to what department to address, you may inquire or approach the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Officers What are the current health program of Lito Padilla Holcim has currently engaged a third- Holcim to the community? Barangay Kagawad party consultant to conduct a health impact study. The output of the study will be presented to the community once completed How the proposed expansion affects Ronald Galendez, As per the latest issuance of MGB, the current 5-Year SDMP? Barangay Kagawad Cement Plant are not mandated to implement the SDMP. The implementation of the SDMP is the responsibility of the Mining Group. The Cement Plant will implement a CSR Program for Barangay Ilang. If the SDMP budget is not enough, why Ronald Galendez, Holcim is in the transition period but

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Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer not give additional budget under CSR? Barangay Kagawad bigger budget was allocated for CSR than the SDMP. For example, 2 million was allocated for the project in Kobbler area. As of now, the CSR budget cannot be guaranteed unlike the SDMP that has a required minimum budget allocation, as prescribed by law. You have already conducted a health Emelinda Palapan We don’t want to speculate because impact study Ma’am in the community. Purok Leader – Purok 29 Ocean View the study is not yet done. We will wait If the result of the study will reveal that for the results then we will conduct a indeed the operations of your company program together with the City Health have contributed to the health status of Office and the community to present the people in the community, I would the data. like to know if we can have a direct access for a doctor. The survey is already done and the third party will be given 3 weeks to deliberate and assess the data collected. By October or November, a draft report will be submitted to the Barangay Council and the City Health Office. I would like to know if my area is in Lourdes Villocino Based on our discussions during the included in the recent conducted Purok Leader – 2B Central seminar, Holcim has identified the areas survey. Because I want to personally and a recommendation was also given accompany you to the house of the sick by the barangay council. A survey is not residents during inspection so you can 100% Ma’am, it’s only 10% and it was attest that I am telling the truth. I want also indicated in the barangay you to personally interview the people resolution. Central Ilang is included in in their household so you can really see the identified areas but it does not their situation. mean that it will cover the entire household in Central Ilang. Maybe your house is not included in the mapping but residents of Central Ilang are part of the identified respondents.

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Date/ Venue of Public Consultation Issues Raised Who Raised the Issues Response from Proponent/ Preparer With regards the questionnaire, it was reviewed by the City Health Office. It does not only focus on skin asthma or cough, it also looked into the medical history as one of the bases. We want to make a request to Holcim Carmencita Vivar The skills of these laborers must be Philippines to help my residents who Purok Leader – B4 Greenhills established. Do they have welding or are only working as hard laborers in the mechanical skills and ability? It is not pier. They are high school graduate impossible that they can acquire skills if Ma’am. I would like to know if you they are interested. We can possibly have projects and programs that can organize them and conduct a skills help them. training and seminar. Since you are expanding your project, I Cristita Bama Maybe we should not call it health would like to know if there are President, Teacher’s Club benefits but rather community health programs or health benefits for our Sixto Babao Elementary School program. I have not heard ever since students and if ever the teachers are that we have received a priority project included in that project. proposal requesting for medical support here in Sixto Babao. We can call the Kagawad Margo Babao requested Ms. attention of Kagawad Margo to include Bama to send a letter of request to the your concerns in their plan so that we Council regarding the matter and the can make a schedule. You can indicate Council will evaluate if it may be your needs; if you need an upgrade of included in the SDMP apparatus, medical mission or free consultation. The barangay council portrays an important role in this matter. I would like to know if we can request We all know that last April Holcim had for medical kits for the students. Our conducted a sports engagement project population is more than 2,000 here in Sixto Babao ES Aside from providing the materials to 30 students, we had provided 2 medical kits. Focus Group Discussion in 18 puroks of Discussed in Section 2 of this document. Barangay Ilang

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Table 5.6. Information and Education Campaigns Major Topics of Concern Target Sector Identified as IEC Schemes/ Strategy/ Indicative Timeline and in Relation to the Information Medium Indicative Cost Needing Project IEC Methods Frequency Project  Local Government Units  Responsible mining Intensive information Radio Program  Pre-construction  Cost of printing the  Households and dissemination Print publications  Construction IEC materials Businesses surrounding  Operation  Cost of printing in Holcim-Davao publications  Local Non-Government/  Cost of radio airtime Community Organizations  relevant National/ Regional Government Agencies  Local Government Units  CSR initiatives and Intensive information Print publications  Pre-construction  Cost of printing the  Households and best practices dissemination Signages  Construction IEC materials Businesses surrounding Audio-Visual production  Operation  Cost of printing in Holcim-Davao publications  Local Non-Government/ Community Organizations  relevant National/ Regional Government Agencies

