Infrastructure Catalogue

The Orange-senqu river commission Infrastructure catalogue Infrastructure Catalogue The Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM) was established in 2000 by Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia ORASECOM Report 001/2012 and South Africa, which share the water resources of the Orange-Senqu River Basin. The Commission provides a © 2012 ORASECOM forum for consultation, sharing of information and cooperation between the countries. An important part of ORASECOM’s Programme is the Orange-Senqu Strategic Action Programme, a four-year project which aims to identify and address the threats to shared water resources in the Orange-Senqu River Basin, with the ultimate goal of developing a basin-wide plan for sustainable management of its water and related natural resources. The project is funded by the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is executed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). For further information on ORASECOM, please visit www.orasecom.org.

The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with international institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development initiatives. Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. An independently operating financial organization, the GEF provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants. Since 1991, GEF has achieved a strong track record with developing countries and countries with economies in transition, providing $9.2 billion in grants and leveraging $40 billion in co-financing for over 2,700 projects in over 168 countries. www.thegef.org UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. www.undp.org Table of contents

Preface...... 3 Reservoirs...... 40 Loch Athlone Dam...... 100 Vanderkloof Dam...... 162 Allemanskraal Dam...... 42 Lotlamoreng Dam...... 101 Vanwyksvlei Dam...... 165 Water Management Areas/ Armenia Dam...... 44 Loxton Dam...... 103 Victoria West Dam...... 167 Countries...... 4 Barberspan Dam...... 46 Matsoku Weir...... 105 Welbedacht Dam...... 169 Integrated Schematic...... 5 Bethulie Dam...... 47 Metolong Dam...... 107 Wentzel Dam...... 172 Upper Vaal...... 6 Bloemhof Dam...... 48 Mockes Dam...... 108 Middle and Lower Vaal...... 7 Boegoeberg Dam...... 50 Modderpoort Dam...... 110 Streamflow Gauges...... 174 Lesotho...... 8 Bondels Dam...... 52 Mohale Dam...... 112 Upper Vaal WMA...... 175 Upper Orange...... 9 Boskop Dam...... 53 Muela Dam...... 114 Middle Vaal WMA...... 177 Botswana...... 10 Bossiesspruit Dam...... 55 Nauaspoort Dam...... 116 Lower Vaal WMA...... 178 Namibia...... 11 Daan Viljoen Dam...... 56 Naute Dam...... 118 Lesotho...... 179 Lower Orange...... 12 Disaneng Dam...... 58 Neckartal Dam...... 120 Upper Orange WMA...... 180 Douglas Storage Weir...... 60 Nigel Dam...... 121 Botswana...... 182 Transfer Schemes...... 14 Dreihuk Dam...... 62 Oanob Dam...... 122 Lower Orange WMA...... 183 Heyshope–Grootdraai Transfer...... 15 Driekloof Dam...... 64 Otjivero Dam...... 124 Thukela–Vaal Transfer...... 16 Egmont Dam...... 66 Polihali Dam...... 126 Purification Works...... 184 Zaaihoek Transfer...... 17 Elandskuil Dam...... 67 Potchefstroom Dam...... 127 Upper Vaal WMA...... 185 Vaal–Olifants Transfer...... 18 Erfenis Dam...... 69 Rietspruit Dam...... 129 Middle Vaal WMA...... 186 Vaal–Olifants (Vaal Dam) Transfer....19 Fika-Patso Dam...... 71 Rooiberg Dam...... 131 Lower Vaal WMA...... 187 Lesotho Highlands Water Project.....20 Gariep Dam...... 72 Rustfontein Dam...... 133 Lesotho...... 188 Orange River Project Overview...... 22 Gerrands Dam...... 75 Saulspoort Dam...... 135 Upper Orange WMA...... 189 Caledon–Bloemfontein Grootdraai Dam...... 76 Serfontein Dam...... 137 Lower Orange WMA...... 191 Government Water Scheme...... 23 Groothoek Dam...... 79 Setumo Dam...... 139 Waste Water Works...... 194 Tierpoort Dam Scheme...... 25 Hardap Dam...... 80 Smartt Syndicate Dam...... 141 Upper Vaal WMA...... 195 Mazelspoort Scheme...... 26 Johan Neser Dam...... 82 Spitskop Dam...... 143 Middle Vaal WMA...... 198 Krugersdrift Dam Scheme...... 28 Jozanashoek Dam...... 84 Sterkfontein Dam...... 145 Lower Vaal WMA...... 200 Orange–Fish Transfer Tunnel...... 29 Kalk Dam...... 85 Taung Dam...... 147 Upper Orange WMA...... 201 Vanderkloof Canals Scheme...... 30 Kalkfontein Dam...... 86 Tierpoort Dam...... 149 Lower Orange WMA...... 203 Orange–Riet Water Scheme...... 32 Katse Dam ...... 88 Tilda Viljoen Dam...... 151 Riet River Government Klerkskraal Dam...... 90 Tsamab Dam...... 153 Water Scheme...... 34 Klipdrif Dam...... 92 Tweerivier/Tweespruit Weir...... 154 Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme...... 35 Knellpoort Dam...... 94 Vaal Barrage...... 155 Orange River Project...... 37 Koppies Dam...... 96 Vaal Dam...... 157 Krugersdrift Dam...... 98 Vaalharts Storage Weir...... 160

Preface

The Orange-Senqu River Basin is one of the larger river basins in southern Africa. The river system includes some 300 built structures, among them 30 large dams and several larger inter- and intra-basin transfers. Extensive water utilisation for urban, industrial and agricultural purposes has significantly reduced natural flow, to the extent that at present the average flow reaching the river mouth is in the order of half of the average natural flow. This Infrastructure Catalogue of the Orange-Senqu River Basin provides fact sheets with physical information, photographs, locality diagrams and other pertinent information on the following: transfer schemes; dams; streamflow gauges; water purification works; and waste water treatment works. These fact sheets are also accessible electronically via the Orange-Senqu Water Information System (WIS, wisp. orasecom.org) and link to scanned historic documents for some of the dams and transfer schemes. Schematic diagrams have been compiled for the Orange-Senqu River Basin with links to more detailed sub- catchments/country schematics showing the river system, and dams and transfer schemes.

3 | Water Management Areas/Countries Water Management Areas/Countries

4 | Water Management Areas/Countries Integrated Schematic

Junction node

Nooitgedacht Dam to Komati Komati River basin power stations Jericho Dam to Nooitgedacht Dam Reservoir node 8. Molopo-Nossob (BOTSWANA) Vaal to Northern Gauteng (Crocodile) Transfer channel Jericho Dam to power stations Usutu (Upper) Molopo River Vaal to Southern Gauteng Olifants (Upper) River channel Heyshope Dam to Morgenstond Dam Transfer WMA boundary

7. Orange-Fish (NAMIBIA) 1.Upper Vaal WMA Assegaai (Upper) Fish River Heyshope Dam to Hardap Grootdraai Dam Transfer Dam 5. Lower Vaal WMA 4. Middle Vaal WMA Vaal Dam and Grootdraai to Sasol and power stations

Vaal Grootdraai Bloemhof Dam Dam Zaaihoek Dam to Dam Vaal River Grootdraai Dam Naute Thukela Dam Vaal Barrage Sterkfontein Driel to Sterkfontein Dam Dam

Katse to Vaal Transfer 3. Upper Orange WMA 2. LESOTHO Bloemfontein Caledon River Mohale Katse Dam Dam Orange to Vaal Transfer Douglas Weir Riet/Modder Rivers Knellpoort & Welbedacht Vanderkloof to Dams Riet/Modder Transfer

Orange River Senqu River Vaal/Orange Vanderkloof Gariep conﬂuence Atlantic Ocean 6. Lower Orange WMA Dam Dam

Gariep to Orange-Fish Tunnel

5 | Water Management Areas/Countries South Africa 6 |Water Management Areas/Countries SASOL 1 Parys WMA - Water managementarea GWS -Governmentwaterscheme GWCA -Governmentwatercare area Abbreviations W S B P I Irrigation Sewage treatment works Powerstation Water plant puriﬁcation Pumpstation Balancing dam Reservoir WMA boundary River Pipe line/canal Water ﬂowdirection Industry Urban Upper V FICKSBURG Middle Middle WMA Vaal aal and Marico WMA and Upper OrangeUpper WMA Crocodile West Koppieskraal W Reitz Mooi River W Loopspruit S S Boskop Klerkskraal I I Wonderspruit Potchefstroom Kokosi GWCA Vaal Vyfhoek MB MB& Klipdrift Mooi GWS, P Parys W Klipdrif B S S S S S Potchefstroom Carletonville Khutsong Hannes vanNiekerk Human Flip Rietspruit Barrage Sebokeng Vanderbijl West Randupto Vanderbijl Area Vereeniging & B Randfontein Southern-western JHB Southern-western W Rustenburg B up toCarletonville B S P (West ofJHB) S P P SASOL 1 W S

Rietspruit W Hartebeespoortdam North JHBupto North W B Pretoria and Vereeniging Rand Water Zwartkojes P Daleside B P P Wildebeesfontein East Randupto (Secunda area) W W B Meyerton, & Bushkoppies Goudskoppies Olifantsvlei, Tsakane Leeuwkuil S S P Muela S Liebenbergsvlei Klip River Bethlehem S S S Saulspoort Vlakplaats Rondebult Dekema Waterval W

Ash Suikerbosrand River W S S S P Impumelelo Heidelberg S Zuikerbosch Rand Water S S S Lethabo Witsieshoek SASOL 2&3 Grundlingh Marievale Bickley intake station Tsakane Jan Smuts Welgedacht McComb Ancor Daveyton JP Marais Rynfield Benoni Lethabo W Lethabo P Bossiespruit S Trichardsfontein W Olifants WMAOlifants Knoppiesfontein Harrismith Vaal Grootvlei Fika-Patso Grootfontein S Grootdraai Matso Metsi Majuba W W B P P Sterkfontein Wilge Villiers, Warden Grootdraai Drakensberg pumped P Driekloof Tutuka storage scheme Kriel W W Camden Vaal River Thukela WMA Inkomati P P Heyshope Zaaihoek WMA Kilburn Umhlatuze P Usutu to Usutu to VaalUsutu WMA Jericho Morgenstond P Driel South Africa 7 |Water Management Areas/Countries Parys IB - Irrigation boardIB -Irrigation GWS -Governmentwaterscheme MB -Managementboard WMA - Water managementarea Abbreviations W S B P I Irrigation Sewerage treatment work Water plant purification Pump station Balancing dam Reservoir WMA boundary River Pipe line/canal Water flowdirection Urban Middle andLow er V Orange Lower WMA Douglas Weir P Marksdrift Sishen Postmasburg Olifantshoek Hotazel W S Modder /Riet(showninUpperOrange WMA) P P Vaal-Gamagara I Spitskop Taung Harts Harts GWS Kimberley W Schweizer-Reneke Wentzel I P Vaalharts and Taung S Vaalharts Weir Barberspan Crocodile (West) andMarico aal Pampierstad Hartswater Jankempsdorp

Wolmaransstad Lower/Middle Vaal W WMA WMA Theunissen S Makwassie W Vaal River Sand / Vet GWS Brandfort W Erfenis Erfenis B P I Bloemhof Vet River Upper Orange Hoopstad W Leeudoringstad Sedibeng Sedibeng Water WMA Allemanskraal Elandskuil S P Winburg, Steynsrus,Senekal, Marquard Welkom Virginia B Johan Neser P

W S Vals River River Vals B W Serfontein Serfontein B Schoospruit Kroonstad Vaal Reefs I I Schoonspruit Eye W W S GM W S Klerksdorp IB Irrigation Scheme Irrigation Schoonspruit Buffelsfontein Rietspruit Ventersdorp Orkney Stilfontein Klerksdorp P MidVaal Viljoenskraal W Hartbeesfontein Hartbeesfontein W Koppies B

Heilbron W

Koppies Weltevrede MB River Renoster Renoster GWS B I Upper WMA Vaal Lesotho 8 |Water Management Areas/Countries Maseru H To GariepDam WMA boundary Dam Water ﬂowdirection Hydraulic station Weir Transfers/tunnels Urban Lesot ho Upper Orange WMA (RSA) Orange River

Caledon River Ficksburg Maseru

Makhaleng River Metolong Dam (proposed) Mohale Dam

Senqunvane River Transfer toVaal Catchment Clarens Transfer Tunnel Mohale-Katse Senqu River Katse Dam H H

Malibamotso River Muela Dam Matsoku Tunnel

Tsoelike River Matsoku Weir Polihali Dam (proposed) Upper VaalWMA(RSA)

Senqu River Lesotho Thukela WMA(RSA) South Africa 9 |Water Management Areas/Countries Parys GWS -Governmentwaterscheme WMA - Water managementarea Abbreviations W H S B P I Irrigation Sewage treatment works Hydraulic station Water plant puriﬁcation Pump station Balancing dam Reservoir WMA boundary River Tunnel Pipe line/canal Water ﬂowdirection Urban Upper Orange Orange Lower WMA I

H Orange River I P P Vanderkloof I I

Scheiding Rama Branch Canal Marksdrift Vanderkloof GWS Or an

g Douglas e-Vaa l Canal Weir Orange-Riet Canal Orange River I Irrigation ControlIrrigation Orange-Riet Reddersburg, Edenburg, Luckhof, Opperman Colesberg, Hopetown, Kalkfontein Irrigation Vanderkloof, Orania Riet RiverGWS Board I Lower Board RietIrrigation Springfontein, Bethulie, Trompsburg,Springfontein, Bethulie, Phillipolis P Kalkfontein Canal I

Riet River BoardIrrigation Scholzburg & Ritchie B Modder RiverGWS Kalkfontein Kofﬁefontein Jacobsdal, Ritchie P P P I W W B Tierpoort Irrigation I Board B W B Gariep H I P Bloemspruit, Grootvlei Vaal River De Brug,Brandkop,

Krugersdrift

Bethulie Orange-Fish Tunnel Orange-Fish Tierpoort S Bloemfontein Boesmanskop Tierpoort I B S I W

Egmont

B B Canal/Pipe line Canal/Pipe Brandford, Dealesville

Welbedacht

De Hoek B P Gariep Uitkyk Bloemfontein Caledon Modder River Knellpoort W P Aliwal North Aliwal P Tienfontein S B Novo B B Rustfontein W Hamilton ParkHamilton P S Dewetsdorp Mockes B Armenia Smithfield, Rouxville,Smithfield, Welbedacht P P I Caledon River W W Mazelspoort W I Modder /RietCatchment S W Weir Zastron, Wepener, Ficksburg, P (formerly Sterkspruit) (formerly Groothoek B Clocolan, Clarens Jozanashoek P I W Upper Orange Botshabelo WMA S B B W Thaba Nchu LESOTHO P S Makhaleng Senqu W Botswana 10 |Water Management Areas/Countries River Water flowdirection Bots w ana

Atlantic Ocean

Namibia Nossob River Nossob Lower Orange WMA (RSA) Orange River Molopo River Botswana Namibia 11 |Water Management Areas/Countries Reservoir River Water ﬂowdirection Namibia Oanob Hardap (proposed) Neckartal

Fish River Nauaspoort

Naute Louwen River

Hom River White Nossob River Nossob White Dreihuk

Otjivero Orange River Ham River Ham

Tilda Viljoen Black Nossob River Nossob Black

Tsamab Auob River Auob Daan Viljoen

Molopo River

Molopo River Botswana South Africa 12 |Water Management Areas/Countries Prieska W I Irrigation Water plant puriﬁcation Reservoir WMA Boundary River Pipeline/canal Water ﬂowdirection Urban Lower Orange

Atlantic Ocean

Fish River Grootvloer

Pan

Auob River Auob Nossob River Nossob Sak River Molopo River

Uppington

W Rooiberg Hartebeest River Hartebeest Boegoeberg Scheme

Kuruman River Vanwyksvlei

Molopo River I Boegoeberg Prieska W Orange River

Ongers River Smartt Syndicate Smartt Victoria West Douglas I Orange River

Vaal River I Orange Upper WMA

Transfer Schemes

14 | Transfer Schemes South Africa 15 |Transfer Schemes Catchment. Upper Olifants inthe stations The Grootdraai mainpurposeistosupport Sasolecunda C Damforsupplytothe Purpose F Water ispumpedfrom BalancingDam. Geelhoutboom HeyshopeCanalandontothe HeyshopeDamintothe The Heyshopetransfer consists BalancingDamandpumpscanals. Geelhoutboom HeyshopeDam,the ofthe Description Water ManagementArea. This transfer occurs from Grootdraai UpperUsutuCatchmenttothe HeyshopeDaminthe UpperVaal Daminthe Loca by the pumping station andrisingmains.R pumpingstation by the water istransferred Vaal Little intothe RiverandontoGrootdraai Dam.The capacityiscurrently to3.8m limited rom there itispumpedintoMorgenstond Balmoral Damviaacanalandtothe Canal.F tion Heyshope–Groo efer to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic efer tothe tdraai Transfer omplex asEskom aswell power rom Balmoral the Canal, 3 /s /s Grootdraai Dam(source:SADeptofWater Affairs) South Africa 16 |Transfer Schemes to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic to the provides the storage to Sterkfontein regulate the flow into Driel. into Refer directly flows Dam. Woodstock Dam,upstream DrielBarrage ofthe it where from Area UpperVaalDriekloof Daminthe Water Management Dam.F to Kilburn Jagersrust then pumpsatapeakrateJagersrust then ofabout20m conveyed bygravity, atapeakrate of4m are tributaries Thukela upper the in flows river of Run Description Transfer separately. with Schemeisdealt canalsandtunnels.The pipelines, stations, Zaaihoek Driekloof Dam,SterkfonteinDamandanumberofpump involves Woodstock Dam,DrielBarrage, Dam, Kilburn twoThukela–Vaalof the is Transfer ZaaihoekScheme, andthe Transfer Scheme.The larger Drakensberg the called P Thukela–Vaalnamely the Transfer Scheme,alsosometimes Thukela Vaal Basintothe Rivercurrently inoperation, There are twoschemeswhich transfer waterfrom the Loca the DrielBarragethe atapeakrate of19m WaterJagersrust pumpingstation. isalsopumpedfrom tion Thukela–Vaal Transfer rom itispumpedbyEskom Kilburn to umped Storage Hydro-electric 3 /s toJagersrust. Scheme, which 3 /s tothe 3 /s /s scheme. Thukela–Vaal waterforthe additional watertransfer Drakensberg P Eskom and Driekloof dams for their uses the Kilburn Purpose General layout

Kestell Warden

Sterkfontein Wilge

Dam

Provincial boundary Road Wier Tunnel Siphon Canal Pipeline River anddam Town w

e HARRISMITH

u i t

umped Storage Wilge

Ladysmith

Driekloof b e

u i t OFS tunnel Metz Drakensberg Scheme and transfers scheme NATAL Pump turbine Grenshoek station tunnel OFS Patterill wier Canal Kilburn Clifford Chambers Dam T’ Zemenkomst NATAL wier tunnel pump station

Jagersrust

e n

Tugela i

Mpandweni

o m Khombe siphon b e Khombe wier Tugela siphon Mpandweni

siphon Sandspruit Tugela-Vaal main canal 0

Ladysmith Woodstock 5 Dam Driel barrage and pump station Spioenkop BERGVILLE 10

Dam

N o

j a

15 Tugela

i n

20 t e

o km

n South Africa 17 |Transfer Schemes of 2.79m is released P intothe the for water Majuba the to and gravity main Station a CatchmentPower via Vaal flow also can water Uitkyk the required forMajubaonly.AtUitkyk, there isprovision toMahawaneDamsupplyVolksrust. fora diversion F ny further surpluswatercanbetransferred Anyfurther irrigation. Scheme andother Vaal tothe Catchment. capacity, sosurpluswateristransferred tosupplementVolksrust Water NgaganeRiverGovernment andthe The However, Majubapowerstation. mainpurposeistosupplywaterthe below Majubaisrunningwell Purpose R Water Volksrust forMajubapowerstation, Vaal andthe Catchmentispumpedfrom Zaaihoek Uitkyk Damtothe Description This schemeconsists Zaaihoek SlangRiverandthe inthe ofapumpingstation Dam. Loca eservoir. The hasamaximumcapacityof3m pumpstation tion 3 /s. R Zaaihoek Transfer efer to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic efer tothe erderwaterspruit, upstream Dam.This ofAmersfoort transfer hasamaximumtransfer capacity 3 /s butgenerally atabout0.34m delivers 3 /s when rom Zaaihoek Dam(source:SADeptof Water Affairs) South Africa 18 |Transfer Schemes The Sasol–ecundaC purposeistosupplywaterthe Purpose The toamaximumof6.5m capacityislimited Description Area. This transfer occurs from Grootdraai UpperVaal Daminthe Water UpperOlifants Catchmenttothe Management Loca tion Vaal–Olifants Transfer 3 /s. R efer to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic efer tothe omplex aspowerstations. aswell Grootdraai Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Grootdraai Dam LESOTHO South Africa 19 |Transfer Schemes as VRESSAP(Vaal P Sub-systemAugmentation RiverEastern stations. Thisstations. schemeistoworkinconjunction Grootdraai with Dam. The purposeistoextend Sasol–ecundaC supplyofindustrialwatertothe the Purpose The toamaximumof5.1m capacityislimited Description This transfer occurs from Vaal UpperVaal Daminthe Water UpperOlifants Catchmenttothe Management Area. Loca tion Vaal–Olifants (Vaal Dam) Transfer 3 /s. R efer to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic efer tothe The schemeisknown roject). omplex asEskom aswell power Vaal Dam(source: www.lekwateemane.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Vaal Dam LESOTHO Lesotho 20 |Transfer Schemes Phase 1a about tocommence asshownbelow: implementation), The original planned project envisaged five phases (currently as at 2012, Phase 2 is Description countries. Kingdom ofLesotho Vaal tothe Africa, byanagreement RiverinSouth two betweenthe The Lesotho HighlandsWaterP Loca Phase 2 Phase 1b the intakethe structure 70m capableofhandling 185mhighKatsethe Dam; the 38kmKatse/the P 163.5 mhighP the 5.7 km longtransferthe tunnel from Matsoku the Weir toKatse Dam. 15m highMatsokuthe DiversionWeir; Dam; 32kmlongtransferthe tunnelfrom Mohalereservoir the toupstream ofKatse 145mhighMohaleDam; the tunnelfrom 37kmlongdelivery the Muelareservoir the Vaal tothe Riverbasin. MuelaDamandhydropowerthe station; 45kmlongtransferthe tunnelfrom Katse reservoir Muelareservoir tothe tion Leso olihali tunnel; olihali olihali Dam; olihali tho HighlandsWa roject (LHWP)hase1schemewasconstructed from the 3 /s; ter Projec Dept of WaterAffairs) Phase 1of theLesothoHighlandsWaterProject (fromlocality map producedbytheSA MASERU LESOTHO FICKSBURG ± 145mhigh ± 135mhigh Mohale Dam Mohale Dam t FOURIESBURG ± 32km,3.9mØ Mohale toKatse Mohale toKatse transfer transfer (© UNOPS/CMor) Mohale Dam,partoftheLesotho HighlandsWater Project To Vaal Dam ± 45kmlong ± 45kmlong 4.35 mØ 4.35 mØ Transfer Transfer Tunnel Tunnel ± 185mhigh ± 135mhigh Katse Dam Katse Dam ± 38kmlong 4.35 mØ Delivery Tunnel ± 6.4kmlong ± 6.4kmlong Matsoku Weir Matsoku Weir Vaal Basin ± 31mhigh ± 25mhigh and tunnel and tunnel 3.8 mØ 3.8 mØ Sterkfontein Tugela Basin Dam Woodstock Dam BERGVILLE Lesotho Highlands Water Project

the upgrading of the Muela hydropower plant; Physical information LHWP Dams the existing tunnels would be used as conveyance from Katse Dam. Name Live full supply capacity (million m3) Wall height (m)

Purpose Katse 1 950 185

The purpose of the LHWP is to augment South Africa’s water supply via a transfer to the Mohale 947 145 Vaal River Catchment (and is therefore classified as part of the Vaal River System), in addition to generating electricity for Lesotho itself. The hydroelectric station is situated near Muela in Lesotho, approximately 45 km from Katse Dam. However, demands Physical information LHWP Tunnels within Lesotho are growing, and therefore it is envisaged that current resources, Description Length (km) including surface water runoff, groundwater and wellpoints, will not be sufficient to supply the growing demand. Part of the recently completed Lesotho Lowlands Study Katse Dam to Muela Dam 45 was to assess options for possible storage dams for this reason. Muela Dam to the Vaal River basin 37

During periods of water shortages, water is discharged from the Muela Dam into Mohale Dam to Katse Dam 32 the Mohokare (Caledon) River to provide water to the capital of Lesotho, Maseru. Releases are also made for the downstream ecological reserve. Once the whole scheme has been implemented, it will transfer the maximum flow to South Africa (long Lesotho constitutes only 5% of the Orange River Catchment, but provides approximately term maximum 877 million m3/a). 50% of the total catchment runoff. In addition, the water quality is characterised as good with low sediment content.

