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DEAD SEA , REVISE AND REPEAT

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SBL EARLY AND ITS LITERATURE

Rodney A. Werline, General Editor

Editorial Board: Randall D. Chesnutt Kelley N. Coblentz Bautch Maxine L. Grossman Carol Newsom

Number 52

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SBL SCROLLS, REVISE AND REPEAT

New Methods and Perspectives

Edited by Carmen Palmer, Andrew R. Krause, Eileen Schuller, and John Screnock

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SBL Atlanta

Copyright © 2020 by Society of Biblical Literature

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Palmer, Carmen, editor. | Krause, Andrew R., editor. | Schuller, Eileen M., 1946– editor. | Screnock, John, editor. Title: , revise and repeat : new methods and perspectives / edited by Carmen Palmer, Andrew R. Krause, Eileen Schuller, and John Screnock. Description: Atlanta : SBL Press, [2020] | Series: Early Judaism and its literature; 52 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019059604 (print) | LCCN 2019059605 (ebook) | ISBN 9781628372731 (paperback) | ISBN 9780884144359 (hardback) | ISBN 9780884144366 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Dead Sea scrolls. | community. Classification: LCC BM487 .D44977 2020 (print) | LCC BM487 (ebook) | DDC 296.1/55—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019059604 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019059605 Press

SBL Contents

Acknowledgments...... vii Abbreviations...... ix Introduction: New Approaches to Old Questions Andrew R. Krause, Carmen Palmer, and John Screnock...... 1

Part 1. Law, Language, and Literary Formation Rule Texts from Qumran on the Spectrum of Jewish Legal Development Sarianna Metso...... 23 A Legal Approach to Textual Authority at Qumran: The Penal Codes as a Test Case Jonathan Vroom...... 35 Assessing the Character of Hebrew in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Historical Linguistics, Numerical Syntax, and the Notion of a Distinct Dead Sea Scrolls Hebrew John Screnock...... 59 Variant Readings in the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Tool for Ongoing Research on the Textual Status and Linguistic Settings of Ancient Jewish Aramaic Literature Andrew B. Perrin and Brandon DiggensPress...... 93 Isaiah at Qumran and in the of Matthew Kyung S. Baek...... 119

Part 2. Space and Time The Threat of the Monstrous in the Scrolls Heather MacumberSBL...... 145 vi Contents

Sectarian Identity and Angels Associated with : A Comparison of 7–12 with 1QS, 11QMelchizedek, and 1QM Matthew L. Walsh...... 169 Function and Creativity in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Cryptic Calendars from Qumran Helen R. Jacobus...... 199 Spirits of Controversy in My Bodily Structures: Spatiality of Body and Community in Qumran Apotropaic Prayers Andrew R. Krause...... 251

Part 3. The Body Sexuality and Self-Deprecation in the Thanksgiving : Questions of Celibacy and the Presence of Women in the Yaḥad Nicholas Meyer...... 279 Masculinities and the Men of the Qumran Communities: Reevaluating the Ideals of Purification, Power, and Performance in the Dead Sea Scrolls Jessica M. Keady...... 305 Circumcision of the Heart in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the : Spiritual, Moral, and Ethnic Carmen Palmer...... 327 Experiencing the Solidity of Spaces in the Qumran Hodayot Angela Kim Harkins...... 353

Contributors...... 373 Ancient Sources Index...... Press 379 Author Index...... 397 SBL Acknowledgments

Many of the chapters in this volume began as papers at two special ses- sions held at the Canadian Society of in May 2016 and 2017. We would like to extend thanks to the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies for including these sessions and to all our colleagues who attended and provided insightful feedback. This volume was inspired, in part, by the desire to foster further conversation and collegiality among the schol- ars working with the Dead Sea Scrolls and beyond. We would also like to thank all our colleagues who contributed chapters to this volume, the contents of which explore new methods, reassess former conclusions with creativity and insight, and offer a multitude of ideas to spark fur- ther thought and consideration. We are grateful to Eileen Schuller for her guidance, mentorship, and insight shared throughout the compilation of the volume. We are also grateful to Nicole L. Tilford, of SBL Press, and Rodney Werline, editor of the series Early Judaism and Its Literature, for all their assistance in improving and bringing this volume to completion. May the conversations begun in this volume continue to be revised and rewritten in the days and years ahead. Press