 Local Government Units  SDMP Coordination  Consultations  Meetings and  Pre-construction  Cost of consultation  Households and meetings and Planning meetings consultations  Construction meetings Businesses surrounding workshops with  Operation Holcim-Davao program partners  Local Non-Government/ Community Organizations  relevant National/ Regional Government Agencies

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Major Topics of Concern Target Sector Identified as IEC Schemes/ Strategy/ Indicative Timeline and in Relation to the Information Medium Indicative Cost Needing Project IEC Methods Frequency Project  Local Government Units  Speak and Share  Information  Signages and visual  Pre-construction  Cost of printing the  Households and  Cascading best dissemination presentation  Construction IEC materials Businesses surrounding practices on CSR,  Operation  Cost of production Holcim-Davao environments and and installation of  Local Non-Government/ community signages Community engagements. Organizations  relevant National/ Regional Government Agencies  Local Government Units  Reference Materials Provision of books as Printed reference  Pre-construction  Cost of printing the  Households and to various libraries reference materials for materials  Construction IEC materials and Businesses surrounding mining and geology  Operation books Holcim-Davao courses.  Local Non-Government/ Community Organizations  relevant National/ Regional Government Agencies  Local Government Units  Approval of the ECC  Intensive information  Reproduction and  Prior to construction  Cost of printing the  Households and Amendments and dissemination on the Distribution of the and installation of new IEC materials Businesses surrounding stipulated conditions approved ECC and approved ECC and equipment/ machine  Cost of holding Holcim-Davao  Project description EPRMP EPRMP to the consultation  Local Non-Government/ (i.e. project  Consultation- concerned LGUs meetings Community components, Meetings  Print materials: Organizations size/coverage Brochure about the  Relevant National/  Environmental approved modifications Regional Government Performance Report  Audio-Visual Agencies and Management Plan Presentations

 Local Government Units  Presentation of  Printed information  Print Materials: Posters  During construction  Cost of printing the  Households and project activities in about the project or project bulletin and installation of new IEC materials

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Major Topics of Concern Target Sector Identified as IEC Schemes/ Strategy/ Indicative Timeline and in Relation to the Information Medium Indicative Cost Needing Project IEC Methods Frequency Project Businesses surrounding relation to the updates and posting  Audio-Visual equipment/ machine  Cost of holding Holcim-Davao construction and at impact barangays Presentations consultation  Local Non-Government/ installation of new bulletin board or meetings Community equipment information centers Organizations  Discussion on  Consultation- predicted impact and meetings mitigation plan  Gathering of community issues and concerns on the ongoing construction/ installation of new equipment  Reporting of results of project monitoring  Local Government Units  Presentation of  Printed information  Print Materials: Posters/  During operation  Cost of printing the  Households and project activities in about the project project bulletin/ IEC materials Businesses surrounding relation to the updates and posting newsletter  Cost of holding Holcim-Davao operations at impact barangays  Audio-Visual consultation  Local Non-Government/  Gathering of bulletin board or Presentations meetings Community community issues and information centers Organizations concerns on the on-  Consultation- going operations meetings  Dissemination of the Corporate Social Responsibility Programs, possible partnership for the implementation and reporting of accomplishments  Dissemination of program

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Major Topics of Concern Target Sector Identified as IEC Schemes/ Strategy/ Indicative Timeline and in Relation to the Information Medium Indicative Cost Needing Project IEC Methods Frequency Project implementation and accomplishment on the Environmental Management Plan  Dissemination of program implementation and accomplishment of Occupational Safety and Health  Quarterly reporting of results MMT monitoring  Local Government Units  Presentation  Printed information  Print Materials: Posters/  During  Cost of printing the  Households and decommissioning and about the project project bulletin/  Decommissioning and IEC materials Businesses surrounding closure plan updates and posting newsletter Closure Phase  Cost of holding Holcim-Davao  Provision of updates at impact barangays  Audio-Visual consultation  Local Non-Government/ on the bulletin board or Presentations meetings Community decommissioning and information centers Organizations closure activities  Consultation-  Relevant National/  Gathering of meetings Regional Government community issues and Agencies concerns on the decommissioning and closure activities  Reporting of updates on the monitoring of decommissioning and closure activities

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6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING This section presents the framework for compliance monitoring of the proposed modification and current operations of the cement plant. It includes the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) necessary to monitor the identified key environmental impacts discussed in Section 2.0. The Multi-sectoral Monitoring Framework and Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund Commitment are likewise discussed.

