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From Silver to Cocaine.Pdf
Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries” ) draft of essay published in Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal and Zephyr Frank titled Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of Global Economy, (XVI-XXth Centuries), Duke University Press, 2006, pp. 25-52. The Spanish American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime (16th-18th centuries) Carlos Marichal The legacy of the monetary regime of the Spanish empire is not only an important chapter in world economic history but also key to an understanding of premodern monetary systems. The international diffusion of the Spanish American silver peso between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries transformed it into what could be termed as an almost universal, metallic money. The reasons for the global trade and circulation of this commodity money can be explained by the dynamics of supply and demand. On the supply side, the silver mines of Spanish America were the richest in the world and allowed for a voluminous and rising production of high-value bars and coins for several centuries. On the demand side, it is clear that silver (and gold) were long the most highly valued money commodities in ancien regime societies and economies since metallic currencies tended to be dominant as medium of exchange in a large range of transactions. In this regard, analysis of the extraordinary historical and geographical trajectories of the silver peso in the Americas, Europe, the Mideast and Asia between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries can elucidate important aspects of premodern processes of globalization. -
Come Home To
Come home to Beautiful towns to visit in Asturias asturiastourism.co.uk 2 #AsturianCities Introduction #AsturianCities EDITING: SOCIEDAD PÚBLICA DE GESTIÓN Y PROMOCIÓN TURÍSTICA Y CULTURAL DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS, SAU Design: Arrontes y Barrera Estudio de Publicidad Layout: Paco Currás Diseñadores Maps: Da Vinci Estudio Gráfico Texts: Regina Buitrago Martínez-Colubi Translation: Morote Traducciones, SL. Photography: Front cover: Amar Hernández. Inside pages: Amar Hernández, Camilo Alonso, Juan de Tury, Juanjo Arrojo, Marcos Morilla, Noé Baranda, Paco Currás, Pelayo Lacazette, Ayuntamiento de Avilés, Ayuntamiento de Oviedo, Divertia Gijón SA and own Files. Imprenta: Imprenta Mundo SLU D.L.: AS 03020-2018 © CONSEJERÍA DE EMPLEO, INDUSTRIA Y TURISMO DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS asturiastourism.co.uk #AsturianCities 1 Asturias, a spectacular region. A historic The lifestyle and mild Atlantic climate of Principality located in the north of Spain. A Asturias allows Asturians and visitors to beautiful, natural tapestry coloured green, enjoy life outdoors. The three cities have blue and grey. The land with a black coal crowded areas of wide terraces, in their city mining heart. It is heaven on earth. Visiting centres as well as in their neighbourhoods. Asturias will fascinate you. It is an experience This contributes to the enjoyment of relaxing, you’ll never forget. friendly meet-ups and the feeling of living the good life that can be soaked up in this land. Its urban area is made up of three cities with a great history and personality: Avilés, Gijón/ It is easy to enjoy all of them, only twenty Xixón and Oviedo (the capital). These cities minutes away by motorway, and public form an easily accessible urban area. -
Draft – Subject to Change
AGENDA Draft – Subject to change DURING MEXICO NATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP WEEK AND THE MEETING OF MINISTERS, HIGH-LEVEL AUTHORITIES AND COMPETITIVENESS COUNCILS OF THE AMERICAS September 13 – 15, 2017, Mexico City www.gob.mx/forodecompetitividad #AmericasACF REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOR RIAC MEMBERS Tuesday, September 12 Schedule Participants’ Arrival Comments Reception of the participants attending the Transfer for delegations available airport – hotel – airport Inter-American Competitiveness Network (RIAC) Meeting of Ministers, High-level 10:00 – 22:00 Authorities and Competitiveness Councils Hotels: -Hyatt (Host Hotel, transfers will be made