21 | Transfer Schemes South Africa 22 |Transfer Schemes contributes Eskom tothe power grid. national requirements. P Orangeway downtothe These Rivermouth. urban,industrialandenvironmental demandsinclude irrigation, water Orange Water Management Area, Lower Capeandthe Orange Eastern the Water Management Area the all The complex very purposeofthis several schemeistosupplydemandswithin Upper the sub-systems, including Purpose * Further detailsare giveninseparate sheets 8 500 million m Gariep andVanderkloof damswere constructed project, ofthe aspart andhaveacombined storage of Description GariepandVanderkloofAfrica, the dams.They regulatethe Orange flowsto Riverandincrease assurance ofsupply. The Orange RiverP Loca Bloemwater: P The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme* The Orange–Fish Transfer Scheme* The Orange–Riet Transfer Scheme* Caldon–Bloemfontein Government WaterCaldon–Bloemfontein Government Scheme. Lower Orange, urban useandpowergeneration. irrigation, including Lower tothe Orange WaterSupport ManagementArea demandsinthe tomostofthe Schemes:*Support Urban andindustrialabstractions: confluencethe of Vaal andOrangethe townofMarksdrift). Rivers(near abstractionIrrigation s: tion Orange RiverProjec ower generation is also part of the system, including at both GariepandVanderkloof atboth ower generation system, including ofthe isalsopart Dams,which 3 . The system,andinclude: ofthe ORPincludesseveral part sub-systemswhichform roject largest (ORP)isthe Orange schemeinthe twolargest RiverBasin,andincludesthe damsinSouth ipeline network between Gariep Dam and the townsofTrompsburg, networkbetweenGariepDamandthe ipeline SpringfonteinandPhilippolis. Abstractions betweenGariepDamanddownstream ofVanderkloof Dam,uptothe BetweenGariepDamandMarksdrift HopetownandVanderkloof (including towns) t Over view Vanderkloof Dam (©S Crerar) Gariep Dam(©HendrikvandenBerg/Panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Vanderkloof Dam Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Gariep Dam BOTSWANA LESOTHO South Africa 23 |Transfer Schemes the supply. Thethe Tienfontein P DamwasconstructedBloemfontein andsoKnellpoort (offchannelstorage) toaugment a. ae i te pme va h 12 m ebdctBomoti Ppln (or Pipeline Welbedacht–Bloemfontein km 112 Caledon–Bloemfontein P the via pumped then is Water Dam. problemssimilar siltation dam.There inthe isalso awatertreatment works atWelbedacht The storage capacity of the Welbedacht Dam reduced from 115 million m reservoirs, and watertreatment pumpstations works. and consists ofWelbedacht, R The Water Caledon–BloemfonteinGovernment Schemeisoperated byBloemWater, Mangaungarea. the supply systemserving ModderRiver, Schemesituatedonthe Mazelpoort the with together oneintegrated form TheMunicipality. Water Caledon–BloemfonteinGovernment SchemeandNovoTransfer, being the of the water resources the full utilisation catchment, the thirdwithin main scheme threetwo ofthe Riet–ModderCatchmentdueto mainschemesusedtosupplementthe The Water Caledon–BloemfonteinGovernment Scheme andNovoTransfer schemesare Description are UpperOrange situatedinthe Catchment. WaterCaledon–Bloemfontein Government Novo Transfer Schemeandthe scheme,which The Caledon–ModderTransfer Schemeconsists oftwotransfer original schemes,namelythe Loca 16 million m Knellpoort Dam,atacapacity of10m Knellpoort tion Orange–Riet Transfer. The C 3 in only 20 years due to siltation. This inonly20yearsduetosiltation. assurance impacted the ofsupplyto aledon–B ipeline) toaugmenturban watersupplyatBloemfontein. ipeline) tation in the Welbedacht in the ump Station R ustfontein and Knellpoort dams, along with other service other dams,along with andKnellpoort ustfontein azelpoort Mazelpoort 3 /s. C ontrol measures havebeen setuptoreduce oemfontein Go Scheme was developed by eservoir pumpswatertoeservoir 3 toapproximately Mangaung Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) vernment Wa De Brug Brandkop W Bainsvlei Krugersdrift Dam P Riet-Modder BLOEMFONTEIN Pump station Water works puriﬁcation Watershed Proposed canal andreservoirPipeline River anddam boundary International Town Peri-urban area/urban area Catchment Bloemspruit REDDERSBURG Hamilton ParkHamilton Grootvlei

Bloemdustria Bloemdustria Modder W

Mazelspoort WeirMazelspoort Caledon-Bloemfontein Lesaka Boesmanskop Mockes Dam Rustfontein Uitkyk Dam

Catchment

Caledon M

d e r ter Scheme W

DEWETSDORP

Seroalo Dam e Botshabelo r

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Knellpoort i

n a

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Dam

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a d n

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Thaba Nchu r W Tienfontein Catchment Caledon W P Groothoek 0 SOUTH AFRICA Dam Welbedacht Dam P 5 10 N 15 Caledon Lovedale Dam 20 LESOTHO Newbury Armenia Dam

Dam 25 Leeu km Caledon–Bloemfontein Government Water Scheme

The Novo Transfer Scheme is an extension of the Caledon–Modder Transfer Scheme. Physical information: Pipelines/Canals It transfers water from Knellpoort Dam to Rustfontein Dam in the upper reaches of the Modder River Basin. This is done via the Novo Pump Station at Knellpoort Dam Name Length (km) Capacity (m3/s) (29.7 km of pipeline and 12 km of river channel). The Novo Transfer Scheme is then linked to the Mazelspoort Scheme downstream on the Modder River. The scheme will Welbedacht–Bloemfontein Pipeline (pressure) 6.55 1.68 be developed in stages, according to Bloemfontein demands, which are increasing, Welbedacht–Bloemfontein Pipeline (gravity) 105.5 1.68 and is expected to reach a maximum transfer capacity of 150 million m3/a by the year 2030. Novo Pipeline 29.7 2.4

Physical information: Dams Purpose

Live full Maximum Towns including Bloemfontein, Botshabelo, Thaba Nchu, Dewetsdorp, Reddersburg supply Wall height Wall length spillway and Edenburg are supplied with water from Welbedacht Dam via the Caledon– Name River Quaternary capacity (m) (m) capacity *(million m3) (m3/s) Bloemfontein Canal. The Novo Transfer Scheme conveys water to supplement the Bloemfontein demands, along with Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu. Welbedacht Caledon D23J 15.5 32 192 5 310

Rustfontein Modder C52A 72.6 36 210 1 090

Knellpoort Rietspruit D23H 136.2 50 200 1 070

Physical information: Pump Stations

Pump station name Location Capacity (m3/s)

Tienfontein Welbedacht Dam 10

Novo Knellpoort Dam 1.5

24 | Transfer Schemes South Africa 25 |Transfer Schemes height of 20 m and length of 180 m, with a maximum spillway capacity of 4 700 m The scheme is owned by, and supplies, the Tierpoort Purpose floods washedthe dam away. It has a full supply capacity of 34.5 million m Tierpoort Dam was commissioned in 1923 but was reconstructed in 1990 after the 1988 Physical Informa The schemeconsists Tierpoort ofthe river. Dam,andtwocanalswhichrunalongsidethe Description Rietiver),upstream ofthe tributary ofKalkfontein Rietiver. Dam,whichissituatedonthe The Tierpoort C51Gonthe River(a Tierpoort DamSchemeislocatedinquaternary Loca R efer to the schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic efer tothe tion Tierpoor tion t Dam Scheme rrigation Irrigation Board via the two canals. 3 , with awall, with 3 /s. Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) Irrigation BoardIrrigation area

Lower RietRiver e t 0 Ramah Branch Settlement Riet River Canal 10 Ritchie Irrigation Catchment boundary Canals River anddam Town Board area Ritchie 20 N 30 40 Scholtzburg Irrigation km Scheiding PumpstationScheiding Orange-Riet Vanderkloof Luckhoff Main Canal Kofﬁefontein Jacobsdal Canal Board area Vanderkloof Dam Riet River Canal Modder Kalkfontein Canal Scheme Modder RiverGovernment Kalkfontein Dam Water Schemearea Riet-Modder

Catchment R

Tierpoort Irrigation Irrigation Tierpoort i

t Fouriespruit Board area Dam Krugersdrift

Dam

Tierpoort s p

Dam t Riet South Africa 26 |Transfer Schemes a netdemandof38 million m The tosupplyapproximately schemeserves 25%ofMangaung’s waterrequirements, with Purpose integrated ModderRiver. supplysysteminthe The Caledon–ModderTransfer the with Scheme,together Mazelspoort one Scheme,form CityofMangaung. owned bythe water treatment works requirements andusedtoaugmentdomestic inBloemfontein.Itis Weir, waterispumpedtoareservoir P atHamilton byR supported Upstream Weir, ofMazelspoort waterisreleased from Mockes Dam.Mockes Damis Description waterfromsupplies Weir Mazelspoort toBloemfontein. The ModderRiverdownstream Scheme,locatedonthe Mazelspoort ofR Loca tion Mazelspoor ustfontein Dam as well astransfers Damaswell ustfontein from Mazelspoort Dam.Atthe Knellpoort 3 . t Scheme ark where itistreated waste atthe ustfontein Dam,ustfontein Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) De Brug Brandkop W Bainsvlei Krugersdrift Dam P Riet-Modder BLOEMFONTEIN Pump station Water works puriﬁcation Watershed Proposed canal andreservoirPipeline River anddam boundary International Town Peri-urban area/urban area Catchment Bloemspruit REDDERSBURG Hamilton ParkHamilton Grootvlei

Bloemdustria Bloemdustria Modder W

Mazelspoort WeirMazelspoort Caledon-Bloemfontein Lesaka Boesmanskop Mockes Dam Rustfontein Uitkyk Dam

Catchment

Caledon M

d e r W

DEWETSDORP

Seroalo Dam e Botshabelo r

a p

n a

Riet e

De Hoek

Ganna

K K

e g

Knellpoort i

n a

b M a

Dam

o y

a d n

Bloemhof Dam e a

Thaba Nchu r W Tienfontein Catchment Caledon W P Groothoek 0 SOUTH AFRICA Dam Welbedacht Dam P 5 10 N 15 Caledon Lovedale Dam 20 LESOTHO Newbury Armenia Dam

Dam 25 Leeu km Mazelspoort Scheme

Physical information: Dams

Live full supply Maximum Name River capacity (million Wall height (m) Wall length (m) spillway capacity m3) (m3/s)

Mockes Modder 6 18 713 991

Rustfontein Modder 71 26 210 1 090

Knellpoort Rietspruit 136 50 200 1 070

Mazelpoort Weir Modder n/a Unknown Unknown Unknown

Physical information: Losses

Description Estimated losses (million m3/a)

Knellpoort to Rustfontein losses 2.07

Rustfontein to Mockes losses 2.10

Mazelpoort losses 1.92

Total 6.09

27 | Transfer Schemes South Africa weirs located on the ModderRiver.weirs locatedonthe downstreampurposes, whichislocatedfurther dam.Water ofthe isabstracted from the 28 |Transfer Schemes to 1 million m capacity of the dam is 4 820 m The scheme water supplies to the Purpose 73 million m The supplycapacityof afull scheme,with onlydaminthe KrugersdriftDamisthe Physical Informa approximately 55storage lowerModderRiver. weirsalongthe The scheme consists of Krugersdrift Dam, which is located on the Description C52G). (quaternary The ModderRiverdownstream KrugersdriftSchemeislocatedonthe ofKrugersdriftDam Loca tion Krugersdrift Dam Scheme 3 3) . It has a wall height of 3 114 m and length of 4 820 m. The spillway The 4 820 m. of length and 3 114 m of height wall a has It . . 3 tion /s. (The capacities of the weirs vary in size from 5 000 m Modder iver Government WaterRiver Government Modder Scheme for irrigation River, as well as 3

Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) Irrigation BoardIrrigation area

Catchment R

Tierpoort Irrigation Irrigation Tierpoort i

t Fouriespruit Board area Dam Krugersdrift

Dam

Tierpoort s p

Dam t Riet South Africa 29 |Transfer Schemes Physical informa became greatly reduced andarable landhadtobede-scheduledprior toconstruction tunnel. ofthe Nelson Mandelaetropole) tworiverbasins ofdamsinthese capacities the andindustrialuse.Duetosiltation, Grahamstown urban(including Cape forirrigation, The Eastern watertothe and tunnelistodivert purposeofthe Purpose of capacity maximum and 5,35 m, of diameter 54 m3/s. a An intake tower 82,8 km, in the of lake length some 20 kma from has Gariep tunnel Dam heads The the tunnel valley. through River the Suurberg Sundays plateau. TeebusDam tothe Great Spruitandthe Brak Riverandfrom there Great ofthe valley tothe F Orange–F network ofcanals,weirsandbalancingdams,restoring ofhectares thousands andenabling The ofirrigation. occurring andsiltation by salinisation reservoirs, inthe Orange– the F andexacerbated severeDue tothe duetowatershortages formany years,partly stress Cape underwent Eastern the Description reaches Great ofthe F The Orange–F Loca Orange–Fish Tunnel Canal name tion ish Tunnel wascompleted key in1975andisthe structure bywhichwaterisdelivered from Gariep the Orange–Fish TransferTunnel Orange RiverProjec ish transfer tunnelrunsfrom Orange GariepDamonthe RivertoGrassridge upper Damlocatedinthe ish River. tion Length (km) t 83 ish Tunnel wasconstructed, a with together Capacity (m 3 /s) 54 ish Riverandthe ORASECOM/SA DeptofWaterAffairs) The Orange–FishTransferTunnel(from mapproduced by

O 0 ra n Douglas Weir P ge Marksdrift Douglas Pump station Diversion weir Catchment boundary Tunnel Canal Pipeline River anddam Town andcity 50 N Orange River P

Catchment

Van Ryneveld’s O

Ramah Branch n (formerly Nqweba Dam g

Pass Dam) e V a

Canal a l Orange-Riet 100 R Canal ie Sundays River t km Catchment Darlington Graaf Reinet P Dam

Scheiding

u Jacobsdal

a Vanderkloof

y M s De Mistkraal o Riet River

Somerset East d d Dam Canal e Orange-Fish r Weir Kalkfontein Tunnel

Dam Great Fish Great

Grassridge

e t

Riet-Modder

P S Catchment

m Dam

PORT ELIZABETH a

Cradock l

Lake Arthur Tierpoort F

Elandsdrift Weir i

Great Fish River s

h Dam Gariep Cookhouse Tunnel Dam Catchment Skoenmakers Tarka G Komandodrif

Canal e

t Knellpoort

F Dam

BLOEMFONTEIN i

Grahamstown

s h Dam Molteno

n Caledon-Bloemfontein

Orange i Ca P a led Aliwal North Aliwal o n n Pipeline Welbedacht Port Alfred P

O Tienfontein

c Dam e a n South Africa 30 |Transfer Schemes of 280 000 m capacity a with III and II reaches between dam balancing second a Thereis 12.68 ha. The Orange–Riet Canal: Orange– RamahCanal. Riet Canalandthe itreachescanal until P Scheiding the The Vanderkloof MainCanal: Orange–Canal endsandthe Riet andamahCanalsbegin. P scheme alsoincludesScheiding directly Orange– dam,the offthe Riet Transfer RamahBranch Canalandthe Canal.The The Vanderkloof CanalsSchemeconsists ofthree canals: Vanderkloof the MainCanal Description Vanderkloofthe Orange Damonthe River. The Vanderkloof Orange ofthe Schemeispart Riverproject andislocateddownstream of Loca dam between reach I and II, with a capacity of 340 000 m of capacity a with II, and I reach between dam three reaches, knownasRamahI; RamahII,andIII.The canalhasonebalancing Orange rightbankofthe alongthe RamahCanal,whichlies the River. This canalhas Ramah Canal: P Scheiding Atthe S350Canal.Thethe Orange– ofthe Orange– part Riet GWS. Riet Canalforms Riet Canal,where MainCanaland canals,namelythe intotwofurther splits iteventually tion Vanderkl Orange RiverProjec 3 , and a surface area, andasurface of9.0 ha. cheiding P Scheiding Atthe Water isreleased directly from Vanderkloof Damintothis tation, the Vanderkloof the ump Station, MainCanalextends into tation, whereump Station, Vanderkloof pointthe atthis Main oof C tation, whereump Station, waterispumpedintothe the tation water is pumped into the Orange– waterispumpedintothe ump Station t anals Scheme 3 , and a surface area, andasurface of Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) Irrigation BoardIrrigation area

Catchment R

Tierpoort Irrigation Irrigation Tierpoort i

t Fouriespruit Board area Dam Krugersdrift

Dam

Tierpoort s p

Dam t Riet Vanderkloof Canals Scheme

Purpose Canal name Length (km) Capacity (m3/s) The Vanderkloof Main Canal: Vanderkloof releases water via the canal to the Vanderkloof Main Canal 14 57 Scheiding Pump Station to be used further downstream. The Orange–Riet Canal: The original intension for the construction of the Orange–Riet Orange–Riet Canal (portion 1) 74.6 15.6 Canal in 1983 was to regulate the supply of sufficient water for peak daily demands Orange–Riet Canal (reach 2) 38 13.2 and the annual water demand. The Orange–Riet Transfer Scheme abstracts water from Vanderkloof Dam (via the Scheiding Pump Station) to be transferred to the Riet Main Canal Unknown Unknown River Catchment via the Orange–Riet Canal. The water is primarily used for irrigation S350 Canal Unknown Unknown but also supplies Koffiefontein (urban and mining), and the urban requirements of Ritchie and Jacobsdal towns. Ramah Canal I 17.3 9.6 The Orange–Riet Canal supplies water to 3 787 ha of irrigation next to the canal Ramah Canal II 48.9 4.2 and the Lower Riet Irrigation Board (3 937 ha). The Main Canal supplies the Richie Ramah Canal III 21.2 1.48 Irrigation Board (97 ha). The S350 Canal releases water into the Modder River, which is in turn abstracted (via the Scholtzburg Weir just upstream of the Riet and Modder confluence) to supply the Scholtzburg Irrigation Board (637 ha). The Riet River Settlement near Jacobsdal (7 812 ha) receives water from both the Main Canal and the S350 Canal. The settlement also receives water from the Orange River and is part of the Riet River Government Water Scheme. Ramah Canal: The Ramah Canal supplies water to 5 667 ha of irrigated land on the right bank of the Orange River.

31 | Transfer Schemes South Africa dam intoadrainage canalwhichdischarges Rietiver. intothe weir atSoutpansdrift,bydirect releases ofOrange Riverwaterfrom balancing canalandthe the confluence, which includes allthe farmers alongthe Riet River downstream of Ritchie as far asthe Water Lower tothe isalsosupplied Board RietIrrigation situateddownstream Modder–Riet ofthe Riet River Settlement. asthe well 32 |Transfer Schemes dam, water is transferred via smaller canals to the balancing the From away. 112 km is which Jacobsdal, near dam balancing a to transferred The waterispumpedfrom P Scheiding transfer waterfrom O range the River (Vanderkloof Rietiver. Dam)tothe fromsupplied damonly,andtherefore the Orange– the Riet Canalwasconstructed in1983to supply to the towns of Koffiefontein and Jacobsdal. Eventuallythe demands grew too large to be Scholtzburg Districtandthe RitchieIrrigation the inurbanwater assisting District,aswell Irrigation damwastosupplydownstreamof this Rietiver Settlement, the including userssuchasfarmers, constructionRiet iverCatchment.In1983the ofKalkfontein Damwascompleted. The purpose The transfer schemeconsists Orange– ofthe Riet Canalwhichgoesfrom Vanderkloof Damtothe Description River). located betweenVanderkloof Vaal ofthe RietiverCatchment(whichisatributary Damandthe The Orange– WaterRiet Government Orange Schemeisasub-systemofthe RiverP Loca tion Orange–Riet Wa Orange RiverProjec tation into the Orange– intothe ump Station Riet Canal, where itis t Scholtzburg and ter Scheme icthie Ricthie rrigation Irrigation Districts, as roject. Itis Locality map(fromproduced for ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007)

O 0 ra n Douglas Weir P ge Marksdrift Douglas Pump station Diversion weir Catchment boundary Tunnel Canal Pipeline River anddam Town andcity 50 N Orange River P

Catchment

Van Ryneveld’s O

Ramah Branch n (formerly Nqweba Dam g

Pass Dam) e V a

Canal a l Orange-Riet 100 R Canal ie Sundays River t km Catchment Darlington Graaf Reinet P Dam

Scheiding

u Jacobsdal

a Vanderkloof

y M s De Mistkraal o Riet River

Somerset East d d Dam Canal e Orange-Fish r Weir Kalkfontein Tunnel

Dam Great Fish Great

Grassridge

e t

Riet-Modder

P S Catchment

m Dam

PORT ELIZABETH a

Cradock l

Lake Arthur Tierpoort F

Elandsdrift Weir i

Great Fish River s

h Dam Gariep Cookhouse Tunnel Dam Catchment Skoenmakers Tarka G Komandodrif

Canal e

t Knellpoort

F Dam

BLOEMFONTEIN i

Grahamstown

s h Dam Molteno

n Caledon-Bloemfontein

Orange i Ca P a led Aliwal North Aliwal o n n Pipeline Welbedacht Port Alfred P

O Tienfontein

c Dam e a n Orange–Riet Water Scheme

Purpose The scheme is used mainly for irrigation but also supplies urban requirements of Koffiefontein, Ritchie and Jacobsdal.

Physical information: Canals

Canal name Length (km) Capacity (m3/s)

Orange–Riet (1st section) 73 16

Orange–Riet (2nd section) 39 13

Operating Rule Both the Orange–Riet and Douglas Weir irrigation schemes are operated to minimise pumping costs and water wastage. Inflows and spillages are kept to a minimum and under normal operating conditions these areas are dependent on imported water from the Orange River. Only sufficient water is pumped to meet the demands of these farmers so that spills over Soutpansdrift are minimised.

Vanderkloof Dam (© Ian Cameron-Clarke) 33 | Transfer Schemes South Africa 34 |Transfer Schemes schematic in the Introduction. inthe schematic and length of 317 m, with a maximum spillway capacity of 1 700 m 1 of capacity spillway maximum a with 317 m, of length and these arethese Sarel bythe nowsupplied HaywardOrange– ofthe Canal(part Riet Scheme). Scholtzburg Board Irrigation Area, Board RitchieIrrigation the townofRitchie,but andthe of Koffiefontein. It initially suppliedthe additional demands ofthe Riet River Settlement,the The townofJacobsdal anurbandemandtothe schemesupplies miningdemands andthe Purpose Kalkfontein Dam has a full supply capacity of 258 million m Physical Informa The schemeconsists ofKalkfontein Rietiver. Dam,andtwocanalsrunningalongsidethe Description Rietiver. C51J)onthe (quaternary The Water RietiverGovernment Schemeislocateddownstream ofKalkfontein Dam Loca tion Riet iverGo tion vernment Wa 3 , with a wall height of 36 m 3 /s. R efer tothe ter Scheme Locality map(from mapproducedfor ORASECOMInfrastructureReport , 2007) Irrigation BoardIrrigation area

Catchment R

Tierpoort Irrigation Irrigation Tierpoort i

t Fouriespruit Board area Dam Krugersdrift

Dam

Tierpoort s p

Dam t Riet South Africa 35 |Transfer Schemes (full (full supply capacity 16 million m Orange locatedonthe Station, River,and DouglasWeir The transfer schemeconsists Marksdrift ofthe P Description Orangethe andVaal confluence Rivers,nearthe the two. of Orange–Douglas Water Government Scheme)islocatedon The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme (alsoknownasthe Loca side of the Vaalside ofthe Plots. Atherton Rivertothe right-hand Canal, whichrunsalongthe Alberton the released from DouglasWeir third viaanunlined canal, Canal): Canal(or Atherton The Alberton and Orange Vaal leftbankofthe Rivers,alongthe R iver. via the 24 km Douglas Canal to the confluence ofthe Vaal The DouglasCanal: Board. DouglasIrrigation managed bythe concrete lining of canal the began. The Bosman butin1994the canal wasunlined the Originally, atDouglasWeir. 22km Bosman Canalending the with transfer schemeconsists atMarksdrift, ofapumpstation The BosmanCanal(orOrange–Vaal Canal):The River, asthree aswell canals,namely: tion Orange–Vaal TransferScheme Orange RiverProjec Water isreleased from DouglasWeir 3 ), located on the Vaal), locatedonthe Water is Canal is t ump left bank of the Vaalleft bankofthe River. km concrete-lined DouglasCanal,whichrunsalongsidethe 24 the via transferred is Water 1977. in raised completedScheme, andwasinitially in1896but Douglas Weir Orange–Vaal of the ispart Transfer Upper OrangeTransfer Scheme(from mapproduced bytheSA DepartmentofWaterAffairs) PRIESKA 0 25 Vaal River catchment boundary International Provincial boundary River anddam Town Scheme Orange-Vaal Transfer 50 N KURUMAN Or an ge 75 100 NORTHERN km CAPE

DOUGLAS DOUGLAS Orange

Vaal Vanderkloof KIMBERLEY KIMBERLEY JACOBSDAL JACOBSDAL Dam

RITCHIE RITCHIE Riet

M Krugersdrif Dam Krugersdrif Dam Kalkfontein Kalkfontein o d d

r Dam Dam BLOEMFONTEIN BLOEMFONTEIN Bloemhof Bloemhof Harts Dam Dam

MAFIKENG

Tierpoort B Tierpoort

a G

b o e r

s oo Dam

Dam t

M a

k H

a K a s s l i r Rustfontein e Rustfontein e ts F in o H KLERKSDORP u KLERKSDORP a r r Dam Dam t ie FREE STATE s NORTH WEST

Doring

WELKOM Yster

Vet

B o s s i

e Vaal

D o

d o e r

Taaibos

Erfenis Dam Erfenis r

i n

o Vals o

t S

t d Klein Vet Klein Allemanskraal Allemanskraal

POTCHEFSTROOM POTCHEFSTROOM

however, hasnotbeensuccessful. this system, the from salts the washing in assist would floods When the system wasit built was foreseen that occasional irrigation return flows (sometimes reaching 1 400 mg/ℓ). occursA build-upofsalts system, duetothe the within H Laai Loop e

Dam u Dam

KROONSTAD n KROONSTAD

n RUSTENBURG Koppies Koppies g

Dam Dam Blom

MASERU

Renoster

r GAUTENG o

Vals m

BETHLEHEM e BETHLEHEM l

LESOTHO

o g VEREENINGING PHUTHADITJABA

Krom JOHANNESBURG

Liebenbergs Vlei Vaal Dam

PRETORIA Wilge W a te rv

Hol a

l Vaal Sterkfontein Dam

HARRISMITH Klip Grootdraai PIETERMARITZBURG Dam Dam

MIDDELBURG Witbank ERMELO ERMELO NEWCASTLE

Vaal KWAZULU/ NATAL VRYHEID DURBAN MBABANE Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme

Vaal Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme Purpose Town (from map produced for ORASECOM Infrastructure Prior to 1984 Douglas Weir was supplied from Bloemhof Dam. However, during the Irrigable land Report, 2007) 1980s a severe drought occurred which resulted in water restrictions. The Bosman Douglas Weir River Canal (or Orange–Vaal Canal) was then built in 1984 as an emergency scheme to Canal Alberton aid in the critical water shortages. In 1986 the emergency scheme was incorporated Canal P Pump station into the Orange–Douglas Government Water Scheme. Currently the scheme is used to supply an area of 8 113 ha of irrigation. It is also

Douglas used to improve water quality as salinity levels have increased in recent years. Alberton plots

The Douglas Irrigation Board regulates the amount of water transferred to farmers Die Erwe plots along the Douglas Weir and the Riet River downstream of Soutpansdrift, as well Orange-Vaal or Bosman as the areas along the Vaal River downstream of the Douglas Weir served by the Canal Douglas Bucklands and Atherton Canals. Canal Vaal The Atherton Canal supplies water to irrigators on the northern bank of the Vaal River, Marksdrift P and the Bucklands Canal transports water for 24 km to irrigators on the southern bank Bucklands of the Vaal River. settlement Orange

Physical information

1 0 1 2 3km Canal name Length (km) Capacity (m3/s) N

Bosman (or Orange–Vaal) 22 12 Operating Rule Douglas 24 7 The Bloemhof Dam is operated in such a manner that as little water as possible enters Atherton (or Alberton) Unknown Unknown the Douglas Weir via the Vaal River, and all water demands are met from the Orange River. To prevent supply problems along these sections of the Vaal River the Douglas Bucklands 24 Unknown Weir must be operated at not less than 1.1 m below full supply level.

Source: ORASECOM The Douglas Weir irrigation schemes are operated to minimise pumping costs and water wastage. Inflows and spillages are kept to a minimum and under normal operating conditions these areas are dependent on imported water from the Orange River.

36 | Transfer Schemes South Africa 37 |Transfer Schemes and Neusberg Weirs. The Lower Orange sub-systemconsists ofseveral sub-systemsandschemes,asfollows: The transfer makes Vanwyksvlei Damandthe Syndicate Smartt useofthe Boegoeberg the weirs,including asthe Dam,aswell Description P Loca and Vanderkloof damsare UpperOrange situatedinthe Catchment. art of the Orange ofthe art RiverP � � Komsberg to Noordoewer Area Irrigation (Namibia) AussenkehrScheme (Namibia) Irrigation NoordoewerScheme (N amibia) Irrigation OrangeMiddle AreaIrrigation Scheme Namaqualand Irrigation Vioolsdrift Scheme Irrigation AreaNamakwaland Irrigation Several Schemes,asfollows: Irrigation Orange alongthe Urban, IndustrialandMining:Manydemandssupported River. treated localminingdemands,with along with waterfrom HenkriesPurification Works (Henkriesmond). Springbok Regional Water townsofSpringbok,Okiep, SupplyScheme:Supplies Carolusberg andKleinsee, (operated byP Pelladrift Water watertoP Supply Scheme:Supplies watering andrural demands. domestic Kalahari–West Rural Water ofUpington,usestreated SupplyScheme:North waterfrom plantsforstock Karos–Geelkoppen Rural Water SupplyScheme:Upstream ofUpington,usedforstockwatering.