6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan In accordance with Annex 2-20 of DAO 2003-30, an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) with Environmental Quality Performance Level (EQPL) is created to serve as a proactive tool in minimizing/eliminating the adverse effect of the project to the environment (Table 6.1).

An EQPL has been identified for each critical parameter associated with the significant project impacts. The limit level shall be the regulated threshold of the pollutant (prescribed standards) while the action level is set lower than the limit level wherein management measures must be implemented so as not to reach the regulated threshold.

Unless otherwise stated in Table 6.1, the EQPL are as follows:  Limit  DENR standard value  Alert  70% of the limit  Action  80% of the limit Note: Applicable only to effluent and emissions

These EQPLs are initial values. Final thresholds for management limits, action, and alert levels will be determined from monitoring data and concurred by the MMT members, EMB, and Holcim.

6.2 Multi-sectoral Monitoring Framework Integrated monitoring is being conducted by the established Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) since 2015 – covering both the quarry site and cement plant. However, due to the spin- off with Holcim Mining and Development Corporation (HMDC) managing the quarry site and Holcim Philippines, Inc. (HPI) the cement plant, a separate MMT shall be established by HPI for the cement plant.

The Memorandum of Agreement for the creation of a Multipartite Monitoring Team is currently for signature of the respective members (Annex 6.1 – Series of communication with EMB).

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Proposed Modification of Holcim Davao Cement Plant and Port Facility EPRMP c. Representatives from locally recognized community leaders, namely: Sixto Babao Elementary School represented by the School Principal and Ilang Women’s Federation

The roles and responsibilities of the MMT are as follows:  Monitor, assess and validate the project’s compliance as stated in the EIA/EPRMP Report, ECC, and other relevant environmental standards;  Set-up the environmental criteria specific to the project and its location;  Conduct trainings to capacitate MMT members to be more effective in monitoring;  Management and disposition of complaints formally filed against the project proponent and its contractors; and  Fiduciary management of funds allocated for the above purposes.

As stated in the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS), MMTs are organized to encourage public participation, to promote greater stakeholder vigilance and to provide an appropriate check and balance mechanism in the monitoring of project implementation. As a recommendatory body to EMB, MMTs are primarily responsible in validating the Proponent’s environmental performance with the following specific functions:

i. Validate project compliance with the conditions stipulated in the ECC and the EMP; ii. Validate Proponent’s conduct of self-monitoring; iii. Receive complaints, gather relevant information to facilitate determination of validity of complaints or concerns about the project and timely transmit to the Proponent and EMB recommended measures to address the complaint; iv. Prepare, integrate and disseminate simplified validation reports to community stakeholders; v. Make regular and timely submission of MMT Reports based on the EMB-prescribed format.

6.3 Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund Commitment Holcim-Davao shall establish an Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) and an Environmental Guarantee Fund (EGF) based on the guidelines stated in the PEISS.

The Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) shall be utilized for the activities of the Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) based on the EMB-approved Annual Work and Financial Plan (AWFP). Holcim – Davao shall allocate an initial budget of PhP1,000,000.00, which shall be replenished regularly in accordance with the activities stated in the EMB-approved AWFP.

On the other hand, the Environmental Guarantee Fund (EGF) is divided into: (1) EGF Trust Fund in the form of an insurance bond that is allocated for the damages to life and properties caused by the operations; and (2) EGF Cash Fund for the immediate rehabilitation and compensation of affected communities. Holcim – Davao shall allocate PhP1,000,000.00 in the form of an account where the details of which shall be specified in the EGF Agreement that shall be made between Holcim – Davao and DENR-EMB.

