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Measurement of Time
Measurement of Time M.Y. ANAND, B.A. KAGALI* Department of Physics, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560056 *email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Time was historically measured using the periodic motions of the sun and stars. Various types of sun clocks were devised in Egypt, Greece and Europe. Different types of water clocks were assembled with ever greater accuracy. Only in the seventeenth century did the mechanical clock with pendulums and springs appeared. Accurate quartz clocks and atomic clocks were developed in the first half of the twentieth century. Now we have clocks that have better than microsecond accuracy. This article gives a brief account of all these topics. Keywords: Sun clocks, Water clocks, Mechanical clocks, Quartz clocks, Atomic clocks, World Time, Indian Standard time We all know intuitively what time is. It can be civilizations relied upon the apparent motion of roughly equated with change or motions. From these bodies through the sky to determine the very beginning man has been interested in seasons, months, and years. understanding and measuring time. More We know little about the details of recently, he has been looking for ways to limit timekeeping in prehistoric eras, but we find the “damaging” effects of time and going that in every culture, some people were backward in time! preoccupied with measuring and recording the Celestial bodies—the Sun, Moon, planets, passage of time. Ice-age hunters in Europe over and stars—have provided us a reference for 20,000 years ago scratched lines and gouged measuring the passage of time. Ancient holes in sticks and bones, possibly counting the Physics Education • January − March 2007 277 days between phases of the moon. -
Pendulum Time" Lesson Explores How the Pendulum Has Been a Reliable Way to Keep Time for Centuries
IEEE Lesson Plan: P endulum Time Explore other TryEngineering lessons at www.tryengineering.org L e s s o n F o c u s Lesson focuses on how pendulums have been used to measure time and how mechanical mechanism pendulum clocks operate. Students work in teams to develop a pendulum out of everyday objects that can reliably measure time and operate at two different speeds. They will determine the materials, the optimal length of swing or size of weight to adjust speed, and then develop their designs on paper. Next, they will build and test their mechanism, compare their results with other student teams, and share observations with their class. Lesson Synopsis The "Pendulum Time" lesson explores how the pendulum has been a reliable way to keep time for centuries. Students work in teams to build their own working clock using a pendulum out of every day materials. They will need to be able to speed up and slow down the motion of the pendulum clock. They sketch their plans, consider what materials they will need, build the clock, test it, reflect on the assignment, and present to their class. A g e L e v e l s 8-18. Objectives Learn about timekeeping and engineering. Learn about engineering design and redesign. Learn how engineering can help solve society's challenges. Learn about teamwork and problem solving. Anticipated Learner Outcomes As a result of this activity, students should develop an understanding of: timekeeping engineering design teamwork Pendulum Time Provided by IEEE as part of TryEngineering www.tryengineering.org © 2018 IEEE – All rights reserved. -
The Case of Switzerland and the World Watch Industry *
469 Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry * Amy Glasmeier tain and augment their competitiveness in a global Unrr~rs~t~of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA economy. On the eve of the electronics revolution, the Swiss watch production system, centered in the mountainous Jura region, was flexible, cost The twentieth-century history of the Swiss watch industry effective, and extremely profitable. Both horizon- illustrates how cultures and industrial production systems ex- tally and vertically disintegrated, the Swiss system perience great difficulty adapting to external change at differ- offered enormous variety while maintaining qual- ent points in time. The current emphasis on production net- ity and timeliness of delivery. “The multiplicity of works - unique reservoirs of potential technological innovation realized through cooperation rather than competition among enterprises, and the competition and emulation firms - lacks a detailed appreciation of historic networks, and that characterized the industry, yielded a product in particular their fragile character in times of economic of superior quality known the world over for high turmoil. While networks can and do promote innovation within fashion, design, and precision” [21, p. 481. an existing technological framework, historical experience sug- Beginning in the 1970s when foreign competi- gests their fragmented, atomistic structure is subject to dis- organization and disintegration during periods of technological tion hurdled technological frontiers in watch change. An exclusive focus on “production” ignores other movements, advancing from mechanical to elec- constraints that are powerful forces governing the reaction tric, electronic, digital and finally quartz technol- abilities of regions. Previous research has largely relied on a ogy, the Jura’s undisputed dominance ended. -