Kakamas Scheme�Onseepkans Irrigation Scheme Irrigation rrigation Scheme�BoegoebergDouglas Irrigation Scheme Scheme�UpingtonIrrigation Irrigation tion Orange RiverProjec L O WER ORANGESYS ella Waterella Board). roject toLower Orange (ORP)istosupport Gariep the Catchmentdemands,eventhough TEM SUPPOR ofadder, P ella andminesatAggenyaBlackMountainella T t Smartt SyndicateDam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) Vanwyksvlei Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) Orange River Project

Major Water Schemes in the Lower Orange

Scheme Name Description NAMIBIA Kalahari West WUA Karos–Geelkoppen Rural Water Supply Upstream of Upington, used for stock watering Karos-Geelkoppan (Part of Scheme Rosh Pinah Boegoeberg WUA) Skorpion Zina O Lower Vaal North of Upington, uses treated water from plants for stock watering and rural ran Komsberg to Kalahari–West Rural Water Supply Scheme ge Noordoewer irrigation area domestic demands irrigation Upington Oranjemund Aussenkehr Boegoeberg Noordoewer l Supplies water to Pofadder, Pella and mines at Aggenya and Black Mountain Onseepkans WUA a Henkriesmond Douglas Va Pelladrift Water Supply Scheme Alexander Bay Kakamas (operated by Pella Water Board) Vioolsdrif Pella Boegoeberg Port Nolloth Kakamas Dam Supplies towns of Springbok, Okiep, Carolusburg and Kleinsee, along with Aggeneys WUA Upington Pofadder O A Namakwa irrigation area Ora ra ng ng Springbok Regional Water Supply Scheme local mining demands, with treated water from Henkries Purification Works t irrigation area Pelladrift e e O l a Water Board (Henkriesmond) c n Kleinsee Namakwa e Springbok t Water Board a i Middle Orange Urban, Industrial and Mining Many demands supported along the Orange River n c irrigation area Located at the downstream end of the Vaal River, part of the Orange–Vaal Transfer SOUTH AFRICA Douglas Irrigation Scheme Scheme and therefore receives water from both rivers Canal N Middle Orange Irrigation Area Includes irrigators along the riparian zone, from Hopetown to Boegoeberg Dam Pipeline 3 The 172 km Boegoeberg Canal (capacity 9.76 m /s ) runs along the left bank WUA Water User Association of the Orange River, supplies water to the Rouxville West Scheme (now part of Boegoeberg Scheme the Boegoeberg GWS). The Noord–Oranje Canal, which runs along the right bank Irrigated areas along the Lower Orange River (from ORASECOM map, 001/2007) supplies water to the Noord–Oranje Irrigation Board. Downstream, a siphon and canal convey water to the Gariep Settlement. Other schemes Purpose Gifkloof Weir Kalahari Rural Water Supply Scheme The purpose of this system/scheme is to supply demands between Marksdrift and Kakamas Government Water Scheme (GWS) the river mouth. These demands include irrigation, urban and industrial. There is no Neusberg Weir hydropower generation within the Lower Orange Water Management Area. Rhenosterkop Weir Keimoes Canal Irrigation Area Onseepkans Irrigation Area Namakwaland Irrigation Area Pelladrift Water Supply Scheme Namakwa Water Board Supply Scheme Vioolsdrift and Noordoewer Irrigation Area (South Africa and Namibia) Alexander Bay

38 | Transfer Schemes

Reservoirs

40 | Reservoirs Reservoirs in the Orange–Senqu Basin

Otjivero Dam Tilda Viljoen Dam

Daan Viljoen L im WINDHOEK p Dam o Nauaspoort Dam p o Oanob Dam NAMIBIA BOTSWANA Hardap Dam GABORONE

Nossob

F PRETORIA i sh Setumo Dam Disaneng Dam Lotlamoreng Dam po Klerkskraal Dam JOHANNESBURG lo o Elandskuil Dam M Rietspruit Dam Boskop Dam Nigel Dam KEETMANSHOOPMANSHOOP Barberspan Dam Klipdrif Dam Potchefstroom Vaal Barrage Bossiespruit Dam Johan Neser Dam Dam an Naute Dam o Kurum Wentzel Dam Vaal Vaal Dam Grootdraai Dam p o ol Koppies Dam M Taung Dam Bloemhof Dam Serfontein Dam Bondels Dam Spitskop Dam Vaalharts Storage Weir Menin Dam Allemanskraal Dam Loch Athlone Dreihuk Dam UPINGTON Gerrands Saulspoort Dam KIMBERLEY Erfenis Dam Dam Sterkfontein Dam Krugersdrif Dam Muela Dam Driekloof Dam Kalk Dam Modder Mockes Dam Fika-Patso Dam ge Boegoeberg Dam Oran Douglas Weir BLOEMFONTEIN Armenia Metalong Katse Dam Tsamab Dam n Dam o Dam R Rustfontein Dam d Matsuko Weir

H i e et Tierpoort Groothoek al a Rooiberg Dam Orange C Mohale Dam r Dam Dam t Kalkfontein Dam b MASERU e Knellpoort Dam e SPRINGBOK s Vanderkloof Dam Welbedacht Dam Brak Orange Egmont Dam Bethulie LESOTHO DURBAN Vanwyksvlei Dam Dam ge Oran Smartt Syndicate Dam Gariep Dam Jozanashoek Dam O n ge Groen rs Loxton Dam Victoria West Dam Modderpoort Dam SOUTH AFRICA EAST LONDON

CAPE TOWN PORT ELIZABETH

41 | Reservoirs South Africa C 42 |Reservoirs *Live fullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information downstream. approximatelycanal a into system orderin length, in km Sand–Vet115 the supply to Water Government Scheme Dam,makesAllemanskraalSand–V upthe Erfenis with Dam,together Purpose supply levelof1 368.7m,adeadstorage ofreservoir bottom levelof1 355.9mandthe isat1 353.0m. full a has It flank. right the on embankment earth an and concrete section gravity mass a has Dam Allemanskraal Description Africa. catchmentC42E,South Allemanskraal SandRiverinquaternary Damislocatedonthe Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Allemanskraal Dam name 25°51’48.77” S LATITUDE Allemanskraal Dam River Sand L ONGITUDE 25°20’10” E DWA code D4R002 Quaternary catchment C42E FSC* (million 179.3 m 3 ) SA (km 26.5 2 et sub-system.Water isreleased from the ) Owner DWA Wall height(m) 38 Wall (m) length 1 338 Allemanskraal Dam(source:www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Allemanskraal Dam River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Allemanskraal Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield Maximum spillway completion (million m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Allemanskraal and Erfenis Dams are operated as part of the Sand–Vet sub-system. Domestic Irrigation Other Operating rules allow for these dams to supply their demands until the dams reach their defined minimum operating levels. The sub-system does not support the Vaal or 1960 Unknown 35.6† Unknown 100‡ 2 265 the Bloemhof sub-system. † From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year ‡ Combined with Erfenis Dam, South African Department of Water Affairs P09000/00/0101

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

Blom i

V WELKOM

Vals r

e b

1 370 214.712 29.744 n

i L Sa 1 368 179.311 26.481 nd D o ri ng Allemanskraal 1 367 136.986 22.500 RSA Vet Dam (Free State) 1 364 79.434 16.424

Taaibos Erfenis s

i e 1 362 50.949 12.319 Dam Laai

Klein-vet 1 360 29.915 8.911

G r o o t Krugersdrift Doring -v 1 358 14.692 6.005 e Dam t 1 355 5.110 3.342 on Caled 1 353 0.00.0 0.000 Dam network eu Le

43 | Reservoirs South Africa C 44 |Reservoirs T * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information HobhouseWater the Damsupplies Armenia T Leeu tothe damistosupplyirrigation purpose ofthe Scheme viaacanalfrom RiverI rrigation dam. the DamScheme,whichalsoincorporates Armenia ofthe Damispart Leeu acanalsystemonthe Armenia River. T Purpose 8 581 km of area catchment a and spillway, overway free a with dam, concretearch an is Dam Armenia Description This dam is situated on the Leeu River in quaternary catchment D23C, South Africa, upstream of Welbedacht Dam. Location dam has a full supply level of 1 514.9 m, with adeadstorage supplylevelof1 514.9 m,with dam hasafull ofreservoir levelandbottom at1 503 m. reatment Works. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 25°51’48.77” S Dam name LATITUDE Armenia Armenia Dam River Leeu 30°33’32.53” E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D23C FSC* (million m FSC* (million 13.2 reatment Works, anditsboreholes T supplythe 3 ) SA (km 3.9 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code D2R002 Wall height(m) haba P 22 atchoa Water Wall (m) length 110 2 . T he he Armenia Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Armenia Dam Armenia LESOTHO Armenia Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1954 Unknown 2.58 † Unknown Unknown 1 073

† WRC TT380/08

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 517.22 24.59 5.24

1 514.85 13.78 3.93

1 512.48 6.00 2.6

1 510.11 1.79 0.99

1 508.93 0.92 0.48

1 507.74 0.43 0.31

1 505.37 0.06 0.07

1 503.00 0.00 0.00

45 | Reservoirs South Africa C 46 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information It isenvironmentally andisaRamsarsite.The important area contains upto320speciesofbird. Purpose adeadstoragelevel of1 492.5 m,with ofreservoir levelandbottom at1 490 m. Barberspan is really a pan more than a dam and is about 11 km long and about 3.5 km wide. It has a full supply Description Water ManagementArea,Africa. South townsofSannieshofandDelareyville Riverislocatednear the Harts Barberspan Damonthe Lower inthe V Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Barberspan 25°35’56” S LATITUDE Barberspan Dam River Harts L ONGITUDE 26°34’03” E Quaternary catchment C31B FSC* (million 30.4 m 3 ) SA (km 16.0 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code C3R003 Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown aal Area–C NAMIBIA Elevation (m) Elevation 1 490.0 1 490.5 1 491.0 1 491.5 1 492.0 1 492.5 apacity Relationship Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Storage m (million 10.0 20.0 30.4 0.0 1.0 5.0 Barberspan Dam 3 ) LESOTHO Surface area (km 10.6 16.0 0.0 0.7 3.1 5.8 2 ) South Africa C 47 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information townofBethulie. Damisusedforwatersupplytothe Bethulie Purpose DamisanarchBethulie capacityof 370 m aspillway dam,with Description Africa. D35AinSouth directlyflowing intoGariepDam.Itislocatedinquaternary Orange ofthe Spruit,whichisatributary River Bethulie onthe townofBethulie Damislocatednearthe Bethulie Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Bethulie 30°29’16” S LATITUDE Year completion of 1921 Bethulie Dam Bethulie Spruit Bethulie River L ONGITUDE 25°58’26” E Quaternary catchment D35A Domestic Unknown FSC* (million 1.97 m Demands/abstractions m (million 3 ) Irrigation SA (km Unknown 1.13 2 ) 3 Municipality /s. 3 Bethulie /a) Owner Unknown Other DWA code D3R001 Wall height(m) 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million 23 Unknown Wall (m) length 134 3 /a) Bethulie Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Bethulie Dam Bethulie BOTSWANA LESOTHO South Africa C 48 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupply capacity(SANCOLD) Physical information supplytoKimberley.Itisalsousedforflood domestic control. the Douglas Irrigation Board and private irrigators between Bloemhof and the Vaal–Orange confluence, as well as Scheme, Water Government Gamagara the Vaal Scheme, Irrigation Dam–Barkly Klip the supplies also It flows). V Bloemhof Damisusedprimarilytosupplythe Purpose highlevelofnutrientenrichment. management, duetothe of bottom the and reservoir 1 213.6 m, is at 1 210.8 m. is The dam is listed level as one of the storage top ten impoundments in dead South Africa in need of the nutrient 1 228.5 m, is level supply full The control. flood for gates crest radial 20 has It flanks. earth by supported section overspill concretegravity mass a is Dam Bloemhof Description Management Area. Bloemhof Dam is located on the Vaal River, South Africa, in quaternary catchment C43D in the Middle Vaal Water Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Bloemhof 27°40’09’’ S LATITUDE Bl oemhof Dam River Vaal L ONGITUDE 25°37’05’’ E Quaternary catchment C43D FSC* (million 1 218 m 3 ) Scheme (whichgenerates Irrigation aalharts considerable return SA (km 234.27 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C9R002 Wall height(m) 33 Wall (m) length 4 270 Bloemhof Dam(source:www.wikipedia.org) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Bloemhof Dam LESOTHO Bloemhof Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Operating Rule 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Year of completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Bloemhof Dam, along with Vaal Dam, the Vaal Barrage and Grootdraai Dam (all on Domestic Irrigation Other the Vaal River) and Sterkfontein Dam (on the Wilge River, a tributary of the Vaal River) form part of the Bloemhof sub-system, which is part of the greater Integrated 1970 Unknown Unknown Unknown 2 707 † 14 300 Vaal River System. Woodstock Dam and the Driel Barrage (situated in the Thukela River † Including Lesotho transfer (ORASECOM, 2011) catchment), form the Thukela Transfer Scheme into the Vaal catchment. The historic firm yield of 2 707 million m3/a is the yield representing the Bloemhof The large scheme is operated as follows: The Thukela system supports Sterkfontein total yield, excluding contributions from the Vaal system, but including the transfer from Dam until Sterkfontein Dam is full. Grootdraai Dam does not support Vaal Dam, but Lesotho (as operated in practice). The yield, excluding the transfer from Lesotho, is when the Vaal Dam is at 15% storage or less, Sterkfontein Dam will begin to support 1 927 million m3/a, and the yield after supplying the Lower Vaal demands is 1 413 it. Abstractions at Sedibeng and Midvaal make use of local runoff and spills from million m3/a. upstream dams. When this is not adequate, the Vaal Dam supports the abstractions. The Vaal Dam will only begin to support Bloemhof Dam when Bloemhof Dam reaches Area–Capacity Relationship its minimum operating level (1 213.6 m). The Vaal River System (including Bloemhof Dam) does not support any of the Orange River demands.

s 3 2 rt ts Ha ar Elevation (m) Storage (million m ) Surface area (km ) ot- -H ro in Loop G e Vaal Kl VEREENINGING POTCHEFSTROOM 1 229.5 1 511.733 261.63 KLERKSDORP Vaal Grootdraai Dam l Dam va ter Witbank Yster K a Harts r W om 1 228.5 1 264.42 233.543 elm Vaal boo Vaal g Klip

B M a a

m k w

b H Wilge a

o e

1 226.5 848.833 183.085 s

e u

s s n Renoster i e ing Vals Krom KROONSTAD 1 223.5 405.679 112.707 RSA Hol NEWCASTLE i Bloemhof e B (Free State) Vals l u f V f a s l o Dam g Blom r 1 221.5 217.131 77.478 e

WELKOM b

i L Sa nd RSA 1 219.5 97.144 43.755 D Allemanskraal o BETHLEHEM Vet r ing Dam HARRISMITH Sterkfontein (Kwazulu/ Dam B Erfenis

Taaibos 1 217.5 41.249 16.165 o Natal) s Sand Sundays s Dam Laai i PHUTHADITJABA e Klein-vet Caledon G Krugersdrift ro 1 215.5 17.028 8.701 Doring o Tugela t-v Dam e H Khubelu Tugela t l s ot an Modder se kr ou Dam network Bl 1 213.5 5.702 3.718 Senqunyana Malibamatso eu BLOEMFONTEIN Le Rustfontein Katse 1 210.82 0.214 0.663 Dam Dam Tierpoort M MASERU o LESOTHO d

Dam e

r n do Riet Fourie Cale Mohale Mkom azi

Makhaleng Dam 49 | Reservoirs South Africa C the 172-km-long main canal off the dam with a capacity of 9.76 m of capacity a with dam the off canal main 172-km-long the 50 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupply capacity(ORASECOM) Physical information T Purpose its originalcapacityof34.7 million m dead storage level of 875.3 m a and the and bottom of reservoir is at of 884.6 m, 874.9 m.level The supply dam’s full a capacity has has decreaseddam Thefrom foundation. rock a with dam gravity a is Dam Boegoeberg Description D72C. Africa,inquaternary Cape,South Northern Upington inthe ofupstreamRiver, Orange the approximately150 km on is Prieska,situated which near is Dam BoegoebergThe Location net lossesare onlyapproximately 8million m left bank. Canal losses are estimated at 20 million m Rouxville tothe supplied West Boegoeberg– ofthe Scheme(nowpart K Orange River, Noord– tothe waterissupplied Oranje Board Irrigation Water Gariep Settlement. andthe isalso he dam was commissioned to supply water for irrigation. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Boegoeberg Dam name 29°02’32” S LATITUDE Boegoeberg Dam Orange River L ONGITUDE 22°12’07” E Quaternary catchment D72C 3 , to the current, tothe 20.7 million m FSC* (million 20.74 m 3 ) 3 /a. 3 /a. However, return flows are 12 million m SA (km 7.42 It supplies the Boegoeberg 2 ) Owner DWA 3 3 /s. V duetosiltation. aros Water Government Scheme)viathe ia the Noord–ia the OranjeC analalongthe DWA code D7R001 rrigation Irrigation Wall height(m) 12 Scheme, including 3 /a andtherefore Wall (m) length 622 Boegoeberg Dam(©SCrerar) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Boegoeberg Dam LESOTHO Boegoeberg Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1929 Unknown 102 Unknown Unknown 18 400

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

884.57 20.74 6.895 884.30 18.93 6.527 883.60 14.70 5.550 883.20 12.59 4.979 882.80 10.71 4.457 881.70 6.50 3.217 880.90 4.26 2.398 879.70 2.02 1.401 875.32 0.01 0.002 874.90 0.00 0.000

51 | Reservoirs Namibia C 52 |Reservoirs Details from NamWater Physical information torechargeIt wasbuilt BondelsDamaquifer. the Purpose embankmentdam. Bondels Damisanearthfill Description of K west River.km Hom 7 the is It into flows River SatcoThe Namibia. in River Satco the on located is Dam Bondels Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Dam name aras. 28°30’00” S Bondels LATITUDE 1959 Bondels Dam Satco River L ONGITUDE 18°22’12” E Domestic Unknown Quaternary catchment Unknown Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation 0 1.09 3 ) 3 /a) SA (km 0.77 Other 2 0 ) Namwater Owner (95% assured yield (million m (million Unknown Wall height(m) 3 /a) Unknown Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown 3 /s) Bondels Dam(source:www.namwater.com) NAMIBIA Bondels Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO South Africa C 53 |Reservoirs Physical information Boskop andwatersupply. Damisusedforirrigation Purpose ofreservoir bottom level of1 374.8 mandthe isat1 372.0 m. Boskop Dam is a gravity concrete with earthfill flanks dam. It has a full supply level of 1 386.9 m, a dead storage Description Africa. South in Area Management WaterVaal Middle the in C23G catchment quaternary in located is Dam Boskop Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) oordinates (degrees,minutes,seconds) Dam name 26°33’40” S LATITUDE Boskop Boskop Dam River Mooi L ONGITUDE 27°06’42” E Quaternary catchment C23G FSC* (million m FSC* (million 20.9 3 ) SA (km 3.8 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C2R001 Wall height(m) 33 Wall (m) length 823 Boskop Dam(source:SA DeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Boskop Dam LESOTHO Boskop Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Boskop, Klerkskraal and Lakeside Dams are part of the Mooi River sub-system, as Domestic Irrigation Other well as Klipdrif Dam, which is located on the Loopspruit River, which is a tributary of the Mooi River. These dams are operated to allow for supply of their demands until 1958 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels. The sub-system does not support Vaal or the Bloemhof sub-system. Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 388 24.197 4.289

1 387 20.854 3.769

1 386 17.578 3.362

1 384 11.693 2.571

1 382 7.210 1.949

1 380 3.961 1.337

1 378 1.810 0.807

1 376 0.696 0.400

1 375 0.297 0.263

1 372 0.000 0.000

54 | Reservoirs South Africa C to BossiesspruitDamandT 55 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(DWA) Physical Information Water isreleased from SasolecundaC Bossiesspruit Damtothe Purpose Water is pumped from the Description Africa. UpperV catchmentC12Dinthe Bossiesspruit Damislocatedinquaternary Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Bossiesspruit Dam name Year completion of 26°35’01” S LATITUDE 1978 Bossiesspruit Dam Bossiesspruit River L ONGITUDE 29°12’01” E Domestic Unknown Grootdraai Dam Quaternary catchment richardsfontein BalancingDam. C12D Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million 2.289 m P Irrigation 3 Unknown ump ) tation Knoppiesfontein Station to the Diversion SA (km 0.67 3 /a) 2 ) Unknown Other omplex. Owner DWA aal Water ManagementArea inSouth 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million DWA code Unknown Unknown Wall height(m) T ank where it is diverted 3 /a) Unknown Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown 3 /s) No availableinformation. Area–C NAMIBIA apacity Relationship Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Bossiespruit Dam LESOTHO Namibia C Physical information next DaanV tothe Water ispumpedfrom DaanV the Purpose T Description The DaanViljoencatchmentD43AinNamibia. BlackNossobRiverinquaternary Damislocatedinthe Location 56 |Reservoirs he DaanV oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 22º 26’38.61”S Daan Viljoen Dam name LATITUDE iljoen Damisagravityiljoen concrete structure. Daan ViljoenDam Black Nossob iljoen Dam. iljoen River 18º 57’9.20”E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D43A iljoen Dam into the T Damintothe iljoen FSC* (million m FSC* (million 0.43 3 ) ilda V SA (km iljoen Damwhichisapumpedstorageiljoen damlocated 0.19 2 ) NamWater Owner Wall height(m) 6.6 Wall (m) length 175 Daan ViljoenDam(source: www.namwater.com) NAMIBIA Daan Viljoen Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Daan Viljoen Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 95% assured yield (million Maximum spillway capacity completion m3/a) (m3/s) The Otjivero, Daan Viljoen and Tilda Viljoen Dams are operated as a sub-system, Domestic Irrigation Other known as the Molopo sub-system Namibia. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their None, augmentation of Tilda 1957 0 0 0 +/-600 respective minimum operating levels. Water should be transferred from Otjivero silt to Viljoen Dam Otjivero main. Otjivero water should be used first for topping up Tilda Viljoen Dam. Details from NamWater and ORASECOM 001/2007

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 432.22 m relative to sea level (full supply level) 0.429 Unknown

1 430.0 0.121 Unknown

1 428.0 0.023 Unknown

1 427.0 0.004 Unknown

1 426.00 m relative to sea level (minimum operating 0.00 0 level)

1 425.50 m relative to sea level (bottom of reservoir) 0 0

57 | Reservoirs South Africa C * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information T Purpose ofreservoirlevel andbottom at1 671 m. The dam is dam an with earth a rock/soil dam. The dam has a full supply level of 1 700 m, with a dead storage Description Crocodile inthe actually West andMarico Water ManagementArea butdrainsMolopo River. intothe West North inthe Disaneng DamissituatednearMmabatho P Location 58 |Reservoirs he dam was built to supply irrigation andurbanwatersupply. tosupplyirrigation he damwasbuilt oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Disaneng 25°49’26” S LATITUDE Disaneng Dam Molopo River L ONGITUDE 25°18’49” E Quaternary catchment D41A FSC* (million 16.0 m 3 ) SA (km 4.25 2 ) rovince, D41A.Itis quaternary Africa,within South Owner DWA DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) 17 Wall (m) length 780 NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Disaneng Dam LESOTHO Disaneng Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1980 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 15 083

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 19.224 4.953

1 700 16.020 4.440

1 696 12.816 3.884

1 690 9.612 3.268

1 680 6.408 2.562

1 675 3.204 1.690

1 671 0.000 0.000

Operating Rule The Disaneng, Setumo and Lotlamoreng Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Molopo sub-system South Africa. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their

respective minimum operating levels. © UNOPS/Greg Marinovich The border between South Africa and Botswana follows the dry bed of the Molopo River for hundreds of kilometers.

59 | Reservoirs South Africa C Water Scheme),andwas * Livefullsupply capacity(SANCOLD) Physical information levelshaveincreasedsalinity inrecent years. Water irrigation. theof as weir areaconcern an 8 113 ha the a supply of at still to is Theused quality is scheme weir wasconstructedproblems, the tosolvewaterquality Originally partly butalsotoassistwater with shortages. Purpose Douglas Storage Weir barrage, isalabyrinth a with Douglas Weir Orange– ofthe ispart V Description Africa. South Area, Management WaterVaal Lower the in C92C catchment quaternary in located is Weir Storage Douglas Location concrete V leftbankofthe DouglasCanal,whichrunsalongsidethe lined of 988.6 m and the bottom ofreservoir bottom of 988.6 m andthe isat 987.8 m. 60 |Reservoirs oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Douglas Weir Dam name 29°02’36” S LATITUDE Douglas S River Vaal L ONGITUDE 23°50’13” E initially initially completed in 1896 but raised in 1977. Water is transferred via the 24 km Quaternary catchment C92C torage Weir FSC* (million aal T m 17 3 ) ransfer Orange–Douglas Scheme(alsoknownasthe Government SA (km full supply level of 990.5 m, and a dead storage level storage dead a and 990.5 m, of level supply full 7.99 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code aal River. C9R003 Wall height(m) 10 Wall (m) length 1 063 Douglas StorageWeir(source:RMcKenzie) NAMIBIA Douglas Weir Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Douglas Storage Weir

Vaal Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Town completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other Irrigable land

Douglas Weir River 1977 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 7 800 Canal Alberton Area–Capacity Relationship Canal P Pump station

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

990.5 16.05 7.81 Douglas 990.3 14.43 7.57 Alberton plots

990.1 12.94 7.35 Die Erwe plots 989.9 11.49 7.12 Orange-Vaal or Bosman Canal 989.7 10.09 6.86 Douglas Canal 989.5 8.75 6.56 Vaal Marksdrift 989.0 6.18 5.26 P 988.6 3.70 4.69 Bucklands settlement 988.2 1.63 4.16 Orange

987.7 0.00 0.00

1 0 1 2 3km N

The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme

61 | Reservoirs Namibia C Physical information Water isprovided toKarasburg plantabout5kmfrom viaapurification Dreihuk Dam. Purpose upstream side. the on seal concrete reinforced vertical a and side downstream the on embankment rockfill a has Dam Dreihuk Description catchmentD82MinNamibia. Dreihuk HomRiverinquaternary Damislocatedonthe Location 62 |Reservoirs oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 28 º05’51.51”S Dam name Dreihuk LATITUDE Dreihuk Dam River Horn 18º 36’36.75”E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D82M FSC* (million m FSC* (million 15.49 3 ) SA (km 3.49 2 ) NamWater Owner Wall height(m) 21 Wall (m) length 418 Dreihuk Dam(source:www.namwater.com) NAMIBIA Dreihuk Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Dreihuk Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of (95% assured yield (million Maximum spillway capacity completion m3/a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

None. Water supply is 1978 15.493 0 0 1 100 augmented by boreholes

Details from NamWater and ORASECOM 001/2007

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

895.00 m relative to sea level (full supply level) 15.493 3.49

890.00 3.872 0.381

885.00 0.359 0.216

884.50 0.263 0.173

884.13 m relative to sea level (minimum operating level) 0.206 0.132

880.2 m relative to sea level (bottom of reservoir) 0 0

Operating Rule Dreihuk Dam transfers water to Karasburg town.

63 | Reservoirs South Africa C * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information m million 275 of form the in storage electricity of GWh 27.6 to Tugela–Vaalup the for and provides WaterScheme and Project, lower,Togetherm Eskom’s500 of almost Dam part Kilburn forms the Driekloof with Drakensberg StoragePumped Purpose It isadjacent photo, SterkfonteinDam.Asshowninthe tothe there twodams. betweenthe isaspillway Description Driekloof Dam impounds a small section of the Sterkfontein Dam in the catchment, C81D South quaternary Africa. Location m 631 million to up of pumping net a is there that way a such in operated is scheme The demand. electricity high of times in generators turbine MW 250 four through Kilburn into back released and weekends) over (generally augmentation in the V inthe augmentation 64 |Reservoirs oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 3 /a depending upon the water availability in the T inthe wateravailability uponthe /a depending Dam name Driekloof 28°23’14” S LATITUDE Driekl Nuwejaars Spruit River 3 ofwater. T L ONGITUDE 29°01’00” E aal Damcatchment. oof Dam Quaternary catchment C81D he water is pumped to Driekloof during times of low national powerconsumption oflownational he waterispumpedtoDriekloofduringtimes FSC* (million m 32 3 ) SA (km ugela catchment(Woodstock needfor asthe Dam) aswell 1.9 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C8R007 Wall height(m) 47 Wall (m) length 500 (source: www.wikipedia.org) Weir separatingSterkfontein andDriekloof Dams NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Driekloof Dam LESOTHO

Driekloof Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Maximum Year of 1:50 yield 3 spillway capacity completion (million m /a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1981 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Area–Capacity Relationship No available information.

Operating Rule Operated in conjunction with Sterkfontein Dam for the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme.

65 | Reservoirs South Africa C † WRC,WRCTT380/08 * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information area anirrigation Egmont Damsupplies of2.89km Purpose T Description Africa. D24A, South T Location 66 |Reservoirs his isaconcrete arch afree damwith spillway. overspill CaledonRiver, ofthe his damissituatedonatributary Boesmanskopspruit the River, catchment inquaternary oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Year completion of 30°03’08” S Egmont LATITUDE 1937 Egmont Dam Boesmanskopspruit L ONGITUDE 27°01’43” E River Domestic Unknown Demands/abstractions m (million Quaternary catchment D24A Irrigation 3.18 † FSC* (million m FSC* (million 2 8.80 . 3 /a) 3 ) SA (km 2.49 Unknown Other 2 ) Owner DWA 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million DWA code Unknown D2R001 3 /a) Wall height (m) 25 Maximum spillway capacity (m 310 Wall length 101 (m) 3 /s) Egmont Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Egmont Dam LESOTHO South Africa C 67 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information Unknown. Purpose reservoir isat1 432.0 m. of bottom the and 1 432.3 m of storagelevel dead a with m, of 1 438.6 level supply full a has ElandskuilDam Description T Location wartleegte River in quaternary C24D,catchment he ElandskuilRiverinquaternary Swartleegte Damislocatedonthe Africa. South oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Elandskuil 26°20’57” S LATITUDE Elandskuil Dam Swartleegte River L ONGITUDE 26°46’40” E Quaternary catchment C24D FSC* (million m 1.2 3 ) SA (km 0.5 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code C2R006 Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown The SwartleegteRiver(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin Elandskuil Dam BOTSWANA LESOTHO Elandskuil Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1976 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Area–Capacity Relationship Unknown.

Operating Rule Elandskuil, Rietspruit and Johan Neser Dams are operated as the Schoonspruit sub- system. Operating rules allow for these dams to supply their demands until they reach their respective minimum operating levels. Only the spills from the Schoonspruit sub- system contribute to the Bloemhof sub-system yield.

