DOCSLIB.ORG

Negotiating Everyday Islam After Socialism: a Study of the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia Namara Brede Macalester College, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Negotiating Everyday Islam After Socialism: a Study of the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia Namara Brede Macalester College, Nbrede@Gmail.Com Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Geography Honors Projects Geography Department 5-2010 Negotiating Everyday Islam after Socialism: A Study of the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia Namara Brede Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/geography_honors Part of the Human Geography Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Brede, Namara, "Negotiating Everyday Islam after Socialism: A Study of the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia" (2010). Geography Honors Projects. Paper 26. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/geography_honors/26 This Honors Project - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Negotiating Everyday Islam after Socialism: A Study of the Kazakhs of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia Namara Brede April 12 th , 2010 Honors Project Advisor: Dr. Holly Barcus Department of Geography Macalester College Thesis Committee: Associate Professor Holly Barcus, Geography Assistant Professor Laura Smith, Geography Professor James Laine, Religious Studies Abstract and Contents Table of Contents List of Figures iv Abstract v Acknowledgements vi Chapter I: Introduction 1 Chapter II: Data Collection and Methodology 6 Field Methods 7 Sampling Procedures 10 Ethnographic Data Analysis 11 Limitations and Positionality 12 Chapter III: Comparative Historical Overview of Islam in Central Asia 15 Religion in the Pre-Socialist Period 17 Religion in the Socialist Period 20 Religion in the Post-Socialist Period 24 Chapter IV: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework 26 Part I: Scholarly Debates 27 Practice, Belief, and Identity: Interconnection and Contention 27 Universality and Particularity: A False Dichotomy 29 Part II: The Concept of Scale in Religious Experience and Identity 32 Transnational Islam: A Complex Set of Influences 32 National Islam: Hierarchy and Community 34 Local Islam: History, Diversity, and the Integration of Scales 36 Part III: The Individual Scale 39 Uniformity, Communitas , and Collective Memory 40 Gender, Social Position, and Individual Experience 42 Age and Life Course 45 Education, Authority, and Religious Professionals 48 Part IV: Conclusions and Methodological Applications 51 i Abstract and Contents Chapter V: The Study Area: Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia 53 A Geographic Overview of Bayan-Ulgii 53 Bayan-Ulgii during the Socialist Period 56 Social and Economic Developments in Contemporary Bayan-Ulgii 58 Current Perspectives on Islam in Bayan-Ulgii 61 Chapter VI: Results I: Networks, Identity, and Education 64 Identity and Networks in Context 65 Ethnicity, Religion, and Identity 66 Normativity in Religious Identity 68 Age and Life Course: Narratives and Influences 71 Islamic Learning, Networks, and Family 74 Obligation and Participation 79 Initiating New Religious Practices 80 Chapter VII: Results II: Pious Practices, Places, and Prohibitions 82 Part I: Mosques, Authority, and Changing Poles of Praxis 83 Namaz: A Daily Obligation 84 Almsgiving: A Popular New Form of Piety 86 The Holy Month: Practices during Ramadan 87 Kurban Ait: Everyone’s Favorite Festival 89 Circumcision: A Powerful Marker of Identity 91 Marriage and Life Cycle Rituals 93 Part II: Shrines and Sacred Sites as Centers of Piety 95 Location and Significance of Shrines 96 Pious Acts at Shrines 99 Occasions of Shrine Devotion 101 Burial and Funerary Practice 103 Part III: Other Norms and Prohibitions 106 Alcoholic Beverages 107 Headscarves: Gendered Symbols 109 Alternate Figures of Religious Authority 110 ii Abstract and Contents Chapter VIII: Position, Power, and Influence: Imams and Religious Authority 113 The Mongolian Islamic Association and its President 114 A Feminine Perspective on Education at the Central Mosque 117 Loci of Community Piety: Rural Mosques and Imams 120 Independent Voices: Private Mosques in Ulgii 124 Conclusions: Dynamic Networks of Authority 128 Chapter IX: Individual Dimensions of Piety, Networks, and Life Course 130 Children of Post-Socialism: Shokan, Mairagul, and their Age-Peers 131 Middle Aged People: Straddling Two Eras 135 The Elderly Generation: Dynamic Role Models 138 Three Generations in