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Una Exención Tributaria Medieval En El Marco Del Derecho Nobiliario

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Una Exención Tributaria Medieval En El Marco Del Derecho Nobiliario UNA EXENCION TRIBUTARIA MEDIEVAL EN EL MARCO DEL DERECHO NOBILIARIO CASTELLANO SUMARIO : I . Introduccion .-II. Privilegios de transmisibn de la nobleza por via tememna.-III. El privilegio del Pdramo de la Focella : A) Concesi6n. B) Diferencia entre hidalguia y exenc16n. C) Su pervlvencia hasta el sl- glo xix. D) Regimen y contenldo . E) El problema de los vaquciros de alzada. F) La terntorialidad de la exencidn.-Apdndices documentales . I.-INTRODUCCION La transmision de los titulos nobiliarios es un tema de notoria actualidad porque el principio tradicional de preferencia mascu- lina ha entrado en crisis, sobre todo a raiz de la promulgacion del texto constitucional vigente 1 . 1 . Constitucidn Espanola de 1978, art. 14; Disp . der. 3. Convencidn sobne la eliminaci6n de todas las formas de discriminacidn contra la mujer. Nueva York, 18 de diciembre de 1979, ratificada por Es- pana el 16 de diciembre de 1983 . De este principio igualatorio se exceptiua la sucesidn a la Corona . Cons- tituci6n Espanola 1978, art. 57, 1 . Cfrs : Manuel FERNANDEZ-FONTECI-IA TORRES, Alfredo NREZ DE ARMINAN Y DE IA SERNA, La Monarquia y la Constituci6n (Madrid 1987) . Sobre Derecho Nobiliario v6ase: Manuel TABoADA RocA, Conde de Bo- rrajeiros, Los titulos nobiliarios y su regulaci6n legislativa en Espana (Ma- drid, 1970); Los titulos nobiliarios y su acceso al Registro Civil (Madrid 1961); Las sucesiones nobiliarias y su regulaci6n legislativa despues de la Constituci6n (Madrid 1983). Antonio VARGAS-ZINIGA Y MONTERO DE ESPINOSA, Marquds de Siete Iglesias, Derecho Nobiliario Hist6rico (Madrid 1961). Julio de ATIENZA Y NAVAJAs, Baron de Cobos de Belchite, Consideraciones diversas sobre titulos nob:liarios (Madrid 1961). Manuel RAVENTds NOGUER, Cuestiones de Derecho Nobiliario (Madrid 1961) 492 Carmen Carracedo y Manuel de Abal-Brasdn De todos son bien conocidas las recientes sentencias que cons- tituyen una innovacibn en esta material y que alteran el principio que se ha venido siguiendo en la sucesion de estos honores 3. Todas estas discusiones dan pie para abordar el tema de la nobleza de sangre o como dicen las Partidas 4, la hidalguia. HistG- ricamente el estamento nobiliario estuvo formado por dos grandes grupos, uno de ellos compuesto por Titulos y Grandes y el otro por nobles sin titulo, to que se ha llamado hidalguia o nobleza liana. El refranero castellano decia: ((El titulo to da el rey, pero la hidalguia la da Dios y el tiempo»; con esto se queria senalar el extremado valor que tenia en la sociedad la nobleza de sangre, a veces incluso mas que el propio titulo . Segun el texto alfonsino la nobleza se adquiere por virtud o valor, por ciencia, o por los padres, es decir, por sangre 5 y se 2. Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 20 de junco de 1987 (Civil), sobre declaracidn de mejor derecho a suceder en el titulo de Marques del Vado del Maestre. Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 27 de julio do 1987 (Civil), sobre de- claracibn de mejor derecho a suceder en el titulo de Marques de Villalba do los Llanos. 3 El orden de sucesibn en los titulos nobiliarios se establece en primer lugar por la carta de concesidn y en su defecto por el principio tradicional en la materia (Decreto de 4 de junio de 1948) Tal principio traditional : Leyes de Toro : 27 y 40-46. Partidas, 11, 15, 2, establecen la preferencia del varbn sobre la hembra En realidad las Leyes de Toro to que hicieron fue aclarar y recordar la legis- lacion anterior. Vease: Gregorio UPEz, Glosa «Majoria idem P a Partidas, 11,15,2 . Antonio G6ntt=z, Ad Leges Tauri comentarium absolutissimum (Madrid 1768), comentario a la Ley 40, pp. 266 s. Josh ALVAttez POSADILLA, Comentarios a las Leyes de Toro (Madrid 1826), p. 212 Sancho de LLAMAS Y MOLINA, Comentario critico-juridico-literal a las ochen- ta y tres leyes de Toro (Madrid 1852), pp 309 s. 4. Partidas, 11,21,2: «E porende Ftjosdalgo deven ser escogios, que ven- gan de derecho linaje, de padre, e de abuelo, Pasta en el quarto grado, que llama bisabuelosn, y 3 aFidalguia segund diximos en la ley ante desta es nobleza que viene a los omes por l:naleo . 