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Capítulo 13. Tagua. Phytelephas Aequatorialis See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259823093 Capítulo 13. Tagua. Phytelephas aequatorialis Chapter · November 2013 CITATIONS READS 6 3,204 3 authors, including: Rommel Montúfar Grischa Brokamp Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Freie Universität Berlin 52 PUBLICATIONS 312 CITATIONS 35 PUBLICATIONS 322 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Integrated Biodiversity Management in Exemplar Regions of Colombia (COLBIODIV) View project RAPHIA View project All content following this page was uploaded by Rommel Montúfar on 22 January 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. PALMAS ECUATORIANAS: BIOLOGÍA Y USO SOSTENIBLE Editado por Renato Valencia, Rommel Montúfar Hugo Navarrete & Henrik Balslev Publicaciones del Herbario QCA de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito, Ecuador. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Este libro es en colaboración con Department of Biosciences Aarhus University Denmark Publicado en 2013 Primera edición Todos los derechos reservados Impreso en Imprenta Mariscal Editores: Renato Valencia, Rommel Montúfar, Hugo Navarrete & Henrik Balslev Asistencia de edición y corrección de lenguaje: María Dolores Villamar Ilustraciones: Noemí Cevallos Ilustración de la portada: Soledad Zurita Diseño y diagramación: JLB, AZUCA ISBN: 978-9942-13-263-5 almera solitaria con tallos café os- curos de 1–8 m de alto y 10–20 cm Pde diámetro, con prominentes ci- catrices foliares (Figura 13-1A y H). Son palmas que producen flores masculinas y femeninas en diferentes individuos (dioicas). Corona de 8–15 hojas erectas, hojas de 6–8 m de largo con 200–300 folíolos ordenados en grupos y proyecta- dos en diferentes planos de orientación; pecíolo fibroso que favorece la acumu- lación de fibras en la base de la corona. La inflorescencia masculina es una espiga péndula (con flores de 1–1.5 cm de lar- go) que crece rápidamente hasta 1–2.5 m × 7–15 cm de diámetro; es de color crema a marrón dependiendo del estado de madurez y puede ser única o múltiple (Figura 13-1C y D). La inflorescencia fe- menina de 35–40 cm (con ~15–20 flores de ~20 cm de largo) aparece entre la base de las hojas cubierta por las fibras de los pecíolos foliares. Infrutescencia esférica en forma de cabezuela de hasta 40 cm de diámetro, tiene consistencia de madera y proyecciones cónicas de ~1 cm (Figura 13-1F); cada infrutescencia con 7–22 fru- 13 tos y cada fruto con 5–8 semillas. El teji- do nutricional que acompaña al embrión (endospermo) es líquido o gelatinoso en un inicio y se vuelve sólido y blanco en la madurez; este tejido maduro es el marfil TAGUA vegetal o tagua (Figura 13-1G), nombre con el que también se conoce al fruto y a la palma. Caracteres diagnósticos: Pal- ma de tamaño medio, hojas erectas con Phytelephas aequatorialis folíolos en grupos de 4–7 y proyecta- dos en varios planos de orientación, con gran acumulación de materia orgánica Rommel Montúfar, Grischa Brokamp en la base de las hojas, flores masculinas & Janice Jácome prominentes y en espiga, infrutescencia PALMAS ECUATORIANAS: BIOLOGÍA Y USO SOSTENIBLE A B C D G E F H Figura 13-1. (A) Población de tagua en la localidad de San Plácido, Manabí. (B) Segmento superior de la hoja pinnada. (C) Inflorescencia masculina. (D) Detalle de la inflorescencia. (E) Inflorescencia femenina. (F) Infrutescencia. (G) Corte transversal del fruto, con semillas con endospermo semimaduro. (H) Cicatrices foliares en el tallo de la tagua. Fotos: (A, G) R. Montúfar; (B–F, H) R. Jarrín. 13. TAGUA grande y esférica con proyecciones cónicas. Biología y ecología Especies similares: Phytelephas tumacana La estructura poblacional de la tagua (del suroeste de Colombia y recientemen- varía en función del tipo de hábitat. En sis- te también reportada cerca de la localidad temas agroforestales, arboledas, pastizales o de San Lorenzo, Esmeraldas1,2) presenta bosques secundarios, existe una alta densi- folíolos dispuestos en un solo plano de dad de juveniles (individuos >1 m sin tron- orientación. Ambas especies son morfoló- co visible) frente a adultos (individuos con gicamente similares, pero estudios molecu- tronco visible y con órganos reproductivos, lares las ratifican como especies diferentes3. hasta 30:1) pero hay una ausencia casi to- Aphandra natalia y P. tenuicaulis también tal de subadultos (individuos con troncos tienen frutos en cabezuela y flores mascu- pero sin órganos reproductivos)4,5. En con- linas prominentes. A. natalia, sin embar- traste, la estructura poblacional de la tagua go, tiene hojas con folíolos regularmente en bosques maduros se caracteriza por una distribuidos e insertados en un solo plano baja densidad de individuos en todos los de orientación, gran acumulación de fi- estadios de crecimiento4,5 y la relación en- bras negras y duras en la base de las hojas tre adultos, subadultos, y juveniles es más y presencia de escamas color negro en el equilibrada (15:1, juveniles/adultos). Ade- pecíolo, los folíolos y la vaina. P. tenuicaulis más la abundancia de individuos es mayor puede tener tallos múltiples y de menor ta- en colinas y laderas que en áreas inundadas, maño que la tagua (usualmente de <7 m donde la densidad de juveniles es consi- × <10 cm) y su fruto es mucho más pe- derablemente menor4. Como el 75 % de queño. Además, A. natalia y P. tenuicaulis la cobertura vegetal de la Costa y las estri- están restringidas a la Amazonía. baciones occidentales ha sido deforestada6 Tabla 13-1. Demografía y proporción de individuos masculinos y femeninos de P. aequatorialis en una hectárea. Localidad Tipo de bosque Tipo de manejo Nº de Nº de adultos Nº de Nº de Nº de Proporción de (altitud en m) individuos subadultos juveniles plántulas sexos f:m Cotopaxi 10 Húmedo Arboleda de 1 279 365 00914 1:0.9 San Francisco de subtropical tagua en las Pampas pastizal (1 325) Cotopaxi 10 Húmedo Bosque 1 260 40 30 20 1 170 Solo hembras Palo Quemado subtropical primario (1 325) Esmeraldas 10 Húmedo tropical Sistema 491 373 63 55 a 1:0.8 Río Santiago agroforestal sin plántulas (5) Manabí 5 Valles Arboleda de 287 131 0 142 14 1:0.8 Canuto tagua en (37) pastizal Manabí 5 Valles Bosque 5 879 365 75 007 500 1:1.4 Junín secundario (93) a = no cuantificado PALMAS ECUATORIANAS: BIOLOGÍA Y USO SOSTENIBLE una importante fracción de las poblaciones influyen en la productividad de hojas e de tagua se encuentra en pastizales, bos- infrutescencias bajo diferentes tipos de ques degradados y sistemas de manejo. La manejo4. Por ejemplo, en sistemas agro- ausencia de subadultos en estas poblaciones forestales tagua-cacao, la edad del indivi- limita críticamente su regeneración natural duo y la estacionalidad son factores deter- y es un síntoma de que tales poblaciones no minantes en la productividad de hojas4. son viables, lo que pone en serio riesgo la De igual manera la disponibilidad de luz conservación de la especie y su variabilidad ha sido correlacionada con el crecimiento genética (Tabla 13-1). y la productividad en palmas de tagua en El uso del bosque afecta la proporción bosques tropicales10. La productividad de de sexos en las poblaciones de tagua. En hojas es mayor en individuos machos que bosques bajo manejo (arboledas con o sin en hembras9. Esto tiene una importante remoción, sistemas agroforestales) la pro- implicación en el manejo ya que se co- porción de hembras es mayor que la de sechan hojas de las palmas macho (cade) machos (Tabla 13-1). Esta desviación está para la elaboración de techados. Las relacionada con el interés del campesino hembras invierten más energía en la pro- por dejar en pie individuos femeninos ducción de grandes infrutescencias, pero productores de tagua en detrimento de los producen menos hojas y en promedio de masculinos. En localidades de la provincia menor tamaño10. de Manabí, donde el aprovechamiento del Una tagua hembra puede producir recurso está dirigido a la cosecha de hojas hasta 16 infrutescencias anualmente y una provenientes del individuo macho (cade), infrutescencia puede llegar a pesar 8–15 la proporción de sexos se mantiene cerca kilogramos. Cada una tiene 20–30 frutos del equilibrio 1:1 (Tabla 13-1). El efecto oblicuos, maderables y con protuberan- de la desviación en la proporción de sexos cias cónicas en la superficie7. En sistemas no ha sido estudiado, pero a futuro esta agroforestales se han encontrado 21–25.6 podría tener impactos negativos en la es- frutos/infrutescencia con 4.4–6 semillas/ tructura genética de las poblaciones. fruto y en bosque secundario 18.9–25.2 Su desarrollo vegetativo no ha sido in- frutos/infrutescencia con 4.4–5.8 semi- vestigado; sin embargo observaciones in- llas/fruto5,10. Se necesitan por lo menos directas sugieren que la tagua requiere 10 10–11 infrutescencias para obtener un años para alcanzar el desarrollo morfoló- quintal (45.36 kg) de semillas (peso seco) gico completo (subadulto) y 14–15 años con cáscara7. El tiempo de maduración de para llegar a la madurez sexual. Se puede una infrutescencia, desde flor hasta la for- calcular en 35–40 años la edad de indivi- mación de la semilla pétrea (tagua), es de duos con troncos de dos metros de alto7. 3–5 años5. Asimismo, para la especie P. seemannii se La inflorescencia masculina atrae una ha reportado que requiere 24 años para gran diversidad de insectos como coleóp- iniciar la fase reproductiva8. teros, dípteros, himenópteros y arácnidos. Factores ambientales como la luz, la Palmeras del género Phytelephas producen edad del individuo y la estacionalidad p-metilanisol para atraer coleópteros de 13.
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