DENDROLOOGILISED UURIMUSED EESTIS III DENDROLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN ESTONIA III Tallinn 2002 Eesti Põllumajandusülikool Metsanduslik Uurimisinstituut Estonian Agricultural University Forest Research Institute Dendroloogilised uurimused Eestis III Dendrological researches in Estonia III Toim./Eds. Heldur Sander & Ülo Tamm Translation and correction: Sulev Kivastik ISSN 1406–4987 ISBN 9985–816–20–X © EPMÜ Metsanduslik Uurimisinstituut EAU Forest Research Institute SISUKORD Eessõna.................................................................................................................... 5 Peter Wyse Jackson, Etelka Leadlay Botaanikaaedade koht tänapäeva maailmas (laiendatud kokkuvõte) .............. 21 Ludmila Vishnevska, Heldur Sander Kahe botaanikaaia ajalugu – 45 aastat Läti Rahvuslikku Botaanikaaeda ja 40 aastat Tallinna Botaanikaaeda Eestis (kokkuvõte) ...................................... 60 Toivo Meikar Tartu Ülikooli õpetatud aednikud (1803-1918) .............................................. 61 Olev Abner, Jüri Elliku, Aleksei Paivel, Heldur Sander Eesti puittaimede kollektsioonid ..................................................................... 74 Heino Kasesalu Järvselja ja võõrpuuliigid .............................................................................. 104 Ene Ilves Luua arboreetum – huvipakkuvaim dendroloogiline kollektsioon Kesk-Eestis ........................................................................................... …....…. 116 Jüri Elliku, Aleksei Paivel, Heldur Sander Tartumaa võõramaised puittaimed veerandsajandi muutustes ...................... 141 Katri Ots, Ivar Sibul Harilik ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) meil ja mujal ... 151 Heino Kasesalu Serbia kuusk (Picea omorika (Pančić) Pyrkyne) Eestis ................................ 171 Ülo Erik Mõnda karedast kuusest (Picea asperata Mast.) Eestis ................................ 178 Harry Karis Eestis jahukastele vastuvõtlikuks osutunud introdutseeritud puud ja põõsad (kokkuvõte) ............................................................................................. 223 Lucia (L.H.) Albers, Bert (N.C.M.) Maes Ajalooliste parkide restaureerimine ja hooldamine Hollandis ...................... 235 Bert (N.C.M.) Maes Ajalooliste parkide ja aedade loodusväärtus ja korraldus (kokkuvõte) ........ 251 Bert (N.C.M.) Maes Amsterdami kanaliaiad (kokkuvõte) ............................................................. 258 Alar Läänelaid, Heldur Sander Viktor Masingu dendroloogilised ja linnahaljastuslikud tööd ...................... 260 Heldur Sander Eesti Dendroloogiaseltsi esileedi Aino Aaspõllu 60 ..................................... 268 Heldur Sander Dendroloog Marina Šestakov 65 ................................................................... 271 Toimetajad ja autorid .......................................................................................... 273 3 EESSÕNA Käesolevas Dendroloogiliste uurimuste inglise- ja eestikeelses väljaandes pühendatakse rohkem tähelepanu dendroloogilistele kollektsioonidele, sest 2001. aastal täitus 80 aastat EPMÜ Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskonna ning 40 aastat Tallinna Botaanikaaia kollektsioonide rajamisest. Kogumiku avaloos selgitatakse botaanikaaedade kohta tänapäeva maailmas. Seoses Läti Rahvusliku Botaanikaaia 45. aastapäevaga käsitletakse ka kahte naaberriigi suurimat botaanikaaeda, nende koostööd ning tegevust taime- kollektsioonide rikastamisel ja uurimisel. Käsitletakse Tartu Ülikooli Botaanikaaia aednikke ning analüüsitakse Eesti puittaimede kollektsioonide uurimist, uurimistulemuste publitseerimist, liigirikkust, kultuuriloolist tausta ja muid külgi. Edasi vaadeldakse Järvselja võõramaiseid puid, selgitatakse Tartu maakonna parkide võõramaist dendrofloorat, hariliku ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii), serbia (Picea omorika) ja kareda (P. asperata) kuuse levikut Eestis ning laiahaardeliselt Eesti puittaimedel esinevaid jahukastelisi seeni. Omaette lood on seekord pühendatud ajalooliste parkide väärtusele ja rekonstrueerimisele, mille kohta tuuakse näited Hollandi vastavatest töödest. Kogumiku viimased lood on pühendatud kauaaegsele Tartu ülikooli professorile, akadeemik Viktor Masingule (1925-2001) ning Eesti Dendroloogia Seltsi esinaisele Aino Aaspõllule ja dendroloog Marina Šestakovile, kelle sünnist möödub tänavu vastavalt 60 ja 65 aastat. Toimetajad 5 PREFACE This English and Estonian edition of Dendrological Studies puts more emphasis on dendrological collections to commemorate the establishment of the Educational and Experimental Forest District of the Estonian Agricultural University at Järvselja 80 years ago and the collections of the Tallinn Botanical Garden 40 years ago. The edition opens with an article explaining the place of botanical