68 | Reservoirs South Africa C 69 |Reservoirs towns of Brandfort and Bultfontein aretowns ofBrandfort and Bultfontein waterfrom alsoaugmentedwith V the T Purpose top ten impoundments in the of one as listed is Thedam 1 313.0 m. at is reservoir of bottom the and 1 318.2 m of level storage dead a 1 331.9 m, the of of level flank River. supply left Vet full the a down has dam It the fromextends canal main The middle. the in approximately 183 m of section overspill an with structureconcrete gravity mass a is Dam Erfenis Description V Damislocatedonthe Erfenis Location rfenis Dam forms the storage the Damforms Sand–V forthe Allemanskraal with ogether Dam,Erfenis oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 28°30’27” S LATITUDE Erfenis Dam L ONGITUDE 26°46’42” E outh South outh Africa. catchmentC41E,South et Riverinquaternary Africa in need of nutrient management, due to the high level of nutrient enrichment. et Canalsystem. overnment Wateret Government Scheme.T he Erfenis Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Erfenis Dam Erfenis LESOTHO Erfenis Dam

Physical information Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) Quaternary FSC* (million Wall Wall Dam name River 3 SA (km2) Owner DWA code height length catchment m ) (m) (m) 1 333 248.745 36.119

1 332 212.204 32.921 Erfenis Vet C41E 212.2 32.9 DWA C4R002 46 489 1 330 153.581 27.454 * Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) 1 328 104.947 21.510

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Maximum 1 326 67.991 15.875 1:50 yield (million Year of completion 3 spillway capacity m /a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other 1 324 40.668 11.432 1 322 21.580 7.848 1959 Unknown 53.6 † Unknown 100 ‡ 3 170 1 319 6.758 3.076 † From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year ‡ Combined with Allemanskraal Dam, SA Dept of Water Affairs P09000/00/0101 1 318 4.714 2.392

1 313 0.000 0.00

Operating Rule Erfenis and Allemanskraal Dams are operated as part of the Sand–Vet sub-system. Operating rules allow for these dams to supply their demands until the dams reach their defined minimum operating levels. The sub-system does not support Vaal or the Bloemhof sub-system.

70 | Reservoirs South Africa C 71 |Reservoirs No availableinformation. Area–C * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information T Purpose Fika-Patso a damwith isanearthfill rock/soil foundation. Description Fika-Patso UpperVaal catchmentC81Finthe Damislocatedinquaternary Africa. South nearPhuthaditjaba, Location he dam is used to supply domestic waterrequirements.he damisusedtosupplydomestic oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 28°50’54.67” S Fika-Patso Year completion of LATITUDE 1987 Fika-P apacity Relationship Namahad River 28°40’0.89” E L ONGITUDE atso Dam Domestic Unknown Quaternary catchment C81F FSC* (million Demands/abstractions 26.3 m (million m (million Irrigation 3 Unknown ) 3 ) SA (km 1.59 2 ) Unknown Other Owner DWA 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million DWA code Unknown Unknown Wall height(m) 3 ) 65 Maximum spillway capacity (m Wall (m) length 1 070 300 3 /s) Fika-Patso Dam(source: www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Fika-Patso Dam LESOTHO South Africa C 72 |Reservoirs storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1 233.1 mandthe isat1 202.9 m. to aid in gravityartificial abutments forthe main arch. The dam has a full supply level of 1 258.7 m, with a dead gates’threeat expectancygreatlycenturies. estimated life Theredam, exceeds the of that are concretetwo flanks wall. The radial dam river,the the of of downstream base flow the erosion to of risk decreasingthe in aids which discharge floodwaters into six concrete chutes, which leadthe water away fromthe base ofthe dam wall intothe T structurestwo outlet upstream onthe wall. sideofthe form artificial gravity abutments forthe main arch. The dam is a double curvature structure andthe wall incorporates due to the gorge at the dam being too wide to allow a complete arch. The two concrete flank walls were needed to It is a combined gravity and arch dam entirelybuilt of concrete. However, only centralthe wall is of the arched part Description T Location Africa). South in dam largest second (the Dam Vanderkloof of upstream D35KE, catchment quaternary in River Orange here are three rubbersealed,stainlesssteelfaced radial T wall. gatesoneachsideofthe largesthis dam,whichisthe Africa,issituatedinagorge daminSouth entrance atthe toRuigte V oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 30°37’24” S LATITUDE Gariep Dam L ONGITUDE 25°30’24” E hese are usedto alley onthealley com) Gariep Dam(©HendrikvandenBerg/www.panoramio. NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Gariep Dam BOTSWANA LESOTHO Gariep Dam

Purpose Physical information The dam is the central structure of the original Orange River Project which involves the supply of water to parts of the Vaal, Fish and Sundays catchments, including the FSC* Dam name River Quaternary (million SA (km2) Owner DWA code Wall height Wall length 82 km Orange–Fish transfer tunnel from Gariep Dam to Grassridge Dam (located on catchment m3) (m) (m) a tributary of the Great Fish River).

Gariep Dam serves to generate hydropower (Eskom), capable of providing up to Gariep Orange D35K 5 343 370 DWA D3R002 88 914 3 360 MW of electricity at a flow rate of 800 m /s (four generators, each having * Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) the capacity of 90 MW at a flow rate of approximately 200 m3/s), served by the outlet structure on the left flank of the dam. However, both outlet structures are used Demands/abstractions (million m3/a)‡ for controlled releases. Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The dam also supplies water for irrigation along the Orange River, as well as a waste Domestic Irrigation Other water treatment plant owned by Bloem Water. 1971 39.84 658 Unknown Unknown 20 450

‡ SA Dept of Water Affairs P RSA C000/00/12310

The Gariep and Vanderkloof Dams are operated as the Orange River Project. The total yield obtained for these dams is 3 318 million m3/a. This yield is representative of the total demands imposed on the system (3143 million m3/a) plus the surplus yield of 175 million m3/a as determined in 2010.

73 | Reservoirs Gariep Dam

Area–Capacity Relationship Operating Rules The dam (along with Vanderkloof Dam) works on an operating rule for hydropower Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) which utilises releases to meet downstream requirements for hydropower generation purposes. Only when surplus water is available will it be allocated for power 1 263.69 7 342.96 446.82 generation purposes. Storage control curves are used to determine this rule, which 1 258.69 5 348.12 352.16 utilises monthly water levels for operation. Once the level in the dam rises above a certain level, Eskom may open the hydro power turbines to utilise the water that 1 255.84 4 419.49 298.91 would have otherwise spilled. This ensures minimum spillage and maximum usage of 1 252.37 3 488.91 238.27 the flow.

1 250.29 3 022.55 210.98 Gariep Dam is largely dependent upon natural flows (as opposed to Vanderkloof Dam, which is dependent upon releases from Gariep and therefore highly regulated). 1 245.19 2 092.89 156.99 The inflow pattern for Gariep is usually low in winter and high in summer (opposite of 1 241.93 1 628.18 128.96 the regulated Vanderkloof Dam).

1 237.90 1 163.24 102.73

1 231.63 638.09 65.69

1 202.88 0.00 0.00

74 | Reservoirs South Africa C 75 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SADeptof WaterAffairs) Physical information near Area Management Water Vaal Upper the Africa. South Bethlehem, in C83B catchment quaternary in located is Dam Gerrands Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Year completion of Gerrands 28°16’49” S LATITUDE 1971 Gerrands Dam Gerrandsspruit River L ONGITUDE 28°17’33” E Domestic Unknown Quaternary catchment C83B Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million 1.395 m 3 ) Irrigation Unknown SA (km 0.57 2 ) 3 /a) Bethlehem Municipality. Bethlehem Unknown Unknown. Possibly Other Owner 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million DWA code C8R006 Unknown 3 Wall height(m) /a) Unknown Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown 3 /s) Gerrands Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Gerrands Dam LESOTHO South Africa C Rietfontein WeirRietfontein Dam. toWitbank (given above)asandwhenrequired.stations DuvhaP T to the T to the Grootdraai KnoppiesfonteinDiversionT Damto the issues),namely:to waterquality Kriel and Matla, fromsupplied Grootdraai itisnotdesirable demand(although full Usutusystemcannotmeetthe Damwhenthe due Grootdraai T Damsupplies across V watershedtothe the 76 |Reservoirs an additional 100 million m million 100 additional an It is a component of the Usutu–Vaal Water Transfer Scheme. Apart from natural inflow fromthe Vaal River, it can store asaflood It alsoserves control damandhas reduced thepast. in the floodswhichhaveinundatedStanderton andtosomeextentStation waterrequirements the andDuvhaP Matla forthe The dam provides for the water needs of Sasol II and III petroleum from coal plant at Secunda, Eskom’s Tutuka Power Purpose adeadstoragesupply levelof1 549 m,with ofreservoir bottom levelof1 533 mandthe isat1 514 m. The dam is a composite structure comprising a central concrete section with two flanks.earthfill The dam has a full Description Africa. South T Location richardsfontein BalancingDam,waterisreleased Weir toRietfontein bepumpedtovariouspower andcanthen his dam is situated in the upperreacheshis damissituatedinthe V ofthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 26°55’05” S LATITUDE richardsfontein BalancingDam.BossiesspruitDamreleases SasolecundaC watertothe Grootdraai Dam L ONGITUDE 29°17’42” E utuka P 3 aal River. water istransferred Inturn from Grootdraai RiverBasin. Olifants Damtothe ofwaterperannumwhichispumpedfrom UsutuRiverBasin HeyshopeDaminthe lifants catchmentcanalsobe Olifants inthe powerstations Other ower Station. aal River, catchmentC11L, upstream inquaternary ofStanderton endall. Waterendall. ispumpedfrom Grootdraai the P ank where BossiesspruitDamand tothe waterisdiverted the tation can also be supported from can alsobesupported ower Station waterreleased from ower Stations. omplex. F tation atump Station rom the Grootdraai Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Grootdraai Dam LESOTHO Grootdraai Dam

It is estimated that over 45 years, the capacity of the dam could be reduced by Area–Capacity Relationship 32 million m3/a due to siltation. The total irrigation demand of 19.31 million m3/a is representative of the Grootdraai Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) catchment. Return flows amount to 2.88 million 3 m /a, leaving a net demand of 16.43 million m3/a. The irrigation demand includes 0.336 million m3/a which is 1 550 399.52 42.486 classified as a streamflow reduction activity. 1 549 356.02 38.823

Physical information 1 546 254.37 30.374 1 542 153.63 20.62

Dam Quaternary FSC* 2 Wall height Wall length 1 540 116.39 16.863 name River catchment (million m3) SA (km ) Owner DWA code (m) (m) 1 536 64.12 10.341

Grootdraai Vaal C11L 356 38.78 DWA C1R002 42 2 249 1 533 38.01 7.154

* Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) 1 529 16.07 3.982

1 525 4.83 1.800 Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) 1 522 1.32 0.650 Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other 1 514 0.00 0.000

1978 103.487† 19.31‡ 42.794 † 98‡ 11 500

† From reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year ‡ (ORASECOM, 2011)

77 | Reservoirs Grootdraai Dam

s rt ts Ha ar ot- -H Gro in Loop Operating Rules le Vaal K VEREENINGING POTCHEFSTROOM KLERKSDORP Vaal Grootdraai Grootdraai Dam, along with the Vaal Dam, the Vaal Barrage, Bloemhof Dam (all on Dam l Dam va ter Witbank Yster K a Harts r W the Vaal River) and Sterkfontein Dam (on the Wilge River, a tributary of the Vaal River) om elm Vaal boo form part of the Bloemhof sub-system, which is part of the greater Integrated Vaal Vaal g Klip B M a a

m k w

b H Wilge a

o e

e u

s s n Renoster i River System. Woodstock Dam and the Driel Barrage (situated in the Thukela River e ing Vals Krom catchment), form the Thukela Transfer Scheme into the Vaal catchment. The system is KROONSTAD RSA Hol NEWCASTLE operated according to annual runs of the System Analysis model. i Bloemhof e B (Free State) Vals l u f V f a s l o Dam g Blom r

WELKOM b

b e

The large scheme is operated as follows: The Thukela system supports Sterkfontein i L Sa nd RSA D Allemanskraal o BETHLEHEM Dam until the dam is full. Grootdraai Dam does not support Vaal Dam, but when the Vet r ing Dam HARRISMITH Sterkfontein (Kwazulu/ Vaal Dam is at 15% storage or less, Sterkfontein will begin to support it. Abstractions Dam B Erfenis

Taaibos o Natal) s Sand Sundays s Dam Laai i PHUTHADITJABA e at Sedibeng and Midvaal make use of local runoff and spills from upstream dams. Klein-vet Caledon G Krugersdrift ro Doring o Tugela When this is not adequate, the Vaal Dam supports the abstractions. The Vaal Dam t-v Dam e H Khubelu Tugela t l s ot an Modder se kr ou will only begin to support Bloemhof Dam when Bloemhof Dam reaches its minimum Bl Senqunyana Malibamatso eu operating level (1 213.6 m). BLOEMFONTEIN Le Rustfontein Katse Dam Dam Tierpoort M MASERU o LESOTHO d

Dam e

r n do Riet Fourie Cale Mohale Mkom azi

Makhaleng Dam Dam network

78 | Reservoirs South Africa C 79 |Reservoirs † WRCTT380/08 Physical information Groothoek Damprovides users. watertodomestic Purpose ofreservoir bottom level of1 484.8 mandthe isat1 470.0 m. storage dead a with 1 495.0 m, of level supply full a has dam The dam. gravity concrete a is Dam Groothoek Description catchmentC52BnearThabaGroothoek Free Damissituatedinquaternary Nchuthe Africa. State,South Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Dam name 29°18’10” S Groothoek LATITUDE 1982 Groothoek Dam Kgabanyane River L ONGITUDE 26°50’56” E Domestic 3.3† Quaternary catchment C52B Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation Unknown 13.2 3 ) 3 /a) SA (km 2.58 2 Unknown ) Other Owner DWA 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million DWA code C5R005 Unknown Wall height(m) 3 /a) 29 Maximum spillway capacity (m 1 362 Wall (m) length 330 3 /s) Groothoek Dam(source www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Groothoek Dam BOTSWANA LESOTHO Namibia 80 |Reservoirs C * Detailsfrom NamWaterandORASECOM001/2007 Physical information Hardap canalsandpipelines. lined to protect Damis alsousedforfloodabsorption the townofMariental. concrete-of km 16 of means by scheme irrigation ha 000 2 a for provides also dam The Mariental. at reservoir a to km 20 fed gravity then and dam the of downstream plant purification a via Mariental to supplied Wateris Purpose ofreservoir bottom level of1 135.0 m,andthe isat1 109.9 m. supply full a has It blanket. concrete bituminous upstream an with embankment rockfill a of consists Dam Hardap Description Hardap FishcatchmentD46BinNamibia. Damissituatedonthe Riverinquaternary Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 24°29’58.26” S Hardap Dam Dam name LATITUDE Hard River Fish 17°51’31.02” E L ONGITUDE ap Dam Quaternary catchment D46B FSC* (million m FSC* (million 294.6 3 ) SA (km 28.7 2 ) NamWater Owner Wall height(m) 30 Wall (m) length 865 Hardap Dam(source: www.namwater.com) NAMIBIA Hardap Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Hardap Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Hardap and Naute Dams are part of the Namibia Fish River sub-system. On 1 May Domestic Irrigation Other every year, the curtailment curve (based on short-term stochastics yield analyses) is used to determine whether there is a deficit or surplus in the system. If a deficit exists, 1962 4 50 Unknown 58 10 000 curtailment is applied according to the following table.

Low assurance Low assurance Low assurance Area–Capacity Relationship User Category (1 in 5 years) (1 in 10 years) (1 in 20 years) Urban/industrial 0 0 100 Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) Irrigation 83 17 0 1 138 387.36 33.15* Canal losses 50 50 0 1 135 294.59 28.71 If the water level rises to a level of 1 131.62, water is released. 1 134 266.65 27.18 A storage projection plot is updated at the start of every month and additional actions 1 131 191.78 22.54 may be required to protect the resource.

1 127 112.75 17.03

1 123 56.66 11.08

1 119 22.19 6.30

1 117 11.67 4.28

1 115 4.38 2.49

1 114 4.29 1.99*

* Estimated

81 | Reservoirs South Africa 82 |Reservoirs C West P * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information Johan NeserDamisusedforirrigation. Purpose ofreservoir bottom and the isat1 311.0 m. storage dead 1 311.6 m a of level 1 317.7 m, of level supply full a has It dam. earthfill an is Dam Neser Johan Description Johan Neser Dam (also known as Location Johan Neser oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 26°50’00” S LATITUDE rovince, V Middle C24Ginthe Africa,inquaternary South Schoonspruit Johan NeserDam River L ONGITUDE 26°36’56” E Quaternary catchment C24G Klerksdorp Dam) is locatedSchoonspruit on the Rivernear FSC* (million m FSC* (million 5.7 3 ) SA (km 2.7 2 ) Klerksdorp Board Irrigation Owner aal Water ManagementArea. DWA code C2R002 Wall height(m) Klerksdorp inNorththe 12 Wall (m) length 780 Johan NeserDam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Johan NeserDam SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Johan Neser Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1922 Unknown Unknown Unknown 10.4 Unknown

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 319 9.824 3.914

1 318 5.672 2.731

1 317 3.878 2.148

1 316 2.050 1.548

1 315 0.784 1.039

1 314 0.083 0.495

1 313 0.001 0.005

1 311 0.000 0.000

Operating Rule Johan Neser, Elandskuil and Rietspruit Dams are operated as the Schoonspruit sub- system. Operating rules allow for these dams to supply their demands until they reach their respective minimum operating levels. Only the spills from the Schoonspruit sub- system contribute to the Bloemhof sub-system yield.

83 | Reservoirs South Africa C 84 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information T Purpose Jozanashoek Damisagravity concrete arock damwith foundation. Description Africa. D12B inSouth Cape(nearLesotho),Jozanashoek DamislocatedtownofSterkspruitnear small the inquaternary Eastern inthe Location he dam was built for urban water supply and supply to irrigation demands. forurbanwatersupplyandtoirrigation he damwasbuilt oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Jozanashoek Dam name 30°38’12” S LATITUDE 1981 Jozanashoek Dam (formerl Sterkspruit River L ONGITUDE 27°22’09” E Domestic Unknown Quaternary catchment D12B Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation Unknown 1.16 3 ) 3 /a) SA (km 0.17 2 ) Unknown Other Owner DWA 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million y S DWA code D1R001 Unknown terkspuit) Wall height(m) 3 /a) 47 Maximum spillway capacity (m Wall (m) length 1 160 225 3 /s) Jozanashoek Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Jozanashoek Dam SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO South Africa C 85 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information The Kalk Dam has a full supply level of 1 327.3 m, with a dead storage level and bottom of reservoir at 1 325.0 m. Description T Location he K oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name LATITUDE Kalk Unknown alk Dam is situated near Douglas in the Lower DamissituatednearDouglasinthe alk Orange WaterManagement Area, Africa. South K alk Dam Unknown River L ONGITUDE Unknown Quaternary catchment Unknown FSC* (million m 2.2 3 ) SA (km 1.0 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown Area–C NAMIBIA Elevation (m) Elevation 1 325.0 1 325.4 1 325.8 1 326.2 1 326.6 1 326.9 1 327.3 apacity Relationship Kalk Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Storage m (million 0.00 0.37 0.74 1.11 1.48 1.85 2.22 3 ) LESOTHO Surface area (km 0.00 0.16 0.32 0.47 0.63 0.79 0.95 2 ) South Africa C 86 |Reservoirs at 1 210.1 m. mining demands(ORASECOM, 2007). T Operating Rule K centre andJacobsdalSarel newer butthe Hayward Boards. andIrrigation Settlement the Canalnowsupplies Water RietRiverGovernment the SchemeviaaleftbankcanalfromT dam. the supplies now dam Koffiefontein. The centreof mining the and Jacobsdal, of town the Settlement), River (Riet River K Purpose 9 473 km areaof catchment a has Thedam m. 2.2 by 1977 in raised was Thedam water. with concrete-faced irrigators a Kalkfontein supply is to Dam designed system a of rockfill part is and dam, Description Africa. South State, Free the in Koffiefontein of town the near River Riet the on C51J quaternary in situated is dam This Location of 1 700 m he operating current the rulewithin prioritygiventourbanand demands,with all damsupports the studyisthat oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) alkfontein is not supported by the upstream bythe isnotsupported alkfontein T Scholtzburg the supplied Damoriginally alkfontein Boards, andRitchieIrrigation Riet riparianirrigatorsalongthe 29°29’49” S LATITUDE 3 K /s. The dam has a full supply level of 1 229.0 m, with a dead storage level and bottom of reservoir alkfontein Dam L ONGITUDE 25°13’17” E ierpoort Dam. ierpoort he dam still supplies the mining the supplies he damstill 2 , and a capacityspillway Kalkfontein Dam(source:www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Kalkfontein Dam Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Kalkfontein Dam

Physical information Town Wall Wall Quaternary 3 2 River and dam Dam name River catchment FSC* (million m ) SA (km ) Owner DWA code height length (m) (m) Canals Kalkfontein Riet C51J 319.62 45.32 DWA C5R002 36 317 Catchment boundary * Live full supply capacity (ORASECOM) Modder River Government Lower Riet River Water Scheme area Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Irrigation Board area Scholtzburg Irrigation Krugersdrift Ritchie Irrigation Board area Dam Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Riet Board area Domestic Irrigation Other Modder Ritchie 1938 350.64† Unknown Unknown 148.5 1 700 Jacobsdal Riet River Riet-Modder † ORASECOM Infrastructure Report K Settlement a al sp Catchment ru it Kalkfontein Canal Scheme Area–Capacity Relationship Tierpoort Irrigation Kofﬁefontein Board area Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) Kalkfontein Dam Riet Tierpoort Ramah Branch Riet River Dam 1 229.02 319.62 45.32 Canal Canal Orange-Riet 1 227.56 258.16 39.28 Canal Fouriespruit Dam Luckhoff Riet 1 226.66 224.13 36.43

1 225.76 192.70 33.08 Scheiding Pumpstation Vanderkloof 1 223.46 129.80 22.80 Main Canal 1 221.86 96.20 19.23 N 1 220.06 65.27 14.95 Vanderkloof Dam

1 215.56 15.66 7.06 0 10 20 30 40km 1 210.32 0.05 0.27 Locality map (from map produced for ORASECOM Infrastructure Report, 2007) 1 210.06 0.00 0.00

87 | Reservoirs C Lesotho of 2 053 masl, with adeadstorageof 2 053 masl,with ofreservoir bottom levelof1 989 maslandthe isat1 895masl. Currently release the from Katse Vaal Damtothe Damis777 million m South Africa regardless of the storage in the Vaal or Orange catchments (ORASECOM Infrastructure Report, 2007). 88 |Reservoirs South Africa and Lesotho. The maximum long-term transfer volume is 877 million m 877 million is volume transfer long-term Lesotho.Themaximum and Africa South Africa’s South augmenting transfervia a watersupply Vaal to the throughRiver catchment, agreement an between Phase 1 of the LHWP, which was completed in 2005, included the construction of Katse Dam, with the intention of Purpose 70 m accommodate to designed been has and Dam Katse of north km 18 approximately located is tower intakeThe (masl). level sea above m 1 993 dam, archconcrete curvature double a is dam The Description catchmentD11E. (landlocked Africa)inquaternary bySouth T Location Mohale–Katse TransferMohale–Katse 807.56 million m of Tunnelcapacity maximum a has TheDam. Katse the to reservoir Mohale the from tunnel km 31 a of consisted also project the of 1 Phase 2005). in completed LHWP,was the which of 1 (Phase tunnel 45 km a via Dam Muela the to connected is Dam Katse maximum transfer originally envisaged for full implementation of the Lesotho Highlands Water alibamatso River, Malibamatso his damissituatedonthe SenquRiver. ofthe whichisatributary ItislocatedinLesotho oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 29°20’11” S LATITUDE K atse Dam L ONGITUDE 28°30’25” E 3 /a. 3 /a. T 3 he dam has a full supplylevelhe damhasafull /a, andbe will transferred to 3 /s, whichwasthe P roject (LHWP). Katse Dam(source: www.jacquesleslie.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Katse Dam LESOTHO Katse Dam

Through this release, water is also used for hydropower generation, travelling Area–Capacity Relationship through a 4 m diameter, 45 km tunnel, existing at a hydroelectric station near Muela, approximately 45 km from Katse Dam. During periods of water shortages, water Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2) is discharged into the Mohokare (Caledon) River to provide water to the capital of Lesotho, Maseru. Releases are also made for the downstream Ecological Reserve of 2 053 1 950 35.8 approximately 65.86 million m3/a. 2 050 1 845 34.6 Physical information 2 040 1 520 30.5 2 030 1 234 26.7

FSC* 2 020 985 23.1 Quaternary 2 Wall height Wall length Dam name River catchment (million SA (km ) Owner DWA code (m) (m) m3) 2 010 773 19.6

2 000 593 16.4 Katse Senqu D11E 1 950 35.8 Lesotho D1R002 185 710 1 992 472 13.9 * Live full supply capacity (ORASECOM) 1 985 381 12.1

1 895 0 0 Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Vaal Basin Domestic Irrigation Transfer to Vaal To Vaal Dam Dam LESOTHO Sterkfontein Delivery Dam Tunnel ± 38 km long 1996 Unknown Unknown 777† 451–586 70 4.35 m Ø

FOURIESBURG Woodstock † ORASECOM, 2011 Dam Transfer BERGVILLE FICKSBURG Tunnel ± 45 km long 4.35 m Ø Tugela Basin

Matsoku Weir Mohale to Katse and tunnel transfer ± 3125 m high MASERU ± 32 km, 3.9 m Ø ± 6.4 km long Katse Dam 3.8 m Ø ± 185135 m high Mohale Dam ± 145135 m high Phase 1 of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (from locality map produced by the SA 89 | Reservoirs Dept of Water Affairs) South Africa C 90 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information Klerkskraal demands. Damisusedtosupplyirrigation Purpose a dead storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1 456.2 mandthe isat1 454.5 m. 1 461.1 m, of level supply a full has It flanks. earthfill with dam concrete gravity a is Dam Klerkskraal Description Klerkskraal MooiRiver, Damislocatedonthe catchmentC23F. Africa,inquaternary South Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Klerkskraal 26°15’09” S LATITUDE Klerkskaal Dam River Mooi L ONGITUDE 27°09’38” E Quaternary catchment C23F FSC* (million m 8.2 3 ) SA (km 3.8 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C2R003 Wall height(m) 15 Wall (m) length 605 Klerkskraal Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Klerkskraal Dam LESOTHO Klerkskraal Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Year of completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1969 Unknown 29.597 Unknown 24.0 354

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 462.5 14.766 5.887

1 461.1 8.249 3.843

1 460.5 6.120 3.202

1 459.5 3.471 2.296

1 458.5 1.653 1.487

1 457.5 0.577 0.780

1 456.2 0.086 0.189

1 454.5 0.000 0.000

Operating Rule Klerkskraal, Boskop and Lakeside Dams are part of the Mooi River sub-system, as is Klipdrif Dam, which is located on the Loopspruit River, which is a tributary of the Mooi River. These dams are operated to allow for supply of their demands, until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels. The sub-system does not support Vaal or the Bloemhof sub-system.

91 | Reservoirs South Africa C 92 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information Used forirrigation. Purpose ofreservoir bottom level of1 363.5 m,andthe isat1 363.5 m. Klipdrif Dam is an earthfill dam with a rock/soil foundation. It has a full supply level of 1 368.4 m, a dead storage Description Area Loopspruit Africa.Itislocatedonthe inSouth River, MooiRiver. ofthe whichisatributary VaalUpper WaterPotchefstroom the near Managementin C23J catchment quaternary in located is Dam Klipdrif Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 26°37’00” S Klipdrif LATITUDE Klipdrif Dam Loopspruit River L ONGITUDE 27°18’04” E Quaternary catchment C23J FSC* (million 13.6 m 3 ) SA (km 4.7 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C2R005 Wall height(m) 12 Wall (m) length 1 721 Klipdrif DamWall(source:SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Klipdrif Dam Klipdrif LESOTHO Klipdrif Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Maximum Year of 1:50 yield 3 spillway capacity completion (million m /a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1971 Unknown 2.295 † Unknown 5‡ 700

† From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year ‡ Water Resource Situation Assessment (SSI Engineers and Environmental Consultants)

0.44 million m3/a of the irrigation is classified as a streamflow reduction activity.

