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Russian Wheat Aphid Biotypes in Lesotho: Distribution, Impact on Wheat Production and the Role of Phytohormones in Host Resistance

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Russian Wheat Aphid Biotypes in Lesotho: Distribution, Impact on Wheat Production and the Role of Phytohormones in Host Resistance Russian wheat aphid biotypes in Lesotho: distribution, impact on wheat production and the role of phytohormones in host resistance By Pitso Victor Masupha Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements in respect to the degree Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Plant Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa 2019 Promoter: Dr. L. Mohase Co-promoter: Dr. A. Jankielsohn Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my lovely wife Senate Rosemary Masupha My wife, my best friend, thank you for standing by my side when times get hard. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the following institutions; The University of the Free State for financial support. The National University of Lesotho for granting me the opportunity to study. The Agricultural Research Council- Small Grains (ARC-SG), Bethlehem, for their facilities and equipment. This study could not have been a success without the following people; My Supervisor, Dr Lintle Mohase, for being a unique and hardworking supervisor. I have gained much knowledge from her. My co-supervisor, Dr Astrid Jankielsohn, for her technical support and always being available to help. Dr. G. Kemp, for his assistance in the analysis of hormones. Dr. Joan Adendorff, for being such a supportive colleague in the lab. Colleagues (Ntsibana. J. Masasa and Tshedi. P. Tau) at Lab 147, thanks guys for being such a beautiful family. My wife, who has always supported me financially and emotionally. My Mother, parents-in-law and siblings, for their inspiration and emotional support. Lastly but not least, the Almighty God for his grace during the difficult times of my study. iii Declaration I declare that the dissertation submitted by me for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State, South Africa is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me to another University. I furthermore concede copyright of the dissertation in favour of the University of the Free State. iv Abbreviations A ABA Abscisic acid ARC-SGI Agricultural Research Council- Small Grain Institute B BSA Bovine serum albumin C CIMMYT The international maise and wheat improvement centre D DAR Department of Agricultural Research DTT Dithiothreitol Dn Diuraphis noxia E EDTA Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid EPG Electrical Penetration Graph ET Ethylene G GLC Glucanase H hpi Hours post infestation HPLC High performance liquid chromatography HR Hypersensitive response I ICS isochorismate synthase IR Infested resistant IS Infested susceptible IWF Intercellular washing fluid J JA Jasmonic acid M MeJA Methyl jasmonate v MR Medium resistant MRM Multiple reaction monitoring N NO Nitric oxide N: P: K Nitrogen: Phosphorus: Potassium P PR Pathogenesis related POD Peroxidase PAL Phenylalanine ammonia lyase R ROS Reactive oxygen species R Resistance RWA Russian wheat aphid RWASA Russian wheat aphid South Africa S S Susceptible SA Salicylic acid SAGL Southern African Grain Laboratories SAR Systemic acquired resistance T Tris Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane vi Conferences contributions and published papers originating from this thesis Conference contributions: . Masupha, P., Jankielsohn, A. and Mohase, L. 2016. Factors affecting the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Mokhotlong and Thaba-Tseka in Lesotho. South African Journal of Botany. 103:330. Jankielsohn, A. and P. Masupha. 2016. Field screening of Lesotho and South African wheat cultivars for Russian wheat aphid resistance. Combined Congress, UFS, Bloemfontein, 18-21 January. P.V. Masupha, L. Mohase, & A. Jankielsohn. 2017. Variation in Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance between South African wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars and cultivars grown in the mountains of Lesotho. Poster presented at the Entomological Society of Southern Africa and the Zoological Society of Southern Africa (ESSA & ZSSA) Combined Biennial Congress, CSIR ICC, Pretoria, South Africa, 3-7 July. Mohase L, Masupha, P. & Jankielsohn A. 2017. South African Russian wheat aphid biotypes induce differential responses in farmers’ wheat varieties grown in the highlands of Lesotho. Paper delivered at the Entomological Society of Southern Africa and the Zoological Society of Southern Africa (ESSA & ZSSA) Combined Biennial Congress, CSIR ICC, Pretoria, South Africa, 3-7 July. Published papers: . Masupha, P., Jankielsohn, A. and Mohase, L. 2018. Assessment of cultivation practices of wheat and knowledge of Russian wheat aphid (Diurphis noxia), in Mokhotlong and Thaba Tseka districts of Lesotho. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies. 5 (3): 13-23. Jankielsohn, A., Masupha, P. and Mohase, L. 2016. Field screening of Lesotho and South African wheat cultivars for Russian wheat aphid resistance. Advances in Entomology. 4: 268-278 vii Table of Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iii Declaration ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... iv Conferences contributions and published papers originating from this thesis ............ vii List of figures ........................................................................................................................ x List of tables ....................................................................................................................... xii Chapter One ......................................................................................................................... 1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Lesotho: Agro-geographical information ..................................................................................1 1.2 Wheat Production in Lesotho ....................................................................................................3 1.3 Russian Wheat aphid .................................................................................................................6 1.4 Plant Defence ............................................................................................................................8 1.5 Objectives of study ................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 References .............................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................... 15 Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 The Russian wheat aphid ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Russian wheat aphid control .................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Plant defence .......................................................................................................................... 25 2. 5 Biochemical pathways modified during induced defence responses .................................... 27 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 33 2.7 References .............................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter Three .................................................................................................................... 48 Russian wheat aphid diversity and tolerance by wheat cultivars grown in Lesotho... 48 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................... 50 3.4 Results .................................................................................................................................... 55 3.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 62 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 66 3.7 References .............................................................................................................................. 66 Chapter Four ...................................................................................................................... 71 viii Differential impact of Russian wheat aphid in various wheat cultivars ....................... 71 4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................
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