A History of the Citizen Watch Company, from the Pages of Watchtime Magazine
THE WORLD OF FINE WATCHES SPOTLIGHT www.watchtime.com A HISTORY OF THE CITIZEN WATCH COMPANY, FROM THE PAGES OF WATCHTIME MAGAZINE CCIITTIIZZEENN THe HisTory of ciTizen One of the original Citizen pocket watches that went on THE sale in December 1924 CITIZEN WATCH STORY How a Tokyo jeweler’s experiment in making pocket watches 84 years ago led to the creation of a global watch colossus n the 1920s, the young Emperor of Japan, than the imports. To that end, Yamazaki found - Goto. The mayor was a friend of Yamazaki’s. Hirohito, received a gift that reportedly de - ed in 1918 the Shokosha Watch Research Insti - When the fledgling watch manufacturer was I lighted him. The gift was from Kamekichi tute in Tokyo’s Totsuka district. Using Swiss ma - searching for a name for his product, he asked Yamazaki, a Tokyo jeweler, who had an ambi - chinery, Yamazaki and his team began experi - Goto for ideas. Goto suggested Citizen. A tion to manufacture pocket watches in Japan. menting in the production of pocket watches. watch is, to a great extent, a luxury item, he ex - The Japanese watch market at that time By the end of 1924, they began commercial plained, but Yamazaki was aiming to make af - was dominated by foreign makes, primarily production of their first product, the Caliber fordable watches. It was Goto’s hope that every Swiss brands, followed by Americans like 16 pocket watch, which they sold under the citizen would benefit from and enjoy the time - Waltham and Elgin. Yamazaki felt the time brand name Citizen. -
Mini Quartz Clock Movements
Mini Quartz Clock Movements • 10 Year Warranty • Step Second Hand • Dimensions: 2-1/8"W x 2-1/8"H x 5/8"D • Runs on 1 "AA" Size Battery • American "I" Shaft - Diameter 5/16" • Free Set Of Hands and • Front Loading Hanger Mounting Hardware With • Accurate Within 2 Minutes A Year Each Clock Movement • Fits 3" Diameter Hole • Made in USA 1. Drill a 3/8" hole through the material you are working with and insert the movement. 2. Slide brass washer over shaft. 3. Attach dial mounting hex nut. 4. Gently press hour hand onto shaft at 12:00 position. 5. Place minute hand over shaft at 12:00 position. 6. Gently screw minute nut in place. 7. Press on second hand at 12:00 position. 8. Screw on cap nut if no second hand is used. Mini Movements Shaft Length Selecting the Proper Shaft Length Dials B A P r i c e E a c h P e r P k g O f Proper shaft length is important to ensure Stock# up to Thread Total 1 3 10 50 100 sufficient clearance when going through your dial Q-11 1/8" thick 3/16" 17/32" 4.95 4.23 4.45 3.80 4.25 3.63 3.95 3.38 3.75 3.21 board and when using a glass front on your clock. Q-12 1/4" thick 5/16" 5/8" 4.95 4.23 4.45 3.80 4.25 3.63 3.95 3.38 3.75 3.21 Overall Length (A) is measured from the tip of Q-13 3/8" thick 7/16" 3/4" 4.95 4.See23 4.4 website5 3.80 4.25 3for.63 3current.95 3.38 3.75 3.21 the hand shaft to the movement cast. -
Analog Clock Headway Movement FAQS
ANALOG CLOCK HEADWAY MOVEMENT FAQS The links below will work in most PDF viewers and link to the topic area by clicking the link. We recommend Adobe Reader version 10 or greater available at: http://get.adobe.com/reader CONTENTS Analog Clock Headway Movement FAQS .................................................................... 1 Batteries ............................................................................................................................. 2 Atomic Clock Factory Restart ...................................................................................... 2 Supported Time Zones .................................................................................................. 2 Time is Incorrect ............................................................................................................. 2 Clock is incorrect by Hours but minutes are correct .......................................... 3 Daylight Saving Time ..................................................................................................... 3 Manually Set Time ........................................................................................................... 3 How long will the battery last? .................................................................................. 3 Can I shut off the WWVB signal? .............................................................................. 3 Is there a booster antenna to receive the WWVB signal in a difficult location? ............................................................................................................................ -