from here) -Presidente (next to the Hyatt Hotel) Wednesday, September 13 Meeting of Ministers, High-level Authorities and Competitiveness Councils of the Americas *[Closed session and exclusively for RIAC Members] Schedule Participants’ Arrival Comments 8:00 – 8:50 Welcome Country Delegations, RIAC partners, Registration to the meeting will begin at 8:00 a.m. international organizations and special guests Part I – The RIAC and the Regional Competitive Landscape 1. Welcome Remarks [20min] VALPARAISO 1 Lounge − Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal, Secretary of Economy, Mexico [10min] 100 - 120 People [Close meeting for RIAC 9:00 – 10:30 − Luis Almagro, Secretary General, Organization of American States (OAS) member] and RIAC’s Technical Secretariat [10min] 2. Approval of the Agenda [3min] − Ildefonso Guajardo Villarreal, Secretary of Economy, Mexico #AmericasACF 2 3. Acceptance of New Members [5min] − OAS - Moderator 4. Presentation of Mexico’s Report on the Implementation of RIAC’s Work Plan November 2016- September 2018 [30min] − Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Normativity, Secretary of Economy, Mexico [10min] − OAS (Technical Secretariat) [3min] Comments by: − Acisclo Valladares, High Presidential Commissioner for Competitiveness, Guatemala – RIAC Vicepresidency [3min] − Lucio Castro, Secretary for Productive Transformation of the Ministry of Production, Argentina [5min] 5. -
BOOK BANKRUPTCY of EMPIRE.Pdf
1 Below is the index of this book by Carlos Marichal and published by Cambridge University Press in 2007. You may visualize the Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. For the rest of the text we recommend you contact Cambridge University Press web site for acquisition in the paperback edition. BANKRUPTCY OF EMPIRE: MEXICAN SILVER AND THE WARS BETWEEN SPAIN, BRITAIN AND FRANCE, 1760-1810 Acknowledgements Introduction: Chapter 1: Resurgence of the Spanish Empire: Bourbon Mexico as Submetropolis, 1763-1800 Chapter 2: An Imperial Tax State: The Fiscal Rigors of Colonialism Chapter 3: Imperial Wars and Loans from New Spain, 1780-1800 Chapter 4: The Royal Church and the Finances of the Viceroyalty Chapter 5: Napoleon and Mexican Silver, 1805-1808 Chapter 6: Between Spain and America: the Royal Treasury and the Gordon/Murphy Consortium, 1806-1808 2 Chapter 7: Mexican Silver for the Cadiz Parliament and the War against Napoleon, 1808-1811 Chapter 8: The Rebellion of 1810, Colonial Debts and Bankruptcy of New Spain Conclusions: The Financial Collapse of Viceroyalty and Monarchy Appendix: Several Tables List of Loans from Colonial Mexico for the Spanish Crown, 1780-1815 List of Loans taken by Spain from Holland with guarantees of payments in Mexican Silver, 1780-1804 Bibliography 3 INTRODUCTION From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we review some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, it is possible to identify a variety of theoretical approaches adopted by those working on the history of imperial or hegemonic states. -
Come Home To
Come home to Rural tourism in Asturias asturiastourism.co.uk 2 #RuralAsturias Introduction #RuralAsturias EDITING: SOCIEDAD PÚBLICA DE GESTIÓN Y PROMOCIÓN TURÍSTICA Y CULTURAL DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS, SAU Design: Arrontes y Barrera Estudio de Publicidad Layout: Paco Currás Diseñadores Maps: Da Vinci Estudio Gráfico Texts: Ana Paz Paredes Translation: Morote Traducciones, SL. Photography: Front cover: Amar Hernández. Inside pages: Aitor Vega, Amar Hernández, Camilo Alonso, Carlos Salvo, Gonzalo Azumendi, Hotel 3 Cabos, Iván Martínez, Joaquín Fanjul, José Ángel Diego, José Ramón Navarro, Juan de Tury, Juanjo Arrojo, Julio Herrera, Mampiris, Miki López, Noé Baranda, Paco Currás Diseñadores, Pelayo Lacazette, Pueblosatur and own archive. Printing: Imprenta Mundo SLU D.L.: AS 03727 - 2018 © CONSEJERÍA DE EMPLEO, INDUSTRIA Y TURISMO DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS asturiastourism.co.uk 1 Asturias gives so much, but it also takes a little something from travellers wanting to discover and enjoy it. It takes their astonishment and a little piece of their hearts. Every journey is the penultimate one, because, the more you get to know Asturias, the more you discover, and of course, there is always something yet to be discovered. Perhaps another cliff to admire, another river to descend in a canoe, or perhaps another beach to be enjoyed from a hang glider, another trail to be discovered... You just can’t get enough of it. It is never enough. So much greenery, so much rock, so much forest, so many ports to watch the boats coming and going, and all that cider poured in good company; all forming a series of monuments that leave those leaving with an impression of a friendly and welcoming land, like its people; always prepared to go the whole nine yards for those that love and respect it. -