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Table 6.1. Proposed environmental monitoring plan with EQPL for the project Potential Sampling and Measurement Plan Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme Key Environmental Parameters to Impacts per Person/ Estimated Cost EQPL Range Management Measure Aspects be monitored Method Frequency Location Envt’l Sector Office (PhP) Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit I. Pre-Construction/Development Phase  Rehabilitation of Generation of Volume of solid Record keeping of Monthly Within Project Minimal cost Accumulation of Accumulated Wastes become o Proper o Regular audits and o Immediate hauling Cement Mill#2 solid and and hazardous generated solid and construction site proponent domestic wastes, waste become toxic or serve as segregation maintenance of and disposal of  Installation of 2 hazardous waste hazardous waste, through scraps etc. within hazard to both breeding ground o Appropriate waste accumulated wastes Ecohoppers with wastes generated mode of disposal PCO the project site vehicle and for pests, which labeling of waste management o For hazardous mobile conveyor and volume employees can be a vector containers system wastes, hauling and  Installation of disposed or for infectious o Implementation of treatment via DENR Belt Conveyor recycled disease good accredited Systems to housekeeping transporter/ treater transport Ambient air o TSP, SO2 , TSP Quarterly Sixto Babao Project TSP – 155 ug/ncm TSP – 186 ug/ncm TSP – 207 o ID pollutant source o Implement o Temporary stoppage (construction materials from pollution NO2 (S) 24h High Elementary proponent SO2 – 122 ug/ncm SO2 – 146 ug/ncm ug/ncm appropriate of identified activity, facility, or Volume- School, Union through NO – 101 ug/ncm NO – 122 ug/ncm SO – 162 corrective action construction activity jetty to the 2 2 2 equipment) plant area (A) Gravimetric Galva Steel and PCO ug/ncm at identified or equipment  Installation of a USEPA 40 CFR, Part Kobbler Stations NO2 – 135 pollutant source second 50, Appendix B ug/ncm transport pipe (i.e. to increase SO2 the existing (S) 24h Gas Bubbler cement in- (A) Pararosaniline loading Method (West and capacity) Gaeke Method  Reconstruction of Cement Silo NO2 #5 (S) 24-hr Gas Bubbler (A) Griess-Saltzman or Chemiluminescenc e Method Noise impacts Sound levels 1h for 24h sound Quarterly Sixto Babao Project 3 dB less than limit 2 dB less than limit 1 dB less than Identification of o Corrective action o Avoid use of noisy in receptor measurements Elementary proponent DENR EQSN possible source of on noise equipment areas using hand-held School, Union through noise equipment source sound meter or Galva Steel and PCO o Re-scheduling of data logger Kobbler Stations “noisy activities” Creation of No. of workers HR Manpower Semi- Plant/ Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct employment employed from Monitoring Report Annual Communities through HR monitoring observations during non-prioritization received on measures to report investigation opportunities the impact FGDs/ KIIs/ Manager monitoring that of hiring locals non-hiring of mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to communities, Community and CRO minimal labor force locals impact measures to address negative including Consultations came from the local mitigate negative impact employment communities impact from contractors Population Peace and Crime Incidence Semi- Plant/ Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct influx order in the Report Annual Communities through monitoring observations during social tensions received on the measures to report investigation resulting to local FGDs/ KIIs/ Security monitoring on related to threat to mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to social tensions community Community Manager possible occurrence construction security and impact measures to address negative Consultations and CRO of social tensions activities safety of the mitigate negative impact locals impact Health and Accidents and Work related- Semi- Plant/ Impact Proponent Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct safety impacts morbidity cases accident report and Annual Communities through observations during accidents and received on measures to report investigation related to the review of Safety monitoring that will morbidity cases accidents and mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to construction community health Officer and result to negative negative health impact measures to address negative condition CRO impact condition of the mitigate negative impact FGDs/ KIIs/ local impact Community communities Consultations