SETTING up and MOVING a PENDULUM CLOCK by Brian Loomes, UK
SETTING UP AND MOVING A PENDULUM CLOCK by Brian Loomes, UK oving a pendulum This problem may face clock with anchor the novice in two different Mescapement can ways. Firstly as a clock be difficult unless you have that runs well in its present a little guidance. Of all position but that you need these the longcase clock to move. Or as a clock is trickiest because the that is new to you and that long pendulum calls for you need to assemble greater care at setting it in and set going for the very balance, usually known as first time—such as one you have just inherited or bought at auction. If it is the first of these then you can attempt to ignore my notes about levelling. But floors in different rooms or different houses seldom agree Figure 1. When moving an on levels, and you may eight-day longcase clock you eventually have to follow need to hold the weight lines through the whole process in place by taping round the of setting the clock level accessible part of the barrel. In and in beat. a complicated musical clock, Sometimes you can such as this by Thomas Lister of persuade a clock to run by Halifax, it is vital. having it at a silly angle, or by pushing old pennies or wooden wedges under the seatboard. But this is hardly ideal and next time you move the clock you start with the same performance all over again. setting it ‘in beat’. These My suggestion is that you notes deal principally with bite the bullet right away longcase clocks. -
77A71 Quartz Clock Movement Instructions
77A71 07/28/94 Quartz Clock Movement Instructions Product #3722X, 3723X The 3622X and 3723X quartz battery movements will operate The 3723X movement has a start-stop switch on the rear of the approximately 12 months on a fresh “C” alkaline battery. Insert the case. Both movements feature a hand set knob on the rear of the battery with positive end to your left as movement is held upright case. Telephone time recordings are generally adequate for setting looking from the rear. the time. The 3722X and 3723X movements should keep time to +/- To mount the movement, insert the handshaft through the center 10 seconds per month. hole in your dial and fasten with the brass nut and brass washer. Be sure to use a fresh battery when you install your clock. If you are The hanger and one or more shims (rubber washer) may be neces- not sure, have it tested on a battery testing device. Do not attempt sary between the movement and the dial to control the distance that to disassemble the movement case for any kind of service. the handshaft protrudes through the dial. (See Diagram A) The adjustable pendulum on the 3722X adjustable pendulum Press the hour hand onto its shaft, making sure it does not rub movement has no bearing on the time keeping of the movement against the dial. The minute hand fits onto the threaded “I” shaft itself and can be adjusted by “breaking” the brass rod at the scored and is held by a small nut. The second hand (optional) may now be lines and then replacing the brass bob. -
Relativity and Clocks
RELATIVITY AND CLOCKS Carroll 0. Alley Universityof Maryland CollegePark, Maryland Sumnary be mentioned. In this centennial year of the birth of Albert The internationaltimekeeping communityshould Einstein, it is fittingto review the revolutionary takegreat pride in the fact that the great stabil- andfundamental insights about time whichhe gave ity of cont-mporaryatomic clocks requires the us inthe Restricted Theory of Relativity (1905) first practical applications g Einstein's General and in the conseqences of the Principle of Equiv- Theory of Relativity.This circumstance can be ex- alence (l'. .The happiest thought of my life.. .") pected to produce a better understanding among whichhe developed (1907-1915) into histheory of physicists andengineers of the physical basis of gravityas curved space-time, the General Theory of gravity as curvedspace-time. For slow motions and Relativity. weak gravitational fields, such as we normally ex- perience on the earth, the primary curvature is It is of particularsignificance that the ex- thatof &, notspace. A body falls,according traordinary stability ofmodern atomicclocks has to Einstein's view, not because of the Newtonian recentlyallowed the experimental Study and accur- forcepulling it tothe earth, but because of the ate measurement of these basic effects of motion properties of time: clocksrun slower when moving and gravitationalpotential on time. Experiments andrun faster or slower, the higher or lower re- with aircraft flights and laser pulseremote time spectively they are in the earth's gravity field. comparison(Alley, Cutler, Reisse, Williams, et al, 1975)and an experiment with a rocketprobe (Vessot,Levine, et al, 1976) are brieflydes- Some Eventsin Einstein's cribed. Intellectual Development Properunderstanding and allowance for these Figure 1 shows Einstein in his study in Berlin remarkableeffects is now necessary for accurate several years after he hadbrought the General global time synchronization using ultrastable Theoryof Relativity to its complete form in 1915. -