SBL-vii - Press

SBL Abbreviations

Dead Sea Scrolls

1Q8 Isaiahb 1Q19 1Q20 Genesis 1Q21 Testament of or Aramaic Levi Document 1Q23 , Giantsa 1Q24 Enoch, Giantsb? 1Q26 Instruction 1Q27 Mysteries 1Q32 New 1Q71 Daniela 1Q72 Danielb 1QapGen 1QHa Hodayota or Thanksgiving Hymnsa 1QM Milḥamah or War 1QpHab 1QS Serekh ha-Yaḥad or Rule of the Community 2Q24 New Jerusalem 2Q26 Enoch, 364-DCT 364-Day Calendar Traditions 3Q4 Pesher Isaiah Press 3Q14 Unclassified fragments 3Q15 Scroll 4Q2 Genesisb 4Q7 Genesisg 4Q10 Genesisk 4Q55 Isaiaha 4Q56 Isaiahb

SBL-ix - x Abbreviations

4Q57 Isaiahc 4Q58 Isaiahd 4Q59 Isaiahe 4Q60 Isaiahf 4Q61 Isaiahg 4Q62 Isaiahh 4Q63 Isaiahj 4Q64 Isaiahk 4Q65 Isaiahl 4Q66 Isaiahm 4Q67 Isaiahn 4Q68 Isaiaho 4Q69 Isaiahp 4Q69a Isaiahq 4Q69b Isaiahr 4Q159 Ordinancesa 4Q161 Pesher Isaiaha 4Q162 Pesher Isaiahb 4Q163 Pesher Isaiahc 4Q164 Pesher Isaiahd 4Q165 Pesher Isaiahe 4Q169 Pesher Nahum 4Q174 Florilegium, also on Eschatologya 4Q176 Tanḥumim 4Q177 Catena A, also Midrash on Eschatologyb 4Q184 Wiles of the Wicked Woman 4Q186 Horoscope 4Q196 Tobita 4Q197 Tobitb 4Q198 Tobitc 4Q199 Tobitd 4Q201 Enocha Press 4Q202 Enochb 4Q203 Enoch, Giantsa 4Q204 Enochc 4Q205 Enochd 4Q206 Enoche 4Q207 Enochf 4Q208 SBLEnoch, astronomical booksa Abbreviations xi

4Q209 Enoch, astronomical booksb 4Q210 Enoch, astronomical booksc 4Q211 Enoch, astronomical booksd 4Q212 Enochg 4Q213 Levia 4Q213a Levib 4Q213b Levic 4Q214 Levid 4Q214a Levie 4Q214b Levif 4Q216 Jubileesa 4Q217 Jubileesb? 4Q218 Jubileesc 4Q219 Jubileesd 4Q220 Jubileese 4Q221 Jubileesf 4Q222 Jubileesg 4Q223 Jubileesh Apocryphon of Daniel 4Q251 A 4Q252 Commentary on Genesis A 4Q256 Serekh ha-Yaḥadb or Rule of the Communityb 4Q258 Serekh ha-Yaḥadd or Rule of the Communityd 4Q259 Serekh ha-Yaḥade or Rule of the Communitye 4Q261 Serekh ha-Yaḥadg or Rule of the Communityg 4Q265 Miscellaneous Rules 4Q266 Damascus Documenta 4Q267 Damascus Documentb 4Q269 Damascus Documentd 4Q270 Damascus Documente 4Q274 Toḥorot A 4Q285 Sefer ha-Milḥamah Press 4Q286 Berakhota 4Q287 Berakhotb 4Q288 Berakhotc 4Q289 Berakhotd 4Q290 Berakhote 4Q299 Mysteriesa 4Q300 SBLMysteriesb xii Abbreviations

4Q301 Mysteriesc? 4Q317 Cryptic A Phases of the Moon 4Q318 Zodiology and Brontology 4Q319 Otot 4Q320 Calendrical Document Mishmarot A 4Q321 Calendrical Document Mishmarot B 4Q321a Calendrical Document Mishmarot C 4Q322 Mishmarot A 4Q324 Mishmarot C 4Q325 Calendrical Document Mishmarot D 4Q332 Historical Text D 4Q334 Ordo 4Q364 Reworked Pentateuchb or 4QPentateuchb 4Q365 Reworked Pentateuchc or 4QPentateuchc 4Q385 Pseudo-Ezekiela 4Q394 Miqṣat Maʿaśê ha-Toraha 4Q400 Shirot ʿOlat Hashabbata or Songs of the Sabbath Sacrificea 4Q401 Shirot ʿOlat Hashabbatb or Songs of the Sabbath Sacrificeb 4Q403 Shirot ʿOlat Hashabbatd or Songs of the Sabbath Sacrificed 4Q405 Shirot ʿOlat Hashabbatf or Songs of the Sabbath Sacrificef 4Q415 Instructiona 4Q416 Instructionb 4Q417 Instructionc 4Q418 Instructiond 4Q418a Instructione 4Q434 Barkhi Nafshia 4Q435 Barkhi Nafshib 4Q436 Barkhi Nafshic 4Q437 Barkhi Nafshid 4Q438 Barkhi Nafshie 4Q444 Incantation 4Q471 War Scroll-like Text B Press 4Q482 Jubileesi? 4Q491 Milḥamaha 4Q492 Milḥamahb 4Q493 Milḥamahc 4Q494 Milḥamahd 4Q495 Milḥamahe 4Q496 SBLMilḥamahf Abbreviations xiii

4Q497 War Scroll-like Text A 4Q502 Rituel de mariage or Ritual of Marriage 4Q503 Prières quotidiennes or Daily Prayers 4Q504 Dibre Hameʾorota or Words of the Luminariesa 4Q509 Prières pour les fêtesc 4Q510 Shirota, Songs of the Sagea, or Songs of the Maskila 4Q511 Shirotb, Songs of the Sageb, or Songs of the Maskilb 4Q512 Ritual Purity B 4Q514 Ordinancesc 4Q530 Enoch, Giantsb 4Q531 Enoch, Giantsc 4Q532 Enoch, Giantsd 4Q534 Noaha 4Q541 Apocryphon of Levib? 4Q542 4Q543 Visions of Amrama 4Q544 Visions of Amramb 4Q545 Visions of Amramc 4Q546 Visions of Amramd 4Q547 Visions of Amrame 4Q548 Visions of Amramf 4Q549 Visions of Amramg? 4Q552 Four Kingdomsa 4Q553 Four Kingdomsb 4Q554 New Jerusalema 4Q555 New Jerusalemb 4Q556 Visiona 4Q558 Visionb 4Q560 Exorcism 4Q561 Physiognomy/Horoscope 4Q564 Aramaic F 5Q3 Isaiah Press 5Q15 Unclassified fragments 6Q8 Enoch, Giants 6Q17 Calendrical Document 11Q5 Psalms Scrolla 11Q10 of 11Q11 Apocryphal Psalmsa SBLMelchizedek xiv Abbreviations

11Q14 Sefer ha-Milḥamah 11Q18 New Jerusalem 11Q19 11Q29 Fragment related to Serekh ha-Yaḥad ALD Aramaic Levi Document CD Cairo copy of the D Damascus Document M Milḥamah Mur 3 Isaiah S Serekh ha-Yaḥad (Manual of Discipline) SM Sefer ha-Milḥamah TTS Treatise on the Two Spirits

Abbreviations

AB Anchor ABD Freedman, Noel, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. AcBib Academia Biblica AfO Archiv für Orientforschung AfOB Archiv für Orientforschung: Beiheft AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums AHES Archive for History of Exact Sciences A.J. , Antiquitates judaicae ANEM Ancient Near East Monographs ANES Ancient Near Eastern Studies ANYAS Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament Astr. Manilius, Astronomica b. Shabb. Babylonian Shabbat BC Bloomsbury CompanionsPress BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BI Biblical Intersections Bib Biblica Bib. hist. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica BibInt Biblical Interpretation BibInt Biblical Interpretation Series BibOr SBLBiblica et Orientalia Abbreviations xv

BIOSCS Bulletin of the International Organization for and Cognate Studies B.J. Josephus, Bellum judaicum BJS Brown Judaic Studies BN Biblische Notizen BW Bible and Women BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissen- schaft C&D Crime and Delinquency ca. circa CBET Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CEJL Commentaries on Early CJA in Antiquity CM Cuneiform Monographs CNIP CNI Publications col(s). column(s) CQS Companion to the Qumran Scrolls CS Cognitive Science CSCA Cambridge Studies in Cultural Anthropology CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium CSHJ Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism CSR Cognitive Systems Research CT Communications Theory CurBR Currents in Biblical Research DCLS Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Series DDD Toorn, Karel van der, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, eds. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Leiden: Brill, 1995. De Lys. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Commentaries on the Attic Orators: Lysias DHR Dynamics in the HistoryPress of Religions DJD Discoveries in the DSD Dead Sea Discoveries DSS Dead Sea Scrolls DSSR Parry, Donald W., and , eds. Dead Sea Scrolls Reader. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2013. EA SBLEnglish in Australia xvi Abbreviations