Bauerhus: A Concluding Case Study 141 Chapter X: Conclusions: Special Cases and General Truths 145 Scale and Social Change in Local Religious Life 146 The Individual as Integrative Nexus: Identity, Positionality, and Networks 148 Dynamics of Religious Life in Comparative Perspective 149 Recommendations for Future Research 151 Appendix A: Schedule of Lay Interview Questions 155 Appendix B: Schedule of Imam Interview Questions 157 Bibliography 158 iii Abstract and Contents List of Figures Figure 1: A map of Bayan-Ulgii 3 Figure 2: A map of post-socialist Central Asian states 16 Figure 3: An aerial imagery map of Ulgii showing mosque and shrine sites 54 Figure 4: Elderly Mongolian Kazakh herders 57 Figure 5: A Kazakh girl displays her Qur’anic amulet 68 Figure 6: Girls studying Arabic at an Ulgii madrasa 76 Figure 7: A minaret under construction in Ulgii 81 Figure 8: A Kazakh girl wearing dress and headscarf provided by the Ulgii mosque 85 Figure 9: A Kazakh couple wearing Western garb is married by an imam in a traditional ger 95 Figure 10: The Ulgii cemetery seen from a distance 98 Figure 11: An ornate burial shrine beside simpler plots 98 Figure 12: The liquor selection of an Ulgii grocery store covered with a cloth on a Friday 108 Figure 13: A view of the Ulgii central mosque 118 Figure 14: Young students pose with the imam of the Bauerhus mosque 122 Figure 15: The imam of the Bauerhus mosque reads the Qur’an at his desk 123 Figure 16: A photo showing the size and generational diversity of a rural Mongolian Kazakh household 141 iv Abstract and Contents Abstract Using ethnographic interviews and participant observations from the Kazakh community of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia in June 2009, this study examines how Islamic discourses, practices, experiences, and scales of influence are negotiated in post-socialist Central Asia. To do this, local, national, and transnational dynamics of Mongolian Kazakh religious practice are considered alongside the individual-scale mediating roles of personal preference, social position, life course, power, and social networks. Islam in Bayan-Ulgii is shown to be integral to community and ethnic identity but also multifaceted, dynamic, and multi-scalar, militating against essentialist portrayals of Islam as monolithic or dichotomously split between “high” and “low” forms. v Abstract and Contents Acknowledgements Many people have been instrumental in completing this project, but first thanks should go to the informants whose generosity and flexibility in answering what must have seemed very strange questions made this research possible. In particular, I would like to thank the Mongolian Kazakh families that we stayed with for giving us logistical support and offering us wonderful hospitality, tea, and baursak at every possible occasion. The American and Kazakh members of our team also deserve the most heartfelt thanks for making research fun, engaging, and memorable. Thanks to Cynthia Werner, Celia Emmelhainz, and Holly Barcus for waiting for me when I was in quarantine and giving great help and feedback at every step. Thanks to Bazargul, Nurshash, and Amangul for translating, organizing, and helping things run as smoothly as they could. I am grateful to the members of my committee, Jim Laine, Laura Smith, and Holly Barcus, for taking time out of busy schedules to work with me, and to Paula Cooey for helping me grapple with difficult theories. Special thanks to Holly Barcus for getting me involved in the Mongolian Kazakh Migration Project, being a great boss, showing me the ropes of grant-writing, field research, and thesis writing, and in general reminding me why geography is awesome! Finally, thanks to Mom, Dad, and my family for everything. vi Chapter I: Introduction Chapter I Introduction With the fall of the Soviet Union, the newly-independent states of Central Asia opened to the outside world for the first time in over seventy years, provoking upheavals in social, political, economic, and religious life at every level of society (Diener 2007). Despite these exciting developments, Western academics and popular media have tended to ignore or misrepresent the region (consider Sasha Baron Cohen’s parody of Kazakhstan in the film Borat, for instance) and Central Asia remains “one of the least known and least-understood parts of the world” (Khalid 2007, 3). One of the only aspects of Central Asian development that has attracted even some popular interest is the “resurgence” of Islamic practice and discourse after so many decades of socialist repression. Unfortunately, much of this attention has focused on a small number of violent religio-political movements like those that have gained notoriety in Afghanistan, catering to Western fears of a “resurgent, militant Islam” and ignoring the real diversity and dynamism of Islamic life in the region (Alam 2006). A few scholars, however, have approached Islam in Central Asia from a more empirical and balanced perspective. By asking descriptive questions at the local scale, these researchers have sought to deconstruct essentialist discourses that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan
    ISLAMIC REVIVALISM AND STATE FAILURE IN KYRGYZSTAN Eric McGlinchey George Mason University The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research University of Washington Box 353650 Seattle, WA 98195 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Eric McGlinchey NCEEER Contract Number: 822-09g Date: February 3, 2009 Copyright Information Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER’s own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United States Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended). The analysis and interpretations contained herein are those of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Strategy Review Making Choices in Provision of Infrastructure Services
    MONGOLIA Infrastructure Strategy Review Making Choices in Provision of Infrastructure Services S. Rivera East Asia & Pacific The World Bank Government of Mongolia: Working Group Technical Donors Meeting October, 2006. 1 Mongolia: Infrastructure Strategy The Process and Outputs Factors Shaping Infrastructure Strategy Demand Key Choices to discuss this morning 2 Process and Outcome The Process – An interactive process, bringing together international practices: Meeting in Washington, March 2005. Field work in the late 2005. Preparation of about 12 background notes in sector and themes, discussed in Washington on June 2006. Submission of final draft report in November, 2006 Launching of Infrastructure Strategy report in a two day meeting in early 2007. Outcome A live document that can shape and form policy discussions on PIP, National Development Plan, and Regional Development Strategy….it has been difficult for the team to assess choices as well. 3 Factors Shaping the IS • Urban led Size and Growth of Ulaanbaatar and Selected Aimag (Pillar) Centers Size of the Circle=Total Population ('000) Infrastructure 6% 5% 869.9 Investments ) l 4% ua nn 3% a Ulaanbaatar (%, 2% h t Darkhan w Erdenet o 1% r G n 0% o i -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 at l -1% Choibalsan Kharkhorin opu Ondorkhaan P -2% Khovd Uliastai -3% Zuunmod -4% Share of Total Urban Population (%) 4 Factors Shaping the IS: Connectivity, with the World and in Mongolia Khankh Khandgait Ulaanbaishint Ereentsav Khatgal Altanbulag ULAANGOM Nogoonnuur UVS KHUVSGUL Tsagaannuur ÒýñTes
    [Show full text]
  • The Magic of the Mongolian West
    Magie de l'ouest Mongol Jours: 14 Prix: 1550 EUR Vol international non inclus Confort: Difficulté: Aventure, exploration et expédition Hors des sentiers battus Randonnée Minorité ethnique Aux confins de l'Asie Centrale, des peuplades Kazakhs vivent en harmonie avec leurs coutumes ancestrales. Sommets enneigés, glaciers, lacs cristallins et vallées luxuriantes, l'Altai Mongol est une des régions les plus reculées du Monde. Un circuit alternant découverte en jeep et journées de randonnée, pour les personnes souhaitant découvrir l'ouest du pays à un rythme modéré. Jour 1. Oulan-Bator, arrivée et visite de la ville Accueil par notre chauffeur à votre sortie de l'aéroport. Transfert à votre hôtel, installation et repos. Rendez-vous à midi à votre hôtel avec votre guide, qui vous amènera déjeuner dans le restaurant de votre choix. Plongeons au coeur de l'histoire mongole, au superbe musée d'histoire nationale. Trois étages d'un passé riche et glorieux, violent et noble, depuis la préhistoire jusqu'à la période soviétique, en passant bien sûr par la création du grand empire mongol par Gengis Khan. Oulan Bator Balade dans le centre ville d'Oulan-Bator. Découverte de la place centrale Gengis Khan, et du Parlement. À 18h00, spectacle traditionnel mongol au Tumen Ekh : danses folkloriques, contorsion et bien sûr khoomi, le chant diphonique. Hébergement Hôtel Nine Jour 2. Vol pour le far west mongol Oulan Bator - Khovd Nous quittons la trépidante capitale mongole pour embarquer sur un vol domestique à destination de Khovd. Khovd fut un centre commercial important situé au nord de la route de la soie, qui avait tissé des liens avec la Russie et la Chine.