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Potential Sampling and Measurement Plan Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme Key Environmental Parameters to Impacts per Person/ Estimated Cost EQPL Range Management Measure Aspects be monitored Method Frequency Location Envt’l Sector Office (PhP) Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit Increase in No. of business Ocular/Filed Semi- Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct business established due Observations Annual Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation opportunities to the Gather secondary CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to construction data from result to negative impact measures to address negative Barangay/ impact mitigate negative impact Municipal LGUs impact FGDs/ KIIs/ Community Consultations Increase in No. of road/ Gather data from Semi- Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct traffic hazards traffic accidents Barangay/ Annual Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation Municipal LGUs CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to FGDs/ KIIs/ result to negative impact measures to address negative Community impact mitigate negative impact Consultations impact II. Operations Phase Daily operations of Generation of Volume of solid Record keeping of Monthly Within the Project Minimal cost Accumulation of Accumulated Wastes become o Proper o Regular audits and o Immediate hauling the cement plant solid and and hazardous generated solid and project site proponent domestic wastes, waste become toxic or serve as segregation maintenance of and disposal of (Cement Grinding, hazardous waste hazardous waste, through scraps etc. within hazard to both breeding ground o Appropriate waste accumulated wastes Receiving of wastes generated mode of disposal PCO the project site vehicle and for pests, which labeling of waste management o For hazardous Clinker, Clinker and volume employees can be a vector containers system wastes, hauling and Transport to Mill disposed or for infectious o Implementation of treatment via DENR Feed Bin, Cement recycled disease good accredited Mill, Cement housekeeping transporter/ treater Transport and Storage, Shipping Degradation Freshwater o pH – In-situ Quarterly Freshwater Project PhP100,000 o pH – 4.5 o pH - 5.2 o pH – 6.5 o Investigate the o Investigate the o Temporarily stop Station) of surface o pH, Total measurement o Ilang River proponent pH – 6.3 pH – 7.2 pH – 9.0 source and source activities water quality Suspended using handheld Upstream through o TSS – 56 mg/L o TSS – 64 mg/L o TSS – 80 mg/L identify possible o If the problem is contributing to the (freshwater Solids (TSS), water quality o Ilang River PCO o O&G – 1.4 mg/L o O&G – 1.6 mg/L o O&G – 2 mg/L pollutant sources within the pollutant load and marine Oil and tester Downstream o BOD – 4.9 mg/L o BOD – 6 mg/L o BOD – 7 mg/L operation area, o Evaluate existing water) Grease o TSS, O&G and conduct mitigation measures (O&G), BOD – Grab adjustments/ for possible need Biological sampling and appropriate for additional Oxygen laboratory corrective action mitigation measures Demand analysis at identified o If the source is not (BOD) pollutant source related to the o Reconduct project, inform Marine water o pH – 4.5 o pH – 5.2 o pH – 6.5 sampling / water MMT regarding o pH, TSS, Marine water pH – 6.3 pH – 7.2 pH – 9.0 quality monitoring possible source for O&G o Pier 1 o TSS – 35 mg/L o TSS – 40 mg/L o TSS – 50 mg/L the group’s o Pier 2 o O&G – 1.4 mg/L o O&G – 1.6 mg/L o O&G – 2 mg/L investigation and coordination with the LGU Ambient air Particulates, Proper operation Real time Kiln stack Project Part of plant PM: 94 ug/ncm PM: 108 ug/ncm PM: 135 ug/ncm o Check CEMS o Implement o Corrective action on pollution (Kiln SO2, NO2 and maintenance proponent MOE SO2: 945 ug/ncm SO2: 1080 ug/ncm SO2: 1350 operations appropriate the kiln system stack of the CEMS through NO2: 945 ug/ncm NO2: 1080 ug/ncm ug/ncm corrective action emissions) PCO NO2: 1350 at the CEMS ug/ncm Ambient air Pb (S) High Volume Quarterly SIxto Babao Project Part of plant 1.01 1.21 1.35 ug/ncm pollution (A) Atomic Elementary proponent MOE (30-min Absorption School, Union through averaging time) Spectrophotometry Galva Steel, PCO ,USEPA 40 CFR, Part Kobbler stations 50, Appendix G (1h averaging Cd Quarterly time for 24h; Project Part of plant (S)Prescribed 0.009 mg/ncm 30min for 24h for proponent MOE sampling method 0.007 0.008 (30-min trace metals) through (A) AAS averaging time) PCO

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SO2 (S) 1hr Gas Bubbler Quarterly Project Part of plant 214 245 306 ug/ncm (A) Pararosaniline proponent MOE Method (West and through Gaeke Method PCO