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 369.5 19.628 5.861

1 368.4 13.576 4.713

1 367.5 9.936 3.910

1 366.5 6.417 3.193

1 365.5 3.499 2.663

1 364.5 1.011 2.425

1 363.47 0.00 0.000

Operating Rule Klipdrif Dam, along with Klerkskraal, Boskop and Lakeside Dams, is part of the Mooi River sub-system. These dams are operated to allow for supply of their demands, until they reach their respective minimum operating levels. The sub-system does not support Vaal or the Bloemhof sub-system.

93 | Reservoirs South Africa C and the pipeline is of limited capacity. are trap asilt equippedwith toreduce reservoir. inthe siltation However, Bloemfontein the demandisever-increasing, a maximumcapacityof150 million m ModderRiver(Rustfontein tothe NovoT Damcatchment)viathe Knellpoort 94 |Reservoirs aledon Bloemfontein pipeline. T CaledonBloemfonteinpipeline. augment supplytoBloemfonteinviathe demandsatanacceptablelonger abletomeetthe assurance Damwastherefore ofsupply.Knellpoort constructed to Welbedacht source primary Damhasbeenthe itwasno cityofMangaung,butduetosiltation, ofsupplyfor the Purpose of 64 600 m consists almost and world, the in dam (RCC) Concrete Compacted Roller gravity arch first the was Dam Knellpoort Description Knellpoort Dam is situated on the Rietspruit River near Wepener in the Free State, South Africa, in quaternary D23H. Location tunnel is75.74 million m trap asilt canal whichisequippedwith toreduce mainreservoir. inthe siltation T WaterfromDam Tienfontein the 2 km-longKnellpoort a to fromvia pumped Pumping is Station River Caledon the is at1 412.0 m. The dam has a full supply level of 1 452.1 m, with a dead storage level of 1 428.6 m, and the bottom of reservoir is expected toreach a maximumtransfer capacityof150 million m T catchment area of only 798 km he NovoT oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 29°46’45” S LATITUDE ransfer bedevelopedinstages,according Schemewill Bloemfonteinincreasing to the demands,and Knellpoor 3 rollcrete and 14 200 m and rollcrete L ONGITUDE 26°53’22” E 3 /a. 2 and corresponding mean annual runoff (MAR) of approximately 20 million m t Dam 3 /a by the year2030. /a bythe T his scheme, therefore, augmented by a direct will be further transfer from 3 concrete. Itisanoff-channelstorage arelatively damwith small 3 /a by the year2030. /a bythe ransfer Scheme,whichisexpected tohave he T ienfontein P he maximumcapacityofthis tation andcanal umping Station 3 /a. Knellpoort Dam. NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Knellpoort Dam Knellpoort BOTSWANA LESOTHO

Physical information Operating Rule Knellpoort Dam (along with Welbedacht Dam) supports the Modder system when FSC* Dam name River Quaternary (million SA (km2) Owner DWA code Wall height Wall length there is insufficient water in the system, via the Caledon–Modder transfer. catchment m3) (m) (m)

Modder Knellpoort Rietspruit D23H 136.15 9.8 DWA D2R006 50 200 Krugersdrift Dam Bloemhof Dam Catchment * Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) Mazelspoort Weir Bainsvlei W Mockes Dam Kor anna Hamilton Park 3 BLOEMFONTEIN Bloemdustria Demands/abstractions (million m /a) Brandkop Boesmanskop 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Bloemspruit Sepane Thaba Nchu Year of completion 3 3 Mo m /a) capacity (m /s) dd De Brug e Seroalo Dam Domestic Irrigation Other Grootvlei r Newbury Botshabelo Dam Bloemdustria Lovedale Kgabanyana Dam 1988 Unknown 0.53 Unknown Unknown 1 070 W Kle Rustfontein in Lesaka Dam Modder Groothoek Dam Armenia W Dam Area–Capacity Relationship Caledon-Bloemfontein

Ganna Leeu 3 2 Elevation (m) Storage (million m ) Surface area (km ) Riet-Modder 1 454.53 163.0 11.70 Catchment Uitkyk DEWETSDORP SOUTH AFRICA 1 453.38 150.0 10.79 REDDERSBURG

Caledon LESOTHO 1 452.10 136.9 9.76 Riet Peri-urban area/urban area P P 1 451.42 130.4 9.41 Town Knellpoort Dam Tienfontein 1 446.74 91.39 7.43 International boundary River and dam Welbedacht Dam De Hoek 1 443.95 71.85 6.57 Pipeline and reservoir W Proposed canal Caledon 1 439.53 45.85 5.11 Catchment Watershed N Caledon 1 432.60 17.24 3.17 W Water puriﬁcation works

P Pump station 0 5 10 15 20 25km 1 428.60 6.75 1.99 Locality map (from map produced for ORASECOM Infrastructure Report, 2007) 1 412.00 0.00 0.00

95 | Reservoirs South Africa C 96 |Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical Information K Purpose a dead 1 412.4 m, of storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1 408.0 m,andthe isat1 406.5 m. level supply a full has It flanks. earthfill with wall concrete gravity a has Dam Koppies Description Koppies Renoster Damislocatedonthe River, catchmentC70C. Africa,inquaternary South Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) oppies Dam is used to supply irrigation demands. oppies Damisusedtosupplyirrigation Dam name Koppies 27°10’24” S LATITUDE K oppies Dam Renoster River L ONGITUDE 25°20’10” E Quaternary catchment C70C FSC* (million 41.05 m 3 ) SA (km 13.622 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C7R001 Wall height(m) 25 Wall (m) length 2 309 Koppies Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Koppies Dam LESOTHO Koppies Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1918 Unknown 4.6 † Unknown 9.8 ‡ 1 420

† From Reservoir records for 2008 hydrological year ‡ Water Resource Situation Assessment (SSI Engineers and Environmental Consultants)

Operating Rule The Koppies Dam operating rule allows for the dam to supply its demands until it reaches its defined minimum operating level.

97 | Reservoirs South Africa C 98 |Reservoirs Physical Information from weirsvary ofthe capacities below5 000 m The irrigation. for water abstract which weirs 55 approximately including irrigation, downstream supports Dam, Krugersdrift of downstream just located 1971), since (operational WaterScheme Government River Modder The Purpose a deadstorage ofreservoir, bottom level,andthe at 1 229.9 m. Krugersdrift Dam is a gravity concrete dam with earthfill flanks. The dam has a full supply level of 1 248.1 m, with Description Water Orange Upper the Management Area, Africa. South in C52G catchment quaternary in River Modder the on located is Dam Krugersdrift Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Krugersdrift 25°53’00” S LATITUDE Krugersdrift Dam Modder River L ONGITUDE 25°57’22” E Quaternary catchment C52G FSC* (million m FSC* (million 73.194 3 to1 million m 3 ) SA (km 18.53 2 ) 3 . Owner DWA DWA code C5R004 Wall height(m) 26 Wall (m) length 3 114 Krugersdrift Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Krugersdrif Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Krugersdrift Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Year of completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The dam is operated as part of the Krugersdrift Dam Scheme, which includes a Domestic Irrigation Other series of approximately 55 storage weirs along the Modder River, from which water is released from the dam for the weirs to abstract water for irrigation purposes. The 1970 3.66† 51.30‡ Unknown Unknown 4 820 releases from Krugersdrift Dam are regulated so that they cascade down to fill the † Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year (industry and town) furthest downstream weir. ‡ WRC TT380/08

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 248.53 84.48 20.11

1 248.13 76.71 18.76

1 247.70 68.97 17.23

1 247.24 61.42 15.59

1 246.72 53.76 13.96

1 246.13 45.99 12.39

1 245.47 38.37 10.73

1 243.76 23.01 7.40

1 242.53 15.36 5.07

1 229.85 0.00 0.00

99 | Reservoirs South Africa C 100 | Reservoirs No availableinformation. Area–C * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information Loch Damisusedforrecreational Athlone purposesonly. Purpose Loch Damisagravity Athlone concrete dam. Description Africa. inSouth Bethlehem near Area Management WaterVaal Upper the in C83B catchment quaternary in located is Dam Athlone Loch Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Loch Athlone Dam name 28°15’00” S LATITUDE 1971 Loch A apacity Relationship Jordaan River L ONGITUDE 28°18’33” E Domestic Unknown Quaternary thl catchment C83B Demands/abstractions m (million one Dam FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation 3.752 Unknown 3 ) SA (km 3 1.89 /a) 2 ) Unknown Other Bethlehem Municipality Bethlehem Owner 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million Unknown DWA code C8R005 3 /a) Wall height (m) 13 Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall length 3 (m) /s) 75 Loch Athlone Dam(source: SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Loch Athlone LESOTHO South Africa C 101 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information Lotlamoreng Lotlamoreng ofthe Dam ispart DamNature Reserve andisusedforrecreational purposes. Purpose highlevelofnutrientenrichment. management, duetothe reservoir is at 1 213.0 m. The dam is listed as one of the top ten impoundments in South ofAfrica in need bottom of nutrient the and 1 213.4 m, of level storage dead a of 1 226.3 m, level supply full a has Dam Lotlamoreng Description Lotlamorengthe DamNature Reserve) Africa. inSouth (withinMafikeng of town the in River Molopo the on D41A catchment quaternary in located is Dam Lotlamoreng Location Lotlamoreng Dam oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 25°52’32” S LATITUDE Lotlamoreng Dam Molopo River L ONGITUDE 25°36’11” E Quaternary catchment D41A FSC* (million 0.44 m 3 ) SA (km 0.30 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown Lotlamoreng Dam(source: www.tourismnorthwest.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Lotlamoreng Dam LESOTHO Lotlamoreng Dam

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 0.53 0.34

1 700 0.44 0.30

1 696 0.35 0.26

1 690 0.26 0.22

1 680 0.18 0.17

1 675 0.09 0.11

1 671 0.00 0.00

Operating Rule The Lotlamoreng, Setumo and Disaneng Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Molopo sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

102 | Reservoirs South Africa C 103 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information Loxton watersupply. anddomestic Damisusedforirrigation Purpose of bottom and level storage dead a and reservoir at1 671 m. of 1 700 m, level supply full a with dam, earthfill an is Dam Loxton Description Water Orange Lower the in River Southpoort the on Management Area, townofLoxton justeastofthe Africa. inSouth D55D, catchment quaternary in located is Dam Loxton Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 31°28’37.3” S Loxton Dam Dam name LATITUDE Loxton Dam Southpoort 22°22’05.3” E L River ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D55D FSC* (million m FSC* (million 3.4 3 ) SA (km 0.3 2 ) Loxton Municipality Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height (m) 17 Wall length 199 (m) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Loxton Dam LESOTHO Loxton Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1913 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 210

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 4.09 0.34

1 700 3.41 0.30

1 696 2.73 0.26

1 690 1.05 0.22

1 680 1.37 0.17

1 675 0.68 0.11

1 671 0.00 0.00

Operating Rule The Loxton, Modderpoort, Vanwyksvlei and Rooiberg Dams are operated as a sub- system, known as the Hartbees River sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

104 | Reservoirs C Lesotho 105 | Reservoirs Physical information This supply. Dam’s Katse supplement increases Africa by2.2 m supplyofwatertoSouth the to Dam Katse to Tunnel Katse via water transfer to serves Weir Matsoku Purpose m 584 of capacity spillway maximum a with dam, gravity concrete stone-faced a is Weir Diversion Matsoku The Description catchmentD11E. quaternary Matsoku Weir Matsoku issituatedonthe River, SenquRiver. ofthe whichisatributary ItislocatedinLesotho in Location tunnel, 4 m in width. Thetunnel, 4 minwidth. tunnelisgravity amaximumcapacityof55m fed,with designed to dissipate the energy of the water weir.overflowing The weir is connected to Katse Dam via a 5.7 km oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 3 /s. The weir is a solid mass of concrete (21 000 m (21 000 concrete of mass solid a is weir The /s. Dam name 29°13’41” S Matsoku LATITUDE Matsoku Weir Matsoku River L ONGITUDE 28°34’12” E Quaternary catchment D11E FSC* (million m FSC* (million Unknown 3 3 ) /s. 3 ). Itsdownstream face features aseriesoflarge steps, SA (km Unknown 2 ) Lesotho Owner 3 /s. Wall height(m) 15 Wall (m) length 180 Matsoku Weir(source: amanziflow.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA MatsokuWeir LESOTHO Matsoku Weir

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

2000 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 55

Access road to weir Access road to tunnel Northern access road

Katse Dam

Tunnel Outlet Matsoku Tunnel

Matsoku Weir © UNOPS/Greg Marinovich The Senqu River, Lesotho. 106 | Reservoirs C Lesotho 107 | Reservoirs Physical information andindustrialwatersupplyforMaserunearbylowlandareas. beusedmainlyfordomestic Metolong Damwill Purpose conveyance system,andenvironmental andsocialmanagement. MetolongDamandrawof the watertreatment waterpumpingstation, works, construction the ofadownstream construction the planning, infrastructure advance include: which components, five into divided is programmeThe 35 kmfrom raw Maseru,andamulti-stage waterintake Construction andpumpstation. inMay2012. started river, the of south the aboutroller-compacted on m-high concretedam 73 a of construction the entails projectThe Description Metolong Damistobeconstructed RiverinLesotho. Phuthiatsana South onthe Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Dam name To beconstructed Metolong 29°20’9” S LATITUDE Metol South Phuthiatsana South River L ONGITUDE 27°46’36” E Domestic ong Dam 27.4 Quaternary catchment Unknown Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation Unknown 165 3 ) 3 /a) SA (km Unknown Unknown Other 2 ) Lesotho Owner 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million Unknown Wall height(m) 3 73 /a) Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall (m) length 210 3 /s) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Metalong Dam LESOTHO South Africa C 108 | Reservoirs Physical information Mockes ofthe Damisusedwatersupply.Itpart for domestic Purpose 1 299.5 m. at is reservoir of bottom the and The dam 1 301.9 m, of level storage dead a flanks. with 1 303.6 m, earthfill of level supply full two a has with section concrete central a comprising structure composite a is Dam Mockes Description Africa. in South Mangaung of east AreaWater OrangeManagement Upper the in C52D quaternary in located is Dam Mockes Location is also supported byRustfontein Damandtransfersis alsosupported from Dam. Knellpoort of)itswatersupply.Mockes (part with Damreleases purpose, and forthis waterworks Mazelspoort waterforthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 27°10’24” S LATITUDE Mockes Mockes Dam Modder River L ONGITUDE 25°20’10” E Quaternary catchment C52D FSC* (million m FSC* (million 4.63 3 ) SA (km 3.4 2 ) cheme which supplies Schemewhichsupplies Mazelspoort Mangaung Municipality Owner DWA code C5R007 Wall height (m) 18 Mangaung Wall length 713 (m) Mockes Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Mockes Dam LESOTHO Mockes Dam

* Live full supply capacity (ORASECOM Datasets)

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield Maximum spillway completion (million m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1956 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 991

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 304.0 5.50 4.5

1 303.6 4.63 3.4

1 303.3 3.97 2.9

1 302.5 2.07 1.6

1 302.0 1.42 1.1

1 301.5 0.86 0.6

1 301.0 0.54 0.4

1 300.5 0.27 0.2

1 300.0 0.20 0.1

1 299.5 0.00 0.0

109 | Reservoirs South Africa C 110 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM Datasets) Physical information T Purpose is 1 700 m. afree damwith Damisan earth (nocapacityavailable).T spillway overspill Modderpoort Description Africa. WestWestern Beaufort the Southnear in Cape, River Rietfontein the on D55A in situated is Dam Modderpoort Location he dam was designed to supply irrigation demands.he damwasdesignedtosupplyirrigation oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Modderpoort Dam name 27°10’24” S LATITUDE Modderpoo Rietfontein River L ONGITUDE 25°20’10” E Quaternary catchment D55A FSC* (million 12.30 t Dam m 3 ) SA (km 2.16 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) 15 he full supplylevelhe full Wall (m) length 710 com) Modderpoort Dam(source: www.theweatherinsouthafrica. NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Modderpoort Dam Modderpoort LESOTHO Modderpoort Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The Modderpoort, Loxton, Vanwyksvlei and Rooiberg Dams are operated as a sub- Domestic Irrigation Other system, known as the Hartbees River sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their 1953 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Free overspill respective minimum operating levels.

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 14.76 2.41

1 700 12.30 2.16

1 696 9.84 1.889

1 690 7.38 1.59

1 680 4.92 1.25

1 675 2.46 0.82

1 671 0.00 0.00

111 | Reservoirs C Lesotho 112 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM Datasets) supply andgenerate electricityinLesotho. The EWR release from damisapproximately the 30.44 million m Mohale Dam was built as part of Phase 1B of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project to augment South Africa’s water Purpose 807.56 million m of capacity maximum a has which tunnel transfer a through Dam Katse to connected is It Mohale Dam is the second largest dam in the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. It is a concrete faced rockfill dam. Description The SenqunyaneRiver. damissituatedonthe catchmentD17B. ItislocatedinLesotho inquaternary Location Physical Information at 1940masl. reservoirof bottom and 005 masl 2 of level storage dead a with 075 masl, 2 of level supply full a has Thedam oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 29°27’28” S Mohale LATITUDE Mohale Dam Senqunyane River L ONGITUDE 28°05’47” E Quaternary catchment D17B FSC* (million 938 m 3 ) SA (km 22.1 2 ) Lesotho Owner DWA code D1R003 Wall height(m) 145 Wall (m) length 564 3 /a. 3 /a. Mohale Dam(©UNOPS/CMor) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Mohale Dam LESOTHO Mohale Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Vaal Basin To Vaal Dam Sterkfontein Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway LESOTHO m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Delivery Dam Tunnel Domestic Irrigation Other ± 38 km long 4.35 m Ø 2000 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 2 600 FOURIESBURG Woodstock Dam Transfer BERGVILLE FICKSBURG Tunnel Area–Capacity Relationship ± 45 km long 4.35 m Ø Tugela Basin Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

2 075 938 22.1 Matsoku Weir Mohale to Katse and tunnel transfer ± 3125 m high 2 070 828 20.5 MASERU ± 32 km, 3.9 m Ø ± 6.4 km long Katse Dam 3.8 m Ø ± 185135 m high 2 060 639 17.3 Mohale Dam ± 145135 m high 2 050 481 14.3 Phase 1 of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (from map produced by the SA Dept of Water Affairs) 2 040 351 11.6

2 030 248 9.1

2 020 168 6.9

2 010 108 5.0

2 000 67 3.3

1 940 0 0.0

113 | Reservoirs C Lesotho 114 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity shaft turbinesat24MWeach). generates electricity to supply the needs of Lesotho. The plant capacity (at Phase 1) is 72 MW (three Francis vertical T Purpose and ends up in the delivered Africa.T toSouth is water which through basin, dam the in tunnel 38 km the to inlet an is There dissipation. energy for basin stilling Muela Damisadoublecurvature concrete arch onsandstone.T dam,built Description catchmentD21A. in Lesotho inquaternary T Location meter to measure the flow (backed up by an ultrasonic flow meter) in an underground chamber at Ngoajane, Lesotho. The flow withinthe tunnel is used to calculatethe royalties which South Africa pays to Lesotho. There is a magnetic flow T segmental linings. he sole purpose of the dam is to serve as a tailpond for the Muelaunderground asatailpondforthe damistoserve he solepurposeofthe hydroelectric that powerstation Mohokanehis dam(tailpond)issituatedonthe (Caledon)River, SenquRiver. ofthe whichisatributary It islocated oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 28°45’41” S Muela LATITUDE Muela Dam River Nqoe Ash River. he low-cover are sections toavoidrock steellined hydrofracture. L ONGITUDE 28°27’20” E he tunnelbeginsatMuelaDam,continues CaledonRiver) the Africa(beneath intoSouth Quaternary catchment T he tunnel is constructed through mudrocks of D21A FSC* (million m 6 3 ) SA (km Unknown 2 ) Lesotho Owner he dam has an ogee spillway andcascade he damhasanogeespillway K aroo sediments, and is lined using precast DWA code n/a Wall height(m) 55 Wall (m) length 200 NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Muela Dam LESOTHO Muela Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1998 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 584

Maloti

Original ground line Surge shaft Muela concrete Valve gravity dam chamber 55 m high Flow direction Delivery tunnel Tunnel from Katse Dam 37 km long Tailrace 4.50 m Ø outfall Lift and cable shaft Pressure shaft F.S.L. 1 775 m Surge chamber Low level Tailrace tunnel penstock Flow direction 1.4 km long Powerhouse 3.75 m Ø

Cross section of the Muela Dam (from map sourced at www.waterwise.co.za)

115 | Reservoirs Namibia 116 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information plant atOamites.T Dam Nauaspoort originally supplied water to Oamites Mine via an 18 km pipeline to a reservoir and purification Purpose aclay embankmentdamwith core. Damisan earthfill Nauaspoort Description catchmentD44 F inNamibia. Auobcatchmentinquaternary UsibRiverinthe Damislocated onthe Nauaspoort Location C oordinates Dam name Nauaspoort 23° 3’36.50”S LATITUDE Nauaspoor ( degrees, minutes,seconds) River Usib his hasnothappenedforalongwhile. 17°12’30.92” E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D44F FSC* (million t Dam 3.19 m 3 ) SA (km 0.9 2 ) NamWater Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) 26 Wall (m) length 13.4 Nauaspoort Dam(sourceunknown) NAMIBIA Nauaspoort Dam Nauaspoort Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Nauaspoort Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 3 Maximum spillway completion 1:50 yield (million m /a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1975 Unknown 0 0 None, water supply is augmented by boreholes Unknown

Details from NamWater and ORASECOM 001/2007

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1563.0 m relative to sea level (full 3.19 0.9 supply level) 1554.6 m relative to sea level (bottom 0 0 of reservoir)

117 | Reservoirs Namibia C 118 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information gravity pipeline. 2 km a via scheme irrigation ha 270 Watera pipeline. providedfor km also 44 is a Keetmanshoopvia of town Water is treated at the dam via a 1.9 km pipeline to the water treatment plant. Then the purified water reachesthe Purpose T Description in D46G catchment quaternary in catchment Namibia. River Fish the in River Loewen the on located is Dam Naute The Location he NauteDamisadoublecurvature circular arch structure. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 26°55’50.93” S Dam name Naute Dam LATITUDE Naute Dam Loewen River 17°56’16.05” E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D46G FSC* (million m FSC* (million 83.58 3 ) SA (km 11.55 2 ) NamWater Owner Wall height(m) 37 Wall (m) length 470 Naute Dam(source: www.wikipedia.org) NAMIBIA Naute Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Naute Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The Naute and Hardap Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Fish Domestic Irrigation Other River sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating 1971 2.1† 3.3 † Unknown 12 2 380 levels. † SA Dept of Water Affairs PB D000/00/4303 Source: NamWater and ORASECOM 001/2007

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

732 83.58 11.53

731 72.80 10.05

727 40.54 6.58

725 28.53 5.42

721 12.03 2.86

719 7.29 1.83

714 2.38 0.49

711 1.32 0.31

703 0.00 0.00

Naute Dam (source: www.wikipedia.org)

119 | Reservoirs Namibia C 120 | Reservoirs Physical information provideIt will waterforirrigation. Purpose 40 kmwestofKeetmanshoop. and Seeheim of north km 25 about Namibia in River Fish the on located be to is Dam Neckartal proposed The Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Neckartal LATITUDE Unknown Neckar River Fish L ONGITUDE Unknown Quaternary catchment Unknown tal Dam FSC* (million Unknown m 3 ) SA (km 857 2 ) Owner 39 NamWater DWA code Wall height(m) 67.5 Wall (m) length 520

S Crerar) Seeheim GaugingStationon theFishRiverinNamibia(© The FishRiverCanyon(source:www.panoramio.com) South Africa C the UpperV the 121 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity Physical information demands. localurbanandirrigation Nigel Damsupplies Purpose Nigel Dam is an off-channel dam just west of the Blesbok River in Location Year completion of oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 26°24’20” S LATITUDE Nigel 2003 aal Water ManagementArea, farupperreaches inthe catchment. ofthe Nigel Dam Off-channel River Domestic Unknown L ONGITUDE 28°28’09” E Demands/abstractions m (million Quaternary catchment C21E Irrigation Unknown FSC* (million m FSC* (million Unknown 3 /a) Unknown Other 3 ) SA (km Unknown 1:50 yield(million 2 ) Unknown m 3 outh South /a) Owner DWA Africa. Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown DWA code t is situated in quaternary It is situated in quaternary C2R011 3 /s) Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown C21E in NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Nigel Dam LESOTHO Namibia C 122 | Reservoirs Source: NamWaterandORASECOM001/2007 † Thereissome uncertaintyaboutthis Physical information RehobothIt supplies toawatertreatment townviaa4kmpipeline plantatRehoboth. Purpose T Description D40D. OanobRiver,Oanob Damislocatedonthe catchment Orange of the atributary RiverinNamibia,quaternary Location he OanobDamisaconcrete double-curvature arch dam. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 23°19’31.08” S completion Dam name Year of LATITUDE 1990 Oanob O Domestic Unknown anob Dam Oanob River 17° 1’24.02”E L Demands/abstractions m (million ONGITUDE Irrigation Unknown Quaternary catchment D40D † 3 FSC* (million m FSC* (million Unknown /a) Other 34.50 3 ) (million m (million 1:50 yield 4.2 SA (km 2.65 3 /a) 2 ) Maximum spillway capacity (m 5 000 Namwater Owner 3 /s) Wall height(m) 50 Wall (m) length 560 Oanob Dam(source:www.namwater.com) NAMIBIA Oanob Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Oanob Dam

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 453.00 m relative to sea level (full 34.51 2.65 supply level) 1 450.00 25.22 2.64

1 445.00 14.38 1.74

1 440.00 7.53 1.00

1 424.5 m relative to sea level 0.417 0.123 (minimum operating level)

1 408.00 (bottom of reservoir) Unknown Unknown

Operating Rule Water is pumped out of the dam for domestic requirements.

123 | Reservoirs Namibia C 124 | Reservoirs Source: NamWater andORASECOM001/2007 * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information T Purpose relative tosealevel(RSL),andadeadstorage ofreservoir levelandbottom at1 561.15 m(RSL). 1 575.5 m of level supply full Thea pipeline. has km dam 110 a via treatmentOmitaraGobabis a at and plant The Otjivero Dam has a main dam and a silt trap dam. Water is treated at a purification plant atthe dam to supply Description in Namibia. The Otjivero Dam is located on the White Nossob River in the Nossob catchment in quaternary catchment in D43A Location o supplywatertoGobabisandOmitara inconjunction DaanV the with oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 22°17’39.79” S(silt) 22°17’19.43” S Otjivero Dam Dam name LATITUDE O tjivero Dam White Nossob 17°56’26.68” E(silt) River 17°57’54.45” E L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D43A

7.8 (silt trap7.8 (silt dam) FSC* (million m FSC* (million 9.8 (maindam) 3 ) SA (km 1.5 main 3.2 silt 2 ) iljoen andT iljoen NamWater Owner ilda V Wall height(m) 15 (main) 17 (silt) iljoen Dams. iljoen Wall (m) length 320 (main) 850 (silt) Otjivero Dam(source: www.sun.com.na) NAMIBIA Otjivero Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Otjivero Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) 1:50 yield (million Maximum Year of completion m3 spillway capacity /a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1990 (main dam) 0.72 0 0 1.4 4 000

1990 (silt dam) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 5 000

Operating Rule The Otjivero, Daan Viljoen and Tilda Viljoen Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Molopo sub-system, Namibia. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels. Water is normally transferred from Otjivero silt to Otjivero main. Otjivero water is normally used first for topping up Tilda Viljoen Dam.

