Cyprus Under the Ottoman Administration (1571-1878)

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Cyprus Under the Ottoman Administration (1571-1878) Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 8/2, Winter 2013, p. 239-283, ANKARA-TURKEY THE CONSULS AND THEIR ACTIVITIES IN CYPRUS UNDER THE OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION (1571-1878) Ali Efdal ÖZKUL* ABSTRACT Cyprus has a very important strategic geographic position in the Mediterranean and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Because of this position, Cyprus has attracted an important part of the Mediterranean trade in the course of history, and the states in charge of trade in the Mediterranean Sea, held Cyprus for their different aims. Therefore, nearly all the states that were trading in the lands of the Ottoman Empire had merchants on the island. The states which had embassies in Istanbul used to appoint the consuls, who were their representatives on the island, to deal with the foreign merchants and their problems on the island. These consuls were given power by the Ottoman state to enliven the trade. These consuls were given great deal of authority to liven up the trade. In the beginning, the Ottoman Empire only let these consuls stay in Tuzla district of Cyprus (Larnaca). However, towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century, the states that had consulates in Cyprus started having consulate representatives in Limassol, Famagusta, Paphos and even in Nicosia. The most dominant countries, such as England, France and Holland had consuls and consuls’ interpreters in Cyprus. In this study, data will be presented involving details on the identities and activities of the consuls and their interpreters as well as the dates they started and ended their posts. Trade in the Mediterranean Sea involving Cyprus was deeply affecting the Cypriot community and the socio-economic structure in Cyprus. This study will focus on the influential port cities in the Mediterranean and discuss the dimension of trade in Cyprus. Trading conflicts’ and contraband activities in the Mediterranean due to the rivalry among Western countries such as France, Holland and England is also discussed. In addition, different measures taken not to pay the Ottomans tariffs and the harm given to the Ottoman economy by the contraband activities are highlighted. This study focuses on consulate activities in Cyprus during the Ottoman period including consuls, their interpreters, and the trade carried out by the traders and their trading products. This study has been supported by the data gained from Cyprus Nicosia judicial record (Şer-i Sicil) registers and from the diary entries of * Doç. Dr., Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Tarih Öğretmenliği Bölümü, El-mek: [email protected] 240 Ali Efdal ÖZKUL the consuls, vice-consuls of the other countries and those of European travellers. The findings of the study aims to demonstrate and reach conclusions on the importance of Cyprus in terms of trade in the Mediterranean Sea, the influence of such trade on Cypriot citizens, the positive effects and negative effects of the consuls and their interpreters on the socio-economic structure in Cyprus. Key Words: Cyprus, Consul, vice-Consul, Dragomans, Şer’i Sicil (judicial records) OSMANLI İDARESİNDE KIBRIS ADASINDA FAALİYET GÖSTEREN KONSOLOSLAR VE FAALİYETLERİ (1571-1878) ÖZET Kıbrıs, Akdeniz’de ve özellikle Doğu Akdeniz’de stratejik ve coğrafi bakımdan çok önemli bir konuma sahip bulunmaktaydı. Söz konusu konumundan dolayı tarih boyunca Akdeniz ticaretinde önemli bir paya sahip olmuştur. Tarih boyunca Akdeniz’de ticaret yapan devletler Kıbrıs adasını da çeşitli amaçları için kullanmaktaydılar. Dolayısıyla Osmanlı ülkesinde ticaret yapan devletlerin hemen hemen hepsinin adada tüccarları bulunmaktaydı. Kıbrıs adasında bulunan yabancı tüccarların sorunlarıyla ilgilenmeleri için İstanbul’da elçileri bulunan devletler adaya vekilleri olan konsolosları atamaktaydılar. Söz konusu konsoloslara ticareti canlandırmak için Osmanlı Devleti tarafından geniş yetkiler verilmiştir. Başlangıçta Osmanlı Devleti konsolosların Kıbrıs adasında sadece Tuzla kazasında kalmalarına izin vermişti. Ancak 18. yüzyılın sonları ile 19. yüzyılda adada konsolosları olan devletlerin Limasol’da, Mağusa’da, Baf’ta ve hatta Lefkoşa’da konsolos vekilleri olmaya başlamıştı. Kıbrıs adasının ticaretinde söz sahibi ülkelerin başında da İngiltere, Fransa ile Hollanda ve onun adadaki temsilcisi olan konsolosu ve konsolos tercümanı gelmekteydi. Osmanlı idaresinde adada görev yapan konsoloslar ve tercümanlarının kimlikleri, göreve başlangıç ve bitiş tarihleri ile faaliyetleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Akdeniz’de yapılan Kıbrıs bağlantılı ticaret Kıbrıs halkını da etkilemekte ve adanın sosyo-ekonomik kültüründe derin izler bırakmaktaydı. Araştırmada Akdeniz ticaretinde etkili olan liman kentleri ile