Le Rôle Politique Des Abbés Pierre Maillard, Jean-Louis Le Loutre Et François Picquet Dans Les Relations Franco-Amérindiennes À La Fin Du Régime Français (1734-1763)

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Le Rôle Politique Des Abbés Pierre Maillard, Jean-Louis Le Loutre Et François Picquet Dans Les Relations Franco-Amérindiennes À La Fin Du Régime Français (1734-1763) MAXIME MORIN LE RÔLE POLITIQUE DES ABBÉS PIERRE MAILLARD, JEAN-LOUIS LE LOUTRE ET FRANÇOIS PICQUET DANS LES RELATIONS FRANCO-AMÉRINDIENNES À LA FIN DU RÉGIME FRANÇAIS (1734-1763) Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en histoire pour l’obtention du grade de maître ès art (M.A.) DÉPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE FACULTÉ DES LETTRES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2009 © Maxime Morin, 2009 RÉSUMÉ Les abbés Pierre Maillard, Jean-Louis Le Loutre et François Picquet ont joué le rôle d’intermédiaires politiques entre l’administration coloniale de la Nouvelle-France et les Amérindiens de 1734 à 1763. Les pertes territoriales liées à la signature du traité d’Utrecht de 1713 incitent la France à maintenir son réseau d’alliances avec les Micmacs de l’Acadie et les Iroquois de la vallée laurentienne. La présence missionnaire s’avère alors essentielle pour mettre en application les politiques coloniales françaises. Les prêtres sont appelés à collaborer avec l’administration coloniale puisqu’ils possèdent un ascendant sur leurs ouailles lié à leur formation sacredotale ainsi qu’à leur connaisance des langues et des mœurs amérindiennes. En outre, leur entreprise de christianisation converge avec les intérêts politiques français. Les activités qu’ils mènent sur les scènes diplomatique et militaire montrent enfin qu’ils tentent de rendre l’attachement des Amérindiens à la religion catholique indissociable de la fidélité à la France. AVANT-PROPOS Ce travail de longue haleine est le produit de plusieurs personnes qui, depuis quelques années, ont contribué de près ou de loin à ma formation académique et mon expérience en recherche. Je leur en suis redevable. Je voudrais d’abord souligner le support, la générosité, la grande disponibilité et les nombreux conseils de mon directeur de recherche, Paul-André Dubois, sans qui les six dernières années n’auraient pu être aussi formatrices. Je tiens sincèrement à le remercier de sa confiance, qui m’aura permis de gravir les premiers échelons du monde de la recherche. Je remercie également tous mes professeurs pour leur disponibilité, plus particulièrement Alain Laberge, Donald Fyson et Johanne Daigle pour leurs conseils. Des remerciements doivent aussi être adressés à Rénald Lessard, de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, à Anne Laplante, du Centre de référence de l’Amérique française, et à Pierre Lafontaine, des Archives de l’Archidiocèse de Québec, qui ont guidé mes recherches en archives. Je tiens à signaler l’aide qui m’a été offerte par la direction et le personnel du Centre interuniversitaire d’études québécoises. La mise à ma disposition d’un poste de travail et de ressources informatiques, puis l’aide financière qui m’a été accordée pour participer à un colloque international auront facilité mon entreprise. Je souhaite enfin remercier les organismes et institutions qui ont subventionné mes recherches : le Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada, le Fonds québécois de recherche sur la société et la culture, le Musée de la civilisation de Québec et le Département d’histoire de l’Université Laval. Enfin, une pensée toute spéciale pour ma conjointe, Anne-Josée, qui a tenu le fort au cours des trois derniers mois, ma famille, tout spécialement Mélanie, Dominique et Sarah, et mes amis, particulièrement Stéphane, Maxym, Mathieu, Jean-Philippe et Alexandre qui par leur soutien, présence, aide et patience auront permis que ce mémoire soit rédigé dans les délais prescrits pour mon passage au doctorat. Merci à tous. Maxime Morin Prendre conscience de soi, c’est donc cesser de vivre par délégation pour se convertir à soi-même. Fernand Dumont TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................i AVANT-PROPOS................................................................................................................. ii TABLE DES MATIÈRES.....................................................................................................iv LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS .............................