Mechanical Parts of Clocks Or Watches in General
G04B CPC COOPERATIVE PATENT CLASSIFICATION G PHYSICS (NOTES omitted) INSTRUMENTS G04 HOROLOGY G04B MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS (spring- or weight-driven mechanisms in general F03G; electromechanical clocks or watches G04C; electromechanical clocks with attached or built- in means operating any device at pre-selected times or after predetermined time intervals G04C 23/00; clocks or watches with stop devices G04F 7/08) NOTE This subclass covers mechanically-driven clocks or clockwork calendars, and the mechanical part of such clocks or calendars. WARNING In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. Driving mechanisms 1/145 . {Composition and manufacture of the springs (compositions and manufacture of 1/00 Driving mechanisms {(driving mechanisms for components, wheels, spindles, pivots, or the Turkish time G04B 19/22; driving mechanisms like G04B 13/026; compositions of component in the hands G04B 45/043; driving mechanisms escapements G04B 15/14; composition and for phonographic apparatus G11B 19/00; springs, manufacture or hairsprings G04B 17/066; driving weight engines F03G; driving mechanisms compensation for the effects of variations of for cinematography G03B 1/00; driving mechnisms; temperature of springs using alloys, especially driving mechanisms for time fuses for missiles F42C; for hairsprings G04B 17/227; materials for driving mechnisms for toys A63H 29/00)} bearings of clockworks G04B 31/00; iron and 1/02 . with driving weight steel alloys C22C; heat treatment and chemical 1/04 . -
This Is Part 1 of 2 on Servicing the 400-Day (Anniversary) Clock
1 This is part 1 of 2 on servicing the 400-day (Anniversary) clock. This article will be a 2-part series devoted to the servicing of the 400-day or Anniversary clock by Michael P. Murray. Mike was AWI’s 400-day clock repair bench course Instructor. The 400-day course is a 2-day “hands on” affair with the students working on the clock that they bring and Mike can accommodate anywhere from 8 to 16 students. For more information about Mike please see his Website at: http://www.atmosman.com/400dayin.html . This article is copyrighted to the author and references. Members, In my initial series on the 400-day clock, we will cover final assembly right through final timing. My assumption is that we all know the basics but it’s the last seemingly basis steps where most of the troubles occur when servicing this slightly temperamental timepiece. My goal in writing these articles is to get you past many of the pitfalls and erroneous assumptions. There are no real “secrets” and I hope to enable anyone who reads this by dispelling any fears or myths. So if you’re not currently servicing the 400-day, I urge you to give them another try. Series Assumptions A quick mention of what I expect as the “basis”. You’re checked for and corrected any pivot, tooth, or gear depthing problems (depthing problems are extremely rare), used a mainspring winder to remove and install the mainspring, cleaned and lubricated same, pegged all pivot holes, polished all pivots and pivot shoulders, polished the anchor pin and the inside of the fork tines, and cleaned all parts. -
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Oscillations[2] 2.0.Pdf
Team ______________ ______________ Oscillations Oscillatory motion is motion that repeats itself. An object oscillates if it moves back and forth along a fixed path between two extreme positions. Oscillations are everywhere in the world around you. Examples include the vibration of a guitar string, a speaker cone or a tuning fork, the swinging of a pendulum, playground swing or grandfather clock, the oscillating air in an organ pipe, the alternating current in an electric circuit, the rotation of a neutron star (pulsars), neutrino oscillations (subatomic particle), the up and down motion of a piston in an engine, the up and down motion of an electron in an antenna, the vibration of atoms in a solid (heat), the vibration of molecules in air (sound), the vibration of electric and magnetic fields in space (light). The Force The dynamical trademark of all oscillatory motion is that the net force causing the motion is a restoring force. If the oscillator is displaced away from equilibrium in any direction, then the net force acts so as to restore the system back to equilibrium. Definition: A simple harmonic oscillator is an oscillating system whose restoring force is a linear force − a force F that is proportional to the displacement x : F = − kx . The force constant k measures the strength of the force and depends on the system parameters. If you know the force constant of the system, then you can figure out everything about the motion. Examples of force constants: k = K (mass on spring of spring constant K), k = mg/L (pendulum of length L), k = mg/D (wood on water, submerged a distance D).