125 | Reservoirs Lesotho 126 | Reservoirs Physical information increased from current the 72MW. Polihali Damisexpected tobecompleted in2020. HydropowerStation’sMuela Africa. South to supply water beas will well generatingcapacity a electricity Africa T Purpose be will Dam Polihali wall. dam 145-m-high connected toK a of consist will dam new This district. Mohotlong at the dam in capacity Polihali, m³ 165 a of construction the includes 2 Phase (LHWP) Project Water Highlands Lesotho The Description The dam is planned for construction just downstream of the confluence ofthe Khubelu and Senqu Rivers in Lesotho. Location transfer tobeginin2020. estimated water with 2014, in start to expected is River.Construction Ash the via basin VaalRiver the to water of transfer he MuelaHydropower maybeexpanded inButha-Buthe Station togenerate more electricityforLesotho andSouth Dam name Polihali Polihai Dam atse Damviaatransfer tunnel.Water transferred from P Khubelu/Senqu River Quaternary catchment Unknown FSC* (million m FSC* (million 2 200 3 ) SA (km Unknown 2 ) olihali toK olihali Lesotho Owner atse will contributeatse will bulk tothe Wall height(m) 165 Wall (m) length Unknown The siteof theproposed PolihaliDam Malatsi Dam Mohale Dam Basin Vaal LESOTHO To Vaal Dam Ntoahae Dam Katse Dam Matsoku Weir and tunnel Tsoelike Dam Polihali Dam Sterkfontein MOKHOTLONG International boundary International River Transfer tunnels Proposed dam Dam Town Dam Woodstock Dam Tugela BERGVILLE Basin South Africa C 127 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SADeptof WaterAffairsHydrological Information Publication 15) Physical information Irrigation. Purpose supplylevelof1 346.1 m,adeadstorageIt hasafull ofreservoir levelandbottom at1 340.0 m. Description Africa. Potchefstroom Dam is located in quaternary catchment C23H in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area in South Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Potchefstroom Dam 26°40’19” S Dam name LATITUDE Potchefstroom Dam River Sand L ONGITUDE 27°06’00” E Quaternary catchment C23H FSC* (million m FSC* (million 2.0 3 ) SA (km 0.8 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C2R004 Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown Potchefstroom Dam(source: www.360cities.net) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Potchefstroom Dam SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Potchefstroom Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1968 Unknown 12.60 † Unknown Unknown Unknown

† From Reservoir records for 2007 hydrological year

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 346.1 2.027 0.773

1 345.8 1.824 0.730

1 345.8 1.792 0.723

1 345.4 1.515 0.672

1 345.0 1.257 0.627

1 344.6 1.025 0.564

1 343.5 0.505 0.403

1 342.8 0.259 0.315

1 340.0 0.000 0.000

128 | Reservoirs South Africa C 129 | Reservoirs Physical Information andrecreation.Rietspruit Damisusedforirrigation Purpose reservoir at1 403.0 m. Rietspruit Dam is an earthfill dam. It has a full supply level of 1 410.3 m, and a dead storage level and bottom of Description West North in the P catchmentC24D, SchoonspruitRiverinquaternary Rietspruit Damislocatedonthe townofV nearthe Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 26°24’34” S Rietspruit LATITUDE Rietspruit Dam Schoonspruit rovince, Africa. South River L ONGITUDE 26°48’38” E Quaternary catchment C24D FSC* (million m FSC* (million 7.3 3 ) SA (km 2.3 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C2R007 Wall height(m) 15 Wall (m) length entersdorp 992 Rietspruit Dam(source: www.panaramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Rietspruit Dam LESOTHO Rietspruit Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Rietspruit, Elandskuil and Johan Neser Dams are operated as the Schoonspruit sub- m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other system. Operating rules allow for these dams to supply their demands until they reach their respective minimum operating levels. Only the spills from the Schoonspruit sub- 1955 Unknown 7.7 † Unknown 11.4‡ 0 system contribute to the Bloemhof sub-system yield.

† From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year ‡ SA Dept of Water Affairs P09000/00/0101

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 412 12.02 3.119

1 410 7.28 2.338

1 409 4.77 1.850

1 408 2.88 1.339

1 407 1.50 0.953

1 405 0.53 0.629

1 404 0.04 0.162

1 403 0.00 0.000

130 | Reservoirs South Africa C 131 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical information Rooiberg Damwasconstructed demands. tosupplyirrigation Purpose of bottom and level storage dead reservoir at1 671 m. a and of 1 700 m, level supply full a with dam, earth an is Dam Rooiberg Description D53A. Rooiberg RivernearK Hartbees Damissituatedonthe Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 29°24’00” S Rooiberg LATITUDE Rooiberg Dam Hartbees River L ONGITUDE 21°12’22” E Quaternary catchment D53A FSC* (million 3.65 m 3 ) SA (km 3.13 frica, in quaternary Africa,inquaternary Cape,South enhardt Northern inthe 2 ) Kenhardt Municipality Owner DWA code D5R001 Wall height(m) 8 Wall (m) length 1 210 Rooiberg Dam(source:www.bushmanland.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA Rooiberg Dam BOTSWANA LESOTHO Rooiberg Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1900 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Free overspill

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 4.38 3.49

1 700 3.65 3.13

1 696 2.92 2.73

1 690 2.19 2.30

1 680 1.46 1.81

1 675 0.93 1.19

1 671 0.00 0.00

Operating Rule The Rooiberg, Vanwyksvlei, Loxton and Modderpoort Dams are operated as a sub- system, known as the Hartbees River sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

132 | Reservoirs South Africa C 133 | Reservoirs Physical Information Rustfontein Damprovides purposes. industrial andirrigation waterfordomestic, Purpose ofreservoir bottom 356.3 m andthe isat1354.0 m. 1 of level storage dead a with 373.0 m, 1 of level supply full a with concretedam, gravitya is Dam Rustfontein Description Upper Orange Water ManagementArea. Rustfontein Dam is located near Thaba Nchu in the Free State, South Africa, in catchment quaternary C52A in the Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Rustfontein 26°37’00” S LATITUDE Rustfontein Dam Modder River L ONGITUDE 29°16’15” E Quaternary catchment C52A FSC* (million m FSC* (million 72.6 3 ) SA (km 11.6 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C5R003 Wall height(m) 36 Wall (m) length 210 Rustfontein Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Rustfontein Dam River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Rustfontein Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield Maximum spillway completion (million m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Rustfontein Dam is connected to Knellpoort Dam via a transfer tunnel of maximum Domestic Irrigation Other capacity of 75.74 million m3/a. Losses of approximately 1.1 million m3/a are experienced. 1954 22.25 † Unknown Unknown Unknown 1 090

† From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 374.7 94.37 14.39

1 373.9 83.55 13.03

1 373.0 72.60 11.58

1 372.3 65.39 10.63

1 371.7 58.17 9.73

1 370.9 50.91 8.89

1 369.6 40.09 7.52

1 367.9 29.27 6.18

1 365.1 14.76 3.95

1 362.4 7.26 2.05

1 356.2 0.29 0.30

1 354.0 0.00 0.00

134 | Reservoirs South Africa C 135 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOMDatasets) Physical Information watersupplyforBethlehem. Damisusedfordomestic Saulspoort Purpose ofreservoirbottom at1 616.8 m. Dam is a Saulspoort concrete dam. The dam has a full supply level of 1 627.3 m, with a dead storage level and Description Africa. South in VaalArea WaterUpper Management the in C83A catchment quaternary in located is Dam Saulspoort Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Saulspoort 28°13’00” S LATITUDE Saulspoor Liebenbergsvlei River L ONGITUDE 28°20’47” E Quaternary catchment C83A t Dam FSC* (million m FSC* (million 16.87 3 ) SA (km 3.99 2 ) Municipality Bethlehem Owner DWA code C8R004 Wall height (m) 24 Wall length 133 (m) Saulspoort Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Saulspoort Dam Saulspoort LESOTHO Saulspoort Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1971 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 1 800

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 628 19.892 4.426

1 627 16.867 3.988

1 625 9.389 2.681

1 623 4.904 1.913

1 621 1.773 1.216

1 619 0.185 0.450

1 618 0.009 0.034

1 617 0.001 0.004

136 | Reservoirs South Africa C 137 | Reservoirs Physical Information waterforKroonstad.Bloemhoek Dam,whichsupplies up. Damisheavilysilted WaterSerfontein isreleased V Damtothe from Serfontein Purpose ofreservoirand bottom at1 300 m. storageleveldead a with 1 303 m, of level supply full a has It gravityrockdam. a foundation is Dam Serfontein Description DamissituatednearKroonstad Free inthe Serfontein Vals C60Donthe Africa,inquaternary State,South River. Location * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 27°42’06” S Serfontein LATITUDE Serfontein Dam Valsch River L ONGITUDE 27°18’09” E Quaternary catchment C60D FSC* (million m 5.3 3 ) SA (km 1.8 2 ) Kroonstad Municipality Owner DWA code C6R002 als River, where itispumpedto Wall height(m) 15 Wall (m) length 1 515 NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Serfontein Dam Serfontein LESOTHO Serfontein Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1967 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 1 100

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 303.5 5.43 1.85

1 303.0 5.25 1.81

1 302.5 4.35 1.62

1 302.0 2.17 1.07

1 301.5 0.99 0.69

1 301.0 0.87 0.64

1 300.5 0.44 0.42

1 300.0 0.00 0.00

138 | Reservoirs South Africa C 139 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information Setumo Damisusedtoirrigateoil-bearingtrees toproduce dam. atthe bio-diesel Purpose ofreservoirbottom isat1213.0 m. Setumo Dam is an earth dam, with a full supply level of 1 226.3 m, and a dead storage level of 1 213.4 m. The Description catchment D41A. West inNorth MolopoRivernearmabatho Setumo Damislocatedonthe P Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 25°51’30” S Setumo Dam LATITUDE Dam name Setumo Dam Molopo River L ONGITUDE 25°30’01” E Quaternary catchment D41A FSC* (million m FSC* (million 19.6 3 ) SA (km 4.4 2 ) Owner DWA rovince, Africa,inquaternary South DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) 17 Wall (m) length 1 600 NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Setumo Dam LESOTHO Setumo Dam

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The Setumo, Disaneng and Lotlamoreng Dams are operated as a sub-system, known Domestic Irrigation Other as the Molopo sub-system South Africa. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their 1995 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown respective minimum operating levels.

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 226.3 20.74 4.47

1 226.0 19.56 4.37

1 225.0 15.48 3.80

1 223.0 9.39 2.59

1 221.0 5.16 1.65

1 220.0 3.51 1.31

1 218.0 1.46 0.74

1 217.0 0.94 0.52

1 215.0 0.23 0.19

1 213.0 0.00 0.00

140 | Reservoirs South Africa C 141 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information However,only irrigation. of approximately area 16%ofthis lowassurance duetothe issupported, ofsupply. ha 1 818 supports which System, Supply Syndicate Smart the of part is dam The Purpose dead storage ofreservoir levelandbottom at1 671 m. a and of 1 700 m, level supply full a has It foundation. rock/soil a with dam earth an is Dam Syndicate Smartt Description D61M. CapeP DamislocatedjustwestofBritstown,Northern Syndicate Smartt Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Smartt SyndicateSmartt Dam name 30°26 42”S LATITUDE Smar Ongers Brak River River L ONGITUDE 23°18’00” E tt S Quaternary catchment D61M yndicate Dam FSC* (million 101 m 3 ) SA (km 31.5 2 ) Smartt Irrigation Board Irrigation Smartt Owner rovince, Africa,inquaternary South DWA code D6R002 Wall height(m) 28 Wall (m) length 2 082 Smartt SyndicateDam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Smartt Syndicate Dam Syndicate Smartt Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Smartt Syndicate Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1912 Unknown 12.6† Unknown Unknown 1 420

† WRC TT380/08

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 121.32 34.997

1 700 101.1 31.370

1 696 80.88 27.440

1 690 60.66 23.089

1 680 40.44 18.103

1 675 20.22 11.944

1 671 0.00 0.000

Operating Rule The Smartt Syndicate and Victoria West Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Ongers sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

142 | Reservoirs South Africa C 143 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information under-utilised duetolarge volumesofreturn flowfromthe Scheme. Irrigation Vaalharts Spitskop Dam is used for irrigation along the lower Harts River upstream of the Vaal confluence. The dam is currently Purpose ofreservoir bottom of 1 037.1 mandthe isat1 037.0 m. Spitskop Dam is a gravity concrete dam with earthfill. It has a full supply level of 1 042.6 m, a dead storage level Description South in Area Africa. Management WaterVaal Lower the in C33B catchment quaternary in located is Dam Spitskop Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 28°07’24” S Spitskop LATITUDE Spitskop Dam River Harts L ONGITUDE 24°30’07” E Quaternary catchment C33B FSC* (million m FSC* (million 57.9 3 ) SA (km 25.3 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C3R002 Wall height(m) 18 Wall (m) length 683 Spitskop Dam(source:www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Spitskop Dam LESOTHO Spitskop Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1975 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 878

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 043.0 69.61 28.726

1 043.6 57.89 25.312

1 042.0 44.33 23.165

1 041.0 25.15 16.900

1 040.0 11.73 11.242

1 039.0 4.09 5.774

1 038.0 0.71 2.386

1 037.1 0.06 0.191

1 037.0 0.00 0.000

Operating Rule The operating rule is to be updated as part of a South African Department of Water Affairs study (in conjunction with Taung Dam).

144 | Reservoirs South Africa C Dam at a rate of 174 m 174 of rate a at Dam wouldbeexperienced lossesthat of the from V 145 | Reservoirs since it is deep, with a relatively small surface area. The dam has a full supply level of 1 702 m, with a dead storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1 646 mandthe isat1 617 m. a with 1 702 m, of level supply full a has dam The area. surface small relatively a with deep, is it since and released V tothe T Purpose m million 630 to up of transfer net the involving The dam has an wall.earthfill It receives its water viathe Thukela–Vaal Project which is a pumped-storage scheme Description uppercatchmentarea NuwejaarsSpruit,inthe Africa.Itislocatedonthe in South V ofthe T Location from DriekloofDamatarate of312 m waterisreleased and earlyevening,the morning duringthe demand. Duringperiodsofpeakdemand,typically needed. Due to the favourable storage and climatic characteristics of Sterkfontein Dam, it is beneficial to store deep,water inthe cool SterkfonteinDamandonlyreleaseV shallow watertothe to beneficial is it Dam, Sterkfontein of characteristics climatic and storage favourable the to Due needed. evaporation losses from Sterkfontein Dam are approximately 35 million m he water from K upperreacheshis damissituatedinthe V ofthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 28°23’14” S LATITUDE S terkfontein Dam waZ L aal Dam via the WilgeRiverwhenneeded.T aal Damviathe ONGITUDE 29°01’00” E ulu-Natal is stored in 3 /s by four 250 MW pumps/turbines into Driekloof Dam during periods of low power low of periods during Dam Driekloof into pumps/turbines 250 MW four by /s 3 /s togenerate upto1 000MWofpower. Sterkfontein Dam and released to V aal Damforasimilarvolume.Water ispumpedupfrom Kilburn 3 ofwaterfrom K aal River, catchmentC11L upstream inquaternary ofStanderton waZ terkfontein Dam is a very effective reservoir, effective he SterkfonteinDamisavery ulu-Natal. T 3 /a which represents approximately 10% aal Dam via the Wilge River when his isstored inSterkfonteinDam aal Damwhenneeded.T aal River. he Water Affairs) Sterkfontein Dam(underconstruction.Source: SADeptof NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Sterkfontein Dam LESOTHO Sterkfontein Dam

Physical Information Operating Rule Sterkfontein Dam (on the Wilge River, a tributary of the Vaal River), along with Grootdraai FSC* Dam, Vaal Dam, Vaal Barrage and Bloemhof Dam (all on the Vaal River) form part of Quaternary 2 Wall height Wall length Dam name River catchment (million SA (km ) Owner DWA code (m) (m) m3) the Bloemhof sub-system, which is part of the greater Integrated Vaal River System. Woodstock Dam and the Driel Barrage (situated in the Thukela River catchment), form Nuwejaars Sterkfontein C81D 2 616.95 67.26 DWA C8R003 69 3 060 the Thukela Transfer Scheme into the Vaal catchment. The large scheme is operated Spruit as follows: The Thukela system supports Sterkfontein Dam until Sterkfontein Dam is full. * Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) The transfer limit is 606 million m3/a. When the Vaal Dam is at 15% storage or less, Sterkfontein will begin to support it. Abstractions at Sedibeng and Midvaal make use of 3 Demands/abstractions (million m /a) local runoff and spills from upstream dams. When this is not adequate, the Vaal Dam Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) supports the abstractions. The Vaal Dam will only begin to support Bloemhof Dam when Domestic Irrigation Other Bloemhof Dam reaches its minimum operating level (1 213.6 m).

1974 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

s rt ts Ha ar ot- -H ro in Loop G e Vaal Kl VEREENINGING Area–Capacity Relationship POTCHEFSTROOM KLERKSDORP Vaal Grootdraai Dam l Dam va ter Witbank Yster K a Harts r W 3 2 om Elevation (m) Storage (million m ) Surface area (km ) elm Vaal boo Vaal g Klip

B M a a

m k w

b H Wilge a

1 702 2 616.951 67.257 o e

e u

s s n Renoster i e ing Vals Krom 1 675 1 050.946 47.129 KROONSTAD RSA Hol NEWCASTLE i Bloemhof e B (Free State) Vals l u V f 1 664 590.237 36.526 f a s l o Dam g Blom r

WELKOM b

e i

1 656 335.157 26.681 L Sa nd RSA D Allemanskraal o BETHLEHEM Vet r ing Dam HARRISMITH 1 651 217.397 20.487 Sterkfontein (Kwazulu/ Dam B Erfenis

Taaibos o Natal) s Sand Sundays s Dam Laai i PHUTHADITJABA 1 644 101.521 12.717 e Klein-vet Caledon G Krugersdrift ro Doring o Tugela 1 634 20.609 4.375 t-v Dam e H Khubelu Tugela t l s ot an Modder se kr ou Bl 1 630 6.883 2.558 Senqunyana Malibamatso eu BLOEMFONTEIN Le Rustfontein Katse 1 621 0.051 0.043 Dam Dam Tierpoort M MASERU o LESOTHO d

Dam e

r n do 1 617 0.000 0.000 Riet Fourie Cale Mohale Mkom azi

Makhaleng Dam Dam network 146 | Reservoirs South Africa C 147 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information forabstraction buthaspotential for irrigation from works. twooutlet watersupply. Itistobeusedfordomestic T Purpose dead storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1129 mandthe isat1120 m. a 155 m, 1 of level supply full a has It spillway. overspill free a with dam gravity rollcretemass Taunga is Dam Description WaterVaal Lower the in Taung Management Areanear Africa. inSouth River Harts the on C31F catchment quaternary in located is Dam Taung Location aung Dam was built to augment the irrigation area irrigation toaugmentthe aung Damwasbuilt ofT oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 27°32’14” S LATITUDE Taung T aung Dam River Harts L ONGITUDE 24°50’58” E Quaternary catchment C31F FSC* (million m FSC* (million 65.21 3 ) aung andpossiblyP SA (km 4.6 2 ) Owner DWA udimoe. T udimoe. DWA code C3R006 he damisnotcurrently used Wall height(m) 44 Wall (m) length 255 Taung Dam. NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Taung Dam LESOTHO

Operating Rule Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion Historic Firm yield Maximum spillway (million m3/a) capacity (m3/s) The South African Department of Water Affairs has instigated a feasibility study on Domestic Irrigation Other the utilisation of Taung Dam which will include development of operating rules for a sub-system including Spitskop Dam. 1993 Unknown Unknown Unknown 7.85 † 0

† ORASECOM, 2011

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 155 65.21 4.621

1 151 47.61 3.825

1 147 34.00 3.118

1 142 22.96 2.449

1 139 12.31 1.841

1 135 8.03 1.355

1 133 5.96 1.128

1 131 3.86 0.901

1 129 2.34 0.677

1 120 0.00 0.000 © UNOPS/Greg Marinovich An incomplete bridge or causeway over a stream leading to the Taung Dam. The former Apartheid homeland of Bophuthatswana built the dam, and it was completed shortly before the bantustans were dissolved prior to the 1994 democratic elections in South Africa. It is unused for any economic purpose, despite a need for irrigation in the arid and drought-prone north western parts of South Africa.

148 | Reservoirs South Africa C additional 3.77 million m additional 149 | Reservoirs Physical information T Purpose the damaway.1988 floodswashed the after reconstructed1990 was in but 1923 in commissioned was Thedam 1 374.5 m. at reservoir of bottom and level storage dead a with 382.8 m, 1 of level supply full a has dam The dam. earthfill an is Dam Tierpoort Description Upper Orange Water ManagementAreaAfrica. inSouth the in C51D catchment quaternary in Africa, Free South the State, in Bloemfontein near located is Dam Tierpoort Location The right and left bank canals supply an average of 3.9 million m * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) he T oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Tierpoort 26°08’11” S LATITUDE cheme is used to supply irrigation demandsdownstream DamSchemeisusedtosupplyirrigation ierpoort dams,through ofthe acanalsystem. Tierpoo Tierpoort River L ONGITUDE 29°25’18” E Quaternary catchment 3 C51D /a directly dam. offthe t Dam FSC* (million 34.5 m 3 ) SA (km 9.10 2 ) Tierpoort Irrigation BoardTierpoort Irrigation Owner 3 /a and 3.7 million m DWA code C5R001 3 /a, respectively, an with Wall height(m) 20 Wall (m) length 180 Tierpoort Dam(source:SADeptofWaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Tierpoort Dam Tierpoort River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Tierpoort Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield Maximum spillway completion (million m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1990 Unknown 11.37† Unknown Unknown 4 700

† WR2005, WRC

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 383.5 41.64 10.17

1 382.8 34.50 9.10

1 382.4 31.32 8.55

1 382.0 28.02 7.93

1 380.5 17.67 6.00

1 379.1 10.37 4.34

1 377.2 3.67 2.70

1 376.4 1.82 1.92

1 374.7 0.05 0.25

1 374.4 0.00 0.00

150 | Reservoirs Namibia C 151 | Reservoirs Details from NamWaterandORASECOM001/2007) Physical information watersupplytoGobabis. Domestic Purpose The Tilda Viljoen Damisarockfill a damwith concrete outlet. Description The Tilda Viljoen catchmentD43AinNamibia. BlackNossobRiverinquaternary Damislocatedinthe Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 22º 26’46.97”S Tilda Viljoen Dam name LATITUDE Tild Black NossobRiver River 18º 57’23.01”E a ViljoenDam L ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D43A FSC* (million m FSC* (million 1.25 3 ) SA (km 0.19 2 ) NamWater Owner Wall height(m) 14 Wall (m) length 630 Tilda Viljoen Dam(source:www.gobmun.com) NAMIBIA Tilda Viljoen Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO Tilda Viljoen Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway completion m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1964 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown +/-10

Operating Rule The Tilda Viljoen, Daan Viljoen and Otjivero Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Molopo sub-system Namibia. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels. Tilda Viljoen Dam is not on a river. Daan Viljoen Dams’s water is transferred to Tilda Viljoen Dam.

152 | Reservoirs Namibia C 153 | Reservoirs T Operating Rule Details from NamWaterandORASECOM001/2007 Physical information T Purpose The Tsamab catchmentD81KinNamibia. HamRiverinquaternary Damislocatedinthe Location samab Dam is a gauging weir for the dischargesamab Damisagaugingweir forthe HamRiver. ofthe samab isaconcrete discharge weirtogaugethe HamRiver. ofthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Year completion of Dam name 28°09’00” S Tsamab LATITUDE 1970 Tsamab Dam River Ham L ONGITUDE 19°15’00” E Domestic 0 Quaternary catchment D81K Demands/abstractions m (million FSC* (million m FSC* (million Irrigation Unknown 0 3 ) 3 /a) SA (km Unknown Other 2 0 ) NamWater Owner 1:50 yield (million m 1:50 yield(million Unknown Wall height(m) Unknown 3 /a) Maximum spillway capacity (m Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown 3 /s) NAMIBIA Tsamab Dam Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA LESOTHO South Africa C 154 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information T Purpose Tweerivier supplylevelof 1490.5 m,andadeadstorage hasafull ofreservoir levelandbottom at1488.0 m. Description uncertainty nameisnotT the aboutwhether some is There Africa. South in River Modder the on C52H catchment quaternary in located is WeirTweerivier Location † Someuncertaintyaboutthis weerivier Weir isusedforsupplyingirrigation. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Tweerivier Weir Dam name LATITUDE Unknown Tweerivie/eespuit Wei Unknown River L ONGITUDE Unknown Quaternary catchment C52H†

FSC* (million 12.6 m weespruit and also the location. weespruit andalsothe 3 ) SA (km 7.5 2 ) Unknown Owner DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) Unknown Wall (m) length Unknown The Modder River(source:SADeptofWater Affairs) Area–C Elevation (m) Elevation 1 488.0 1 489.0 1 490.0 1 490.5 apacity Relationship Storage m (million 12.56 0.00 0.00 2.64 3 ) Surface area (km 7.47 0.00 0.00 1.87 2 ) South Africa C 155 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information resortsand swimming.Manyholiday onitsbanks. havebeen established fishingskiing, boating, as recreationalsuch for activities, used now is It pollution. to due deteriorating is water its T Purpose of level storage dead a with 1 421.1 m, of ofreservoir bottom 1 413.5 m andthe isat1 410.5 m. level supply full a has It barrage. gravity a is Barrage Vaal The Description T Location his reservoir wasonce Witwatersrand usedtosupplywaterthe butnolongerdoesso, of quality becausethe he V oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Vaal Barrage Dam name 26°46’54” S LATITUDE aal Barrage is located in quaternary catchmentC22K,nearV aal Barrage islocatedinquaternary V aal Barrage River Vaal L ONGITUDE 27°41’05” E Quaternary catchment C22K FSC* (million 55.4 m 3 ) SA (km 13.5 2 ) anderbijlpark inGautengP Rand Water Owner DWA code C2R008 Wall height(m) rovince, Africa. South 10 Wall (m) length 329 Vaal Barrage(source:www.eco-h2o.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Vaal Barrage LESOTHO Vaal Barrage

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Maximum 1:50 yield Year of completion 3 spillway capacity (million m /a) (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1922 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 422.5 77.5 18.2

1 421.1 55.4 13.5

1 420.5 47.9 12.1

1 418.5 28.1 8.1 © UNOPS/Greg Marinovich 1 416.5 14.5 5.7 Canoeists paddle along the Klip River, a tributary of the Vaal River, near Meyerton, south of Johannesburg. The Vaal River basin extends across the economic and industrial 1 415.5 9.4 4.7 heartland of South Africa.

1 414.5 5.1 3.9

1 413.5 2.0 2.6

1 413.5 1.9 2.5

1 410.5 0.0 0.0

156 | Reservoirs South Africa C 157 | Reservoirs Rand Water Board andhastwomajorofftakes majorwatersupplier isthe from V the mainsourceIt isthe Gautengeconomic ofwater tothe hub. Purpose ofreservoir bottom 1 462.9 m andthe isat1 444.5 m. of level storage dead a with 1 484.6 m, of level supply earth full a has dam secondary The m. 3.05 further A a by 1985 in wall. and concrete the with directly connects and long m embankment of 910 m closes off a saddle on the right flank. Inthe 970 early fifties the dam wall was raised by 6.1 m 1 is which bank right the on The Vaal Dam is a composite dam consisting of a concrete gravity wall 714 m long and a main earth embankment Description Africa. South Vaalin Area Middle Water Management the in C83M and C12L catchment quaternary in located Vaalis Dam Location V P Johannesburg and of TheZuikerboschupgraded.Water part be eastern to Purification the mainly supplies Works pipeline. There is an abstraction point at the Vaal Barrage but it has not been in use for about 20 years and needs and from Lethabo the Intake whileV Station retoria V whilethe ereeniging downstream V ofthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 26°53’00” S LATITUDE V aal Dam ereeniging works greater supplies Johannesburg V andthe L ONGITUDE 28°07’00” E aal Dam.Z ereeniging P uikerbosch P tation receivesumping Station waterfrom Lethabo– the tation receivesumping Station watervia a canalfrom V ereeniging–Sasol area. aal RiveratZ uikerbosch and V ereeniging aal Dam Vaal Dam(source: www.lekwateemane.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Vaal Dam LESOTHO Vaal Dam

The Rand Water system is very complex and extensive and has been summarised Physical Information below as five main routes: Vereeniging Pump Station to Heilbron (pumping main) supplying areas Vanderbijlpark, Sasolburg and Heilbron; Quaternary FSC* 2 Wall height Wall length Dam name River catchment (million m3) SA (km ) Owner DWA code (m) (m) Vereeniging and Zuikerbosch Pump Stations to Zwartkoppies and Zuurbekom Pump Stations to Libanon and Blyvooruitzicht reservoirs to Khutsong (gravity main). Included are boreholes at Zuurbekom, which are also managed by Rand Vaal Vaal C12L and C83M 2 609.80 322.75 DWA C1R001 63 2 783 Water. Supplies areas of southern Johannesburg, Soweto, the Westonaria and * Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) Carletonville magisterial districts and Khutsong; Vereeniging and Zuikerbosch Pump Stations to Zwartkoppies Pump Station through Pretoria to the Hartebeespoort area and Mamelodi (gravity main). Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Supplies areas in the Alberton, Germiston, Kyalami and Pretoria metropolitan m3/a) capacity (m3/s) districts, Mamelodi, Atteridgeville, Soshanguve and the Hartebeespoort area; Domestic Irrigation Other Vereeniging and Zuikerbosch Pump Stations to Zwartkoppies and Bloemendal Pump Stations to Wildebeesfontein (gravity main). Supplies areas in the Alberton, 1936 852 † Unknown Unknown 831‡ 25 000

Germiston, Boksburg, Benoni, Brakpan, Springs, Nigel and Heidelberg † From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year metropolitan districts and to Devon, Leandra and Evander and ‡ SA Dept of Water Affairs P08000/00/0101 Vereeniging and Zuikerbosch Pump Stations to Zwartkoppies to Rustenburg (gravity main). Supplies areas of Greater Johannesburg and the Randfontein, Area–Capacity Relationship Krugersdorp and Magaliesburg metropolitan districts and Rustenburg. Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 485 2 609.8 322.75

1 484 2 280.82 298.35

1 483 1 994.65 274.71

1 482 1 733.12 249.37

1 481 1 496.83 224.41

1 480 1 284.9 200.98

158 | Reservoirs Vaal Dam

s rt ts Ha ar ot- -H 3 2 ro in Loop G e Vaal Elevation (m) Storage (million m ) Surface area (km ) Kl VEREENINGING POTCHEFSTROOM KLERKSDORP Vaal Grootdraai Dam l Dam va 1 479 1 095.93 178.62 ter Witbank Yster K a Harts r W om elm Vaal boo 1 475 559.66 91.50 Vaal g Klip B M a a

m k w

b H Wilge a

o e

e u

s s n Renoster i e ing 1 471 339.27 56.38 Vals Krom KROONSTAD RSA Hol NEWCASTLE i 1 456 6.38 2.61 Bloemhof e B (Free State) Vals l u f V f a s l o Dam g Blom r

WELKOM b

e i

1 445 0.00 0.00 L Sa nd RSA D Allemanskraal o BETHLEHEM Vet r ing Dam HARRISMITH Sterkfontein (Kwazulu/ Dam B Erfenis

Taaibos o Natal) s Sand Sundays s Dam Laai i PHUTHADITJABA e Operating Rule Klein-vet Caledon G Krugersdrift ro Doring o Tugela t-v Dam e H Khubelu Tugela The Vaal Dam, along with Grootdraai Dam, the Vaal Barrage, Bloemhof Dam (all on t l s ot an Modder se kr ou Bl the Vaal River) and Sterkfontein Dam (on the Wilge River, a tributary of the Vaal River) Senqunyana Malibamatso eu BLOEMFONTEIN Le form part of the Bloemhof sub-system, which is part of the greater Integrated Vaal Rustfontein Katse Dam Dam Tierpoort M MASERU o LESOTHO d River System. Woodstock Dam and the Driel Barrage (situated in the Thukela River d

Dam e

r n do Riet Fourie Cale Mohale Mkom catchment), form the Thukela Transfer Scheme into the Vaal catchment. azi Makhaleng Dam The large scheme is operated as follows: The Thukela system supports Sterkfontein Dam network Dam until the dam is full. Grootdraai Dam does not support Vaal Dam, but when the Vaal Dam is at 15% storage or less, Sterkfontein will begin to support it. Abstractions at Sedibeng and Midvaal make use of local runoff and spills from upstream dams. When this is not adequate, the Vaal Dam supports the abstractions. The Vaal Dam will only begin to support Bloemhof Dam when Bloemhof Dam reaches its minimum operating level (1 213.6 m). The Vaal catchment also receives water from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, in which 777 million m3/a is released from Katse Dam in Lesotho, to the Vaal Dam.