1492 Reconsidered: Religious and Social Change in Fifteenth Century Ávila
1492 RECONSIDERED: RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY ÁVILA by Carolyn Salomons A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2014 © 2014 Carolyn Salomons All Rights Reserved Abstract This dissertation is an assessment of the impact of the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 on the city of Ávila, in northwestern Castile. The expulsion was the culmination of a series of policies set forth by Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon regarding Jewish-Christian relations. The monarchs invoked these policies in order to bolster the faith and religious praxis of Catholics in the kingdoms, especially those Catholics newly converted from Judaism. My work shows how the implementation of these strategies began to fracture the heretofore relatively convivial relations between the confessional groups residing in Ávila. A key component of the Crown’s policies was the creation of a Jewish quarter in the city, where previously, Jews had lived wherever they chose. This transformation of a previously shared civic place to one demarcated clearly by religious affiliation, i.e. the creation of both Jewish and Christian space, had a visceral impact on how Christians related to their former neighbors, and hostilities between the two communities increased in the closing decades of the fifteenth century. Yet at the same time, Jewish appeals to the Crown for assistance in the face of harassment and persecution were almost always answered positively, with the Crown intervening several times on behalf of their Jewish subjects. This seemingly incongruous attitude reveals a key component in the relationship between the Crown and Jews: the “royal alliance.” My work also details how invoking that alliance came at the expense of the horizontal alliances between Abulense Jews and Christians, and only fostered antagonism between the confessional groups. -
Memoria De Actividades 2020
ÍNDICE ÍNDICE ......................................................................................................................................................I I. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................................1 II. CONSTITUCIÓN Y ÓRGANOS DE LA SINDICATURA DE CUENTAS .............................................2 III. ACTIVIDADES DEL CONSEJO .........................................................................................................4 IV. MEDIOS PERSONALES Y MATERIALES DEL LA SINDICATURA DEL CUENTAS .....................8 1. Medios personales ..........................................................................................................................8 1.1. Relación de puestos de trabajo ...................................................................................................8 1.2. Procesos selectivos y de provisión de puestos de trabajo .......................................................28 1.3. Actividades de formación del personal .....................................................................................28 2. Medios materiales .........................................................................................................................29 V. PRESUPUESTOS DE LA SINDICATURA DE CUENTAS ...............................................................30 VI. REGISTRO DE CUENTADANTES ..................................................................................................33 -
Guía Para Descubrir Cangas Del Narcea, Degaña E Ibias
