Allelopathic Potential of Rhus Chinensis on Seedling Growth of Radish, Semen Cassiae and Black Soyabean
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J. For. Res. DOI 10.1007/s11676-015-0041-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis on seedling growth of radish, semen cassiae and black soyabean Long-yuan Liu • Hong-zhi He • Shi-ming Luo • Hua-shou Li Received: 23 September 2013 / Accepted: 14 January 2014 Ó Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract The allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis semen cassiae and black soyabean seedling growth were Mill on seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), -0.88, -0.93 and -0.98 respectively. The results sug- semen cassiae (seed of Cassia obtusifolia L.) and black gested that it is important to minimize the negative alle- soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was investigated under lopathic potential of R. chinensis in agroforestry systems, laboratory conditions. The water extracts of seed, leaf and and to exploit this traditional Chinese medicinal tree for the bark of R. chinensis inhibited the germination and the production of natural bio-pesticides. growth of roots and shoots of radish, semen cassiae, and black soyabean. Significant increasing reductions in the Keywords Allelopathy Á Rhus chinensis Á Water extracts Á germination and growth of roots and shoots were observed Seedling growth as the concentration of water extract increased in all bio- assays. The order of allelopathic potentials of the three parts from R. chinensis plant on seed germination of these Introduction receptors was leaf [ seed [ bark. However, the inhibition of water extracts from R. chinensis seed on root activity of The species Rhus chinensis Mill (Anacardiaceae) is an semen cassiae was more severe than from the other two important species of the genus Rhus, which contains over parts. The allelopathic potential on the germination of 250 individual species, with six species found in China radish was higher than that of black soyabean and semen (Djakpo and Yao 2010). It is an important economic tree cassiae. The integrated effect index for allelopathic not only widely grown in China, but also widely distributed potential of water extracts of leaf of R. chinensis on radish, in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions, including Japan, Malaysia and India (Rayne and Mazza 2007; Ren Project funding: The work was financially supported by the Major et al. 2008). As a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, R. State Basic Research Development Program (973) of China (No. chinensis has long been used to treat diseases, such as 2011CB100400) and Sci-technology Program of Guangdong Province inflammation, impaludism, endocrine disorder, rheumatism (No. 0203-E12147). and peptic ulcer disease (Rayne and Mazza 2007; Djakpo The online version is available at http://www.link.springer.com and Yao 2010). R. chinensis can also be used as a host plant for the production of gallnut which is also used in tradi- Corresponding editor: Hu Yanbo tional Chinese medicine and as a dyeing material (Tian et al. 2009). R. chinensis has been applied in agroforestry L. Liu systems by intercropping with other plants. It has been School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China revealed that extracts of R. chinensis possess strong anti- viral, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiar- L. Liu Á H. He Á S. Luo Á H. Li (&) rheal and antioxidant capacities (Ahn et al. 1998; Kim et al. Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment in South 2005; Gu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009; China, the Ministry of Agriculture, People’s Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Djakpo and Yao 2010). Moreover, the root, leaf, stem and e-mail: [email protected] fruit of R. chinensis have been used as pesticides by 123 L. Liu et al. (a)Leaf (b) 100.00 Leaf 100.00 80.00 80.00 60.00 60.00 40.00 40.00 Percent germination Percent germination 20.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 1234567 1234567 Days after sowing Days after sowing CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ Bark 100.00 90.00 80.00 100.00 Bark 70.00 60.00 80.00 50.00 60.00 40.00 Percent germination Percent germination 30.00 40.