5. Partidas, 11,21,2: a E esta gentileza avian en tres maneras. La una, por linaje . La otra por saber. La tercera por bondad de costumbres e de ma- nerasA. Una exenci6n tributaria medieval 493 transmite por via de vardn, sea legitima o natural b. Asi pues, la transmisi6n de esta condicidn juridica se basaba en dos princi- pios: agnaci6n rigurosa y filiaci6n legitima o natural. Sin embargo estos axiomas tienen excepciones : respecto a la filiaci6n legitima se contempla el privilegio del «Ebro alla» concedido por los Reyes Cat6licos en 1501 y confirmado posteriormente a los hijos 6. Partidas, IV,23,2: En esta ley y tras contemplar la cualidad noblliaria como modlficatlva de la condic16n, establece el prmciplo de la mejor cuall- dad del var6n sobre la hembra . El derecho tradlcional respecto a la su- ces16n del estado pnvilegiado glra en torno a estos dos principios : superio- ridad masculina y reconocimlento de su condici6n mas honrosa Cfrs . co- mentarlo a esta ley de Ignacio SANPONT Y BARBA, Ram6n MARTf DE Eixu.A y Jose FERRER Y SUBIRANA (Ed. Barcelona 1844). Partzdas, 11,21,3: (Pero la mayor parte de la f:dalguta ganan los omen por honra de los padres.Ca maguer la madre sea villana ; e el padre fedalgo, ftiodalgo es el filo que dellos nasczere : e por ftjodalgo se ptiede contar, mas non por noble". Partidas, VII,11,1 : «E ftjodalgo es aquel que es nasctdo de padre que es ftjodalgo, queer to sea la madre, quier no, solo que sea su muger velada o anuga, que tenga conoccda por suya ». Confirmando este principio sobre que la filiaci6n natural no obsta el goce de la hldalguia paterna vease: Carmen CARRACF.Do FALAGAN, Muier y derecho en la sociedad asturlana de la Edad Moderna, Liber Amicorum Profesor Ignacio de la Concha (Oviedo 1986). pp . 119-140, p. 137, Ap6ndice documental m1m. 1 : « e dixo que como tal hijo natural nieto y btznieto de los que van mencionados era htiodalgo notorio de sangre. » (Ano 1759). Gregorio L6PEz, Glosa aIn caslbus . b a Partidas, VII,11,1, aflrma sin em- bargo que en algunos casos se requiere la concurrencla de la nobleza por via paterna y materna, concretamente Part:das, 11,18,6 y 7, 111,22,25 . Estos textos no obstante no han de oscurecer la propla condicl6n noblliaria que se adquiere las mas de las veces por via de var6n sin precisar la concurren- cia de la condici6n privilegiada de la madre. En el caso recogido en la Partida segunda se establece que para ser alcaide o teniente de alcaide de un castillo, junto a otros requisitos se precisa ser noble por ambos cos- tados. Y en la prescripcidn de la Partida tercera se estatuye que aquel que tuviese potestad de juzgar por el rey, y to hiciese «tortlceramente» contra rico-hombre, infanzbn o caballero honrado «que sea fidalgo derechamente de padre e de madre» imponiendole pena corporal al mismo, le sea aplicado sdentico castigo . Ahora bien, Gregorio L6PE7, Glosa cEx ista lege D a Par- tidas, 111,21,25, interpreta que esta disposicibn legal ejemplifica cbmo debe mostrarse menos severidad en castigar corporalmente a los nobles que a los llanos, particularidad que s61o acaecera si no es privilegiado tambi6n aquet en cuya persona se hubiere cometido el delito, en el caso en el que to fuere, 494 Carmen Carracedo y Manuel de Abal-Bras6n ilegitimos de las Montaiias de Burgos y los senorios y provincial vascongados 7. En Asturias, los hijos sacrilegos de padre noble he- redaban la condicibn de este, a pesar de que el hecho carecia de sancion legal'. Otros privilegios dignos de estudiar son los que excepcionan la transmision patrilineal. igualmente que el delincuente, se aplicara a este la pena con todo rigor, por la sabida regla de que la concurrencia de dos privilegios iguales, causa su supres16n. No obstante, aunque Partedas, 11,21,3, atirman de forma clara que hi- dalgo es el hijo de padres que to es y noble queen tiene ambos progemto- res privilegiados se han utilizado indistintamente uno y otro vocablo con igual sigmlicado. Vicente CADENAS Y VICENT, Comentanos a los Descursos de la Nobleza de Espana de Bernabe Moreno de Vargas, Hidalguia (=H), 94 (Madrid 1969), pp. 389 ss. Y asi, por ejemplo, en los padrones de moneda torera del Conce,lo de Grado, en Asturias, se habla de Estado de los nobles caballeros h:losdalgo para referirse a los que son estrictamente hidalgos. Archivo del Ayuntamiento de Grado. Padrones de distincidn de estados de 1815, 1824 y 1831 . Signatura G-1 . Part:das, VII,11,1 aluden a que la nobleza ,antiguamente ovo comienzo en los varones», el criterio expuesto en ellas no es de fear y ya Sanchez Albornoz considerb y, creemos que con razbn, que el citado texto legal no tiene autondad decisiva para explicar una institucidn y una palabra viejas a la sazdn de siglos . Claudio SANCHEz ALsORxoz, eDe los Banu Al-aimas a los ftlosdalgo? «Cuadernos de Historia de Espanan (=CHE),XVI (Buenos Aires 1951), pp. 130-145, pp. 144 s. La profesora Carl6, por su parte, cxplica que la infanzonia, tdrmino equiparable al de hidalguia, en cierta manera, se concedia ordinariamente al vardn, aunque con alguna excepci6n que anota esta autora, y de ahi se extendia a su mujer e hijos. Maria del Carmen CARLC, Infanzones e hidalgos, CHE, XXXIII-XXXIV (Buenos Aires 1961), p'a- ginas 56-100, pp.
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