Kıbrıs adasının ticari boyutu karşılaştırılmıştır. İlgili çalışmada Akdeniz’de Batılı devletlerin özellikle İngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda’nın aralarındaki ticari rekabetten ötürü meydana gelen çatışma ve korsanlık faaliyetlerine de değinilmiştir. Ayrıca Akdeniz’de yapılan kaçakçılık ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne gümrük vermemek için kullanılan çeşitli yöntemlerin de Osmanlı Devleti’nin ekonomisine yaptığı zararın da boyutları verilmiştir. Söz konusu araştırma Osmanlı dönemindeki Kıbrıs adasında kurulan konsolosluklar ve faaliyetlerini kapsamaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde genel olarak Osmanlı idaresinde Kıbrıs adasındaki konsoloslar, konsolos vekilleri, konsolos tercümanları ile adada faaliyet Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 8/2, Winter 2013 The Consuls And Their Activities In Cyprus Under The Ottoman Administration (1571-1878) 241 gösteren müstemen tüccarının adada yaptıkları ticaret ve ticarî ürünler üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırma Kıbrıs Lefkoşa Şeriye Sicillerinden yola çıkılarak elde edilen verilerle desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca Kıbrıs adasında görev yapan konsolos veya konsolos vekilleri ile Avrupalı seyyahların ada ile ilgili tuttukları günlüklerindeki bilgilerle de elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öz olarak Kıbrıs adasının Akdeniz ticaretindeki önemi, adalıların bu ticaretten etkilendikleri noktalar ile yabancı devletlerin adadaki temsilcileri olan konsolosların, konsolos vekillerinin ve konsolos tercümanlarının adanın sosyo-kültürel yapısına yaptıkları olumlu-olumsuz katkılar ile ilgili sonuçlara ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs, Konsolos, Konsolos Tercümanı, Levant Company, Şer‘i Sicil Introduction Cyprus has a very important strategic geographic position in the Mediterranean and especially in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Because of this position, Cyprus has attracted an important part of the Mediterranean trade in the course of history, and the states in charge of trade in the Mediterranean Sea, held Cyprus for their different aims. Therefore, nearly all the states that were trading in the lands of the Ottoman Empire had merchants on the island. The states which had embassies in Istanbul used to appoint the consuls, who were their representatives on the island, to deal with the foreign merchants and their problems on the island. These consuls were given power by the Ottoman state to enliven the trade.1 The trade conducted in the Mediterranean Sea, and which is related to Cyprus, affected the people of the island and left deep marks on the socio-economic culture. In this study, we will look at the European states which wanted to be superior in their Mediterranean trade, the activities they exhibited, their consuls, the consul representatives and the dragomans of the consuls. In addition to smuggling, we will discuss the different methods used to avoid paying the customs fees to the Ottoman state and the extent of the economic damage to the Ottoman state because of the conflict between European Countries. A Consul is described as a person who firstly protects his country‟s commercial benefits, his citizens‟ and merchants‟ rights in a foreign country, trade city or harbour, who directs the trade ships, and who has administrative and commercial privileges recognized by the authorities of the country he inhabits. The word Consul derives from Latin.2 Once a country had established diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire and it had set up a permanent ambassador in Istanbul, it had the right to open consulates in the cities they felt was necessary. The lives and properties of the consuls were under the guarantee of the Ottoman 1 For details on consuls and dragomans in the 18th century, see Ali Efdal Özkul, Kıbrıs‟ın Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarihi, Ġstanbul 2005, p. 104-117; M. Akif Erdoğru, “Onsekizinci Yüzyıl Sonlarında Kıbrıs‟ta Avrupalı Konsoloslar ve Tercümânları”, İkinci Uluslararası Kıbrıs Araştırmaları Kongresi Bildirileri (24-27 Kasım 1998), Gazimağusa 1999, II, 316-328; Kemal Çiçek, “Osmanlı Devleti‟nde Yabancı Konsolosluk Tercümânları”, Tarih ve Toplum, No. 146, Ġstanbul 1996. 2 M. Tayyip Gökbilgin, “Konsolos”, İA, VI, Ġstanbul 1979, p. 836. Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 8/2, Winter 2013 242 Ali Efdal ÖZKUL state3. When the Ottoman state was dominant in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, it had different relationships and contacts with the consuls of the European States in main harbours and commercial centres and they started to make decisions and agreements about trade and maritime affairs. The Venetian and French states had the right to trade freely in the Ottoman Empire until the last quarter
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