Guía para descubrir Cangas del Narcea, Degaña e Ibias. sp MINI GUÍA eN MINI GUIDE Fr PETIT GUIDE de MINI-FÜHRER www.fuentesdelnarcea.org sp Fr Centro de Recepción de APASIONADOS visitantes Alejandro Casona DE LA NATURALEZA Viajar es la mejor excusa Voyager est la meilleure La visita al pueblo y su — para encontrarse a uno manière de se retrouver soi- Centro te acerca a la figura El Parque Natural de mismo. Descubre la même. Découvrez toute la de éste famoso dramaturgo las Fuentes del Narcea, personalidad de Fuentes del personnalité de Fuentes del asturiano. No te vayas sin Degaña e Ibias. Bosques ESPAÑOL Narcea y encuentra la tuya. Narcea et exprimez la vôtre ! visitar su Mazu d’Abaxu mágicos y paisajes Estos son los Voici les sites para conocer su tradición rurales se descubren de “imprescindibles” si pasas incontournables à visiter ferreira. maneras diferentes en unos días en Cangas del si vous décidez de passer Ubicación: Bisuyu. cada estación del año. Narcea, Degaña e Ibias. quelques jours à Cangas del Consultar horario: 985 81 14 98 Caminando o en bicicleta Narcea, Degaña et Ibias. / [email protected] por senderos, en coche eN CULTURETAS TODO EL AÑO o moto por carreteras…. de — Aula de la Naturaleza Cualquier medio es bueno Travelling is the best excuse La historia, el arte y las del Parque Natural de para conocer este espacio to find yourself. Discover Reisen ist der beste pequeñas curiosidades las Fuentes del Narcea, protegido. Fuentes del Nacea’s Vorwand, sich der de los pueblos es lo tuyo. Degaña e Ibias y Centro de personality and discover Selbstfindung hinzugeben. -
Asturias, Gijón
JOAQUÍN LÓPEZ ÁLVAREZ Museo Etnográfico del Pueblo de Asturias, Gijón La explotación del Monte de Muniellos (Asturias), 1766-1973 RESUMEN ABSTRACT Se analiza la explotación forestal del monte de Muniellos (de pro- The explotation of Muniellos forest (Asturias), 1766-1973.- We piedad nobiliaria hasta 1901), desde sus inicios en el siglo XVIII por analyze the management of the Muniellos forest, which belonged to parte de la Armada, hasta su declaración como Reserva Biológica Na- nobility till 1901, from its beginings in the XVIII century by de Army cional en 1982, atendiendo a sus problemas y a la naturaleza de las until it have been declared National Biologic Reserve in 1982, consi- empresas explotadoras. dering the problems of its explotation and the kind of companies that have performed it. RÉSUMÉ L'exploitation forestale du Monte de Muniellos (Asturias), 1766- 1973.- Dans cet article on analyse l'exploitation de la forêt de Muniellos, Palabras clave / Mots clé / Key words dont la propriété a été nobiliaire jusqu'à 1901, depuis ses origines au Muniellos, monte, explotación forestal. XVIIIème siècle par la marine militaire jusqu'à sa déclaration comme Ré- serve Biologique Nationale en 1982, en prenant compte des problèmes Muniellos, forêt, exploitation forestale. de son exploitation et de la nature des entreprises qui l'ont menée à bout. Muniellos, woodland, forest management. L MONTE de Muniellos está situado en el extremo los niveles inferiores, bordeando el río, aparecen fres- E suroccidental de Asturias, dentro del concejo de nos, pláganos, sauces, avellanos, etc. Cangas del Narcea, limitando al mediodía con el de Desde hace varios siglos el monte de Muniellos goza Ibias. -
Xixón. 16 #Asturiancities
Come home to Beautiful towns to visit in Asturias asturiastourism.co.uk 2 #AsturianCities Introduction #AsturianCities EDITING: SOCIEDAD PÚBLICA DE GESTIÓN Y PROMOCIÓN TURÍSTICA Y CULTURAL DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS, SAU Design: Arrontes y Barrera Estudio de Publicidad Layout: Paco Currás Diseñadores Maps: Da Vinci Estudio Gráfi co Texts: Regina Buitrago Martínez-Colubi Translation: Morote Traducciones, SL. Photography: Front cover: Amar Hernández. Inside pages: Amar Hernández, Camilo Alonso, Juan de Tury, Juanjo Arrojo, Marcos Morilla, Miki López, Noé Baranda, Paco Currás, Pelayo Lacazette, Ayuntamiento de Avilés, Ayuntamiento de Oviedo, Divertia Gijón SA and own Files. Printing: Dayton SA - Dec. 19 D.L.: AS 03020-2018 © CONSEJERÍA DE CULTURA, POLÍTICA LLINGÜÍSTICA Y TURISMO DEL PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS asturiastourism.co.uk #AsturianCities 1 Asturias, a spectacular region. A historic The lifestyle and mild Atlantic climate of Principality located in the north