    [Show full text]
  • MONGOLIA: Systematic Country Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized
    MONGOLIA: Systematic Country Diagnostic Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Acknowledgements This Mongolia Strategic Country Diagnostic was led by Samuel Freije-Rodríguez (lead economist, GPV02) and Tuyen Nguyen (resident representative, IFC Mongolia). The following World Bank Group experts participated in different stages of the production of this diagnostics by providing data, analytical briefs, revisions to several versions of the document, as well as participating in several internal and external seminars: Rabia Ali (senior economist, GED02), Anar Aliyev (corporate governance officer, CESEA), Indra Baatarkhuu (communications associate, EAPEC), Erdene Badarch (operations officer, GSU02), Julie M. Bayking (investment officer, CASPE), Davaadalai Batsuuri (economist, GMTP1), Batmunkh Batbold (senior financial sector specialist, GFCP1), Eileen Burke (senior water resources management specialist, GWA02), Burmaa Chadraaval (investment officer, CM4P4), Yang Chen (urban transport specialist, GTD10), Tungalag Chuluun (senior social protection specialist, GSP02), Badamchimeg Dondog (public sector specialist, GGOEA), Jigjidmaa Dugeree (senior private sector specialist, GMTIP), Bolormaa Enkhbat (WBG analyst, GCCSO), Nicolaus von der Goltz (senior country officer, EACCF), Peter Johansen (senior energy specialist, GEE09), Julian Latimer (senior economist, GMTP1), Ulle Lohmus (senior financial sector specialist, GFCPN), Sitaramachandra Machiraju (senior agribusiness specialist,
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Islamic Diplom
    Russia's Islamic Diplom Russia's Islamic Diplomacy ed. Marlene Laruelle CAP paper no. 220, June 2019 "Islam in Russia, Russia in the Islamic World" Initiative Russia’s Islamic Diplomacy Ed. Marlene Laruelle The Initiative “Islam in Russia, Russia in the Islamic World” is generously funded by the Henry Luce Foundation Cover photo: Talgat Tadjuddin, Chief Mufti of Russia and head of the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Russia, meeting with the Armenian Catholicos Karekin II and Mufti Ismail Berdiyev, President of the Karachay-Cherkessia Spiritual Board, Moscow, December 1, 2016. Credit : Artyom Korotayev, TASS/Alamy Live News HAGFW9. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Russia and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation: Conflicting Interactions Grigory Kosach………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Chapter 2. Always Looming: The Russian Muslim Factor in Moscow's Relations with Gulf Arab States Mark N. Katz………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 1 Chapter 3. Russia and the Islamic Worlds: The Case of Shia Islam Clément Therme ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 25 Chapter 4. A Kadyrovization of Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Autocrats in Track II Diplomacy and Other Humanitarian Activities Jean-Francois Ratelle……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1 Chapter 5. Tatarstan's Paradiplomacy with the Islamic World Guzel Yusupova……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 7 Chapter 6. Russian Islamic Religious Authorities and Their Activities at the Regional, National, and International Levels Denis Sokolov………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41 Chapter 7. The Economics of the Hajj: The Case of Tatarstan Azat Akhunov…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 7 Chapter 8. The Effect of the Pilgrimage to Mecca on the Socio-Political Views of Muslims in Russia’s North Caucasus Mikhail Alexseev…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 3 Authors’ Biographies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 9 @ 2019 Central Asia Program Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chechnya's Status Within the Russian
    SWP Research Paper Uwe Halbach Chechnya’s Status within the Russian Federation Ramzan Kadyrov’s Private State and Vladimir Putin’s Federal “Power Vertical” Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP Research Paper 2 May 2018 In the run-up to the Russian presidential elections on 18 March 2018, the Kremlin further tightened the federal “vertical of power” that Vladimir Putin has developed since 2000. In the North Caucasus, this above all concerns the republic of Dagestan. Moscow intervened with a powerful purge, replacing the entire political leadership. The situation in Chechnya, which has been ruled by Ramzan Kadyrov since 2007, is conspicuously different. From the early 2000s onwards, President Putin conducted a policy of “Chechenisation” there, delegating the fight against the armed revolt to local security forces. Under Putin’s protection, the republic gained a leadership which is now publicly