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................................1 1 UNE NOUVELLE-FRANCE SUR LA DÉFENSIVE AU LENDEMAIN DU TRAITÉ D’UTRECHT (1713-1734).............................................................................................25 1.1 Le choc des projets coloniaux français et anglais au tournant du XVIIIe siècle......25 1.2 Le traité d’Utrecht de 1713......................................................................................29 1.3 Maintenir la souveraineté française en territoire frontalier : une priorité................33 1.3.1 Réaffirmer la présence de la France en Acadie ................................................34 1.3.2 Endiguer les colonies anglaises à la frontière des Appalaches.........................43 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................49 2 TROIS INTERMÉDIAIRES DE CHOIX POUR MAINTENIR L’ALLIANCE FRANCO-AMÉRINDIENNE ........................................................................................52 2.1 De jeunes prêtres formés pour oeuvrer en Nouvelle-France?..................................52 2.2 S’adapter aux conditions de l’apostolat chez les Amérindiens................................60 2.2.1 L’implantation progressive de l’abbé Picquet au poste de missionnaire..........62 2.2.2 Un défi relevé pour les abbés Maillard et Le Loutre en Acadie .......................64 2.3 Développer un ascendant sur les populations amérindiennes..................................71 2.4 Intensifier les contacts entre les missionnaires et les Amérindiens par l’établissement de missions ....................................................................................78 2.4.1 Maintenir les Micmacs dans l’orbite géopolitique française............................79 2.4.2 Le lac des Deux-Montagnes et La Présentation : deux bastions amérindiens ..89 2.5 Devenir des atouts non négligeables pour les autorités coloniales..........................97 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................106 3 DES MISSIONNAIRES ACTIFS SUR LES SCÈNES DIPLOMATIQUE ET MILITAIRE FRANCO-AMÉRINDIENNES...............................................................108 3.1 Servir d’interprète et d’intermédiaire dans la constitution de députations iroquoises ..............................................................................................................................108 3.2 S’impliquer dans la cérémonie annuelle de distribution des présents aux Micmacs ..............................................................................................................................114 3.2.1 Assister le gouverneur de Louisbourg à titre d’interprète ..............................114 3.2.2 Quand l’alliance politique se double d’une alliance religieuse ......................116 3.2.3 Passer de l’interprète au conseiller du gouverneur de Louisbourg? ...............118 3.3 Promouvoir les intérêts français à travers la distribution d’armement aux Amérindiens..........................................................................................................120 3.4 Produire des documents qui forgent l’alliance franco-amérindienne ....................123 3.4.1 Établir un code de règles de conduite chez les Micmacs................................123 3.4.2 Rédiger une déclaration de guerre des Micmacs aux Anglais........................124 3.4.3 Utiliser les revendications territoriales des Micmacs et des Malécites pour empêcher la résolution d’un conflit anglo-amérindien...................................126 v 3.4.4 Diffuser des harangues iroquoises pour promouvoir la mission du lac des Deux-Montagnes.............................................................................................130 3.5 Optimiser le potentiel militaire des Amérindiens en temps de conflits.................134 3.5.1 Collaborer aux opérations militaires franco-amérindiennes...........................135 3.5.2 Réguler le comportement des guerriers amérindiens......................................138 3.5.3 Les impacts de leur participation militaire sur leur apostolat.........................142 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................147 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................149 BIBLIOGRAPHIE..............................................................................................................155 1 Sources..........................................................................................................................155 1.1 Instruments de recherche.......................................................................................155 1.2 Principaux fonds et collections consultés ..............................................................155 1.3 Manuscrits en langues amérindiennes ...................................................................156 1.4 Sources imprimées.................................................................................................157 2 Références bibliographiques.........................................................................................162
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