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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, begiiming at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Informaticn Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT OF PESTS, DISEASES AND WEEDS ON INVERTEBRATES IN TOMATO AGROECOSYSTEMS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Erdal N. Yardim, B.S., MS. ***** The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Clive A. Edwards, Adviser Celeste Welty V\A>€ . Adviser Richard M. Riedel Environmental Science Graduate Program UMI Number: 9710688 Copyright 1996 by Yardim, Erdal Necip All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9710688 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Erdal Necip Yardim 1996 ABSTRACT The overall effects of pesticide use in agroecosystems have received a great deal of attention in recent decades because of the potential undesirable non-target effects of pesticides. By designing and implementing a field experiment comparing the recommended chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds in tomato agroecosystems, I was able to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive pesticide treatment program, individual components and lower chemical inputs on the incidence of pests, predators and nematodes over two seasons. The pesticide treatments used included; i) full spectrum pesticide use; based on a comprehensive pesticide application schedule including insecticides (carbaryl, endosulfan, and esfenvalerate), a fungicide (chlorothalonil) and herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat); ii) insecticide only use treatment; based on applications of the same insecticides and doses as in the full spectrum pesticide use treatment; iii) fungicides and herbicides only treatments; based on applications of the same doses fungicide and herbicides as in the full spectrum pesticide use treatment; iv) control plots received no pesticide applications. The pest populations studied included: aphids (potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and green peach aphids, Myzus persicae), flea beetles (Epitrix spp.), and thrips (Thrips spp.). The predatory arthropods investgated included ground beetles (Carabidae), rove beetles (Staphylinidae), tiger beetles (Cicindellidae), lady beetles (Coccinellidae), spiders (Araneae), ants ( Formicidae), and anthocorids (Anhocoridae: Hemiptera). Insecticide applications provided efiScient control of aphids and flea beetles, but they led to reductions in numbers of various groups of predators. In general, foliage-dwelling predators were more sensitive to pesticide applications than ground-dwelling predators. Fungicide and herbicide applications caused decreased populations of anthocorids and foliage-dwelling spiders and consequent increases in the numbers of aphids and flea beetles. Free-living nematode populations were sensitive to pesticide applications in general; in particular insecticide applications consistently led to increase in plant parasitic nematode numbers. Early blight caused by Altemaria solani was a serious disease limiting the yields. An economic comparison of pesticide applications on processing tomatoes showed that fungicide applications were critical to maintain yields and profitability of tomato production in the presence of early blight disease. m To Hatice, Sehaded and Sehid IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor. Dr. Clive Edwards for his guidance, patience and strong support throughout my graduate training. I am also grateful to the other members of my committee. Dr. Celeste Welty and Dr. R.M. Riedel for their technical advice and comments in my field work and dissertation. I thank Bill Shuster and Mike Anderson for their assistance during my field work and for their sincere fiiendship. I also wish to thank my wife, Hatice, for her patience and faith, my daughter, Sehaded, and my son, Sehid, for the joy they brought to my life during this endeavor. VITA March 25, 1966 ........................................................ Bom - Batman, Turkey 1990 ...................................................................... M.S. Entomology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey 1990-199 1................................................................ Research Assistant, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey 1991- present............................................................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Environmental Science (Entomology, Agroecosystem Ecology and Integrated Pest Management) VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................v Vita...................................................................................................................................vi List of Tables..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures.................................................................................................................... x Chapters: 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 2. The effects of chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds on arthropod pests and fungal pathogens in processing tomatoes........................................................... 18 Introduction........................................................................................................... 18 Materials and method ............................................................................................ 26 Results .............................................................................................................. 29 Discussion........................................................................................................... 33 3. The effects of chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds on surface- dwelling predators in tomatoes.................................................................................59 Introduction...........................................................................................................59 Materials and method ........................................................................................... 64 Results .................................................................................................................. 65 Discussion.............................................................................................................68 4. The effects of chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds on foliage- dwelling predators, commonly found on tomatoes...................................................86 Introduction...........................................................................................................86 Materials and M ethod ........................................................................................... 87 vii Results .................................................................................................................. 88 Discussion............................................................................................................ 90 5. The effects of chemical management of pests, diseases and weeds on the trophic structure of nematode populations in tomato agroecosystems.................................101 Introduction.........................................................................................................101 Materials and method ...................................................................................... 104 Results .............................................................................................................. 105 Discussion............................................................................................................106 6. An