gardens in the contemporary world. The 45th anniversary of the National Botanical Garden of Latvia gave reason to write about the two largest botanical gardens in the adjoining countries of Estonia and Latvia as well as their cooperation and activity in enriching and researching plant collections. Next, an overview is given of the gardeners of the Botanical Garden of the University of Tartu, and an analysis is made of the research on, the publication of the research results, the species richness, the cultural and historical background and other aspects of woody plant collections in Estonia. Then, foreign trees introduced at Järvselja and foreign dendroflora found in the parks of Tartu County are examined. Thereafter, attention is paid to the spread in Estonia of Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Serbian spruce (Picea omorika) and Chinese Spruce (P. asperata) as well as the powdery mildew fungi frequenting the local woody plants. A separate set of articles deals with the value and restoration of historical parks as exemplified by the respective works performed in Holland. The last articles of the complilation are dedicated to Academician Victor Masing (1925-2001), professor of long standing of the University of Tartu, as well as to Aino Aaspõllu, chairwoman of the Estonian Dendrology Society, and Marina Šestakov, dendrologist, who this year celebrate their 60th and 65th birthday, respectively. Editors 6 THE PLACE OF BOTANIC GARDENS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Peter Wyse Jackson, Etelka Leadlay INTRODUCTION There is a growing recognition that biological diversity is a global asset of vital importance and value to present and future generations. Nevertheless the threat to species and ecosystems has never been as great as it is today, with human beings living far beyond the carrying capacity of Earth. This has major implications for future economic and social development and so urgent measures must be initiated in all parts of the world to safeguard the global biological heritage. A fundamental requirement for sustainable living is to integrate conservation and development. Botanic gardens worldwide play major roles in science, horticulture and education. In the last few decades, they have also become importance centres for biodiversity conservation, playing a role in integrating conservation and development. DEFINITION OF BOTANIC GARDENS Botanic gardens are extremely varied. They can be colonial gardens set up to develop agricultural crops as in Kebun Raya in Indonesia and Pamplemouses Garden in Mauritius (the oldest tropical botanic garden), they can also be internationally recognised research institutions, such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K., the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden in Brazil or Sydney Botanic Garden, Australia, regional gardens such as Medellín in Colombia, native plant gardens such as the Karoo Botanic Garden in South Africa which grows native succulents and new gardens such as Saudi Arabian Botanic Garden in Riyadh which will grow native plants for conservation, display and education. Each botanic garden has a different purpose, organisational structure and location and therefore the emphasis of its work may vary. The different emphasis placed on each function is what gives each botanic garden its distinctive character and its special role. The Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy (IUCN-BGCS and WWF 1989) contains a comprehensive list of characteristics defining a botanic garden (Box 1) that incorporate the diversity of roles that these institutions now undertake. 7 This Strategy was written by the forerunner of BGCI or Botanic Gardens Conservation International. BGCI is a U.K. charity set up to support plant conservation in botanic gardens worldwide with the aim of conserving wild plant species through the actions of botanic gardens and to raise environmental awareness amongst the public about the importance of plants. Box 1: Defining characteristics of a botanic garden adequate labelling of the plants an underlying scientific basis for the collections communication of information to other gardens, institutions, organisations and the public exchange of seeds or other materials with other botanic gardens, arboreta or research stations (within the guidelines of international conventions and national laws and customs regulations) long term commitment to, and responsibility for, the maintenance of plant collections maintenance of research programmes in plant taxonomy in associated herbaria monitoring of the plants in the collection open to the public promoting conservation through extension and environmental education activities proper documentation of the collections, including wild origin undertaking scientific or technical research on plants in the collections This list does