159 | Reservoirs South Africa C 160 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) Physical Information V Purpose ofreservoirbottom at1 182.9 m. and level storage dead a and 1 190.2 m, of Vaalhartslevel supply concreteweir.Weirbuttress full a a is has It Description Africa. South in Area Management WaterVaal Lower the in C91B catchment quaternary in located is WeirVaalharts Location Vaalharts Storage aalharts Weiraalharts provides waterforirrigation. oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name 28°06’55” S LATITUDE Weir V aalhar River Vaal L ONGITUDE 24°55’33” E Quaternary catchment C91B ts S torage Weir FSC* (million 48.7 m 3 ) SA (km 21.2 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code C9R001 Wall height(m) 12 Wall (m) length 765 Vaalharts Weir(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA Storage Weir Vaalharts LESOTHO Vaalharts Storage Weir

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1957 Unknown 373.3† Unknown Unknown 14 200

† From Reservoir records for 2009 hydrological year

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 190.3 50.98 21.76

1 190.2 48.66 21.19

1 189.4 33.93 16.27

1 188.8 25.27 12.96

1 187.8 14.75 8.68

1 187.2 10.12 7.12

1 186.4 5.18 5.15

1 182.9 0.00 0.00

161 | Reservoirs South Africa C 162 | Reservoirs at the dam which can collectively produce up to 240 MW of electricity at a discharge flow rate of 400 m 400 of rate flow discharge a at electricity of MW 240 to produceup collectively can which dam the at Orange/Rietthe RietRiverbasinorreleased Canaltothe downstream.T through transferred either is it where Dam Vanderkloof into flows Dam Gariep the from released River.Water Orange the of km 1 400 remaining the along users various the to as well as catchment River Riet the to water T mining). (including Koffiefontein and Jacobsdal Ritchie, of requirements urban the supplies also but irrigation for used primarily releases are The use. irrigation and urban for water of storage and (Eskom) generation power hydro control, flood The dam supports requirements all the way to the mouth approximately 1 400 km away, including river flow control, Purpose to up discharge total in can which 20 400 m dam, the of flank left the on positioned are gates sluice Four bank. left the on flank gravity a into transitions which arch central a has It dam. arch gravity composite a is VanderkloofDam Description in Dam) Gariep of downstream km (130 River Orange Africa. catchmentD31EinSouth quaternary the on State Free the in situated is Dam Vanderkloof Location from riverusingpumps. the left bankbetweenV alongthe irrigation near Hopetown.All economic factorsitwasdecidednottoproceed extensions the with rightbankcanal,which currently ofthe stops (each generator 120 MW at 200 m 200 at MW 120 generator (each he dam forms anintegralhe damforms component Orange of the RiverP oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 29°59’28” S LATITUDE 3 /s. V anderkl L ONGITUDE 24°43’54” E oof Dam 3 t was originally envisagedtoextend/s). Itwasoriginally rightbank canalbutdueto the opetown is supplied directlyanderkloof DamandHopetownissupplied roject GariepDam)andsupplies with (together here are twohydropower generators 3 /s /s Vanderkloof Dam(©SCrerar) NAMIBIA Vanderkloof Dam Orange-Senqu River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Vanderkloof Dam

Katse and Mohale Dams do not support Vanderkloof Dam, only environmental flow Area–Capacity Relationship releases and spills flow into Vanderkloof Dam. Vanderkloof Dam, together with Gariep Dam, release water for the environmental flow requirement at the river mouth. Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

Physical information 1 174.0 3 681.05 148.684 1 170.5 3 188.60 133.402 Dam name River Quaternary FSC* SA (km2) Owner DWA code Wall height Wall length catchment (million m3) (m) (m) 1 167.36 2 788.80 121.577

Vanderkloof Orange D31E 3 188.60 133.4 DWA D3R003 108 765 1 163.88 2 387.91 108.802

* Live full supply capacity (SANCOLD) 1 159.96 1 986.88 96.139

1 157.81 1 786.96 89.832 Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) 1 153.0 1 386.47 77.301 Year of completion 1:50 yield (million m3/a) Domestic* Irrigation* Other* 1 147.78 1 015.40 64.700

1977 Unknown 4 848 Unknown 3 318 1 128.45 205.50 21.366

* The reservoir record for Vanderkloof shows three demands, namely: industry and town, 1 109.8 0.00 0.000 power stations and mixed use. Industry and towns is relatively low and fairly constant – the 2009 hydrological year showed that 0.003 million m3 was abstracted. The power station’s volume is available for downstream irrigation and varies considerably. The 2009 hydrological year gave 3 958 million m3 as having been released, but the amount varied between 2 124 million m3 (2004) and 7 004 million m3 (2005) over the last five years. The mixed use is denoted as missing throughout the reservoir record. From 2010 AOA WRP Consulting Engineers Report (2010 demands, made up of South Africa and Namibia demands)

The yield result of 3 318 million m3/a represents a system yield of Vanderkloof and Gariep Dams as they are operated as a system. This result can be broken down into the demands supplied by the dams (3 143 million m3/a) and the surplus yield obtained once those demands have been satisfied (175 million m3/a).

163 | Reservoirs Vanderkloof Dam

Operating Rule The dam (along with Gariep Dam) works on an operating rule for hydropower which utilises releases to meet downstream requirements, for hydropower generation purposes. Eskom generates power according to downstream water requirements. Storage control curves are used to determine this rule, which utilises monthly water levels for operation. Once the level in the dam goes above a certain level, Eskom may open the hydropower turbines to utilise the water that would have otherwise spilled. This ensures minimum spillage and maximum usage of the flow. Vanderkloof Dam is not supported at all by the Vaal River System, even the spills from the Vaal are not utilised downstream as the total demand for the Lower Orange is released from the Vanderkloof Dam (without taking the inflows/spills into account when releasing the flow). Katse and Mohale Dams do also not support Vanderkloof Dam, only environmental flow releases and spills flow into Vanderkloof Dam. Due to the distance between Vanderkloof Dam and the location of abstraction points, water needs to be released two to six weeks in advance. The distance between Vanderkloof Dam and the river mouth is approximately 1 400 km and the flow takes roughly a month to reach the river mouth from the dam. The Vanderkloof Dam inflow is highly regulated due to the upstream Gariep Dam, which is more dependent upon natural flows as it is far less regulated upstream. The inflow pattern for Vanderkloof is usually high in winter and low in summer. The Fish River flows into the Orange River from Namibia, but the confluence of the two rivers is too near the river mouth for the water to be stored or even utilised, as the demands are satisfied by the Vanderkloof Dam.

Vanderkloof Dam (© Ian Cameron-Clarke) 164 | Reservoirs South Africa C 165 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(ORASECOM) T Purpose of 1 700 m,andadeadstorage ofreservoir levelandbottom at1671 m. Vanwyksvlei Dam was commissioned in 1882, and is an earth dam with a soil foundation. It has a full supply level Description V Location within quaternary D54C. quaternary within he dam was built tosupplyirrigation. he damwasbuilt anwyksvlei townofV Damissituatednearthe oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Vanwyksvlei Dam name 30°22’45” S LATITUDE V anwyksvlei Dam Vanwyksvlei River L ONGITUDE 21°48’41” E Quaternary catchment D54C FSC* (million m FSC* (million 143.1 orthern CapeP anwyksvlei Northern inthe 3 ) SA (km 49.6 2 ) Vanwyksvlei Irrigation Owner Board DWA code D5R002 rovince, Africa,andlies South Wall height(m) 15 Wall length 311 (m) Vanwyksvlei Dam(source: SADeptof WaterAffairs) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Vanwyksvlei Dam LESOTHO Vanwyksvlei Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1884 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 171.72 55.34

1 700 143.10 49.61

1 696 114.48 43.39

1 690 85.86 36.51

1 680 57.24 28.62

1 675 28.62 18.88

1 671 0.00 0.00

Operating Rule The Vanwyksvlei, Loxton, Modderpoort and Rooiberg Dams are operated as a sub- system, known as the Hartbees River sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

166 | Reservoirs South Africa C 167 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical information V Purpose and ofreservoirbottom level at1671 m. storage dead a and 1 700 m, of level supply full a with dam arch concrete a is Dam WestVictoria Description Water ManagementAreaAfrica. inSouth Victoria West Dam is located near the town of Victoria West, in catchment quaternary D61E in the Lower Orange Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) ictoria West awastewatertreatment Damsupplies works watersupply). (domestic Victoria West Dam name 31°24’00” E LATITUDE Victoria West Dam Dorpspruit River L 23°06’00” S ONGITUDE Quaternary catchment D61E FSC* (million 3.66 m 3 ) SA (km 2.12 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code D6R001 Wall height(m) 25 Wall (m) length 133 Victoria WestDam(source: Hendri/www.panoramio.com) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Victoria West Dam LESOTHO Victoria West Dam

Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Domestic Irrigation Other

1923 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 103

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 705 4.488 2.454

1 700 3.740 2.200

1 696 2.992 1.924

1 690 2.244 1.619

1 680 1.496 1.270

1 675 0.748 0.838

1 671 0.000 0.000

Operating Rule The Victoria West and Smartt Syndicate Dams are operated as a sub-system, known as the Ongers sub-system. The operating rule for this sub-system allows the dams to supply the demands imposed upon them until the dams reach their respective minimum operating levels.

168 | Reservoirs South Africa C 169 | Reservoirs Bloemfontein pipeline which has a capacity of approximately 1.157 m Caledon– 115-km-long the via Bloemfontein of city the to water supply to was purpose Its way. the along users Scheme (CMRG Welbedacht Dam wasconstructed mainstorage asthe Water Caledon–ModderRiverGovernment elementofthe Purpose storage ofreservoir bottom levelof1385.2 m,andthe isat1383.2 m. The Welbedacht Dam is a concrete barrage-type dam. The dam has a full supply level of 1 402.9 m, with a dead Description This CaledonRivernearWepener damissituatedonthe Free inthe Africa. D23J,South Stateinquaternary Location The storage capacity of the dam reduced from 115 million m from reduced dam the of capacity storage The augment the supply. augment the T due tosiltation. just downstream Dam.The ofthe planthasacapacityof 1.68 m purification in the water, the transfer from Welbedacht Dam is first purified at the Welbedacht Purification Plant which is located oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) 29°54’32” S LATITUDE Welbed WS) andwaterisabstracted from damfortransfer this toBloemfonteinandvarioussmaller his impacted the assurancehis impactedthe Damwasconstructed ofsupplytoBloemfonteinandsoKnellpoort to L ONGITUDE 26°51’38” E acht Dam 3 to approximately 16 million m approximately to 3 /s. Due to the high sediment concentration highsediment /s. Duetothe 3 /s (145Mℓ/day). 3 in only 20 years 20 only in Welbedacht Dam(source:www.ewisa.co.za) NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu Welbedacht Dam River Basin SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA LESOTHO Welbedacht Dam

Physical information Modder Krugersdrift Dam Bloemhof Dam Quaternary FSC* (million 2 Wall height Wall length Dam name River 3 SA (km ) Owner DWA code Catchment catchment m ) (m) (m) Mazelspoort Weir Bainsvlei W Mockes Dam Kor Welbedacht Caledon D23J 15.47 11.75 DWA D2R004 32 192 anna Hamilton Park BLOEMFONTEIN Bloemdustria * Live full supply capacity (ORASECOM) Brandkop Boesmanskop Bloemspruit Sepane Thaba Nchu Mo dd De Brug e Seroalo Dam Grootvlei r Newbury Botshabelo Dam Demands/abstractions (million m3/a) Bloemdustria Lovedale 1:50 yield Maximum spillway Kgabanyana Dam Year of completion 3 3 W (million m /a) capacity (m /s) Kle Rustfontein in Lesaka Dam Modder Groothoek Domestic Irrigation Other Dam Armenia W Dam 1973 48.27 † Unknown 1166‡ Unknown 5 310 Caledon-Bloemfontein

Ganna † WR2005, WRC Leeu ‡ WR2005, WRC (total outflow from the dam) Riet-Modder Catchment Uitkyk DEWETSDORP SOUTH AFRICA

REDDERSBURG

Caledon LESOTHO Riet Peri-urban area/urban area P P Town Knellpoort Dam Tienfontein International boundary River and dam Welbedacht Dam De Hoek Pipeline and reservoir Caledon W Proposed canal Catchment Watershed N Caledon W Water puriﬁcation works

P Pump station 0 5 10 15 20 25km

Locality map (from map produced for ORASECOM Infrastructure Report, 2007)

170 | Reservoirs Welbedacht Dam

Area–Capacity Relationship

Elevation (m) Storage (million m3) Surface area (km2)

1 403.4 22.25 14.20

1 403.1 18.18 12.88

1402.9 15.47 11.75

1 402.5 11.45 9.29

1 402.3 9.74 7.85

1 401.7 6.21 4.30

1 401.3 4.78 2.90

1 400.5 3.19 0.44

1 385.6 0.01 0.01

1 383.2 0.00 0.00

Operating Rule Welbedacht Dam (along with Knellpoort Dam) support the Modder system when there is insufficient water in the system, via the Caledon–Modder transfer. © UNOPS/Leonie Marinovich Welbedacht Dam is heavily silted.

171 | Reservoirs South Africa C 172 | Reservoirs * Livefullsupplycapacity(SANCOLD) Physical Information 1 297.7 m, andadeadstorage ofreservoir levelandbottom at1291.3 m. Wentzel townofSchweizer-Reneke. watersupplyforthe Damisusedfordomestic supplylevel of It hasafull Purpose Wentzel dam. Damisanearthfill Description Reneke Africa. inSouth Wentzel Dam is located in quaternary catchment C31E in the Lower Vaal Water Management Area near Schweizer- Location oordinates (degrees, minutes,seconds) Dam name Wentzel 27°10’24” S LATITUDE Wentzel Dam River Harts L ONGITUDE 25°20’10” E Quaternary catchment C31E FSC* (million 6.558 m 3 ) SA (km 2.989 2 ) Owner DWA DWA code Unknown Wall height(m) 12 Wall (m) length 158 NAMIBIA Orange-Senqu SOUTH AFRICA River Basin BOTSWANA Wentzel Dam LESOTHO Wentzel Dam

3 Demands/abstractions (million m /a) Modder Krugersdrift Dam Year of completion 1:50 yield (million Maximum spillway Bloemhof Dam m3/a) capacity (m3/s) Catchment Domestic Irrigation Other Mazelspoort Weir Bainsvlei W Mockes Dam Kor 1934 1.02 Unknown Unknown Unknown 895 anna Hamilton Park BLOEMFONTEIN Bloemdustria Brandkop Boesmanskop Bloemspruit Sepane Thaba Nchu M od Area–Capacity Relationship De Brug d e Seroalo Dam Grootvlei r Newbury Botshabelo Dam

3 2 Bloemdustria Lovedale Elevation (m) Storage (million m ) Surface area (km ) Kgabanyana Dam W Kle Rustfontein in Lesaka Dam Modder Groothoek Dam Armenia 1 297.9 7.10 3.12 W Dam

Caledon-Bloemfontein 1 297.7 6.58 2.99

Ganna Leeu 1 297.4 5.62 2.75 Riet-Modder 1 297.1 4.84 2.53 Catchment Uitkyk DEWETSDORP 1 296.5 3.46 2.08 SOUTH AFRICA

1 296.2 2.87 1.86 REDDERSBURG Caledon LESOTHO 1 295.7 2.04 1.51 Riet Peri-urban area/urban area P P 1 295.2 1.38 1.18 Town Knellpoort Dam Tienfontein International boundary 1 294.5 0.69 0.81 River and dam Welbedacht Dam De Hoek 1 291.3 0.00 0.00 Pipeline and reservoir Caledon W Proposed canal Catchment Watershed N Operating Rule Caledon W Water puriﬁcation works

The dam is operated down to the dead storage level to supply the town. P Pump station 0 5 10 15 20 25km

Locality map (from map produced for ORASECOM Infrastructure Report, 2007)

173 | Reservoirs Streamflow Gauges

174 | Streamflow Gauges South Africa 175 | Streamflow Gauges Physical information Gauge code C2H004_B C2H004_A C8H006 C8H005 C8H004 C8H003 C2H141 C2H122 C2H085 C2H070 C2H021 C2H018 C2H014 C2H003 C1H012 C1H007 C1H006 C1H005 C2R003 C1H004 C1H002 C1R002 C1R001 Upper Vaal WMA Liebenbergsvlei Suikerbosrand Suikerbosrand Suikerbosrand Taaibos Spruit Blesbokspruit Klerkspruit Leeuspruit Cornelius Waterval Elands River Mooi Mooi Vaal Vaal Vaal Vaal Vaal Vaal Vaal Klip Klip Klip C12L andC83M C12L andC83M Quaternary catchment C81G C21G C82B C22G C21G C11H C21G C22C C12D C22C C23C C81F C83F C23F C12C C22F C11K C13E C23L C11L C11J Elands RiverDrift Schoemansdrift Gauge name Elandsfontein Nooitgedacht Delangesdrift Annie’s Rust Welbedacht Hoogekraal Roodebank Klerkskraal Goedgeluk Platkoppie Grootdraai De Molen Vaaldam Warden Uitvlugt Uitvlugt Rietvlei Witkop Witkop Geduld Verdun 28° 17’45” 28° 22’32” 27° 42’00” 27° 50’34” 26° 15’09” 26° 27’13” 26° 52’50” 26° 51’13” 26° 38’24” 26° 27’13” 26° 58’13” 26° 49’28” 26° 40’15” 26° 40’15” 26° 49’13” 26° 55’05” 26° 53’00” 27° 00’08” 26° 50’28” 26° 46’32” 26° 51’13” 26° 37’37” 27°10’ 10’’ Latitude Position 28° 48’20” 28° 51’42” 28° 19’18” 28° 56’42” 27° 09’38” 28° 05’09” 26° 57’51” 28° 07’17” 28° 13’49” 28° 05’09” 27° 12’40” 27° 55’32” 28° 0’150” 28° 01’50” 28° 03’48” 29° 17’42” 28° 07’00” 28° 45’55” 29° 43’24” 29° 32’22” 29° 19’34” 29° 01’29” 29°14’02’’ Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 Unknown ) 49 120 38 698 38 505 15 500 38523 3 527 1 335 1 726 3 124 1 726 3 474 3 474 7 924 4 686 1 094 4 152 432 696 896 825 341 901 Mean annual runoff Mean annualrunoff (million m (million 1 178.3 1 713.3 1 536.2 1 975.0 3 288.79 /a) 104.4 338.9 127.7 203.5 244.8 102.3 464.4 778.7 321.5 16.5 99.0 36.3 49.9 86.8 11.9 86.2 18.1 73.5 Start record 1964 1963 1965 1953 1969 1977 1980 1986 1977 1956 1938 1952 1995 1952 1923 1978 1936 1985 1972 1964 1964 1960 1920 End record 1984 2004 1995 2004 2004 2003 2004 2004 1994 1994 2004 1976 2004 1976 1992 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Quality Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Upper Vaal WMA

Quaternary Position Catchment Area Mean annual runoff Gauge code River Gauge name 2 3 Start record End record Quality catchment Latitude Longitude (km ) (million m /a) C8H007 Liebenbergsvlei C83A Vogelfontein 28° 11’ 26” 28° 18’ 40” 868 20.0 1964 1977 Average C8H009 Tierrivier C83D Tygerhoek 28° 03’ 13” 28° 29’ 33” 465 6.8 1971 2004 Poor C8H010 Oubergspruit C81C Harrismith 28° 21’ 08” 29° 05’ 24” 250 22.0 1972 2004 Poor C8H011 Elands C81H Killarney 28° 09’ 39” 28° 52’ 29” 1 485 140.7 1972 1997 Average C8H012 Vaalbankspruit C81J Voorspoed 28° 04’ 58” 28° 52’ 20” 386 12.2 1971 2004 Average C8H014 Wilge C82C Bavaria 27° 48’ 52” 28° 47’ 00” 7 497 827.0 1973 2001 Average C8H022 Wilge C83J Slabberts 27° 14’ 44” 28° 29’ 20” 15 466 919.6 1961 2002 Average C8H026 Liebenbergsvlei C83H Frederiksdal 27° 25’ 51” 28° 31’ 35” 4 650 363.2 1985 2003 Average C8H027 Wilge C82H Ballingtomp 27°18’ 05” 28° 35’ 08” 10 489 884.7 1985 2004 Average

Note: Quality < 5 % patched = good 5 <% patched < 20 = average % patched > 20 = poor

176 | Streamflow Gauges South Africa 177 | Streamflow Gauges % patched>20=poor 5 <%patched<20=average < 5%patched=good Quality Note: Physical information Gauge code C2H061 C2H066 C2H067 C2H073 C4H004 C6H001 C6H003 C7H006 C4R001 C4R002 C7R001 C9R002 Middle Vaal WMA Makwassie Spruit Skoon Spruit Sandspruit Groot Vet Renoster Renoster River Sand Vaal Vaal Vals Vals Vet C25F andC43D Quaternary catchment C42H C25D C60H C25B C60G C43B C25C C70C C42E C41E C70J Allemanskraal Gauge name Klipplaatdrift Goedgenoeg Vliegekraal Fizantkraal Bothaville Roodewal Bloemhof Arriesrust Koppies Erfenis Leegte 27° 23’15” 27° 29’29” 27° 33’37” 26° 59’05” 27° 56’06” 28° 17’16” 28° 30’27” 27° 26’29” 27° 24’00” 27° 02’40” 27° 15’29” 27° 40’09” Latitude Position 26° 27’45” 26° 04’28” 26° 14’00” 26° 37’56” 26° 07’28” 27° 08’45” 26° 46’42” 26° 59’11” 26° 37’29” 27° 00’18” 27° 40’27” 25° 37’05” Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 107 911 ) 79 903 16 153 1 101 1 895 5 969 3 665 4 750 5 674 7 765 5 758 2 147 Mean annualrunoff (million m3/a) (million 1 938.7 2 101.0 222.9 123.2 161.5 173.8 108.9 95.3 78.1 64.3 8.2 2.2 Start record 1971 1970 1971 1986 1968 1958 1959 1947 1966 1977 1937 1968 End record 2004 2004 2002 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Quality Good Good Good Poor South Africa 178 | Streamflow Gauges Physical information % patched>20=poor 5 <%patched<20=average < 5%patched=good Quality Note: Gauge code C9H009 C3H007 C3H003 C9R003 C9R001 C3R002 C3R001 L ower Vaal WMA Espagsdrif River Harts Harts Harts Vaal Vaal Vaal Quaternary catchment C92B C91B C33B C91E C33A C31E C31F Douglas Storage WeirDouglas Schweizer-Reneke Vaalharts Weir Gauge name De Hoop65 Spitskop Taung Harts 29° 02'37" 28° 06'55" 28° 30'58" 28° 07'26" 27° 10'28" 27° 54'12" 27° 34'23" Latitude Position 23° 50'11" 24° 55'33" 24° 36'03" 24° 30'05" 25° 20'12" 24° 36'55" 24° 44'47" Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 193 842 115 055 121 052 ) 26 914 24 097 10 990 2 919 Mean annualrunoff (million m (million 1 730.2 1 880.5 1 341.4 3 /a) 107.5 148.3 58.5 46.1 Start record 1958 1947 1968 1990 1935 1951 1938 End record 2004 2004 2004 2004 2003 2004 2004 Average Average Average Quality Good Good Poor Poor Lesotho 179 | Streamflow Gauges Physical information There areother gaugesinLesotho that areeitherof verypoor qualityorareclosed. Africa. Informationfortheseisshown on theUpperOrangefactsheet. Gauges D2H012,D2H035and D2H037areontheCaledonRiver,whichforms theborder betweenLesothoandSouth % patched>20=poor 5 <%patched<20=average < 5%patched=good Quality Note: Gauge code LESG45 LESG42 LESG41 LESG36 LESG32 LESG25 LESG17 LESG08 LESG07 LESG06 LESG05 LESG03 Lesotho Malibamatso Senqunyane Senqunyane Pelaneng Matsoku Khubelu Tsoelike Bokong Hlotse Senqu Senqu Senqu River Quaternary catchment Unknown D11H D16H D17G D17B D16C D11F D17K D17F D21L D11J D18J Gauge name Malibamatso Mokhotlong Koma-Koma Marakabei Seshote’s Tlokoeng Tsoelike Bokong Seaka Leribe Paray Nkau 29° 16’54” 29° 16’54” 29° 19’36” 29° 14’06” 30° 01’58” 28° 54’07” 29° 33’43” 29° 31’18” 30° 01’30” 29° 17’18” 29° 34’24” 30° 21’48” Latitude Position 28° 34’00” 28° 34’00” 28° 27’30” 28° 53’30” 28° 10’28” 28° 06’05” 28° 09’28” 28° 31’18” 28° 43’24” 28° 59’18” 28° 42’06” 27° 34’30” Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 Unknown ) 19 875 3 480 1 087 3 240 1 660 7 950 652 403 852 989 797 Mean annual runoff Mean annualrunoff (million m (million 1 570.61 3 881.74 Unknown 3 116.73 116.33 170.36 621.09 284.18 295.25 799.87 149.02 316.91 /a) Start record 1972 1970 1971 1969 1967 1965 1965 1966 1963 1967 1966 1971 End record 1987 1987 1987 1987 1979 1974 1987 1987 1987 1988 1987 1987 Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Quality Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor South Africa 180 | Streamflow Gauges Physical information Gauge code D3H003 D3H002 D2H037 D2H035 D2H012 D1H011 D1H009 D1H006 D1H005 D1H004 D1H003 D1H001 D2R004 D2R002 D2R001 C5H018 C5H016 C5H012 C5H008 C5R004 C5R003 C5R002 C5R001 Upper OrangeWMA Wonderboomspruit Stormbergspruit Klein Caledon Kornetspruit Witspruit Caledon Caledon Caledon Modder Modder Modder Orange Orange Orange Orange Orange Kaffer River Kraai Leeu Leeu Riet Riet Riet Riet Quaternary catchment Unknown D35B D15G D14B D23C D22C D33E D24A D23E C52G D21E C51D D12F D14E C51B C51B D23J C52A C51K D13L D17L C51J C51L Doornbult Uitspan Doornbult Aucampshoop Gauge name Aliwal North Aliwal Welbedacht Oranjedraai The Poplars Krugersdrift Rustfontein Kalkfontein Maghaleen Wilgedraai Kromdraai Tweerivier White Hill Roodewal Bethaven Diepkloof Ficksburg Tierpoort Bethulie Molteno Egmont Riviera 29° 38’45” 30° 32’13” 29° 54’32” 29° 21’50” 30° 03’08” 29° 36’34” 28° 53’02” 28° 41’45” 30° 49’50” 30° 20’10” 30° 09’37” 30° 02’49” 31° 24’00” 30° 40’47” 31° 00’03” 28° 53’00” 29° 16’15” 29° 29’49” 29° 25’18” 29° 02’36” 28° 57’36” 29° 39’29” 29° 48’44” Latitude Position 24° 12’15” 25° 59’09” 26° 51’38” 27° 07’54” 27° 01’43” 27° 03’52” 27° 53’22” 28° 14’09” 26° 55’17” 27° 21’34” 27° 24’06” 28° 30’26” 26° 22’17” 26° 42’45” 26° 21’11” 25° 57’22” 26° 37’00” 25° 13’17” 26° 08’11” 24° 38’27” 24° 14’33” 25° 58’24” 26° 12’44” Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 ) 94 765 65 615 15 245 12 850 24 550 10 680 37 075 10 268 17 315 33 351 3 857 8 688 2 969 2 397 6 315 2 372 858 314 518 348 940 922 593 Mean annual runoff Mean annualrunoff (million m (million 7 586.45 7 539.85 1 196.04 1 582.27 4 478.64 Unknown 3 727.23 484.21 703.60 513.49 121.43 181.97 /a) 18.36 30.67 37.24 21.47 113.8 221.2 8.75 6.13 28.5 40.9 12.2 Start record 1920 1920 1976 1954 1937 1993 1941 1968 1965 1960 1948 1932 1924 1920 1920 1970 1955 1937 1924 1959 1952 1953 1958 End record 1946 1969 2004 2004 2004 2004 1954 2004 2004 2004 1994 1950 1965 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 1977 1998 1998 2004 1984 Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Quality Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Upper Orange WMA