referred to by Russians as the “Chechen Khanate”, among other similar expressions. Kadyrov’s breadth of power encompasses an independ- ent foreign policy, which is primarily orientated towards the Middle East. Kadyrov emphatically professes that his republic is part of Russia and presents himself as “Putin’s foot soldier”. Yet he has also transformed the federal subject of Chechnya into a private state. The ambiguous relationship between this republic and the central power fundamentally rests on the loyalty pact between Putin and Kadyrov. However, criticism of this arrange- ment can now occasionally be heard even in the Russian president’s inner circles. With regard to Putin’s fourth term, the question arises just how long the pact will last.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia By: Ms.Gereltuya Bat-Ulzii Senior Officer, Barcode & Logistics Division Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry
    Mongolia By: Ms.Gereltuya Bat-Ulzii Senior officer, Barcode & Logistics Division Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry Mongolia trade & transport sector In 2011 Economic growth rapidly increased up to 17.3 percent Transport, Storage & Comm Mining Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Manufacturing Other Services Residual Agriculture GDP 20 GDP Growth accelerated to an 15 unprecedented 10 17.3 percent in 5 2011 0 -5 -10 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mongolia trade & transport sector Trade deficit reached record level (US $ 1.7 bn in December 2011) as imports of mining-related equipment and fuel imports have surged. 7,000 500 Exports Imports 6,000 Trade balance (right axis) 0 5,000 -500 4,000 3,000 -1000 2,000 -1500 1,000 0 -2000 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Mongolia trade & transport sector Exports are grown as well, reaching Export grow supported almost US $4.8 bn in December 2011 entirely by coal shipments to December from US$ 2.9 bn a year China. ago 160% Other 190% Other Greasy cashmere China Coal Gold 120% Copper concentrate Total Russia 140% 80% Total 40% 90% 0% 40% -40% -80% -10% -60% 06-09 08-09 10-09 12-09 02-10 04-10 06-10 08-10 10-10 12-10 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Mongolia trade & transport sector Total length of the country’s road network is 98.123 thousand km including international, state and local government roads.
    [Show full text]
  • MONGOLIA Implementation Progress of the TTFS 2020 Projects
    CAREC Corridor Implementation Progress and Priority Actions for 2020-2030 MONGOLIA Implementation Progress of the TTFS 2020 projects Planned Road Actual for Current Safety Project Target Completed (km) Completi Impleme Componen IP No. Corridor Sector Project Title Status Cost ($ Funding Source(s) Length on (km) ntation t (for Road million) (km) Cumulati Period projects)? ve up to 2019 2020 Yes/No 2018 Western Regional Road Development MON Government, 1995– (PRC Border at Complete 145 ADB & PRC 479.4 479.4 - - IP 1 4a Road 2018 Yarant–Khovd– Ulgii –Ulaanbaishint) ADB, MON Regional Road Government (31.5) Development ADB, MON Government (58.8) (Construction of 1995– Completed 126 Millenium 434 434 N/A N/A IP 2 4b Road 2014 Altanbulag- Challenge Ulaanbaatar- Corporation (65.8) Zamiin-Uud) ADB, MON Govenrment (24.1) Airport Construction of and New International 2008- IP 5 4b-c Completed 591 JICA/MON Gov N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Civil Airport in 2018 AviationUlaanbaatar Implementation Progress of the TTFS 2020 projects Road Planned Safety Actual for Componen Completed (km) Completi Project Current Target t (for Road on (km) Project Title Cost ($ Funding Implement IP No. Corridor Sector Status Length projects)? million Source(s) ation (km) Yes/No Cumulati ) Period ve up to 2019 2020 2018 Access Road to the New China EXIM 2015- IP 10 4b Road International Airport in Completed 140 Bank soft 32 32 2018 Ulaanbaatar loan Western Regional Road Development Phase 2 2012- IP 11 4a Road MFF—Bayan Ulgii and Ongoing 120 ADB 189.7 103.9 60 25.8 2019 Khovd Aimags
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan
    Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan Johan Engvall SILK ROAD PAPER June 2020 Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan Johan Engvall © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center American Foreign Policy Council, 509 C St NE, Washington D.C. Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, Joint Center. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, which addresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the American Foreign Policy Council and the Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion regarding the region. © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
    The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space.