NO2 (S) 1hr Gas Bubbler Quarterly Project Part of plant 164 187 234 ug/ncm (A) Griess-Saltzman proponent MOE or through Chemiluminescenc PCO e Method Noise impacts Sound levels 1h for 24h sound Quarterly SIxto Babao Project Part of plant 3 dB less than limit 2 dB less than limit 1 dB less than o Identification of o Corrective action o Temporary in receptor measurements Elementary proponent MOE DENR EQSN possible source of on noise stoppage of noise areas using hand-held School, Union through noise equipment source source sound meter or Galva Steel, PCO o Check buffer o Conduct data logger Kobbler stations zones and noise monitoring after (1h averaging attenuation corrective action time for 24h; measures 30min for 24h for o Conduct noise trace metals) modeling Employment No. of workers HR Manpower Annual Plant/ Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct opportunities employed from Monitoring Report Communities through HR monitoring observations during non-prioritization received on measures to report investigation the impact FGDs/ KIIs/ Manager monitoring that of hiring locals non-hiring of mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to communities, Community and CRO minimal labor force locals impact measures to address negative including Consultations came from the local mitigate negative impact employment communities impact from contractors Increase in No. of business Ocular/Filed Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct business established due Observations Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation opportunities to the Gather secondary CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to operation data from result to negative impact measures to address negative Barangay/ impact mitigate negative impact Municipal LGUs impact FGDs/ KIIs/ Community Consultations Increase in No. of road/ Gather secondary Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct traffic hazards traffic accidents data from Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation Barangay/ CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to Municipal LGUs result to negative impact measures to address negative FGDs/ KIIs/ impact mitigate negative impact Community impact Consultations Improved No. of Gather secondary Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct

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Potential Sampling and Measurement Plan Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme Key Environmental Parameters to Impacts per Person/ Estimated Cost EQPL Range Management Measure Aspects be monitored Method Frequency Location Envt’l Sector Office (PhP) Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit services and Community data from Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation community Development Barangay/ CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to development Programs/ Municipal LGUs and result to negative impact measures to address negative potential Projects/ beneficiaries impact mitigate negative impact Activities FGDs/ KIIs/ impact implemented Community and No. of Consultations beneficiaries Generation of LGU Income Gather data from Semi- Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct additional aside from IRA Barangay/ Annual Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation revenue for Municipal LGUs CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to the Local FGDs/ KIIs/ result to negative impact measures to address negative Government Community impact mitigate negative impact Consultations impact o Decommissioning Phase Decommissioning Generation of Volume of solid Record keeping of Monthly Within the Project Minimal cost Accumulation of Accumulated Wastes become o Proper o Regular audits and o Immediate hauling of Machines/ solid and and hazardous generated solid and project site proponent domestic wastes, waste become toxic or serve as segregation maintenance of and disposal of Equipment hazardous waste hazardous waste, through scraps etc. within hazard to both breeding ground o Appropriate waste accumulated wastes Demolition of wastes generated mode of disposal PCO/ the project site vehicle and for pests, which labeling of waste management o For hazardous facilities and volume Contractor employees can be a vector containers system wastes, hauling and Closure of disposed or for infectious o Implementation of treatment via DENR operation recycled disease good accredited housekeeping transporter/ treater o Air component to be formulated 2 years before decommissioning Temporary No. of workers HR Manpower Annual Plant/ Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct increase in employed from Monitoring Report Communities through HR monitoring observations during non-prioritization received on measures to report investigation employment the impact FGDs/ KIIs/ Manager monitoring that of hiring locals non-hiring of mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to opportunities communities, Community and CRO minimal labor force locals impact measures to address negative followed by a including Consultations came from the local mitigate negative impact decrease employment communities impact from contractors Possible No. of business Ocular/Filed Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct decline in affected due to Observations Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation economic closure Gather data from CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to activities Barangay/ result to negative impact measures to address negative Municipal LGUs impact mitigate negative impact FGDs/ KIIs/ impact Community Consultations Disturbance Volume of Ocular/Filed Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct and generated Observations Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation generation of waste properly Gather data from the monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to solid waste disposed Barangay/ Environme result to negative impact measures to address negative due to Municipal LGUs nt Officer impact mitigate negative impact decommission FGDs/ KIIs/ and CRO impact ing activities Community Consultations Change in No. of Gather secondary Annual Impact Proponent 5,000/ Manifestations/ Incident Report on Complaint o Implement o Verify and validate o Conduct socio/commu implemented data from Communities through monitoring observations during negative impact received on the measures to report investigation nity Community Barangay/ CRO monitoring that will negative impact mitigate negative o Implement o Take action to development Development Municipal LGUs and result to negative impact measures to address negative benefits Programs/ Beneficiaries impact mitigate negative impact Projects/ FGDs/ KIIs/ impact Activities Community continuously Consultations managed or sustained by

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7.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE POLICY AND GUIDELINES Holcim-Davao formulated an Emergency Preparedness Program to ensure a systematic response to emergency scenarios that will adversely affect the operations of the plant, the safety of all workers and the environment.