of Spain. A Asturias allows Asturians and visitors to beautiful, natural tapestry coloured green, enjoy life outdoors. The three cities have blue and grey. The land with a black coal crowded areas of wide terraces, in their city mining heart. It is heaven on earth. Visiting centres as well as in their neighbourhoods. Asturias will fascinate you. It is an experience This contributes to the enjoyment of relaxing, you’ll never forget. friendly meet-ups and the feeling of living the good life that can be soaked up in this land. Its urban area is made up of three cities with a great history and personality: Avilés, Gijón/ It is easy to enjoy all of them, only twenty Xixón and Oviedo/Uviéu (the capital). -
Socioecological Transition in Land and Labour Exploitation in Mallorca: from Slavery to a Low-Wage Workforce, 1229–1576
sustainability Article Socioecological Transition in Land and Labour Exploitation in Mallorca: From Slavery to a Low-Wage Workforce, 1229–1576 Gabriel Jover-Avellà 1,*, Antoni Mas-Forners 2, Ricard Soto-Company 3 and Enric Tello 3 1 Economics Department, University of Girona, Montilivi Campus, 17003 Girona, Spain 2 Departament of Historical Sciences and Arts Theory, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Cra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain; [email protected] or [email protected] 3 Department of Economic History, Institutions, Policy and World Economy, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Avenue 690, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (R.S.-C.); [email protected] (E.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-972-418-223 Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 24 December 2018; Published: 30 December 2018 Abstract: The permanence of slave labour until the 16th century was a lasting legacy of the late feudal colonization of the Mallorca Island. Through a large set of probate inventories and accounting books, we have documented the use of a great deal of slaves in farming large noble estates during the 14th and 15th centuries. The defeat of the peasant revolt of 1450–1454 offered to nobles and patricians the opportunity to seize much of the land previously colonized by Mallorcan peasants. This creation of a dispossessed peasantry, combined with new trade demands, led to a transition from slave-powered manorial farms to capitalist olive oil-exporting estates that took advantage of the low-wage workforce reserve. A peculiar feature was the massive use of women’s gangs as olive pickers when olive oil became the main cash-crop exported from the 16th century onwards. -
Informe De Situacion De La Infancia Y La Adolescencia En Belmonte De Miranda (Asturias)
VIII CONVOCATORIA DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE CIUDADES AMIGAS DE LA INFANCIA. UNICEF COMITÉ ESPAÑOL DIAGNÓSTICO INFORME DE SITUACION DE LA INFANCIA Y LA ADOLESCENCIA EN BELMONTE DE MIRANDA (ASTURIAS) Político de referencia: Alcaldesa Rosa Mª Rodríguez González Modo de contacto: [email protected] Técnico/a de referencia: Trabajadora Social Dorita Álvarez Iglesias Modo de contacto: [email protected] INFORME DE SITUACIÓN DE INFANCIA Y ADOLESCENCIA EN BELMONTE DE MIRANDA INDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................................... 3 1ª PARTE: PROCEDIMIENTO DE ELABORACIÓN .............................................. 4 INTRODUCCION ...................................................................................................... 4 Fuentes consultadas ............................................................................................... 4 Procedimiento de elaboración del informe .......................................................... 4 2ª PARTE DESCRIPTIVA ............................................................................................. 5 DATOS GENERALES DEL MUNICIPIO .............................................................. 5 Historia ................................................................................................................... 5 Geografía y localización ........................................................................................ 7 Parroquias .............................................................................................................