Notes and Sources
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Notes and Sources In setting out sources of information used in the book, the following abbreviations are used: A.A.A.S. Official report of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science-the present ANZAAS. A.D.B. Australian Dictionary of Biography (Melbourne, 1966- ). A. & P.A. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania. Arnhem Land C. P. Mountford ed., Records of the American Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land, val. 2, 'Anthropology and Nutrition' (Melbourne, 1960). Bass Strait Bass Strait: Australia's Last Frontier (A.B.C. talks, Sydney, 1969) by S. Murray-Smith et al. Beveridge Peter Beveridge, 'Of the Aborigines Inhabiting the Great Lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray, Lower Murrumbidgee', etc., in R.S.N.S.W., 1883, val. 17, pp. 19-74. Buckley John Morgan, The Life and Adventures of William Buckley (Melbourne, 1967, ed. C. E. Sayers). Cotton B. C. Cotton ed., Aboriginal Man in South and Central Australia (Adelaide, 1966) Part 1. Curr E. M. Curr, The Australian Race (Melbourne, 1886) 4 vols. E. M. Curr, Recollections of Squatting in Vic toria (Melbourne, 1965, H. Foster ed.). 255 Triumph of the Nomads E.B. Encyclopaedia Britannica, editions of 1910-11 or 1962. Grey George Grey, journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia (London, 1841) 2 vols. Jones Rhys Jones, 'The Geographical Background to the Arrival of Man in Australia and Tasmania', A. & P.A., 1968, vol. 3, pp. 186-215. MacGillivray J. MacGillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake (London, 1852) 2 vols. Mitchell T. L. Mitchell, Three Expeditions into the In terim· of Eastern Australia (London, 1839) 2 vols. Mulvaney D. J. Mulvaney, The Prehistory of Australia (London, 1969): a revised edition is to appear in 1975. Mulvaney and D. J. Mulvaney and J. Golson, ed., Aboriginal Golson Man and Environment in Australia (Canberra, 1971). A series of papers at seminars which brought together recent research from a variety of disciplines. N.Mus.Vic Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria. Plomley N. J. B. Plomley, Friendly Mission: the Tas manian journals and Papers of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (Hobart, 1966). Friendly Mission: a Supplement (Tas.Hist.Res. Assocn., Hobart, 1971). Q.Vic.Mus. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum, Laun ceston. R.S.N.S. TV. Proceedings of Royal Society of New South Wales. R.S.V. Proceedings of Royal Society of Victoria. R.S.W.A. journal of the Royal Society of Western Aus tralia. Smyth R. Brough Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, with notes on other parts of Australia (Mel bourne, 1878) 2 vols. Thomson D. F. Thomson, Economic Structure and the Ceremonial Exchange Cycle in Arnhem Land (Melbourne, 1949). 256 Notes and Sources Torres Strait D. Walker ed., Bridge and Barrier: the Natural and Cultural History of Torres Strait (Canberra, 1972)-containing 16 papers given at a Can berra symposium in Dec. 1971. In the following notes the verbose titles of articles are some times shortened, and details of publications are not always given in full when they appear in the notes for a second or third time. Page Chapter I-FIRE ON THE LAKE 4 Lake Mungo: J. M. Bowler, 'Pleistocene Salinities and Climatic Change', Mulvaney and Golson, p. 59. 4 Aboriginals at Lake Mungo: J. M. Bowler, Rhys Jones, Harry Allen and A. G. Thorne, 'Pleistocene Human Remains from Australia', World Archaeology, 1970, vol. 2, pp. 39-60. 6 Thorne on crushed bones: ibid., p. 57. 7 Ice ages affected animal evolution: D. B. Ericson and G. Wollin, The Ever-Changing Sea (London, 1971), p. 199. 7 Europe in last ice age: ibid., pp. 138-9. 7 Australian climate 30,000 years ago: A. B. Costin, 'Vegetation, Soils and Climate', in Mulvaney and Golson, pp. 35-7. 8 Low sea level during last cold epoch: R. W. Galloway and E. Loffier, 'Aspects of Geomorphology and Soils in the Torres Strait Region', in Torres Strait, p. 25. They suggest that, about 20,000 years ago, the sea level was perhaps 600 feet lower than now. In contrast 400 feet is closer to the figure sometimes preferred; see J. N. Jennings in Mulvaney and Golson, p. 4. 10 Australia's continental shelf: J. N. Jennings, 'Sea Level Change and Land Links', in Mulvaney and Golson, pp. 3-6. 10 Dating of recent volcanoes in south-east Australia: information from Bernard Joyce, Geology Dept., Melbourne University. 11 Mexican volcano: C. Ollier, Volcanoes (Canberra, 1969), p. 18. 13 Grooved axe at Tower Hill: D. J. Mulvaney, 'Prehistory of the Basalt Plains', in R.S. V. vol. 77, pp. 427-32. Chapter 2-THE DISCOVERERS 17 D. J. Mulvaney, The Prehistory of Australia, p. 58. 