Quaternary Position Catchment Area Mean annual runoff Gauge code River Gauge name 2 3 Start record End record Quality catchment Latitude Longitude (km ) (million m /a) D3H013 Orange D35K Roodepoort 30° 35’ 02” 25° 25’ 11” 70 897 6 706.40 1973 2003 Average D3H015 Seekoei D32J De Eerstepoort 30° 32’ 03” 24° 57’ 43” 8 266 26.65 1980 2002 Good D3R002 Orange D35H Gariep 30° 37’ 23” 25° 30’ 26” 70 749 6 454.16 1971 2004 Good D3R003 Orange D31E Vanderkloof 29° 59’ 28” 24° 43’ 53” 89 842 4 875.87 1977 2004 Good

Note: Quality < 5 % patched = good 5 <% patched < 20 = average % patched > 20 = poor

181 | Streamflow Gauges Botswana 182 | Streamflow Gauges ofBotswana. part southern There arethe Orange-Senqu within ofBotswanawhichfalls nostreamflowthe Basin,i.e. the part gauges in Bots wana South Africa 183 | Streamflow Gauges % patched>20=poor 5 <%patched<20=average < 5%patched=good Quality Note: Physical information Gauge code D5H011 D5H017 D7H002 D8H003 D5R001 D6R002 L ower OrangeWMA Hartbees Renoster Renoster Orange Orange Ongers River Quaternary catchment D51B D58A D61K D53A D72A D82E Gauge name Leeuwenkuil Huisfontein Bonekraal Vioolsdrift Rooiberg Prieska 31° 48’55” 31° 26’13” 29° 24’00” 30° 36’42” 29° 39’05” 28° 45’39” Latitude Position 20° 34’43” 20° 28’29” 21° 12’22” 23° 18’00” 22° 44’47” 17° 43’49” Longitude Catchment Area (km 2 337 590 462 870 ) 72 335 13 394 1 658 8 938 Mean annualrunoff (million m3/a) (million 7 520.65 6 758.61 17.18 75.32 26.75 9.43 Start record 1979 1987 1933 1965 1971 1935 End record 2004 2004 1973 2004 2004 2004 Average Average Quality Good Good Poor Poor Purification Works

184 | Purification Works South Africa 185 | Purification Works Eskom Lethabo Power Station Tubemakers StuartandLloyd Cornelia (FrankfortCornelia WTW) Purification works name Grootvlei Power Station Camden Power Station Majuba Power Station Iscor VanderbijlWorks Tutuka Power Station Iscor VaalWorks Iscor Klip WorksKlip Iscor Sasol IIandIII Potchefstroom (Mothballed) Deneysville Standerton Bethlehem Harrismith Sasolburg Frankfort Tweeling Warden Balfour Ermelo Memel Sasol I Villiers Kestell Vrede Parys Reitz Upper Vaal WMA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Capacity (Mℓ/d) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 10.0 D 12.5 D 0.96 D 40.0 D 2.59 D 3.5 D Owner/operator Sedibeng WaterSedibeng Harrismith TLCHarrismith Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Rand Water Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Geluk Dam, DeMollen, Reward Dam, GrypDam Vrede Dam, Spruitsonderdrif NewDamonthe Sterkfontein Dam, GibsonDam, Wilge River Raw watersource Saulspoort Dam Grootdraai Dam Grootdraai Dam Zaaihoek Dam Vaal Barrage Vaal Barrage Vaal Barrage Vaal Barrage Vaal Barrage Vaal Barrage Balfour Dam Balfour Jericho Dam Wilge River Wilge River Mooi River Vaal River Vaal River Vaal River Boreholes Boreholes Vaal Dam Vaal Dam Vaal Dam Unknown Warden Dams Resources SituationAssessment ) 2002 (Source: SSIEngineersandEnvironmental Consultants, water isunknown,thesource isgenerallylocalrivers. reports usedtoobtain information. Wheresources of Unknown Thedatawasnot availableintheexisting D Note: Design Upper VaalWaterManagement Area,Water South Africa 186 | Purification Works Purification works name Leeudoringstad Wolmaranstad Viljoenskroon Verkeerdevlei Petrus Steyn Wesselbron Theunissen Bultfontein Klerksdorp Stilfontein Kroonstad Steynsrus Marquard Hoopstad Vredefort Edenville Arlington Excelsior Winburg Heilbron Welkom Koppies Virginia Orkney Lindley Snekal Middle Vaal WMA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Capacity (Mℓ/d) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 168.0 D 2.46 D 8.88 D 60.0 D 4.25 D 0.29 D 3.4 D 2.4 D 5.0 D 0.6 D 3.0 D 9.0 D 1.0 D 3.0 D 2.8 D 1.0 D 2.0 D Owner/operator Sedibeng WaterSedibeng Sedibeng WaterSedibeng Sedibeng WaterSedibeng MidVaal WC MidVaal WC MidVaal WC Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Makwassiespruit. Boreholes Luipaardvlei Dam.Boreholes Middelpunt Dam. Boreholes Steynrus Dam. Catch Dam. Roetfontein Dam.Roetfontein Wolwas Marquard Dam. Laaispruit Cyferfontein Dam. DePut Dam 1and2. Laaispruit Piekniekdraai Dam.Piekniekdraai Vals Gryp Dam. Boreholes Dam andboreholes Allemanskraal Dam Raw watersource Rhenoster River Vals RiverDam Koppies Dam Erfenis Dam Lang Dam Vaal River Vaal River Vaal River Vaal River Boreholes Boreholes Boreholes Unknown Unknown Unknown Vet River River Dam Dam Resources SituationAssessment ) 2002. (Source: SSIEngineersandEnvironmental Consultants, water isunknown,thesource isgenerallylocalrivers. reports usedtoobtain information. Wheresources of Unknown Thedatawasnot availableintheexisting D Note: Design Upper VaalWaterManagement Area,Water South Africa 187 | Purification Works (Source: WRPConsulting Engineers,2007. ReviewofExistingInfrastructureintheOrangeRiverCatchment) unknown, thesourceisgenerallylocal rivers. Unknown Thedatawasnot availableintheexisting reportsusedtoobtain information. Wheresourcesofwateris D Note: Postmasburg, Sishen, Hotazel, BlackRock, Design Pudimoe (fortowns/settlements Taung Vaal-Gamagara Schemefortowns Purification works name Kimberley (Riverton) Schweizer-Reneke Jan Kempdorp Olifantshoek Pampierstad and Naledi) Hartswater L o wer Vaal WMA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Capacity (Mℓ/d) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 43.2 D 36.37 Naledi andGreaterNaledi Taung municipality Pokwane municipality Owner/operator Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Raw watersource Vaalharts canals Vaalharts canals Vaalharts canals Vaalharts canals Harts River Vaal River Vaal River Lesotho 188 | Purification Works Purification works name Mohale’s Hoek Teyateyaneng Qacha’s Nek Butha-Buthe Thaba-Tseka Mokhotlong Mapoteng Mafeteng Quthing Maseru Morija Lesotho Leribe Roma Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Capacity (Mℓ/d) 0.44 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.8 2.6 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 2.5 1.2 65 South Africa 189 | Purification Works Purification works name Ladybrand (Genoe WTW) Ladybrand Mohale’s Hoek Quatha’s Nek Jagersfontein Koffiefontein Reddersburg Butha-buthe Mokhotlong Gariep Dam Oppermans Botshabelo Fauresmith Mapoteng Hobhouse Brandford Jacobsdal Mafeteng Ficksburg Rosendal Clocolan Bethulie Quthing Maseru Clarens Luckoff Upper OrangeWMA Morija Leribe Roma Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Capacity (Mℓ/d) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 0.03 % 0.47 D 0.44 D 3.46 D 960 D 100 D 1.0 % 0.6 D 4.0 D 0.44 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.2 2.6 2.5 0.6 65 Owner/operator Bloem Water Bloem Water Bloem Water Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Riet RiverGovernment Water Scheme Sand-Vet Government Water Scheme Caledon River, Cathcart DriftDam Kalkfontein DamBoreholes Jagersfontein Boreholes Orange River Boreholes Clarens andGryp Dams Raw watersource Orange-Riet Canal Welbedacht Dam Rustfontein Dam Meulspruit Dam Rosendal Dam Caledon River Armenia Dam Moperri Dam Gariep Dam Boreholes Boreholes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Orange WMA

Position Purification works name Capacity (Mℓ/d) Owner/operator Raw water source Latitude Longitude Rouxville Unknown Unknown Unknown Municipality Kalkoenkrans Dam Boreholes Smithfield Unknown Unknown 1.4 D Municipality Smith Dam Boreholes Teyateyaneng Unknown Unknown 1.2 Unknown Unknown Thaba Nchu Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Groothoek Dam, Rustfontein Dam, Groothoek Unknown Unknown 18.0 D Bloem Water Boreholes Thaba Patchoa Unknown Unknown Unknown SA Dept of Water Affairs Armenia Dam, Boreholes Thaba-Tseka Unknown Unknown 0.4 Unknown Unknown Trompsburg Unknown Unknown Unknown Bloem Water Gariep Dam Tweespruit Unknown Unknown 1.0 % Municipality Lovedale Dam Vanstadensrus Unknown Unknown Unknown Municipality Boreholes Wepener Unknown Unknown Unknown Bloem Water Welbedacht Dam Boreholes Welbedacht Unknown Unknown 145 D Municipality Wlebedacht Dam Zastron Unknown Unknown Unknown Municipality Kloof Dam, Montagu Dam Note: D Design % Operational capacity Unknown The data was not available in the existing reports used to obtain information. Where source of water is unknown, the source is generally local rivers. (Source: SSI Engineers and Environmental Consultants, 2002. Upper Vaal Water Management Area, Water Resources Situation Assessment)

190 | Purification Works South Africa 191 | Purification Works Purification works name Westerberg/Koegasburg Globlershoop Upington Copperton/Proteapark Louisvale/Oranjevallei Brandvlei/Jonkerskop Upington Municipality Karos Geelkoppen De Aar/Bellary Niekerkshoop Victoria West Vanwyksvlei Griekwastad Strydenburg Hutchinson Sutherland Lime Acres Fraserburg Carnarvon Richmond Britstown Marydale Kenhardt Pelladrift Henkries Williston Vosburg Douglas Prieska Prieska Loxton L o wer OrangeWMA Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Position Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown (assumed5.16) Capacity (Mℓ/d) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 15.0 10 60 Siyathemba Municipality Siyathemba KarosGeelkoppan Water Khara Hais WaterboardKhara Pella WaterBoard Owner/operator Namakwa Water Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Board Raw watersource Orange River Orange River Orange River Orange River Orange River Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Lower Orange WMA

Position Purification works name Capacity (Mℓ/d) Owner/operator Raw water source Latitude Longitude Klippunt Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Kanoneiland Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Keimoes/Tierberg Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Eksteenskuil Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Kakamas/Lutzburg/Cillie Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Mier Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Askham Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Augrabies Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Marchand Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Pella Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Pofadder Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Aggeneys Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Black Mountain Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Onseepkans Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Concordia Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Vioolsdrift Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Kuboes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Alexander Bay Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Port Nolloth Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Steinkopf Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Nababeep Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Okiep Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Springbok/Bergsig Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Matjieskloof/Simonsig Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Kleinzee Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Komaggas Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Note: Koingnaas (De Beers Mine) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown D Design Kamieskroon Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Data was not available in the existing reports Hondeklipbaai Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown used to obtain information. Where sources of water is unknown, the source is generally local rivers. Kharkams Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown (Source: WRP Consulting Engineers, 2007. Review of Garies Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment)

192 | Purification Works

Waste Water Works

194 | Waste Water Works South Africa 195 | Waste Water Works Fochville WCW decommissioned, new built Name of wastewatertreatment worksName of Blyvooruitzicht GoldMines WCW Doornfontein GoldMine WCW Kokosi WCW asshownbelow Ennerdale WCW(JhbWater) Tshiame STW 2) (Harrismith Carletonville (Oberholzer) Hannes vanNiekerk Harrismith STWHarrismith (1) Grundlingh WCW Grundlingh Bethlehem WCW Bethlehem Daveyton WCW Deelkraal Mine Bickley WCW Benoni WCW Goudkoppies Bushkoppies Ermelo STW Bethal STWBethal Ancor WCW Flip Human Flip Elandsrand Dekema Upper Vaal WMA 26°23’66” 26°16’25” 26°10’51” 26°27’45” 26°24’35” 26°19’35” 26°28’20” 26°08’14” 26°18’35” 26°09’50” 26°26’40” 26°23’15” 26°12’37” 26°15’58” Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 26°30’ Position 28°28’14” 27°55’30” 27°46’14” 27°21’45” 27°19’50” 28°10’00” 27°18’00” 28°27’47” 27°56’10” 27°21’30” 28°26’52” 27°23’25” 28°18’53” 28°28’57” Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude 29°59’ Peak rated designflowcapacity*(Mℓ/ Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 13.50 3.90 26.5 2.71 3.59 day) 150 200 50 36 16 18 8 8 Activated sludgesystemsandbiofiltrationActivated Biological filtration system(activated Activated sludge,Activated biosystemsandair Treatment process description Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters sludge andoxidation dam) Activated sludgesystems Activated Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated blowing system Conventional Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown systems Discharge KleinDrinkwaterspruit intothe Discharge intothe Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge intothe Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge into the Varkenslaagtespruit Discharge Harringtonspruit intothe Discharge Harringtonspruit into the Discharge Blesbokspruit into the Discharge Blesbokspruit into the Discharge Blesbokspruit into the Discharge BenoniCanal into the Discharge intothe Wilge River Discharge Natalspruit into the Discharge Loopspruit intothe Discharge Loopspruit into the Effluent disposal processEffluent Discharge intoNigelDam Discharge into JordaanDischarge Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Vaal WMA

Position Name of waste water treatment works Peak rated design flow capacity* (Mℓ/ Treatment process description Effluent disposal process Longitude Latitude day)

Heidelberg WCW 26°32’23” 28°19’44” 8 Biofilters Discharge into the Blesbokspruit Impumelelo WCW in Lesedi Local Unknown Unknown 12 Unknown Unknown Municipality (Heidelberg) Jan Smuts WCW 26°13’18” 28°22’27” 9 Biofilters and activated sludge Discharge into Jan Smuts Dam JP Marais WCW 26°10’08” 28°23’42” 21 Biofilters and activated sludge Discharge into the Benoni Canal Kokosi WCW (new) sevices Kokosi, Unknown Unknown 7.5 Activated sludge Discharge into the Loopspruit Fochville and Greenspark areas Khutsong 26°21’11” 27°18’32” 7.5 Activated sludge Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit Klerksdorp 26°53’80” 26°37’10” 21.9 Activated sludge Discharge into the Schoonspruit Kloof Mine WCW Unknown Unknown Unknown Maturation ponds No discharge proved Kroonstad STW Unknown Unknown Unknown Activated sludge and biological seep beds Unknown Leeudoorn Mine WCW Unknown Unknown 4 Unknown Discharge into the Loopspruit Leeuwkuil Unknown Unknown 41 Activated sludge and biofiltration systems Discharge into the Vaal River McComb WCW 26°12’49” 28°27’53” 9 Activated sludge Discharge into the Benoni Canal Meyerton 26°34’30” 28°58’30” Unknown Unknown Discharge into the Fouriespruit Olifantsvlei (construction of an additional 50 Mℓ/d has begun. To be completed 26°19’05” 27°53’55” 200, currently being upgraded Activated sludge Discharge into the Klip River by 2015) Palmietfontein Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Parys STW Unknown Unknown Unknown Biological filters Unknown Potchefstroom 26°44’50” 27°05’40” 23.75 Biological filtration and activated sludge Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit Discharge into the Elandsvlei to Randfontein Unknown Unknown 20 Activated sludge and biofiltration systems Hartebeespoort Dam Ratanda WCW 26°09’34” 28°28’36” 5 Unknown Unknown Rietspruit WCW (in Vanderbijlpark for Unknown Unknown 36 Activated sludge and biofiltration systems Discharge into the Rietspruit Emfuleni Municipality) Rondebult 26°17’45” 28°13’20” 36 Activated sludge Discharge into the Natalspruit Rynfield WCW 26°09’34” 28°28’36” 13 Activated sludge Discharge into the Benoni Canal Standerton STW 26°57’27” 29°13’56” Unknown None Discharge into the Vaal River Sebokeng WCW (Emfuleni Local Unknown Unknown 100 Activated sludge Unknown Municipality)

196 | Waste Water Works Upper Vaal WMA

Position Name of waste water treatment works Peak rated design flow capacity* (Mℓ/ Treatment process description Effluent disposal process Longitude Latitude day)

Standerton (Sakhile) 26°57’27” 29°13’56” Unknown None Discharge into the Vaal River Tsakane WCW 26°22’35” 28°21’58” 7.72 Biofilters and activated sludge Discharge into the Kaydalespruit Vlakplaats 26°21’15” 28°11’00” 83 Activated sludge Discharge into the Natalspruit Waterval 26°26’30” 28°05’45” 105 Activated sludge Discharge into the Klip River Wedela 26°29’13” 27°22’30” 2 Activated sludge Discharge into the Loopspruit Welgedacht Unknown Unknown 77 increasing to 177 in the near future Unknown Discharge into the Blesbokspruit Welverdiend 26°22’17” 27°15’21” 1 Activated sludge Discharge into the Wonderfonteinspruit West Driefontein (owned by a mine in Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Discharge into the Loopspruit Carletonville) Western Deep Levels Mine WCW 26°27’00” 27°25’30” Unknown Unknown Re-use

WCW: Water care works STW: Sewage treatment works Source: SSI Engineers and Environmental Consultants, 2002. Upper Vaal Water Management Area, Water Resources Situation Assessment Volume 3 using the Water Affairs document 1st Order Strategy to Develop Community Water Supply and Sanitation. Updated (in green) using the Infrastructure Masterplan for West Rand (Aganang Consulting 2008) and Green Drop Report (South African Department of Water Affairs) and confirmed by municipal officials.

197 | Waste Water Works South Africa 198 | Waste Water Works Ohenimuri WCW (forMidvaalMunicipality Name of wastewatertreatment worksName of Odendaalsrus STWs (2) Henneman STWs (2) Paul Roux STWs (2) Bothaville STWsBothaville (2) Allanridge STWsAllanridge (2) Beatrix mineSTW Free StateGeduld Petrus SteynSTW Bultfontein STWBultfontein Klerksdorp STW Oryx MineSTW Kroonstad STW Joel MineSTW Marquard STW in Walkerville) Edenville STWEdenville Arlington STWArlington Midvaal WCW Heilbron STW Senekal STW Lindley STWLindley Hoopstad Middle Vaal WMA Longitude Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Position Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Latitude Peak rated designflowcapacity(Mℓ/ Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 21.9 0.45 day) 3.0 0.6 0,3 1.2 8.0 1.5 1.8 4.1 5.0 3.8 3.1 10 10 1 5 Activated sludgeandbiologicalseepbeds Activated Activated sludge,Activated extended aeration Treatment process description Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biological/oxidation Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Dasveer system Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown For to andaportion irrigation Theronspruit Irrigation and a small proportion andasmall Irrigation intothe Irrigation and a small proportion andasmall Irrigation intothe Irrigation and into the Bosluisspruit andintothe Irrigation Discharge Schoonspruit intothe All effluent All re-used bymines Effluent disposal processEffluent Discharge intoSandRiver Discharge into Vals River Evaporation ponds Oxidation ponds Oxidation No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge No discharge Theronspruit Unknown Unknown Rietspruit Middle Vaal WMA

Position Name of waste water treatment works Peak rated design flow capacity (Mℓ/ Treatment process description Effluent disposal process Longitude Latitude day) Theunissen STWs (3) Unknown Unknown 4.9 Activated sludge and oxidation ponds No discharge Vaal Marina WCW (owned by Midvaal Unknown Unknown 2 Activated sludge (sequential batch reactor) Unknown Local Municipality, next to the Vaal Dam) Ventersburg STWs (2) Unknown Unknown 1.7 Oxidation ponds No discharge Viljoenskroon STW Unknown Unknown 3.5 Activated sludge Swamp Virginia STWs (2) Unknown Unknown 46 Activated sludge Re-use and a proportion into the Sand River Wesselsbron STW Unknown Unknown 3.4 Oxidation ponds No discharge Winburg STW Unknown Unknown 0.5 Activated sludge Discharge into the Winburgspruit Wolmaranstad STW Unknown Unknown Unknown Biosphere Discharge into Makwassiespruit Witpan STW (Welkom) Unknown Unknown 22 Biological Discharge onto Witpan Theronia STW (Welkom) Unknown Unknown 15 Biological Discharge onto Flamingo Pan Thabang STW (Welkom) Unknown Unknown 14 Biological Discharge into the Sand River (2) Number of sewage treatment works WCW: Water care works STW: Sewage treatment works Source: SSI Engineers and Environmental Consultants Water Resources Situation Assessment Study 2002 using the Water Affairs document 1st Order Strategy to Develop Community Water Supply and Sanitation for the Free State Province. Updated (in green) using Green Drop Report (South African Department of Water Affairs) and confirmed by municipal officials.

199 | Waste Water Works South Africa 200 | Waste Water Works STW: Sewagetreatmentworks WCW: Watercareworks * DWAwebsite(From WSAM)GPScoordinates Name of wastewatertreatment worksName of Schweizer Reneke Jan Kempdorp Olifantshoek Pampierstad Posmasburg Hartswater Kimberley Hotazel L o wer Vaal WMA 25.31472 * 23.07917 * 24.70611 * 22.75611 * 24.72028 * 24.80056 * 22.95444 * 24.81083 * Longitude Position -27.19917 * -28.34556 * -27.77722 * -27.92389 * -28.73972 * -27.91111 * -27.20833 * -27.74167 * Latitude Peak rated designflowcapacity*(Mℓ/ Unknown 0.38 day) 2.4 0.5 1.2 3 8 3 Treatment process description Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Effluent disposal processEffluent Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown South Africa 201 | Waste Water Works Bloemfontein: Bloemspruit Airforce BaseSTW Name of wastewatertreatment worksName of Bloemfontein: LangenhovenparkSTW Bloemfontein: BloemspruitSTW Bloemfontein: Noordelike STW Bloemfontein: WelvaartSTW Bloemfontein: South-eastern Bloemfontein: Meriting STWBloemfontein: Meriting Jagersfontein STW Ikgomotseng STW Aliwal North STW North Aliwal Dewetsdorp STW Fouriesburg STW Fauresmith STW Dealesville STWDealesville Upper OrangeWMA Hobhouse STW Jacobsdal STW Ficksburg STW Brandfort STW Edenberg STW Clocolan STW Soutpan STW Clarens STW Botshabelo Bainsvlei W ofBloemfontein;29°13’11”S N ofBloemfontein;29°02’43”S 29°07’24”S 26°16’51”E On road toDewetsdorp W ofBloemfontein W ofBloemfontein Botshabelo Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Position 26°12’13”E 26°07’21”E Peak rated designflowcapacity (Mℓ/day) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 0.04 0.55 0.75 0.7 7.2 0.3 3.6 1.2 5.0 6.5 6.2 1.2 20 30 57 5 Treatment process description Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Biofilters and activated sludge andactivated Biofilters Aerators anddams Activated sludge Activated Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Oxidation ponds Oxidation Biological filters Oxidation dams Oxidation Oxidation dams Oxidation dams Oxidation Conventional Conventional Unknown Unknown Unknown Discharge into stormwaterbalancingdamsdraining Discharge KleinModderRiver into the Some discharge, mainlyevaporation Small returnsSmall toKleinCaledon River Discharge Bloemspruit into the No returns, usedforirrigation No returns, usedforirrigation No returns, usedforirrigation Discharge Kaalspruit into the Effluent disposal processEffluent Reed bedsinspruit the ModderRiver the Caledon River Evaporation Evaporation No returns No returns No returns No returns No returns Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Upper Orange WMA

Peak rated design flow capacity Name of waste water treatment works Position (Mℓ/day) Treatment process description Effluent disposal process Koffiefontein STW Koffiefontein 1.8 Heismann – Verticle Discharge into the Riet River Ladybrand STW Unknown Unknown Unknown Discharge into spruit Luckoff Unknown 0.44 Oxidation ponds No returns Maseru Unknown 10 Unknown Discharge into Caledon River Oppermans STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returrns Philippolis STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returrns Reddersburg STW Unknown 0.47 Oxidation ponds Some discharge into spruit Rosendal STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returns Rouxville STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returns Selosesha STW Thaba Nchu 6 Activated sludge Discharge into the Sepanespruit Smithfield STW Unknown 0.52 Oxidation ponds Discharge to Groenspruit Springfontein STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returns Sterkwater STW SE of Bloemfontein 10 Biofilters and activated sludge Discharge into the Renosterpruit Thaba Patchoa STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds Evaporation dams Tweespruit STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returns, used for irrigation Wepener STW Unknown Unknown Oxidation ponds No returns Zastron STW Unknown Unknown Conventional Unknown

WCW: Water care works STW: Sewage treatment works Source: South African Department of Water Affairs P13000/00/0101: Water Resources Situation Assessment 2002 using the Water Affairs document 1st Order Strategy to Develop Community Water Supply and Sanitation.

202 | Waste Water Works South Africa 203 | Waste Water Works the WaterAffairsdocument1stOrderStrategytoDevelopCommunitySupplyandSanitation. Source: South AfricanDepartmentof WaterAffairsP14000/00/0101:ResourcesSituationAssessment2002using * DWAwebsite(From WSAM)GPScoordinates Name of wastewatertreatment worksName of Niekerkshoop Postmasburg Springbok Richmond Upington Prieska L De Aar o wer OrangeWMA 17°53’24”S 23°56’31”S 22°49’43”S 30°36’30”S 22.76639 * 21.24917 * 23°05’S Latitude Position -29.66667 * -28.44444 * 29°39'36"E 31°24'53"E 29°19'47"E 24°01'40"E Longitude 28°21'E Peak rated designflowcapacity (Mℓ/day) 0.001 1.23 0.07 1.55 1.48 2.7 48 Treatment process description Biofilter and activated sludge andactivated Biofilter Evaporation ponds Activated sludge Activated Activated sludge Activated Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation Effluent disposal processEffluent Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown