Design of Seamless Knitted Radiation Shielding Garments with 3D Body Scanning Technology
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 20 ( 2015 ) 123 – 132 The International Design Technology Conference, DesTech2015, 29th of June – 1st of July 2015, Geelong, Australia Design of Seamless Knitted Radiation Shielding Garments with 3D Body Scanning Technology Huda Ahmed Maghrabia,c, Arun Vijayana, Lijing Wanga*, Pradip Debb aSchool of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick, Victoria 3056, Australia bSchool of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia cDepartment of Textiles and Clothing, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia Abstract Protective aprons for medical use shield against the effects of radiation. The aprons are universally tailored to fit both male and female bodies without due consideration to the differences that abound between masculine and feminine bodies. To date very little emphasis has been shown on the development of aprons to suit the needs of the female anatomy specifically the breast region as well as consideration of the body shape of pregnant women. This research reviews the needs to develop an X-ray protective garment that is specifically tailored for the female body. Protective aprons designed to fit the female physique incorporating curvature around specific parts of the body namely hip and breast regions as well as the suitability of the apron for use by pregnant women have been explored. Emphasis has been shown on the fit of the garment to impart improved wearer mobility. 3D body scanning technology was used to determine the fit of the developed designs and understand the significance of air gaps between the body and the garment. © 2015 The Authors. PublishedPublished by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ under responsibility of School of Engineering,). Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University.Peer-review under responsibility of School of Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University Keywords: Lead apron; air gap; protective clothing; 3D knitting technology; nylon/wool; seamless technology, 3D Body Scanning. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 992 59414. E-mail address: [email protected] 2212-0173 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of School of Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2015.07.021 124 Huda Ahmed Maghrabi et al. / Procedia Technology 20 ( 2015 ) 123 – 132 1. Introduction Radiation presents medical personnel with a means for diagnosing patients and for dispensing therapy. While the applications of radiation in medical scenarios are advantageous to society, the associated risks require careful and meticulous handling. Radiation exposure can be harmful to human health. Therefore, radiation protection is crucial for occupational health and safety. Radiation shielding is the most effective way of protection. Pregnant patients, for example, should be aware and cautious about protecting their fetus from X-ray exposure; radiation can cause harm for fetus development. Of similar importance is the female radiographers who should protect their important organs especially the breast area, which is radiosensitive [1]. In the past, the development of radiation protective material has focused on the use of aprons made of lead powder-loaded polymer or elastomer to act as protection against radiation [2]. The challenge that faces such protective aprons is the susceptibility of damage and aging that reduce the apron durability [2]. Recently, shielding fabrics have been produced using matrices made of resin, nano, and micron-scale metallic particles [3]. The particles are made to fuse and interlock with the fabric [3]. As a result, the interlocking produces an impermeable fabric that protects against ionizing radiation [4]. One main problem of this type of apron and vest is that the fabric is not well suited for maneuver [5] [6]. For example, radiographers need to be able to move around, and the traditional “flat” shields make the movement difficult. The purpose of this research work is to develop a true-fit design and provide a more contoured shape with a flexible textile structure. The design of lead aprons has not changed considerably since the first lead apron was invented more than 100 years ago. The term “apron” historically refers to a sleeveless outer garment that covers the front torso and leg area. The lead apron design has taken similar characteristics of the traditional apron over the years except for few changes including color prints styles, fasteners, and material. The apron design has not had any significant safety modification even though the radiation-induced injuries had been reported in early 20th century [7, 8]. Radiation is a risk factor that is responsible for increased incidence of cancer among healthcare staff working in a radiology department. The US Radiologic Technologist Health Study observed between 1983 and 1998 that there was an increased rate of breast cancer among female radiographers [9]. The study found out that lead aprons provided no protection to the axillary region or the lateral aspect of the breast especially in individuals with large breasts [10]. The leaded garment does not drape well over breasts, and the armholes or arm openings of the apron. It leaves the breasts projected forward, thereby increasing exposure of this radiosensitive area [8]. The outer layer and urethane coating of the lead apron are uncomfortable to wear next to the skin [11]. The coating has a smooth surface that makes the clothing to be easily removed off the surface of the skin. Perhaps the time has come to modify the lead apron with the consideration of the upper female anatomy structure according to White [8]. Comfort is quite a difficult and most of the time elusive component to achieve in the production of a garment [12]. In that regard, despite the fact that the comfort was considered in the design and production of a product, it does not in every circumstance assure that such garment will be comfortable [12]. In most instances, the garment may even fail to achieve a proper fit for the person or the body structure intended for [13]. The fundamental argument is that neither comfort nor the anatomy of the female body was considered for lead aprons. The seamless knitting technology creates a complete garment with no cutting and sewing required. It offers an opportunity for designing and engineering female garments with different body contours. Hence, employing the 3D seamless knitting design for female aprons can produce a garment to fit into the female body structure. Achieving maximum care for the wearer of the protective gear requires that the clothing has a tight grip on the body of the wearer. Further, the analysis of air gaps is fundamental in ensuring that the clothing fit the individuals. The size of the air gaps determines two essential aspects: thermal insulation as well as fit of the clothing. Fitting of protective clothing on the body figure can enhance the protection performance [14]. Also, different studies have found that the garment fit has a great impact on air gap distribution and size [15] [16]. Similar findings by Mah and Song suggest that the size of the air gaps is crucial in thermal protection. Garments that are challenged by fit can have critical impact by reducing its protection purposes [17]. In that respect, the paper draws attention to novel designs for a one-piece garment using the 3D seamless knitting technology as well 3D body scanning to prove their fit for female radiographers. Huda Ahmed Maghrabi et al. / Procedia Technology 20 ( 2015 ) 123 – 132 125 1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Fabric design Table 1 shows the weft-knitted fabric properties designed for the preparation of the prototype protective apron. For the purposes of this paper, wales are referred to as NX, Y represents the courses [18]. Table 1. Fabric properties Mass per Yarn count Wales Courses Fabric Fabric unit area Construction (tex) (NX)(/cm) (Y)(/cm) thickness (mm) (g/m2) Nylon 940, Weft knitting Nylon/wool 7.20 8.07 1.25 462.8 Wool 41/2 Single jersey The software employed was the Shima Seiki Whole Garment New SES-S-WG® and the entire garment program, WG-SDS-ONE APEX3 program, was also employed for garment design and engineering. The developed knitted fabric was produced with E14 gauge. The loop length on the fabric was 6.63 mm while the tightness was 30 qualities. The fabric was composed of 940 tex ballistic nylon filament plated with 41/2 count wool yarn on the back face. Nylon is known for its strength, lightweight, resistance to abrasion, resistance to wear and tear. The high strength nylon provides features such as durability and flexibility. In addition, wool in the garment has various advantageous properties that are not limited to comfort, dirt resistance, insulation, resistance to wear and tear. Wool is also known to be non-allergic; hence, it can protect the wearer from possible effects that may harm their health and wellbeing. 1.2 3D body scanner The models used for the 3D scanning of the female body were size 14 manikins of pregnant and normal female body. A 3D body scanner system made by Textile/Clothing Technology (TC2) was used to develop an accurate representation of the female body figure. The readings, rather, the measurements taken from the manikins were used to develop a comparison of how the measurements of the aprons fit on the naked female manikin body. 1.3 Air gap measurement Both nude and clothed manikins were scanned, then processed and imported using FreeCAD software. The two scans were aligned based on various points of nodules that shifted slightly in points X, Y, Z see Figure 1.