17 J. N. Jennings, 'Sea Level Changes and Land Links', in Mul- vaney and Golson, pp. 6-7. 257 Page Triumph of the Nomads 19 W. E. Harney, Taboo (Sydney, 1943), pp. 200-2. 19 Tasmanian raft-canoes: exhibit in Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. See also D. F. Thomson, 'Notes on Some Primitive Watercraft in Northern Australia', Man, 1952, vol. 52, pp. 1-5. 19 Ocean voyages of Tasmanians: Plomley, Friendly Mission, pp. 379, 465. For a drawing of a Tasmanian raft-canoe see Plomley, Friendly Mission: a Supplement, p. 16 and plate 2. 21 Polynesian voyages: G. M. Dening, 'The Geographical Know- ledge of the Polynesians', journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 71, 1962, Supplement on 'Polynesian Navigation', esp. p. 131. 21 Analogy between discovering islands and mining fields: G. Blainey, 'A Theory of Mineral Discovery: Australia in the Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 1970, vol. 23, pp. 304 ff. 22 G. A. Robinson in Plomley, p. 300. 23 Indonesia's frequent volcanoes: G. A. Macdonald, 'Volcano', in E.B., 1962, vol. 23, p. 243. 24 Rhys Jones, editorial in Mankind, 1969, vol. 7, no. 2. 24 Oenpelli camp site: Carmel White, 'Man and Environment in North-west Arnhem Land', Mulveney and Golson, p. 147 ff. 25 Tropical axes: ibid., p. 153. 25 J. Golson, 'Australian Aboriginal Food Plants', in Mulvaney and Golson, pp. 196-209. 27 Seeds eaten on plains: R. Jones, 'Emerging Picture of Pleisto- cene Australians', Nature, 30 Nov. 1973, p. 281. 29 M. J. Meggitt, Desert People: a Study of the Walbiri Aborigines of Central Australia (Sydney, 1962), pp. 50-1. 29 Fluid tribal boundaries: E. C. Black, 'Population and Tribal Distribution', in B. C. Cotton ed., Aboriginal Man in South and Central Australia (Adelaide, 1966), p. 105. 31 Fragmentation by languages: D. T. Tryon, 'Linguistic Evidence and Aboriginal Origins', in Mulvaney and Golson, esp. pp. 350-2. 31 Sydney languages: A Capell, 'Aboriginal Languages in the South Central Coast, New South Wales: Fresh Discoveries.' Oceania, 1971, vol. 41, pp. 22-4. 258 Page Notes and Sources Chapter 3-THE TASMANIANS: OUTLINE OF A PUZZLE 32 French visit: L. A. Triebel, 'Marion du Fresne: Pioneer Ex- plorer', Papers of Tasmanian Historical Research Association, 1972, vol. 19, pp. 126-8. 33 Hair of Tasmanians and mainlanders: Plomley, pp. 15, 19-20; R. M. and Catherine H. Berndt, The First Australians, (Sydney, 1967 edn.), p. 31. 33 Fair hair: A. A. Abbie, 'Physical Characteristics' in B. C. Cotton, pp. 19-20. 33 Shaler's ice sheets: P. K. Weyl, Oceanography: an Introduction to the Marine Environment (New York, 1970), p. 453. 34 Date of the Deluge: Beeton's Dictionary of Universal Informa- tion (London, c. 1859) vol. 1, p. 1. According to Archbishop Usher the world had been created on 23 Oct. 4004 B.C.: Noah entered his Ark in 2349 B.C. 34 'Longest ... isolation': Rhys Jones, 'Bass Straight in Prehistory', in Bass Straight, p. 27. 34 Belief that primitive peoples were static: D. J. Mulvaney, 'Dis- covering Man's P.lace in Nature', in The Australian Academy of Humanities, Proceedings 1971 (Sydney, 1971), pp. 50-1. 36 'One of the Makolo': Curr, Australian Race, vol. 1, p. 167. 36 Negro ancestry of Australians: Curr, vol. 1, pp. 152, 158, 183-4 and vol. 3, p. 604. 37 Quaint notes on Andaman Islanders: E.B. 1910-11, vol. 1, p. 956. 37 Cook's theory of common origin of Pacific languages: J. C. Beaglehole ed., The journals of Captain james Cook, vol. 3, part 2, pp. 784, 789. 38 William Bligh, A Voyage to the South Sea (London, 1792), p. 51. 38 Tasmanian languages: Rhys Jones, 'The Demography of Hunters and Farmers in Tasmania', Mulvaney and Golson, pp. 279. 39 Dravidian theory: A. W. Howitt, 'On the Origins of the Abo- rigines of Tasmania and Australia', in A.A.A.S. (Sydney, 1898), pp. 747-9. 40 C. Arnold, in E.B., 1910-11, vol. 2, p. 756. 40 J. B. Birdsell, 'Preliminary Data on the Trihybrid Origin of the Australian Aborigines', A. & P.A., vol. 2, 1967, pp. 100-55. 45 Air raids: A. G. Thorne, in Mulvaney and Golson, p. 317. 46 Tasmanians possibly modified by isolation: S. L. Larnach and 259 Page Triumph of the Nomads N. W. G. Macintosh, 'The Keppel Islanders: A Supplement to the Craniology of the Aborigines of Queensland', in A. & P.A., 1972, vol. 7, p. 12. 46 Keppel Islands; ibid., pp. 8-14. 46 African pygmies: R. Oliver and J. D. Fage, A Short History of Africa (London, 1966), p. 19. 47 A. G. Thorne, 'Mungo and Kow Swamp: Morphological Varia- tion in Pleistocene Australians', Mankind, 1971, vol. 8, pp. 86-9. Chapter 4-THE DEATH OF THE GIANTS 51 Clarke and the diprotodon: Clarke's correspondence in Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia (Brit. Parlt. Papers, London, Dec.