Figure 7.1 presents an overview of Holcim-Davao’s Emergency Response Procedure while the Emergency Preparedness Program integrated in the 2018 Safety and Health Program is attached as Annex 7.1.

Figure 7.1. Overview of Holcim Davao Emergency Response Procedure

7.1 Scope of the Program The procedure is applicable to the following emergencies that were identified through Risk Assessments:

 Injuries or Medical Conditions;  Fires;  Explosions in the coal plant, magazines or quarry;  Bomb Threats;  Coal stockpile slump, resulting in entrapment of a person or plant;

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 Breaches of site security or violence;  Vehicle collisions;  Diving accidents;  Terrorist attacks;  Chemical spills;  Natural disasters;  Kidnapping;  Landslide; and  Silo Collapse.

The procedure does not provide detailed actions for the mentioned emergency scenarios but it does provide a standard sequence of actions to be taken during an emergency i.e. clear and concise communication processes through each phase.

7.2 Duties and Responsibilities The foregoing discussion is culled from the 2018 Safety and Health Program of Holcim-Davao.

7.2.1 Plant Manager Ensure that the site Safety Manager has sufficient resources to effectively implement and maintain the requirements of the procedure.

7.2.2 Plant Manager’s Administrative Assistant Develop and maintain the board room as the Emergency Control Room.

7.2.3 Site Safety Manager Implement and maintain all aspects of the procedure, which includes training of Emergency Response Team. He/She is also in charge of maintaining all equipment needed during emergency response, training of all relevant personnel, conducting drills and auditing various aspects of the procedure at prescribed schedules. Furthermore, he/she is assigned to manage the de-briefing sessions after emergencies and drills and to ensure that improvements are built into the procedure and site practices.

7.2.4 Emergency Call Receiver Usually the Admin Lobby Security Guard, the one who responds to the emergency call. The duty of the emergency call receiver is to get the emergency response started and ensure that the Response Crews have gone to the scene.

7.2.5 Incident Commander The role is assigned to the most senior person on site. He/She is in charge of managing the emergency, which includes coordinating with external offices for assistance such as External Fire Brigades etc. In addition, he/she should ensure the safe continued operation of the plant and should inform off-site HPHI Management, local government agencies and communities or businesses regarding the emergency.

7.2.6 Emergency Response Team Leader The most senior person who have undergone training on emergency response is assigned as the Emergency Response Team Leader (ERTL). He/She should successfully ensure that the emergency is under control.

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7.2.7 Incident Command Team Assistants Anyone on site can assume this role whose task is to assist the Incident Command Team as required.

7.2.8 Administration Coordinator The Plant Manager’s Administrative Assistant usually assumes this role. However, the HR Manager may act as the Administration Coordinator or anyone appointed by the Incident Commander. His/Her tasks are to provide administrative assistance to the Incident Command Team as required; manage communications between external parties and the Incident Command Team; and act as gatekeeper between external stakeholders and the Emergency Response Team during complex emergencies involving external parties.

7.2.9 Security Coordinator The Security Supervisor acts as the Security Coordinator who is assigned to appoint personnel to drive emergency vehicles; maintain site security; assist the ER Teams by enabling quick access and egress from the site i.e. doctors, ambulance and fire trucks.

7.2.10 Fire and Ambulance Drivers Security personnel are assigned to be fire and ambulance drivers whose main task is to deliver the emergency vehicle to the emergency scene.

7.2.11 Medical Coordinator Doctors or Nurses act as medical coordinator and provide the medical responses for any emergency.

7.2.12 Area Controllers Production Supervisors or Process Technicians are the area controllers. If their area is affected, they are the ones who assume control of the emergency until the ER Team Leader arrives. For unaffected areas, they need to be on standby and be prepared to take emergency actions.

7.2.13 CCR Operator The CCR Operator is in charge of communicating the incident to the Incident Commander and other relevant personnel or function.

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8.0 ABANDONMENT/DECOMMISSIONING/REHABILITATION AND GENERIC GUIDELINES The plant is expected to operate for the next 25 years. Should Holcim Philippines Inc. - Davao Plant decide to cease operations, an Abandonment/Decommissioning Plan shall be in place to minimize the effect of the project’s closure to the host community such as loss/decrease in taxes, loss of employment, income and/or business opportunities derived from the project. The said plan shall have the following objectives:

 Rehabilitate the disturbed areas to a condition that is beneficial to the environment and conforms to the land use plan of the municipality and/or province that is mutually concurred by the community, government agencies, and the company;  Manage and control off-site contamination by fortifying environmental control structures and implementation of appropriate rehabilitation methods;  Remove and disband unnecessary Project facilities and equipment used in the operation;  Conduct a comprehensive management and monitoring of rehabilitated areas until such time that the area is sustained and is biologically and physically acceptable with the preferred final land-use; and  Monitor SDP implementations and implement post-capacity training on the alternative skills and livelihood opportunities that were initiated during the onset of the Project’s operation.