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 1234567 1234567 Days after sowing Days after sowing CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ 100.00 Seed 80.00 Seed 100.00 60.00 80.00 40.00 60.00 Percent germination 40.00 20.00 Percent germination 20.00 0.00 0.00 1234567 1234567 Days after sowing Days after sowing CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ CK 200mg•l ¹ 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ Fig. 1 a Effects of water extracts of leaf, bark and seed of R. germination of semen cassiae. Data are the means of three replicates chinensis at different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 33 and 25 mg with standard errors shown by vertical bars. c Effects of water fresh weight of sample per L distilled water) on the germination trend extracts of leaf, bark and seed of R. chinensis at different concen- of radish. Data are the means of three replicates with standard errors trations (200, 100, 50, 33 and 25 mg fresh weight of sample per L shown by vertical bars. b Effects of water extracts of leaf, bark and distilled water) on the germination of black soyabean. Data are the seed of R. chinensis at different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 33 and means of three replicates with standard errors shown by vertical 25 mg fresh weight of sample per L distilled water) on the bars 123 Allelopathic potential of R. chinensis Leaf soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were acquired from a CK 200mg•l ¹ 100.00 local market. 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ R. chinensis plants were isolated from other trees with at 80.00 least 1 year of normal growth. Bark of R. chinensis was removed from trunks at heights C50 cm above the ground. 60.00 Only half of the bark was scraped from the trunk in order to 40.00 ensure survival of the trees. Healthy leaves in dark green Percent germination and seeds with white coats were collected. Dried bark, 20.00 seeds and leaves were separately cut into 6 cm long pieces 0.00 and then powdered in a grinder until 98 % of the powder 1234567 could pass through No. 1 sieve (10 mesh) and 30 % of the Days after sowing powder could pass through No. 2 sieve (24 mesh). The Bark powder samples were extracted with five times their weight of distilled water in an 8 L beaker with oscillation of CK 200mg•l ¹ 100.00 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 30 min every 12 h for 48 h in the dark. And then the 80.00 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ mixture was filtered through a paper filter. The filtrates were collected and adjusted to five levels: 200, 100, 50, 33 60.00 and 25 mg fresh weight of sample per L distilled water. 40.00 The solutions were preserved in brown bottles at 4 °C. Percent germination 20.00 Bioassays 0.00 1234567 Days after sowing For seed germination tests, seeds were soaked with 5.25 % (w/v) sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 min, rinsed three 100.00 Seed times with distilled water and then evenly placed on a two- 80.00 layer paper filter in sterilized 9 cm Petri dishes. Extracts of CK 200mg•l ¹ different parts of the donor plant were added to dishes until 100mg•l ¹ 50mg•l ¹ 60.00 2 mm above the seed layer. Each treatment with three 33mg•l ¹ 25mg•l ¹ replicates and an additional distilled water treatment as 40.00 control were used. Dishes were put in an incubator at Percent germination constant temperature of 25 °C, 85 % humidity and 12 h 20.00 light per day. The volume of the test solutions was made up to maintain the original level every day and the numbers of 0.00 germinated seeds were recorded every day for 7 days. The 1234567 root lengths were also measured each day. The root activity Days after sowing vigor of semen cassiae was measured by TTC Method (Li 2009) on day 7. Fig. 1 continued farmers in South China. Could R. chinensis impose alle- Statistical analyses lopathic effects on its neighboring species within a plant community? We report here on the allelopathic potential of Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance R. chinensis on seedling growth of radish, semen cassiae (ANOVA) using SPSS PASW Statistics v18.0 software and black soyabean. (SPSS Statistics, Shanghai, China). Duncan’s new multiple range tests were calculated when treatments were signifi- cantly different at a = 0.05. Materials and methods GerminationÀ rateðÞ GR, % Extraction ¼ number ofÁ germinated seeds by day 7 / total number of test seeds à 100: Rhus chinensis Mill and semen Cassiae (seed of Cassia obtusifolia L.) were obtained from the medicine nursery on The equations for calculation of relative inhibition index the Zhongshan campus of Guangdong Pharmaceutical (RI) for receptor plant according to Williamson and University. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and black Richardson (1988) were as follows: 123 L. Liu et al. 1 À C=T when T C three receptor species. The increase of water extract con- RI ¼ ; T=C À 1 when T\C centrations resulted in decreasing germination rates. The order of inhibitory intensity of the same concentration of where C and T represent the response of control and donor water extracts on germination rates of the receptors treatment, respectively.