    [Show full text]
  • Road, Transport Sector of Mongolia
    ROAD,ROAD, TRANSPORTTRANSPORT SECTORSECTOR OFOF MONGOLIAMONGOLIA Ministry of Road, transport, construction and urban development ContentsContents 1. TransportTransport managementmanagement structurestructure 2. Present Transport network 3. Road 4. Road Transport 5. Railway Transport 6. Civil aviation 7. Water transpor 8. Problem faced in transport sector TransportTransport managementmanagement structurestructure Government Ministry of Road, transport, construction and urban development Civil Aviation Authority Transport Service Center Airlines Road transportation companies Railway Authority Road Research and Supervision Center Railway companies Road construction and maintenance companies Present Transport network Õàíäãàéò Õàíõ Óëààíáàéøèíò Ýðýýíöàâ Àðö ñóóðü Áàãà-¯ åíõ Àëòàíáóëàã ÓËÀÀÍÃÎÌ ÕªÂÑÃªË ªËÃÈÉ ÓÂÑ ÌªÐªÍ ÄÀÐÕÀÍ Äàâàí ÁÀßÍ-ªËÃÈÉ ÑÝËÝÍÃÝ Õàâèðãà ÕÎÂÄ ÇÀÂÕÀÍ ÁÓËÃÀÍ ÝÐÄÝÍÝÒ ÀÐÕÀÍÃÀÉ ÁÓËÃÀÍ ÓËÀÀÍÁÀÀÒÀÐ ÕÝÍÒÈÉ Óëèàñòàé ×ÎÉÁÀËÑÀÍ ÄÎÐÍÎÄ ÇÓÓÍÌÎÄ ÕÎÂÄ ÖÝÖÝÐËÝà Ҫ ªÍĪÐÕÀÀÍ ßðàíò ÀËÒÀÉ ¯ åí÷ ÃÎÂÜѯ ÌÂÝÐ ÁÀÐÓÓÍ-ÓÐÒ ÁÀßÍÕÎÍÃÎÐ ÀÐÂÀÉÕÝÝÐ ×ÎÉРѯ ÕÁÀÀÒÀÐ Áè÷èãò ÃÎÂÜ-ÀËÒÀÉ ÌÀÍÄÀËÃÎÂÜ ªÂªÐÕÀÍÃÀÉ ÄÓÍÄÃÎÂÜ ÑÀÉÍØÀÍÄ Áóðãàñòàé ÁÀßÍÕÎÍÃÎÐ ÄÎÐÍÎÃÎÂÜ Airport with paved Çàìûí-¯ ¿ä running way ÄÀËÀÍÇÀÄÃÀÄ ªÌͪÃÎÂÜ Õàíáîãä Ãàøóóíñóõàéò Paved road Airport with improved running Railway network way Gravel road Airport with earth running way Earth road NumberNumber ofof TransportTransport MeansMeans Sea transport Road transport car, 78750 boat, 23 buses 9692 ship, 6 special 3859 truck other, 5 24620 Air transport Railway transport An, Fokker, Truck 2482 7
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Traditional Islam
    In recent years, the concept of traditional Islam has attracted attention of researchers both in Russia and beyond. A serious drawback of some of the works is excessive politicization of Renat Bekkin Renat acquaintance with sources both in the languages of the so-called discourse, as well as that authors seem to have only superficial problem is inherent mainly in the works of Russian authors, the Muslim peoples of Russia and in Russian language. The first by Edited second one in publications by authors from the West. * * * Structurally, the book has two parts: a theoretical part Traditional Islam: the concept and its interpretations and a practical one Traditional Islam in the Russian regions and Crimea. * * * All the articles in the book include some consideration of the The Concept of the state to designate their preferred model of state-confessional traditional Islam concept as an artificial construct promoted by relations, in which religious organisations and individual believers demonstrate their loyalty to the political regime. Organisations Traditional Islam and believers who criticize the state’s domestic and foreign policy can then be described by the authorities and the muftiates to be in Modern Islamic Discourse in Russia representatives of ‘non-traditional Islam’. Edited by The Concept of Traditional Islam in Modern Islamic Discourse Russia Renat Bekkin ISBN 978-9926-471-21-7 THE CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL ISLAM IN MODERN ISLAMIC DISCOURSE IN RUSSIA The Concept of Traditional Islam in Modern Islamic Discourse in Russia Edited by Renat Bekkin Copyright © 2020 Center for Advanced Studies This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptions and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the Center for Advanced Studies.
    [Show full text]