EDEJ Collins, John J., and Daniel C. Harlow, eds. Eerdmans Dic- tionary of Early Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010. EDSS Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam, eds. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2 vols. New York: , 2000. EJL Early Judaism and Its Literature ELT English Language Teaching 1 En. 1 Enoch 2 En. ErIsr Eretz-Israel Exod. Rab. Exodus Rabbah FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament frag. fragment(s) Gen. Rab. Genesis Rabbah Geog. Strabo, Geographica GKC Kautzsch, Emil, ed. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Translated by Arthur E. Cowley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. GS Gender Society HB HBAI Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel Hen Henoch HOS Handbook of Oriental Studies HS Homage Series HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual HUCM Monographs of the Hebrew Union College Hypoth. Philo, Hypothetica IBHS Waltke, Bruce K., and O’Connor. An Introduction to Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990. Press IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IELOA Instruments pour l’étude des langues de l’Orient ancien 5 IJS IJS Studies in Judaica IOS Israel Oriental Studies JAJ Journal of Ancient Judaism JAJSup Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements JANES SBLJournal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society Abbreviations xvii

JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JJI Journal of Jewish Identities JJS Journal of JJTP Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies Joüon Joüon, Paul. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Translated and revised by T. Muraoka. 2 vols. : Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1991. JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JSem Journal of Semitics JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods JSJSup Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism JSNT Journal for the Study of the JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Supplement Series JSQ Jewish Studies Quarterly JSS Journal of Semitic Studies Jub. Jubilees JVI Journal of Value Inquiry KUSATU Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt l(l). line(s) Press LHBOTS The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies LSTS The Library of Second Temple Studies LXX Septuagint m. MB Mitteilungen und Beiträge der Forschungsstelle Judentum der Theologischen Fakultät Leipzig Mek. Shir. SBLMekilta Shirata xviii Abbreviations

MG Materia Giudaica Migr. Philo, De migratione Abrahami Mos. Philo, De vita Mosis MT MTSR Method & Theory in the Study of Religion NA27 , Nestle-Aland, 27h ed. NA28 Novum Testamentum Graece, Nestle-Aland, 28th ed. NABU Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires Nat. Pliny, Naturalis historia NLH New Literary History NovT Novum Testamentum NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum NRN Nature Reviews Neuroscience NRSV New n.s. new series NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbus Antiquus NTS New Testament Studies NTSI New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel OAWPHK Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philoso- phisch-Historische Klasse OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis OLC hexaplaric recension of ; Lucianic text; catena group Opif. Philo, De opificio mundi OTE Old Testament Essays OTL Old Testament Library OTP Charlesworth, James H., ed. Old Testament Pseudepigra- pha. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1983, 1985. OtSt Oudtestamentische Studiën PAM Palestine Archaeological Museum PFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society Phaen. Aratus, Phaenomena PI Philosophers’ Imprint Press PJEGLMBS Proceedings, Journal of the Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest Biblical Societies pl(s). plate(s) PS Psychological Science PT Poetics Today PTRS Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B PTSDSSP SBLPrinceton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project Abbreviations xix

QG Philo, Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin QE Philo, Quaestiones et solutions in Exodum RB Revue biblique RBS Resources for Biblical Study RCPP Routledge Contemporary Political Philosophy REL Revue des Etudes Latines Rel Religion RevOrChr Revue de l’Orient Chretien RevQ Revue de Qumran RGRW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World RSL Reti, Saperi, Linguaggi SALALS Southern African Linguistics and Applied Languages Studies SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBT Studies in Biblical Theology SciCon Science in Context SDSSRL Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature Sem Semiotica Shabb. Shabbat SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament SJSHR Studien zu den Jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch- römanischer SJT Scottish Journal of Theology SP Spec. Philo, De specialibus legibus SPhA Studies in Philo of Alexandria SSECJ Studies in Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity SSLL Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics SSN Studia Semitica Neerlandica ST Studia Theologica STAC Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity StBibLit Studies in Biblical LiteraturePress STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments s.v. sub verbo, under the word SVTP Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigraphica SWAMW Scientific Writings from the Ancient and Medieval World TAC Time, Astronomy, and Calendars TAPS SBLTransactions of the American Philosophical Society xx Abbreviations

TBN Themes in the Biblical Narrative TCS Trends in Cognitive Sciences TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum TWQ Theologisches Wörterbuch zu den Qumrantexten UCOP University of Cambridge Oriental Publications UTLJ University of Law Journal VAR variant reading Virt. Philo, De virtutibus Vita Josephus, Vita VT Vetus Testamentum VTSup Supplements to Vetus Testamentum WAC Wise, Michael, Jr., and Edward Cook. The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New . HarperSanFrancisco, 1996. WBC Word Biblical Commentary WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Neuen Testament ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

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