To aid in the preparation of an Abandonment/Decommissioning/Rehabilitation Plan, the following activities shall be conducted:  A review of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which will provide information on the state of the environment and community before the project was implemented;  An assessment of the actual impacts caused by the project and the corresponding environmental management measures that were implemented and those still to be done;  Manage the aspirations and expectations of the stakeholders at the time the decision was made; and  An accounting of obligations of the proponents to local parties, including its workers.

8.1 Decommissioning Plan Cost will be one of the main considerations on the decommissioning strategy that will be implemented. Full decommissioning will require dismantling all equipment, demolishing all infrastructures and clean-up of the entire site according to environmental standards. Partial dismantling of structures can also be done to meet the specific requirements of the planned reuse of the site. In such case, buildings and facilities will be evaluated; buildings that are still in good condition can be donated to the Local Government Unit or the Barangay. During the decommissioning, Holcim-Davao will ensure that all environmental mitigating measures will be adopted and followed to minimize the environmental impacts.

In the decommissioning/abandonment plan, the following components should be considered to ensure safety during the implementation of decommissioning activities:

 Final Land Use of Surface Facilities and Rehabilitation;  Environmental Risk Assessment;  Waste Management; and  Social Development and Livelihood Assistance.

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To carry out the transitional stage between cessation of operation and actual closure, the company also plans to employ the following strategies:

Decommissioning Strategy Timeframe Mobilization of the Closure Team. Start of IEC Closure Planning. Three (3) years before closure Campaign as part of social preparation, and creation of Closure ComRel Plan. Inventory of all equipment and facilities by the Part of Closure Planning Closure Team Within two (2) years before Closure Assessment of the conditions of equipment and Part of Closure Planning facilities by the Closure Team Within 2 years before Closure Planning and review of decommissioning Part of Closure Planning procedures vis-à-vis the standard operating Within one (1) year procedures. Coordination with contractors before Closure Cross matching of company personnel and Part of Closure Planning residents with the decommissioning tasks. Within 1 year before Closure Trainings/seminars will be provided as the need arises. Consultation with stakeholders. Strengthening of IEC Campaign as part of social preparation. Decommissioning of equipment and facilities Decommissioning and Rehabilitation Phase Within 6 months after closure Post assessment by the Closure Team on the Decommissioning and Rehabilitation Phase decommissioned equipment and facilities Within and after 1 year of closure Rehabilitation of the decommissioned project Decommissioning and Rehabilitation Phase component Within and after 2 year of closure

A Closure Team will be established to oversee the implementation of the abovementioned. This team, to be headed by the Plant Manager, will be composed of the various department heads and personnel working under the safety and health, environment, and social departments.

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9.0 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION As shown in the organizational structure (Figure 9.1), the plant operations is headed by the Plant Manager whereas the proposed modification will be supervised by the Project Manager.

The Environment Officer, Corporate Social Responsibility Manager, Site Safety Manager and Officer play a vital role in the successful implementation of all mitigating measures stated in the Impacts Management Plan (IMP).

The Environment Officer (also the Pollution Control Officer) will lead the implementation of all environmental management programs/measures committed in the IMP and the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP). Among the responsibilities of a PCO are as follows:

 Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigating and enhancement measures that are adopted by the company;  Plan, propose and implement modifications or additional environmental measures deemed necessary to effectively protect the environment;  Coordinate with relevant oversight agencies including the local government units (LGU) to ensure their effective participation in the MMT activities;  Ensure Holcim-Davao’s compliance to all conditionalities listed in the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC);  Submit reports being required by relevant government agencies such as Compliance Monitoring Report (CMR) and Self-Monitoring Report (SMR) of the DENR – EMB; and  Monitor the actual project impacts vis-à-vis the predicted impacts and management measures presented in the EPRMP Report.

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Figure 9.1. Organizational structure of Kalayaan Project (left) and Holcim-Davao

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